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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Reich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Reich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Third Reich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Reich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Collected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Jünger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="ارنست يونغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارنست يونغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Yunqer" title="Ernst Yunqer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernst Yunqer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1" title="ارنست یونقر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست یونقر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эрнст Юнгер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Юнгер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эрнст Юнгер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрнст Юнгер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Юнгер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Юнгер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="ارنست یونگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست یونگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9C%99%EC%96%B4" title="에른스트 윙어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 윙어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Юнгер, Эрнст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Юнгер, Эрнст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="ארנסט יונגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט יונגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernestus Jünger – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Jünger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Jingers" title="Ernsts Jingers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Jingers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Јингер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Јингер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ارنست يونجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست يونجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="エルンスト・ユンガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・ユンガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Jünger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Юнгер, Эрнст – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юнгер, Эрнст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Junger" title="Ernst Junger – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ernst Junger" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ernst Jünger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jünger in 1920"><img alt="Jünger in 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="773" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Jünger in 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-03-29</span>)</span>29 March 1895<br /><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">17 February 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-02-17)</span> (aged 102)<br /><a href="/wiki/Riedlingen" title="Riedlingen">Riedlingen</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Diaries, novels</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">War</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>In Stahlgewittern</i></li><li><i>Auf den Marmorklippen</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross I. Class</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Merit Cross</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schiller_Memorial_Prize" title="Schiller Memorial Prize">Schiller Memorial Prize</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Maximilian Order</a> (1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Gretha von Jeinsen</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925; died 1960)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Liselotte Lohrer</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1962)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (1913)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1914–1918)</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–1923)</span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1939–1944)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichsheer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1913, 1914–1923, 1939–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Jünger</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛʁnst<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjʏŋɐ]</a></span>; 29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a German author, highly decorated soldier, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomologist</a> who became publicly known for his <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i>. </p><p>The son of a successful businessman and chemist, Jünger rebelled against an affluent upbringing and sought adventure in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i> German youth movement, before running away to briefly serve in the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>, which was an illegal act in Germany. However, he escaped prosecution due to his father's efforts and was able to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> on the outbreak of World War I in 1914. During an ill-fated offensive in 1918 Jünger was badly wounded and was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i>, a rare decoration for one of his rank. Since new awards of the military class ceased with the end of the Prussian monarchy in November 1918, Jünger, who died in 1998, was the last living recipient of the military class award.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote against liberal values, democracy, and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, but rejected the advances of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> who were rising to power. