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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Manual+memory+management%22">"Manual memory management"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Manual+memory+management%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Manual+memory+management%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Manual+memory+management%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>manual memory management</b> refers to the usage of manual instructions by the programmer to identify and deallocate unused objects, or <a href="/wiki/Garbage_(computer_science)" title="Garbage (computer science)">garbage</a>. Up until the mid-1990s, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> used in industry supported manual memory management, though <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> has existed since 1959, when it was introduced with <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. Today, however, languages with garbage collection such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> are increasingly popular and the languages <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> provide similar functionality through <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a>. The main manually managed languages still in widespread use today are <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> – see <a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">C dynamic memory allocation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many programming languages use manual techniques to determine when to <i>allocate</i> a new object from the free store. C uses the <code><a href="/wiki/Malloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">malloc</a></code> function; C++ and Java use the <code><a href="/wiki/New_(C%2B%2B)" class="mw-redirect" title="New (C++)">new</a></code> operator; and many other languages (such as Python) allocate all objects from the free store. Determining when an object ought to be created (<a href="/wiki/Object_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Object creation">object creation</a>) is generally trivial and unproblematic, though techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Object_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Object pool">object pools</a> mean an object may be created before immediate use. The real challenge is <a href="/wiki/Object_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Object destruction">object destruction</a> – determination of when an object is no longer needed (i.e. is garbage), and arranging for its underlying storage to be returned to the free store for re-use. In manual memory allocation, this is also specified manually by the programmer; via functions such as <code>free()</code> in C, or the <code>delete</code> operator in C++ – this contrasts with automatic destruction of objects held in <a href="/wiki/Automatic_variable" title="Automatic variable">automatic variables</a>, notably (non-static) <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a> of functions, which are destroyed at the end of their scope in C and C++. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manual_memory_management_techniques">Manual memory management techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manual memory management techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example </p> <ul><li>malloc/free</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory arena">Memory arena</a></li> <li>scratch buffer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manual_management_and_correctness">Manual management and correctness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manual management and correctness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">Memory safety</a></div> <p>Manual memory management is known to enable several major classes of bugs into a program when used incorrectly, notably violations of <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">memory safety</a> or <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory leaks</a>. These are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Security_bug" title="Security bug">security bugs</a>. </p> <ul><li>When an unused object is never released back to the free store, this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory leak</a>. In some cases, memory leaks may be tolerable, such as a program which "leaks" a bounded amount of memory over its lifetime, or a short-running program which relies on an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to deallocate its resources when it terminates. However, in many cases memory leaks occur in long-running programs, and in such cases an <i>unbounded</i> amount of memory is leaked. When this occurs, the size of the available free store continues to decrease over time; when it is finally exhausted, the program then crashes.</li> <li>Catastrophic failure of the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory management">dynamic memory management</a> system may result when an object's backing memory is deleted out from under it more than once; an object is explicitly destroyed more than once; when, while using a pointer to manipulate an object <i>not</i> allocated on the free store, a programmer attempts to release said pointer's target object's backing memory; or when, while manipulating an object via a pointer to another, arbitrary area of memory managed by an unknown external task, thread, or process, a programmer corrupts that object's state, possibly in such a way as to write outside of its bounds and corrupt its memory management data. The result of such actions can include <a href="/wiki/Heap_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap corruption">heap corruption</a>, premature destruction of a <i>different</i> (and newly created) object which happens to occupy the same location in memory as the multiply deleted object, program crashes due to a <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">segmentation fault</a> (violation of <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a>) and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior">undefined behavior</a>.</li> <li>Pointers to deleted objects become <a href="/wiki/Wild_pointer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild pointer">wild pointers</a> if used post-deletion; attempting to use such pointers can result in difficult-to-diagnose bugs.</li></ul> <p>Languages which exclusively use <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> are known to avoid the last two classes of defects. Memory leaks can still occur (and bounded leaks frequently occur with generational or conservative garbage collection), but are generally less severe than memory leaks in manual systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization">Resource Acquisition Is Initialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Acquisition Is Initialization">Resource Acquisition Is Initialization</a></div> <p>Manual memory management has one correctness advantage, which is that it allows automatic <a href="/wiki/Resource_management_(computing)" title="Resource management (computing)">resource management</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Acquisition Is Initialization">Resource Acquisition Is Initialization</a> (RAII) paradigm. </p><p>This arises when objects own scarce <a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">system resources</a> (like graphics resources, file handles, or database connections) which must be relinquished when an object is destroyed – when the lifetime of the resource ownership should be tied to the lifetime of the object. Languages with manual management can arrange this by acquiring the resource during object initialization (in the constructor), and releasing during object destruction (in the <a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructor (computer science)">destructor</a>), which occurs at a precise time. This is known as Resource Acquisition Is Initialization. </p><p>This can also be used with deterministic <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>. In C++, this ability is put to further use to automate memory deallocation within an otherwise-manual framework, use of the <code><a href="/wiki/Shared_ptr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared ptr">shared_ptr</a></code> template in the language's standard library to perform memory management is a common paradigm. <code>shared_ptr</code> is <i>not</i> suitable for all object usage patterns, however. </p><p>This approach is not usable in most garbage collected languages – notably tracing garbage collectors or more advanced reference counting – due to finalization being non-deterministic, and sometimes not occurring at all. That is, it is difficult to define (or determine) when or if a <a href="/wiki/Finalizer" title="Finalizer">finalizer</a> method might be called; this is commonly known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finalizer_problem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finalizer problem (page does not exist)">finalizer problem</a>. Java and other languages implementing a garbage collector frequently use manual management for scarce system resources <i>besides</i> memory via the <a href="/wiki/Dispose_pattern" title="Dispose pattern">dispose pattern</a>: any object which manages resources is expected to implement the <code>dispose()</code> method, which releases any such resources and marks the object as inactive. Programmers are expected to invoke <code>dispose()</code> manually as appropriate to prevent "leaking" of scarce graphics resources. For stack resources (resources acquired and released within a single