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accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Эҙләү</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" aria-label="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Махсус:Эҙләү"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Эҙләргә</button> </form> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" 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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Этимологияһы_һәм_термин_тарихы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Этимологияһы_һәм_термин_тарихы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Этимологияһы һәм термин тарихы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Этимологияһы_һәм_термин_тарихы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Эволюция_тураһындағы_ҡараштар_үҫеше_тарихы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Эволюция_тураһындағы_ҡараштар_үҫеше_тарихы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Эволюция тураһындағы ҡараштар үҫеше тарихы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Эволюция_тураһындағы_ҡараштар_үҫеше_тарихы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Инеш" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Инеш"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Инеш</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Инеш-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әҙәбиәт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әҙәбиәт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Әҙәбиәт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әҙәбиәт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Эволюция</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 157 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%88%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%A5" title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تطور — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6" title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ — ассамский" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Evolución biolóxica — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evolución biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99kam%C3%BCl" title="Təkamül — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkamül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تکامول تئوریسی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکامول تئوریسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evuolioc%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Evuoliocėjė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Evuoliocėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еволюция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন — Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3" title="Evolució — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Céng-huá — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци — чеченский" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پەرەسەندن — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرەسەندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluce" title="Evoluce — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esblygiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="сифатлы мәҡәләләр"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(biologi)" title="Evolution (biologi) — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evolution (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusyon" title="Evolusyon — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Evolusyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Εξέλιξη — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέλιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzi%C3%B2un" title="Evoluziòun — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Evoluziòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucio_(teorio)" title="Evolucio (teorio) — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evolucio (teorio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Evolución biológica — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsioon" title="Evolutsioon — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboluzio" title="Eboluzio — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eboluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluci%C3%B3n" title="Volución — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Volución" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="فرگشت — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutio" title="Evoluutio — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menningarl%C3%A6ran" title="Menningarlæran — фарерский" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menningarlæran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie) — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évolution (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolutsion" title="Ewolutsion — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ewolutsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAsje" title="Evolúsje — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3id" title="Éabhlóid — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volousyon_(byoloji)" title="Évolousyon (byoloji) — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Évolousyon (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-fh%C3%A0s" title="Mean-fhàs — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mean-fhàs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove_%C3%B1emoambue" title="Tekove ñemoambue — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove ñemoambue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ — гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="אבולוציה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבולוציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolisyon" title="Evolisyon — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Evolisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAci%C3%B3_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Evolúció (biológia) — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evolúció (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էվոլյուցիա — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էվոլյուցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Մարդկային Ծիները — западноармянский" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարդկային Ծիները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="западноармянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — интерлингве" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="интерлингве" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusion" title="Ebolusion — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ebolusion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци — ингушский" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluciono" title="Evoluciono — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Evoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%B3un" title="Þróun — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þróun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoluushan" title="Ivoluushan — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ivoluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamhazt" title="Tamhazt — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamhazt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8har%C5%A9raka_(evolution)" title="Ũharũraka (evolution) — кикуйю" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũharũraka (evolution)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикуйю" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ವಿಕಾಸ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — карачаево-балкарский" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачаево-балкарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AA%C5%9Fve%C3%A7%C3%BBn" title="Pêşveçûn — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêşveçûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplegyans" title="Esplegyans — корнский" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Esplegyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutio" title="Evolutio — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evolutio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutioun_(Biologie)" title="Evolutioun (Biologie) — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Evolutioun (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — лезгинский" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolui" title="Evolui — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Evolui" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ວິວັດທະນາການ — лаосский" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິວັດທະນາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoliucija" title="Evoliucija — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C5%ABcija" title="Evolūcija — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88volusi" title="Èvolusi — мадурский" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Èvolusi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадурский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%B4lisi%C3%B4na" title="Evôlisiôna — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Evôlisiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еволуција — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еволуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവപരിണാമം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവപരിണാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="उत्क्रांती — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzzjoni" title="Evoluzzjoni — мальтийский" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Evoluzzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibolu%C3%A7on" title="Eiboluçon — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiboluçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ် — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل — мазандеранский" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандеранский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutschoon" title="Evolutschoon — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="विकासक्रम — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विकासक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi — ниас" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ниас" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucion_(biologia)" title="Evolucion (biologia) — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evolucion (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon — пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolushon" title="Evolushon — папьяменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Evolushon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="яҡшы мәҡәлә"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucja_biologiczna" title="Ewolucja biologiczna — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucja biologiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolussion" title="Evolussion — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Evolussion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ایولوشن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایولوشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evolução — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aqyay" title="Rikch'aqyay — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aqyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluziun" title="Evoluziun — романшский" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Evoluziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="романшский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evoluție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволуція — русинский" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еволуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="русинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_sa_evolutzioni" title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni — сардинский" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ارتقا — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارتقا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzigz" title="Azzigz — ташельхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azzigz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташельхит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිණාමය — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිණාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_evol%C3%BAcia" title="Biologická evolúcia — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biologická evolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucioni" title="Evolucioni — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evolucioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Еволуција (биологија) — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еволуција (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mageuko_ya_spishi" title="Mageuko ya spishi — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mageuko ya spishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="పరిణామం — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరిణామం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusaun" title="Evolusaun — тетум" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Evolusaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тетум" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволютсия — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эволютсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิวัฒนาการ — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิวัฒนาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivolusan" title="Ivolusan — ток-писин" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ivolusan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-писин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrim" title="Evrim — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволюція — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еволюція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="نظریۂ ارتقا — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظریۂ ارتقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsiya" title="Evolutsiya — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evolutsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BCcii" title="Evolücii — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evolücii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%B3a" title="Tiến hóa — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiến hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot%C3%BCkam" title="Votükam — волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Votükam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עוואלוציע — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עוואלוציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94" title="天演 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天演" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACn-h%C3%B2a" title="Chìn-hòa — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chìn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="進化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бит</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ғәмәлдәр </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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яһау тураһында мәғлүмәт"><span>Биттән өҙөмтә яһарға</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F"><span>Ҡыҫҡа URL алыу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F"><span>QR код алыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Баҫтырыу/сығарыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:Collection&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Китап төҙөү</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF форматында йөкләү</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&printable=yes" title="Биттең ҡағыҙға баҫтырыу өсөн өлгөһө [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Баҫтырыу өлгөһө</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башҡа проекттарҙа </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Evolution" hreflang="en"><span>Викимилек</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1063" title="Мәғлүмәт һаҡлағысына бәйле элементҡа һылтанма [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәғлүмәт элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><div class="dablink noprint">Был терминдың башҡа мәғәнәләре лә бар, ҡарағыҙ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эволюция (мәғәнәләр) (был бит юҡ)">Эволюция (мәғәнәләр)</a>.</div><p>естественный процесс развития живой природы, сопровождающийся изменением генетического состава популяций, формированием адаптаций, видообразованием и вымиранием видов, преобразованием экосистем и биосферы в цело</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Phylogenetic_tree.svg&lang=ru" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/langru-400px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/langru-600px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/langru-800px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Филогенетика ағасы (был бит юҡ)">Филогенетика ағасы</a>, гендар буйынса тикшереү нигеҙендә төҙөлгән <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рибосомалы рибонуклеин кислоталар (был бит юҡ)">рРНК</a>, барлыҡ өс <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Домен (биология)">домендың</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар">бактериялар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейҙар">архейҙар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар">эукариоттарҙың</a> уртаҡ сығышын күрһәтә</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Биологик эволю́ция</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле">лат.</a> <i><span lang="la">evolutio</span></i> — «таралыу») — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82" title="Тәбиғәт">тере тәбиғәттең</a> тәбиғи үҫеш процесы. Нигеҙендә популяцияларҙың генетик составы үҙгәреүе , яйланмаларҙың (адаптация) хасил булыуы, төрҙәрҙең барлыҡҡа килеүе һәм юҡҡа сығыуы, экосистемаларҙа һәм, бөтөн биосферала барған әүерелештәр ята. </p><p>Эволюцион процестарҙың нигеҙендә ятҡан механизмдарҙы аңлатҡан бер нисә эволюцион тәғлимәт бар. Әлеге ваҡытта иң киң ҡабул ителгәне булып классик дарвинизм һәм популяцион генетика синтезы булған эволюцияның синтетик теорияһы (СТЭ) тора<sup id="cite_ref-Kutschera_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutschera-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>СТЭ эволюция материалының (генетик мутация) эволюция механизмы (тәбиғи һайланыш) менән бәйләнешен аңлатыу мөмкинлеген бирә. </p><p>СТЭ буйынса эволюция — популяцияла гендар аллель йышлығы үҙгәреү процесы ул. Был процесс үҙ эсенә бер быуындың тормош оҙонлоғонан күберәк ваҡыт арауығын алып тора <sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma—2005——2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma—2005——2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин">Чарлз Дарвин</a> беренселәрҙән булып тэволюция процесын тәбиғи һайланыш тәғлимәте аша нигеҙләгән.. Тәбиғи һайланыш тәғлимәте   популяциялар тураһындағы өс дәлилгә таяна: </p> <ol><li>Вариҫтар тереклек шарттары мөмкинлек биргәнгә ҡарағанда күберәк тыуа;</li> <li>Нәҫел эсендә төрлө организмдарҙың сифаттары төрлө. Был йәшәү һәм тоҡом ҡалдырыу ихтималлығында айырмаларға килтерә;</li> <li>Был сифаттар нәҫелдән күсә. Был шарттар төр эсендә конкуренцияға һәм мөхиткә бик аҙ яраҡлашҡан төрҙәрҙең һайланма элиминацияһына килтерә. Был артабанғы быуында ошо мөхиттә йәшәү һәм үрсеү мөмкинлегенә эйә сифаттары булған төрҙәр өлөшөнөң артыуына килтерә. Тәбиғи һайланыш — адаптацияның берҙән-бер билдәле сәбәбе, әммә эволюцияның берҙән-бер сәбәбе түгел. Адаптив булмаған сәбәптәргә гендар дрейфы, гендар ағымы һәм мутация инә.