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Jünger served as an army captain in <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">occupied Paris</a>, but by 1943 he had turned decisively against Nazi totalitarianism, a change manifested in his work "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Peace_(essay)" title="The Peace (essay)">Der Friede</a></i>" (<i>The Peace</i>). Jünger was dismissed from the army in 1944 after he was indirectly implicated with fellow officers who had <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">plotted to assassinate Hitler</a>. A few months later, his son died in combat in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a> after having been sentenced to a <a href="/wiki/Strafbataillon" title="Strafbataillon">penal battalion</a> for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Jünger was treated with some suspicion as a possible <a href="/wiki/Mitl%C3%A4ufer" title="Mitläufer">fellow traveller of the Nazis</a>. By the later stages of the Cold War, his unorthodox writings about the impact of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> in modern society were widely seen as conservative rather than radical nationalist, and his philosophical works came to be highly regarded in mainstream German circles. Jünger ended life as an honoured literary figure, although critics continued to charge him with the glorification of war as a transcendental experience in some of his early works. He was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarist</a> and one of the most complex and contradictory figures in 20th-century <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ernst Jünger was born in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> as the eldest of six children of the chemical engineer Ernst Georg Jünger (1868–1943) and of Karoline Lampl (1873–1950). Two of his siblings died as infants. His father acquired some wealth in <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> mining. He went to school in <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> from 1901 to 1905, and during 1905 to 1907 to boarding schools in Hanover and Brunswick. He rejoined his family in 1907, in <a href="/wiki/Rehburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehburg">Rehburg</a>, and went to school in <a href="/wiki/Wunstorf" title="Wunstorf">Wunstorf</a> with his siblings from 1907 to 1912. During this time, he developed his passion for <a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">adventure novels</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>. He spent some time as an exchange student in <a href="/wiki/Buironfosse" title="Buironfosse">Buironfosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>, France, in September 1909. With his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Friedrich Georg Jünger</a> (1898–1977) he joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i> movement in 1911. His first poem was published with the <i>Gaublatt für Hannoverland</i> in November 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Jünger had a reputation as a budding <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> poet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, Jünger was a student at the <a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a> gymnasium. In November, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> and enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> for a five-year term, but with the intention of getting to North Africa. Stationed in a training camp at <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a>, Algeria, he deserted and travelled to Morocco, but was captured and returned to camp. Six weeks later, he was dismissed from the Legion due to the intervention of the German <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">Foreign Office</a>, and escaped prosecution. On the return journey he was told by his father that the cost of representations to the authorities had amounted to a vast sum. Jünger was sent to a boarding school in Hanover, where fellow pupils included future communist leader <a href="/wiki/Werner_Scholem" title="Werner Scholem">Werner Scholem</a> (1895–1940).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JungerMedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JungerMedal.jpg/148px-JungerMedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JungerMedal.jpg/222px-JungerMedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JungerMedal.jpg/296px-JungerMedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Jünger during World War I, wearing the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 August 1914, shortly after the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Jünger enlisted as a <i>one year volunteer</i> and joined the 73rd Hannoverian Fusilier Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Division_(German_Empire)" title="19th Division (German Empire)">19th Division</a>, and, after training, was transported to the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">Champagne front</a> in December. He was wounded for the first time in April 1915. While on convalescent leave he took up a position his father arranged for him to become an officer aspirant (<i><a href="/wiki/Fahnenjunker" title="Fahnenjunker">Fahnenjunker</a></i>). Jünger was commissioned a Leutnant (2nd Lieutenant) on 27 November 1915. As platoon leader, he gained a reputation for his combat exploits and initiative in offensive patrolling and reconnaissance. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> near the obliterated remains of the village of Guillemont his platoon took up a front line position in a defile that had been shelled until it consisted of little more than a dip strewn with the rotting corpses of predecessors. He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the storm raged around us, I walked up and down my sector. The men had fixed bayonets. They stood stony and motionless, rifle in hand, on the front edge of the dip, gazing into the field. Now and then, by the light of a flare, I saw steel helmet by steel helmet, blade by glinting blade, and I was overcome by a feeling of invulnerability. We might be crushed, but surely we could not be conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The platoon was relieved but Jünger was wounded by shrapnel in the rest area of <a href="/wiki/Combles" title="Combles">Combles</a> and hospitalized; his platoon reoccupied the position on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont" title="Battle of Guillemont">Battle of Guillemont</a> and was obliterated in a British offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was wounded for the third time in November 1916, and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross First Class</a> in January 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2004119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2004119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1917, he was promoted to Hauptmann, commanding 7th company and stationed at <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>. Transferred to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_(1917)" title="Battle of Langemarck (1917)">Langemarck</a> in July, Jünger's actions against the advancing British included forcing retreating soldiers to join his resistance line at gunpoint. He arranged the evacuation of his brother <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Friedrich Georg</a>, who had been wounded. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai (1917)</a> Jünger sustained two wounds, by a bullet passing through his helmet at the back of the head, and another by a shell fragment on the forehead. </p><p>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a>. While advancing to take up positions just before Ludendorff's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a> on 19 March 1918, Jünger was forced to call a halt after the guides lost their way, and while bunched together half of his company were lost to a direct hit from artillery. Jünger himself survived, and led the survivors as part of a successful advance but was wounded twice towards the end of the action, being shot in the chest and less seriously across the head. After convalescing, he returned to his regiment in June, sharing a widespread feeling that the tide had now turned against Germany and victory was impossible. </p><p>On 25 August, he was wounded for the seventh and final time near <a href="/wiki/Favreuil" title="Favreuil">Favreuil</a>, being shot through the lung while leading his company in an advance that was quickly overwhelmed by a British counter-attack. Becoming aware the position where he was lying wounded was about to fall to advancing British forces, Jünger rose and as he did his lung drained of fluids through the wound in his chest, allowing him to recover enough to escape. He made his way to a machine-gun post that was holding out, where a doctor told him to lie down immediately. Carried to the rear in a tarpaulin, he and the bearers came under fire and the doctor was killed. A soldier who tried to carry Jünger on his shoulders was killed after only making it a few yards, but another soldier was able to do so. </p><p>Jünger received the <a href="/wiki/Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge 1st Class</a>. While he was treated in a Hannover hospital, on 22 September he received notice of being awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i> on the recommendation of division commander <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Busse" title="Johannes von Busse">Johannes von Busse</a>. <i>Pour le Mérite</i>, the highest military decoration of the German Empire, was awarded some 700 times during the war, but almost exclusively to high-ranking officers (and seventy times to combat pilots). Jünger was one of only eleven infantry company leaders who received the order.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiesel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiesel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, Jünger kept a diary, which became the basis of his 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i>. He spent his free time reading the works of <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariosto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariosto">Ariosto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Kubin</a>, besides entomological journals he was sent from home. During 1917, he was collecting beetles in the trenches and while on patrol, 149 specimens between 2 January and 27 July, which he listed under the title of <i>Fauna coleopterologica douchyensis</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Coleopterology" title="Coleopterology">Coleopterological</a> fauna of the <a href="/wiki/Douchy-les-Mines" title="Douchy-les-Mines">Douchy</a> region").<sup id="cite_ref-Kiesel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiesel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg/220px-Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg/330px-Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg/440px-Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Jünger in uniform as depicted in the frontispiece of the 3rd edition of <i>In Stahlgewittern</i> (1922)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jünger served as a lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> until his <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilisation">demobilisation</a> in 1923. He studied <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and became a well-known <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a>. In Germany, an important entomological prize is named after him: the <i>Ernst-Jünger-Preis für Entomologie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His war experiences described in <i>Storm of Steel</i> (German title: <i>In Stahlgewittern</i>), which Jünger self-published in 1920, gradually made him famous. He married Gretha von Jeinsen (1906–60) in 1925. They had two children, Ernst Jr. (1926–44) and Alexander (1934–93). </p><p>He criticized the fragile and unstable democracy of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, stating that he "hated democracy like the plague."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004vii_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004vii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More explicitly than in <i>Storm of Steel</i>, he portrayed war as a mystical experience that revealed the nature of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandGarland1997a437_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandGarland1997a437-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jünger, the essence of the modern was found in total mobilisation for military effectiveness, which tested the capacity of the human senses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1992549_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1992549-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worker:_Dominion_and_Form" title="The Worker: Dominion and Form">The Worker</a></i> (German title: <i>Der Arbeiter</i>), which called for the creation of an activist society run by warrior-worker-scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay <i>On Pain</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written and published in 1934, Jünger rejects the liberal values of liberty, security, ease, and comfort, and seeks instead the measure of man in the capacity to withstand pain and sacrifice. Around this time his writing included the aphorism "What doesn't kill me makes me stronger; and what kills me makes me incredibly strong."