block of code), this can be automated by various language constructs, such as Python's <code>with</code>, C#'s <code>using</code> or Java's <code>try</code>-with-resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many advocates of manual memory management argue that it affords superior performance when compared to automatic techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>. Traditionally latency was the biggest advantage, but this is no longer the case. Manual allocation frequently has superior <a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">locality of reference</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manual allocation is also known to be more appropriate for systems where memory is a scarce resource, due to faster reclamation. Memory systems can and do frequently "thrash" as the size of a program's <a href="/wiki/Working_set" title="Working set">working set</a> approaches the size of available memory; unused objects in a garbage-collected system remain in an unreclaimed state for longer than in manually managed systems, because they are not immediately reclaimed, increasing the effective working set size. </p><p>Manual management has a number of documented performance <i>disadvantages</i>: </p> <ul><li>Calls to <code>delete</code> and such incur an overhead each time they are made, this overhead can be amortized in garbage collection cycles. This is especially true of multithreaded applications, where delete calls must be synchronized.</li> <li>The allocation routine may be more complicated, and slower. Some garbage collection schemes, such as those with <a href="/wiki/Heap_(memory_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap (memory management)">heap</a> compaction, can maintain the free store as a simple array of memory (as opposed to the complicated implementations required by manual management schemes).</li></ul> <p>Latency is a debated point that has changed over time, with early garbage collectors and simple implementations performing very poorly compared to manual memory management, but sophisticated modern garbage collectors often performing as well or better than manual memory management.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manual allocation does not suffer from the long "pause" times that occur in simple stop-the-world garbage collection, although modern garbage collectors have collection cycles which are often not noticeable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manual memory management and garbage collection both suffer from potentially unbounded deallocation times – manual memory management because deallocating a single object may require deallocating its members, and recursively its members' members, etc., while garbage collection may have long collection cycles. This is especially an issue in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time</a> systems, where unbounded collection cycles are generally unacceptable; real-time garbage collection is possible by pausing the garbage collector, while real-time manual memory management requires avoiding large deallocations, or manually pausing deallocation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBergerZornMcKinley2002" class="citation conference cs1">Berger, E. D.; Zorn, B. G.; <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_S._McKinley" title="Kathryn S. McKinley">McKinley, K. S.</a> (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/berger-oopsla2002.pdf">"Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications</i>. <a href="/wiki/OOPSLA" title="OOPSLA">OOPSLA</a> '02. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.119.5298">10.1.1.119.5298</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F582419.582421">10.1145/582419.582421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58113-471-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58113-471-1"><bdi>1-58113-471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+Custom+Memory+Allocation&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+17th+ACM+SIGPLAN+conference+on+Object-oriented+programming%2C+systems%2C+languages%2C+and+applications&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.119.5298%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F582419.582421&rft.isbn=1-58113-471-1&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Zorn%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=McKinley%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.cs.umass.edu%2F~emery%2Fpubs%2Fberger-oopsla2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManual+memory+management" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management#Manual_memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management § Manual memory management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_memory_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorymanagement.org/">The Memory Management Reference</a></li> <li>Richard Jones and Rafael Lins, <i>Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automated Dynamic Memory Management</i>, Wiley and Sons (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-94148-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-94148-4">0-471-94148-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Memory_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory_management" title="Template:Memory management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory_management" title="Template talk:Memory management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Memory_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management as a function of an operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a> (IOMMU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_paging" title="Demand paging">Demand paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_table" title="Page table">Page table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory_compression" title="Virtual memory compression">Virtual memory compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">Protected mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">Real mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">Virtual 8086 mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">x86 memory segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_allocator" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory allocator">Memory allocator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dlmalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Dlmalloc">dlmalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoard_memory_allocator" title="Hoard memory allocator">Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemalloc">jemalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libumem" title="Libumem">libumem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptmalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptmalloc">ptmalloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual memory management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_variable" title="Static variable">Static memory allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">C dynamic memory allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_and_delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="New and delete (C++)">new and delete (C++)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boehm_garbage_collector" title="Boehm garbage collector">Boehm garbage collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheney%27s_algorithm" title="Cheney's algorithm">Cheney's algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_mark_sweep_collector" title="Concurrent mark sweep collector">Concurrent mark sweep collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finalizer" title="Finalizer">Finalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_(computer_science)" title="Garbage (computer science)">Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage-first_collector" title="Garbage-first collector">Garbage-first collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93compact_algorithm" title="Mark–compact algorithm">Mark–compact algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">Reference counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection" title="Tracing garbage collection">Tracing garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_reference" title="Weak reference">Strong reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_reference" title="Weak reference">Weak reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">Memory safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_over-read" title="Buffer over-read">Buffer over-read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer">Dangling pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_overflow" title="Stack overflow">Stack overflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">Memory leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreachable_memory" title="Unreachable memory">Unreachable memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_variable" title="Automatic variable">Automatic variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Symposium_on_Memory_Management" title="International Symposium on Memory Management">International Symposium on Memory Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region-based_memory_management" title="Region-based memory management">Region-based memory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_pool" title="Memory pool">Memory pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Memory_management" title="Category:Memory management">Memory management</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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