</li></ol> <p>Йәмғиәттә бер төрлө генә ҡабул ителеүгә ҡарамаҫтан, эволюция, тәбиғи процесс булараҡ, ныҡлы раҫланған фәнни дәлил булып тора, бик күп эволюция раҫлауҙарға эйә һәм фәнни даирәләрҙә шик тыуҙырмай<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Шул уҡ ваҡытта эволюцияның механизмдарын аңлатыусы теорияның айырым аспекттары фәнни бәхәс предметы булып тора. Эволюцион биологиялағы асыштар биологияның традицион өлкәһенә генә түгел, икенсе академик дисциплиналарға, мәҫәлән, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология">антропология</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология">психологияға</a> йоғонто яһай. Эволюция тураһындағы күҙаллауҙар <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ауыл хужалығы">ауыл хужалығы</a>, тирә-яҡ мөхитте һаҡлауҙың заманса концепцияларының, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина">медицинала</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология">биотехнологияла</a> һәм башҡа кеше эшмәкәрлегенең социаль әһәмиәтле өлкәләрендә киң ҡулланыла<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Этимологияһы_һәм_термин_тарихы"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B_.D2.BB.D3.99.D0.BC_.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BD_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Этимологияһы һәм термин тарихы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Этимологияһы һәм термин тарихы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Этимологияһы һәм термин тарихы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>«Эволюция» терминының мәғәнәһе үҙе һиҙелерлек эволюция үтә. Латинса evolutio һүҙе башта китап уҡығанда төргәктең асылыуын аңлата. Урта быуат <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европаһында</a> был термин <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология">биологияла</a> ла ҡулланыла, унда яралғының үҫеүе һәм үҫеше күҙ уңында тотола. Хәҙерге мәғәнәһен беренсе тапҡыр XVIII быуат швейцар натуралисы Чарльз Боннет ҡуллана, ул, Алла тормош яралғыларын булдырғанда, уларға үҫеш һәләтен һала, тип раҫлай. Ун туғыҙынсы быуаттың икенсе яртыһынан был термин дарвинизм менән ассоциациялана, әммә «Төрҙәрҙең килеп сығышы» тигән китаптың тәүге баҫмаһында термин әлегә тиклем ҡулланылмай<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эволюция_тураһындағы_ҡараштар_үҫеше_тарихы"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0.D2.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80_.D2.AF.D2.AB.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.B5_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Эволюция тураһындағы ҡараштар үҫеше тарихы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Эволюция тураһындағы ҡараштар үҫеше тарихы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Эволюция тураһындағы ҡараштар үҫеше тарихы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Lucretius_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lucretius_Rome.jpg/170px-Lucretius_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lucretius_Rome.jpg/255px-Lucretius_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Lucretius_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лукреций (был бит юҡ)">Лукреций</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/170px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/255px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/340px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="3355" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уоллес, Альфред Рассел (был бит юҡ)">Альфред Рассел Уоллес</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Тере организмдар үҙгәрә ала тигән фараз тәү башлап <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сократҡа тиклемге фәйләсүфтар (был бит юҡ)">Сократҡа тиклемге фәйләсүфтарында</a> осрай. Милет мәктәбе вәкиле Анаксимандр бөтә хайуандар ҙа һыуҙан барлыҡҡа килгәндәр, шунан һуң улар ергә сыҡҡандар тип иҫәпләгән. Кеше, уның фекере буйынса, балыҡ организмында барлыҡҡа килгән<sup id="cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——118—119_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Воронцов—1999——118—119-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эмпедокл (был бит юҡ)">Эмпедоклда</a> гомология һәм көслөләрҙең һаҡланып ҡалыуы тураһында фекерҙәр табырға мөмкин<sup id="cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——124—125_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Воронцов—1999——124—125-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Демокрит">Демокрит</a> ҡоро ер хайуандары амфибияларҙан барлыҡҡа килгән тип иҫәпләгән, ә улар үҙ сиратында ләмдән үҙҙәре килеп сыҡҡан<sup id="cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——127_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Воронцов—1999——127-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Был материалистик ҡараштарҙан айырмалы рәүештә, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель">Аристотель</a> бөтә тәбиғи әйберҙәрҙе «формалар», «идеялар», йәки «төрҙәр» (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле">лат.</a> <i><span lang="la">species</span></i>) булараҡ билдәле булған төрлө даими тәбиғи мөмкинлектәрҙең камил булмаған сағылышы тип һанай<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ун етенсе быуатта яңы ысул барлыҡҡа килә, ул аристотель ҡарашын кире ҡаға һәм тәбиғәт ҡанундарында тәбиғәт күренештәренә аңлатмалар эҙләй. Әммә был яңы алым биология фәндәренә ҡыйынлыҡ менән үтеп инә. Джон Рэй хайуандар һәм үҫемлектәр өсөн тәбиғи типтары билдәләү өсөн дөйөм термин — «төр»ҙө (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле">лат.</a> <i><span lang="la">species</span></i>) ҡуллана, әммә <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель">Аристотельдән</a> айырмалы рәүештә, ул тереклектең һәр тибын төр тип билдәләй һәм һәр төрҙө быуындан быуынға үрсетеүсе һыҙаттар менән билдәләргә мөмкин тип иҫәпләй. Рэй фекеренсә, был төрҙәр Алла тарафынан барлыҡҡа килтерелгән, ләкин локаль шарттарға ҡарап үҙгәреүсән булыуы мөмкин<sup id="cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——171—172_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Воронцов—1999——171—172-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Инеш"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.88"></span>Инеш</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Инеш бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Инеш бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Эволюция бер быуындың йәшәү мөҙҙәтенән оҙағыраҡ ваҡыт арауығында бара һәм организмдың мираҫҡа ҡалған һыҙаттарын үҙгәртеүҙән тора. Был процестың беренсе аҙымы — популяцияла ген аллелдәренең йышлығын үҙгәртеү. Мутациялар, тәбиғи һайлап алыу, изоляция (үрсеүҙең һайланмалығы), дрейф һәм гендар ағымы булмаған идеаль популяцияла, Харди-Вайнберг законына ярашлы, аллелдәр гендары быуындан быуынға үҙгәрешһеҙ ҡалыр ине<sup id="cite_ref-Солдбриг—1982——78—80_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Солдбриг—1982——78—80-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Шулай итеп, был популяцияла эволюция булмаясаҡ. Әммә реаль популяцияларҙа ген аллелдәре йышлығының үҙгәреүенә килтереүсе факторҙар бар. Был мутациялар, гендар ағымы, тәбиғи һайлап алыу, гендар дрейфы. Был факторҙар эволюция факторҙары булып тора<sup id="cite_ref-Солдбриг—1982——125—126_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Солдбриг—1982——125—126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Грант—1991——_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Грант—1991——-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Мутациялар, аллелик гендарҙың яңы варианттары — мутация үҙгәреүсәнлеге барлыҡҡа килеү сәбәпле, популяцияла үҙгәреүсәнлекте арттыра. Мутациянан тыш, рекомбинация арҡаһында комбинатив үҙгәреүсәнлеге лә бар. Ғәҙәттә ул аллелдәр йышлығының үҙгәреүенә түгел, ә уларҙың яңы комбинацияларына килтерә. Әммә гендарҙың конверсияһы<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> яңы аллелдәр барлыҡҡа килеүенә лә, аллель йышлыҡтарының үҙгәреүенә лә килтереүе мөмкин. Аллель йышлыҡтарының үҙгәреүенә килтереүсе тағы бер фактор — гендар ағымы. Эволюцияның тағы ике факторы — тәбиғи һайлап алыу һәм гендар дрейфы — мутациялар һәм гендар ағымы һөҙөмтәһендә барлыҡҡа килгән үҙгәреүсәнлекте «сортлап», был популяцияла аллелдәрҙең яңы йышлығын урынлаштырыуға килтерә. Гендар дрейфы — гендар йышлығын үҙгәреү процесының ихтималлығы, һәм ул сағыштырмаса ҙур булмаған популяцияларҙа нығыраҡ күренә. Дрейф ҡайһы бер аллелдәрҙең популяциянан бөтөнләй юҡҡа сығыуына килтереүе мөмкин. Тәбиғи һайлап алыу эволюцияның төп ижади факторы булып тора. Уның эш итеүе буйынса конкурентлыҡ мөхитендә билдәле бер фенотипҡа (һәм нәҫелдән килгән һыҙаттарҙың билдәле бер йыйылмаһына) эйә булғандар башҡаларға ҡарағанда уңышлыраҡ була, йәғни уларҙың иҫән ҡалыу һәм тоҡом ҡалдырыу ихтималлығы юғарыраҡ була. Шулай итеп, популяцияла һайланма өҫтөнлөк кә һәм нәҫелдән килгән һыҙаттарға эйә булған организмдарҙың өлөшө арта. Дрейфтың һәм тәбиғи һайлап алыуҙың үҙ-ара йоғонтоһон баһалау ауыр, әммә дөйөм алғанда, ул, моғайын, популяция һанына һәм һайлап алыу көсөргәнешлегенә бәйле булыуы ихтимал. Үрҙә килтерелгән факторҙарҙан тыш, гендарҙың горизонталь күсеүе лә мөһим булырға мөмкин, был бирелгән организм өсөн бөтөнләй яңы гендар барлыҡҡа килеүенә килтереүе мөмкин. </p><p>Тәбиғи һайлап алыу адаптацияларҙың формалашыуына һәм яраҡлашыу артыуына килтерә. Элек-электән барған эволюцион процестар яңы төрҙәрҙең барлыҡҡа килеүенә һәм уларҙың артабан айырылыуына, шулай уҡ бөтә төрҙәрҙең юҡҡа сығыуына килтереүе мөмкин. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әҙәбиәт"><span id=".D3.98.D2.99.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D3.99.D1.82"></span>Әҙәбиәт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Фәнни-популяр</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Еськов, Кирилл Юрьевич (был бит юҡ)">Еськов К. Ю.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleo.ru/paleonet/publications/eskov3.html">История Земли и жизни на ней: От хаоса до человека</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: НЦ ЭНАС, 2004. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5931964770" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-93196-477-0</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFМарков2010"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Марков, Александр Владимирович (биолог) (был бит юҡ)">Марков А. В.</a></i> Рождение сложности. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Астрель, 2010. — 527 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">4000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785271246630" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-271-24663-0</a>.</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Уҡыу-уҡытыу һәм фәнни</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFВоронцов1999"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Воронцов, Николай Николаевич (был бит юҡ)">Воронцов Н. 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Критический обзор эволюционной теории</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Мир, 1991. — 488 с.</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120409110146/http://hi-bio.narod.ru/lit/grant/intro.html">Архивная копия</a> от 9 апрель 2012 на <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0#Проекты" class="extiw" title="ru:Архив Интернета">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Иорданский, Николай Николаевич (биолог) (был бит юҡ)">Иорданский Н. Н.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolbiol.ru/iordansky/evzhcont.htm">Эволюция жизни</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Академия, 2001. — 425 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFСеверцов2005"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Северцов, Алексей Сергеевич (был бит юҡ)">Северцов А. С.</a></i> Теория эволюции. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Владос, 2005. — 380 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10 000 экз.</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFСолдбриг1982"><i>Солбриг О., Солбриг Д.</i> Популяционная биология и эволюция. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Мир, 1982. — 244 с.</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Инглиз телендә</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFFutuyma2005"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Футуйма, Дуглас (был бит юҡ)">Futuyma D. J.</a></i> Evolution. — Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/0878931872" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-878-93187-2</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFGould2002"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гулд, Стивен Джей (был бит юҡ)">Gould S. J.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nhIl7e61WOUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Stephen+Jay+Gould%22&hl=en&ei=30LWS8SlC4Hk7AOF-qH8Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Structure of Evolutionary Theory</a>. — Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1443 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780674006133" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFMayr2001"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Майр, Эрнст (был бит юҡ)">Mayr E.</a></i> What Evolution Is. — New York: Basic Books, 2001. — 336 p.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Ridley M.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPAPgcZflzYC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false">Evolution</a>. — 3rd ed. — Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. — 751 p. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9781405103459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4051-0345-9</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kutschera-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kutschera_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Kutschera U, Niklas KJ</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241603">The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis</a> <span class="ref-info" title="Инглиз телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(инг.)</span> // <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. — 2004. — Т. 91. — № 6. — С. 255-276.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma—2005——2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma—2005——2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFutuyma2005">Futuyma, 2005</a>, с. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>National Academy of Science Institute of Medicine.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11876">Science, Evolution, and Creationism</a>. — National Academy Press, 2008. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/0309105862" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0309105862</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Futuyma, Douglas.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~ecolevol/fulldoc.pdf">Evolution, Science, and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda</a>. — Office of University Publications, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 1999. — P. 46.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ливио, Марио (был бит юҡ)">Ливио, Марио</a>.</i> От Дарвина до Эйнштейна. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: АСТ, 2015. — 425 с. — (Золотой фонд науки). — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785170889839" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-17-088983-9</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Воронцов—1999——118—119-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——118—119_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВоронцов1999">Воронцов, 1999</a>, с. 118—119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Воронцов—1999——124—125-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——124—125_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВоронцов1999">Воронцов, 1999</a>, с. 124—125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Воронцов—1999——127-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——127_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВоронцов1999">Воронцов, 1999</a>, с. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Torrey H. B., Felin F.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808399">Was Aristotle an evolutionist?</a> <span class="ref-info" title="Инглиз телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(инг.)</span> // <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. — <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (был бит юҡ)">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1937. — Т. 12. — № 1. — С. 1—18.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Hull D. L.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4024958">The metaphysics of evolution</a> // <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>. — 1967. — Т. 3. — № 4. — С. 309—337.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Воронцов—1999——171—172-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Воронцов—1999——171—172_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВоронцов1999">Воронцов, 1999</a>, с. 171—172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Майр, Эрнст (был бит юҡ)">Ernst Mayr</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ru/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false">The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance</a>. — Harvard University Press, 1982. — С. 256—257. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/0674364465" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0674364465</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Солдбриг—1982——78—80-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Солдбриг—1982——78—80_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСолдбриг1982">Солдбриг, 1982</a>, с. 78—80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Солдбриг—1982——125—126-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Солдбриг—1982——125—126_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСолдбриг1982">Солдбриг, 1982</a>, с. 125—126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Грант—1991——-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Грант—1991——_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFГрант1991">Грант, 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1157620&s=110300150">Глазер В. М. Конверсия гена</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2009 йыл 2 февраль <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202075733/http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1157620&s=110300150">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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