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Reich">Third Reich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third Reich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a famous war hero and prominent nationalist critic of the Weimar Republic, the ascendant <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP) courted Jünger as a natural ally, but Jünger rejected such advances. When Jünger moved to Berlin in 1927, he rejected an offer of a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> for the NSDAP. In 1930, he openly denounced Hitler's suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Rural_People%27s_Movement" title="Rural People's Movement">Rural People's Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 22 October 1932 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i> (the official Nazi newspaper), the article "<i>Das endlose dialektische Gespräch</i>" ("the never-ending dialectical debate") attacked Jünger for his rejection of the "<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">blood and soil</a>" doctrine, accusing him of being an "intellectualist" and a liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger again refused a seat offered to him in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">ascension to power</a> in January 1933, and he refused the invitation to head the German Academy of Literature (<i>Die deutsche Akademie der Dichtung</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004viii_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004viii-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 1934, Jünger wrote a "letter of rejection" to the <i>Völkischer Beobachter</i>, in which he requested that none of his writings be published in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger also refused to speak on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>'s radio. He was one of the few "nationalist" authors whose names were never found on the frequent declarations of loyalty to Hitler. He and his brother Friedrich Georg quit the "<i>Traditionsverein der 73er</i>" (veteran's organization of the Hanoverian regiment they had served during World War I) when its Jewish members were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Jünger left <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1933, his house was searched several times by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> (1939, German title: <i>Auf den Marmorklippen</i>), a short novel in the form of a parable, uses <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> to describe Jünger's negative perceptions of the situation in Hitler's Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as an <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">army</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">captain</a>. On the Western Front in 1939, he rescued a wounded soldier and was again awarded the Iron Cross Second Class.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assigned to an administrative position as intelligence officer and mail censor in Paris, he socialized (often at the <a href="/wiki/Georges_V_Hotel_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges V Hotel in Paris">Georges V hotel</a> or at <a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s" title="Maxim's">Maxim's</a>) with prominent artists of the day such as <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also went to the salons of <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Bousquet" title="Marie-Louise Bousquet">Marie-Louise Bousquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Gould" title="Florence Gould">Florence Gould</a>. There he met <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paulhan" title="Jean Paulhan">Jean Paulhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant" title="Henry de Montherlant">Henry de Montherlant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Jouhandeau" title="Marcel Jouhandeau">Marcel Jouhandeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger also met the latter at the German Institute on 7 December 1941. He noted in his Parisian diary (<i>Strahlungen</i>) that Céline on that occasion "spoke of his consternation, his astonishment, at the fact that we soldiers were not shooting, hanging, and exterminating the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-Strahlungen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strahlungen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He passed on information about upcoming transports "at an acceptable level of risk" which saved Jewish lives. His office was in the Hotel Majestic and he was billeted at the Hotel Raphael.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xv,_xvi,_xvii,_xxi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xv,_xvi,_xvii,_xxi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jünger found his countrymen's discriminatory treatment of French Jews unacceptable. In his Parisian diaries, the writer wrote on 7 June 1942 that he had encountered for the first time the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow star</a> carried by three little girls who were passing by in the Rue Royale, and that he considered that day as fundamental in his personal history, because he said he was ashamed at that moment of wearing a German officer's uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-Strahlungen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strahlungen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His early time in France is described in his aforementioned diary <i>Strahlungen</i> (Radiations), which includes "Gärten und Straßen" (Gardens and Streets) and "Das erste Pariser Tagebuch" (The First Parisian Diary). He was also given the task of executing a German deserter who had beaten the women sheltering him and been turned in. Jünger considered avoiding the assignment but eventually attended to oversee the execution in, as he claimed in his journal, "the spirit of higher curiosity".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jünger appears on the fringes of the <a href="/wiki/July_20_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="July 20 Plot">Stauffenberg bomb plot</a>. He was clearly an inspiration to anti-Nazi conservatives in the German Army,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeaman1999122-23_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeaman1999122-23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while in Paris he was close to the old, mostly <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a>, officers who carried out the assassination attempt against Hitler. On 6 June 1944 Jünger went to <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel</a>'s headquarters at <a href="/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon" title="La Roche-Guyon">La Roche-Guyon</a>, arriving late at about 9 PM as the bridge at Mantes was down. Present were Rommel's chief-of-staff <a href="/wiki/Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wagener" title="Otto Wagener">Wagener</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hans_Otfried_von_Linstow" title="Hans Otfried von Linstow">Linstow</a>, Embassy Counsellor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Pfeiffer (page does not exist)">Peter Pfeiffer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pfeiffer_(Diplomat)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Pfeiffer (Diplomat)">de</a>]</span>, reporter Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Schramm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Schramm (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Schramm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Schramm" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Ritter von Schramm">de</a>]</span> and Speidel's brother-in-law Max Horst (Rommel was in Germany). At 9.30 PM they went to Speidel's quarters to discuss <i>"<a href="/wiki/The_Peace_(essay)" title="The Peace (essay)">Der Friede</a>"</i> (The Peace), Jünger's 30-page peace proposal (written in 1943), to be given to the Allies after Hitler's demise or removal from power; also proposed is a united Europe. He returned about midnight. The next day at the Paris HQ Jünger was stunned by the news of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019328_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019328-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jünger was only peripherally involved in the events, however, and in the aftermath suffered only dismissal from the army in August 1944 rather than execution. He was saved by the chaos of the last months of the war, and by always being "inordinately careful", burning writings on sensitive matters from 1933. One source (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Friedrich Hielscher</a>) claimed that Hitler said "Nothing happens to Jünger".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xiii,xxi,xxii_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xiii,xxi,xxii-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His elder son Ernst Jr., then an eighteen-year-old naval (<a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>) cadet, was imprisoned that year for engaging in "subversive discussions" in his <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> Naval Academy (a capital offence). Transferred to <a href="/wiki/Strafbattalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Strafbattalion">Penal Unit</a> <a href="/wiki/999th_Light_Afrika_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="999th Light Afrika Division (Germany)">999</a> as <i>Frontbewährung</i> after his parents had spoken to the presiding judge Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Scheurlen" title="Ernst Scheurlen">Ernst Scheurlen</a>, he was killed near <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">occupied Italy</a> on 29 November 1944 (though Jünger was never sure whether he had been shot by the enemy or by the SS).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xxiii,_379_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xxiii,_379-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Jünger was initially under some suspicion for his nationalist past, and he was banned from publishing in Germany for four years by the British occupying forces because he refused to submit to the <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work <i>The Peace</i> (German title: <i>Der Friede</i>), written in 1943 and published abroad in 1948, marked the end of his involvement in politics. When <a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communists</a> threatened his safety in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> instructed them to "Leave Jünger alone."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His public image rehabilitated by the 1950s, he went on to be regarded as a towering figure of <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">West German literature</a>. </p><p>West German publisher Klett put out a ten-volume collected works (<i>Werke</i>) in 1965, extended to 18 volumes 1978–1983. This made Jünger one of just four German authors to see two subsequent editions of their collected works published during their lifetime, alongside <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klopstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Klopstock">Klopstock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His diaries from 1939 to 1949 were published under the title <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strahlungen_(Ernst_J%C3%BCnger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger) (page does not exist)">Strahlungen</a></i> (1948, <i>Reflections</i>). In the 1950s and 1960s, Jünger travelled extensively. His first wife, Gretha, died in 1960, and in 1962 he married Liselotte Lohrer. He continued writing prodigiously for his entire life, publishing more than 50 books. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg/220px-Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg/330px-Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg/440px-Maison_ernst_j%C3%BCnger_wilflingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Jünger House in Wilflingen</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> was heavily influenced by Jünger's <i>The Worker</i> although he did not regard Jünger as a philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidegger's interpretation of Jünger's work is compiled in volume 90 of his complete edition, titled "Zu Ernst Jünger".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jünger was among the forerunners of <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a>. His vision in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Bees" title="The Glass Bees">The Glass Bees</a></i> (1957, German title: <i>Gläserne Bienen</i>), of a future in which an automated machine-driven world threatens <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, could be seen as a story within the science fiction genre. A sensitive poet with training in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, as well as a soldier, his works in general are infused with tremendous details of the natural world. </p><p>Throughout his life he had experimented with <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>; and later in life he used <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a> and <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>. These experiments were recorded comprehensively in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A4herungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annäherungen (page does not exist)">Annäherungen</a></i> (1970, <i>Approaches</i>). The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Visit_to_Godenholm" title="Visit to Godenholm">Besuch auf Godenholm</a></i> (1952, <i>Visit to Godenholm</i>) is clearly influenced by his early experiments with mescaline and LSD. He met with LSD inventor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hofmann" title="Albert Hofmann">Albert Hofmann</a> and they took LSD together several times. Hofmann's memoir <i>LSD, My Problem Child</i> describes some of these meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006,_Bad_Godesberg,_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger,_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073370-0006%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger%2C_Philipp_Jenninger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Jünger (left) and his wife Liselotte at a reception of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger" title="Philipp Jenninger">Philipp Jenninger</a> in 1986</figcaption></figure> <style 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the most important contributions of Jünger's later literary production is the metahistoric figure of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anarch_(sovereign_individual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarch (sovereign individual)">Anarch</a></i>, an ideal figure of a <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">sovereign individual</a>, conceived in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Eumeswil" title="Eumeswil">Eumeswil</a></i> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which evolved from his earlier conception of the <i>Waldgänger</i>, or "Forest Fleer" by influence of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Max_Stirner" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Max Stirner">Max Stirner's conception</a> of the Unique (<i>der Einzige</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (November 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1981, Jünger was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_mondial_Cino_Del_Duca" title="Prix mondial Cino Del Duca">Prix mondial Cino Del Duca</a>. Jünger was immensely popular in France, where at one time 48 of his translated books were in print.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, he spoke at the Verdun memorial, alongside his admirers, French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> and the German chancellor, where he called the "ideology of war" in Germany before and after World War I "a calamitous mistake".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xiv_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xiv-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France he remains a near idol of the identitarian and Europeanist far-right (in the works of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>). </p><p>Although he had been cleared of the accusation of Nazi collaboration since the 1950s, Jünger's <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a> and his ongoing role as conservative philosopher and icon made him a controversial figure, and Huyssen (1993) argued that nevertheless "his conservative literature made Nazism highly attractive",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19935_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19935-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the ontology of war depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i> could be interpreted as a model for a new, hierarchically ordered society beyond democracy, beyond the security of bourgeois society and ennui".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19938_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19938-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> wrote "Theories of German Fascism" (1930) as a review of <i>War and Warrior</i>, a collection of essays edited by Jünger.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ongoing political criticism of his work, Jünger said he never regretted anything he wrote, nor would he ever take it back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His younger son Alexander, a physician, committed suicide in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger's 100th birthday on 29 March 1995 was met with praise from many quarters, including the socialist French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jünger came from a mixed Christian Protestant, agnostic family and did not profess any particular denominational belief, but shortly before he died he converted to Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddG43uaZNSC0CpgPA218_218]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddG43uaZNSC0CpgPA218_218]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year before his death, Jünger was received into the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and began to receive the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger died on 17 February 1998 in <a href="/wiki/Riedlingen" title="Riedlingen">Riedlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Swabia" title="Upper Swabia">Upper Swabia</a>, aged 102. He was the last living bearer of the military version of the order <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jünger's last home in Wilflingen, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCnger-Haus_Wilflingen" title="Jünger-Haus Wilflingen">Jünger-Haus Wilflingen</a>, is now a museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography">Photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ernst Jünger's photobooks are visual accompaniments to his writings on technology and <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. The seven books of photography Jünger published between 1928 and 1934 are representative of the most militaristic and radically right wing period in his writing. Jünger's first photobooks, <i>Die Unvergessenen</i> (The Unforgotten, 1929) and <i>Der Kampf um das Reich</i> (The Battle for the Reich, 1929) are collections of photographs of fallen <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> soldiers and the World War front, many that he took himself. He also contributed six essays on the relationship between war and photography in a photobook of war images called <i>Das Antlitz des Weltkrieges: Fronterlebnisse deutscher Soldaten</i> (The Face of the World War: Front Experiences of German Soldiers, 1930) and edited a volume of photographs dealing with the first world war, <i>Hier spricht der Feind: Kriegserlebnisse unserer Gegner</i> (The Voice of the Enemy: War Experiences of our Adversaries, 1931). Jünger also edited a collection of essays, <i>Krieg und Krieger</i> (War and Warriors, 1930, 1933) and wrote the foreword for a photo anthology of airplanes and flying called <i>Luftfahrt ist Not!</i> (Flying is imperative! [i.e., a necessity], 1928).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1914) II. and I. Class</li> <li>1917 Prussian <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a> