Surgical Treatment of Robotics

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">  <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/surgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.carousel.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.theme.default.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/custom.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/author.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css"> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.ico" type="image/gif" sizes="16x16">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-97CYJNEWHS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-97CYJNEWHS'); </script>  <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 110px;"> <div><p>GET THE APP</p></div> <a href=" https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.journals.hilarispublisher&hl=en" target="_blank" id="getAppModel"> <div class="a_icon"> <span><i class="fa fa-android"></i></span> </div> </a>  </div> <title>Surgical Treatment of Robotics</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Robotic surgical treatments"> <meta name="description" content="Surgical Treatment of Robotics, Yvonne Saunders*"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Hilaris SRL"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Advances in Robotics & Automation"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Surgical Treatment of Robotics"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yvonne Saunders"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2022"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4172/2168-9695.2022.11.202"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2168-9695"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/04/20"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/surgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/surgical-treatment-of-robotics.pdf"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/css/animate.css"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light py-3"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand d-smd-none" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here"><img src="/assets/img/hilaris-publisher.svg" alt=".." title="Click here" height="40px"></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnlMain" aria-controls="navbarJrnlMain" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnlMain"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Journals" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access-journals.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Manuscript Guidelines">Manuscript Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics">Publication ethics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Services" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Services </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Services"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advertisement.html" title="Advertisement">Advertisement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/membership.html" title="Membership">Membership</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reprints.html" title="Reprints">Reprints</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/subscription.html" title="Subscription"> Subscription</a> </div> </div>  <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary p-0 mb-3 nav-links-mobile-view"> <div class="container mx-3 mx-sm-auto"> <a class="navbar-brand d-block d-sm-none" href="#">Journal Menu</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnl" aria-controls="navbarJrnl" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnl"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation.html" title="Journal Home"><i class="fas fa-home pr-2"></i> Journal</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/editor-in-chief.html" title="Editor-in-Chief">Editor-in-Chief</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Instructions for Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aim & Scope">Aim & Scope</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/peer-review-process.html" title="Peer Review Process">Peer Review Process</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/inpress.html" title="In press">In press</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <header class="container py-3"> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 d-none d-sm-block"> <img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/flyers/advances-in-robotics--automation-flyer.jpg" alt=".." title="Click here" class="img-fluid"> </div> <div class="col-lg col-md"> <h1 class="h2 text-primary">Advances in Robotics & Automation</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <p class="mb-1">ISSN: 2168-9695 </p> </div> <div class="col"> Open Access </div> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( { pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4"> <div class="card bg-amber-400 border-0"> <div class="card-body p-2 d-flex align-items-center"> Submit Manuscript <a class="animate-icon mx-3 stretched-link" href="https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/advances-robotics-automation.html" title="Click here" target="_blank"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-horizontal"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> </span> </a> <img src="/assets/img/manuscript.svg" alt=".." width="50"> </div> </div> <div class="mt-2 cu_whatsapp"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-md btn-fb waves-effect waves-light bg-primary text-white cu_wtsapp"><span class="wow flash bg_cu p-4 rounded" data-wow-duration="2s" data-wow-delay="1s" data-wow-iteration="infinite"><i class="fab fa-whatsapp-square text-white pr-1"></i></span><span class="pl-3 pos_cl">+447897072958 </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Editorial - (2022) Volume 11, Issue 4 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 text-right">  </div> </div> <h1 class="font-size-8 mt-2">Surgical Treatment of Robotics</h1> <a href='https://www.hilarispublisher.com/author/yvonne-saunders-19746' title='Yvonne Saunders' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Yvonne Saunders</a><sup><a href='#Yvonne_Saunders'>*</a></sup>  <br/> <div class="mb-2"></div> <a id="Yvonne_Saunders"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Yvonne Saunders, Department of Economics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='Yvonne.Saunders@unimi.it'></i> <div class="clearfix mt-2 mb-3"> <div class="float-left"><a href="#ai" class="btn_cu_color" id="changeicon" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#au_info"><strong>Author information</strong> <span><i class="fas fa-plus fa-sm"></i></span></a></div> <div class="float-right"> <nav class="nav a-mx-2 med_pdf"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/surgical-treatment-of-robotics.pdf" title="View PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 yellow-900 border-yellow-900" style="position: relative; right: 5px;"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/surgical-treatment-of-robotics.pdf&aid=88499" title="Download PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 border-blue-900"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="au_info" class="collapse"> <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body p-2 pb-0"> Department of Economics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy<br>  <p> <strong>Received: </strong>05-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. ara-21-47159; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>07-Apr-2022, Pre QC No. P-47159; <strong>Reviewed: </strong>10-Apr-2022, QC No. Q-47159; <strong>Revised: </strong>15-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. R-47159; <strong>Published:</strong> 20-Apr-2022 , <strong>DOI:</strong> 10.4172/2168-9695.2022.11.202 <br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Saunders, Yvonne. “Surgical Treatment of Robotics.” Adv Robot Autom 11 (2022): 206. <br> <strong>Copyright:</strong> © 2022 Saunders Y. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. </p> </div> </div> </div> <h4>Editorial</h4> <p>Robotic surgical treatments are forms of surgical strategies which can be accomplished the use of robot structures. Robotically-assisted surgical treatment became evolved to strive to conquer the constraints of pre-current minimally-invasive surgical strategies and to decorate the abilities of surgeons acting open surgical treatment.</p> <p>In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgical treatment, rather than without delay shifting the devices, the physician makes use of one in every of techniques to manage the devices. These consist of the use of a right away telemanipulator or thru pc manipulate. A telemanipulator is a far flung manipulator that permits the physician to carry out the ordinary moves related to the surgical treatment. The robot fingers perform the ones moves the use of end-effectors and manipulators to carry out the real surgical treatment. In pc-managed structures, the physician makes use of a pc to manipulate the robot fingers and its end-effectors, aleven though those structures also can nonetheless use telemanipulators for his or her input. One benefit of the use of the automatic approach is that the physician does now no longer need to be present, main to the opportunity for far flung surgical treatment [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>].</p> <p>The idea of the use of popular hand grips to manipulate manipulators and cameras of numerous sizes right all the way down to sub-miniature became defined with inside the Robert Heinlein story 'Waldo', which additionally referred to mind surgical treatment. The first robotic to help in surgical treatment became the Arthrobot, which became evolved and used for the primary time in Vancouver in 1985. This robotic assisted in being capable of control and role the patient's leg on voice command. The robotic became utilized in an orthopaedic surgical treatment on 12 March 1984, on the UBC Hospital in Vancouver [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>]. Over 60 arthroscopic surgical strategies had been accomplished withinside the first 12 months, and a 1985 National Geographic video on commercial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other associated robot gadgets evolved on the identical time blanketed a surgical scrub nurse robotic, which surpassed operative devices on voice command, and a clinical laboratory robot arm [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>]. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot- the world's first surgical robotic illustrates a number of those in operation.</p> <p>In 1985 a robotic, the Unimation Puma 200, became used to orient a needle for a mind biopsy whilst beneathneath CT steering at some stage in a neurological procedure. In the overdue 1980s, Imperial College in London evolved PROBOT, which became then used to carry out prostatic surgical treatment. The benefits to this robotic became its small size, accuracy and shortage of fatigue for the physician. In 1992, the ROBODOC became delivered and revolutionized orthopedic surgical treatment via way of means of being capable of help with hip alternative surgeries [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>]. The latter became the primary surgical robotic that became authorised via way of means of the FDA in 2008. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (operating carefully with IBM) ought to mill out specific fittings with inside the femur for hip alternative. The reason of the ROBODOC became to update the preceding approach of carving out a femur for an implant, the usage of a mallet and broach/rasp.</p> <p>Further improvement of robot structures became done via way of means of SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the advent of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robot surgical system. AESOP became a step forward in robot surgical treatment while delivered in 1994, because it became the primary laparoscopic digital digicam holder to be authorised via way of means of the FDA. NASA first of all funded the employer that produces AESOP, Computer Motion, because of its purpose to create a robot arm that may be utilized in space; however this mission ended up turning into a digital digicam utilized in laparoscopic strategies [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>]. ZEUS became delivered commercially in 1998, and became began out the concept of telerobotics or telepresence surgical treatment in which the physician is at a distance from the robotic on a console and operates at the patient.</p> <h4>Conflict of Interest</h4> <p>None.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li><a name="1" id="1"></a>Paul, HA, W L Bargar, B Mittlestadt, and B Musits, et al. <a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/1446455" target="_blank">“Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty.”</a> <em>Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research</em> (1992): 57–66.  </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=1.%09Paul+HA%2C+Bargar+WL%2C+Mittlestadt+B%2C+Musits+B%2C+Taylor+RH%2C+Kazanzides+P%2C+Zuhars+J%2C+Williamson+B%2C+Hanson+W+%28December+1992%29.+%22Development+of+a+surgical+robot+for+cementless+total+hip+arthroplasty%22.+Clinical+Orthopaedics+and+Related+Research+%28285%29%3A+57%E2%80%9366.+&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1446455/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="2" id="2"></a>Lanfranco, Anthony R, Andres E Castellanos, Jaydev P Desai, and William C Meyers. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187/" target="_blank">“Robotic surgery: a current perspective.”</a> <em>Annals of Surgery</em> 239 (2004): 14–21.  </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=2.%09Lanfranco+AR%2C+Castellanos+AE%2C+Desai+JP%2C+Meyers+WC+%28January+2004%29.+%22Robotic+surgery%3A+a+current+perspective%22.+Annals+of+Surgery.+239+%281%29%3A+14%E2%80%9321.+doi%3A10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d.+PMC+1356187.+PMID+14685095&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14685095/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="3" id="3"></a>Spinelli, Antonino, Giulia David, Stefano Gidaro, and Michele Carvello, et al. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/codi.13882" target="_blank">“First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback.”</a> Colorectal Disease 20 (2018): 228–235.  </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=3.%09Spinelli+A%2C+David+G%2C+Gidaro+S%2C+Carvello+M%2C+Sacchi+M%2C+Montorsi+M%2C+Montroni+I.+%E2%80%9CFirst+experience+in+colorectal+surgery+with+a+new+robotic+platform+with+haptic+feedback.%E2%80%9D+Colorectal+Disease+20+%282018%29%3A+228%E2%80%93235.+&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.13882" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905524/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="4" id="4"></a>Mirkin, Joshua N, William T Lowrance, Andrew H Feifer, and John P Mulhall, et al. <a href="https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0329" target="_blank">“Direct-to-consumer Internet promotion of robotic prostatectomy exhibits varying quality of information.”</a> <em>Health Affairs</em> 31 (2012): 760–769.  </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=4.%09Mirkin+JN%2C+Lowrance+WT%2C+Feifer+AH%2C+Mulhall+JP%2C+Eastham+JE%2C+Elkin+EB.+%E2%80%9CDirect-to-consumer+Internet+promotion+of+robotic+prostatectomy+exhibits+varying+quality+of+information.%E2%80%9D+Health+Affairs+31+%282012%29%3A+760%E2%80%93769.+&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0329" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22492893/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="5" id="5"></a>Basto, Marnique, Matthew R Cooperberg, and Declan G Murphy. <a href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt4mq2r8dz/qt4mq2r8dz.pdf" target="_blank">“Proton therapy websites: information anarchy creates confusion.” </a><em>BJU International</em> 115 (2015): 183–185.  </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Basto+M%2C+Cooperberg+MR%2C+Murphy+DG+%28February+2015%29.+%22Proton+therapy+websites%3A+information+anarchy+creates+confusion%22+%28PDF%29.+BJU+International.+115+%282%29%3A+183%E2%80%935.+doi%3A10.1111%2Fbju.12667.+PMID+25756133.+S2CID+1056591&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12667" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756133/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> </ol> </div> <div class="col-sm-3">    <div class="mb-3"> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4">Awards & Nominations</a></h4> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation-online-visitors-readers-63.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 50+ Million Readerbase</a></h4> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fsurgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Surgical Treatment of Robotics" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0">             <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Surgical Treatment of Robotics&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fsurgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Surgical Treatment of Robotics" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fsurgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Surgical Treatment of Robotics" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fsurgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Surgical Treatment of Robotics" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Surgical Treatment of Robotics&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fsurgical-treatment-of-robotics-88499.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Surgical Treatment of Robotics" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div> <h4>Journal Highlights</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:50vh;"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/acs-nano-journals-articles-ppts-list-178.html" class="nav-link" title="ACS Nano"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> ACS Nano</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/advanced-materials-journals-articles-ppts-list-94.html" class="nav-link" title="Advanced Materials"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Advanced Materials</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/ai-algorithm-journals-articles-ppts-list-902.html" class="nav-link" title="AI Algorithm"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> AI Algorithm</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/artificial-intelligence-journals-articles-ppts-list-1240.html" class="nav-link" title="Artificial Intelligence"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Artificial Intelligence</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/automated-mining-journals-articles-ppts-list-265.html" class="nav-link" title="Automated Mining"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Automated Mining</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/automation-journals-articles-ppts-list-173.html" class="nav-link" title="Automation"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Automation</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/behaviorbased-systems-journals-articles-ppts-list-1242.html" class="nav-link" title="Behavior-based systems"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Behavior-based systems</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biomechanics-journals-articles-ppts-list-1251.html" class="nav-link" title="Biomechanics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biomechanics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biomechanics-journals-articles-ppts-list-1250.html" class="nav-link" title="Biomechanics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biomechanics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biomechanics-and-robotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-1252.html" class="nav-link" title="Biomechanics and Robotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biomechanics and Robotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/computational-neuroscience-journals-articles-ppts-list-260.html" class="nav-link" title="Computational Neuroscience"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Computational Neuroscience</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/digital-image-processing-journals-articles-ppts-list-257.html" class="nav-link" title="Digital Image Processing"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Digital Image Processing</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/fuzzy-logic-journals-articles-ppts-list-826.html" class="nav-link" title="Fuzzy Logic"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Fuzzy Logic</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/industrial-robotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-169.html" class="nav-link" title="Industrial Robotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Industrial Robotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/intelligent-robotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-307.html" class="nav-link" title="Intelligent Robotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Intelligent Robotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/lovotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-1524.html" class="nav-link" title="Lovotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Lovotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/medical-device-journals-articles-ppts-list-270.html" class="nav-link" title="Medical Device"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Medical Device</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/medical-robotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-274.html" class="nav-link" title="Medical Robotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Medical Robotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/mobile-device-journals-articles-ppts-list-833.html" class="nav-link" title="Mobile Device"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Mobile Device</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/mobile-repots-journals-articles-ppts-list-280.html" class="nav-link" title="Mobile Repots"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Mobile Repots</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/neural-networks-journals-articles-ppts-list-289.html" class="nav-link" title="Neural Networks"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Neural Networks</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/neurorobotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-217.html" class="nav-link" title="Neurorobotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Neurorobotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/robotic-rehabilitation-journals-articles-ppts-list-294.html" class="nav-link" title="Robotic Rehabilitation"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Robotic Rehabilitation</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/simulation-journals-articles-ppts-list-184.html" class="nav-link" title="Simulation"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Simulation</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/social-robots-journals-articles-ppts-list-201.html" class="nav-link" title="Social Robots"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Social Robots</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/swarm-intelligence-and-robotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-1241.html" class="nav-link" title="swarm intelligence and robotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> swarm intelligence and robotics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/telerobotics-journals-articles-ppts-list-185.html" class="nav-link" title="Telerobotics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Telerobotics</a> </nav> </div>  <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=yHgZHKgAAAAJ" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations: 1275</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=yHgZHKgAAAAJ" title="Click here">Advances in Robotics & Automation received 1275 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/citations.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/citation-images/advances-in-robotics--automation-citation.JPG" alt="Citation image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div>  <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/66484/advances-in-robotics-automation/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Advances in Robotics & Automation peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://publons.com/journal/66484/advances-in-robotics-automation/" target="_blank" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/publon-images/advances-in-robotics--automation-publoan.png" alt="Publon image" height="200px" width="100%" class="p_rel" /></a> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <h4>Indexed In</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:40vh;"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Index Copernicus<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Google Scholar<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Sherpa Romeo<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Open J Gate<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Genamics JournalSeek<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Academic Keys<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> JournalTOCs<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Hamdard University<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> EBSCO A-Z<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> OCLC- WorldCat<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> SWB online catalog<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons<br> </nav> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Related Links</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">COVID-19 Special Issues</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/indexing.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Abstracting and Indexing</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Funded Work</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/citations.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Citations Report</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advances-in-robotics-automation/archive.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Table of Contents</span></a> </nav> </div> </div>       <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/AdvancesinRobo1" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by AdvancesinRobo1</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Open Access Journals</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Business & Management</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Chemistry</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Clinical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Engineering</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Genetics & Molecular Biology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Immunology & Microbiology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Medical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Neuroscience & Psychology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Pharmaceutical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Science & Technology</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).scroll(function() { var scroll = $(window).scrollTop(); if (scroll >= 1000) { $(".Information").addClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } else{ $(".Information").removeClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } }); </script> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="container-fluid bg-grey-300 border-top-1"> <div class="row py-3"> <div class="col-sm"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Categories</h5> <nav class="nav row a-py-2"> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/chemistry-journals.html" title="Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div>">Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div></a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Genetics & Molecular Biology">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Immunology & Microbiology">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Medical Sciences">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Neuroscience & Psychology">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Pharmaceutical Sciences">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Guidelines</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editor-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Editor Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewer-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Reviewer Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">About Hilaris</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/about-us.html" title="Click here">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access.html" title="Click here">Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/faq.html" title="Click here">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here">Site Map</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Follow Us</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hilarispublisher/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/hilarispublish2" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter-square"></i> Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/31133357/admin/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i> LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/hilaris_publisher/?hl=en" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> Youtube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="border-top-1 pt-2 text-right">Copyright © 2024 All rights reserved by <strong><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Hilaris">Hilaris</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </footer>  <a class="cd-top js-cd-top animate-icon" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Scroll to Top"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-vertical"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> </span> </a>   <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/grids.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { var i; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { //alert(i); $('.equal-height-'+i).responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); } }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('.subject-carousel').owlCarousel({ margin: 20, rewind: true, dots: false, nav: true, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 6 } } }) }); </script> <script> $('.eb-carousel').owlCarousel({ loop: true, margin: 20, dots: false, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 4 } } }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>     <script type="text/javascript">function add_chatinline(){var hccid=53603122;var nt=document.createElement("script");nt.async=true;nt.src="https://mylivechat.com/chatinline.aspx?hccid="+hccid;var ct=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];ct.parentNode.insertBefore(nt,ct);} add_chatinline(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#changeicon').click(function(){ $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-minus'); $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-plus'); }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Surgical Treatment of Robotics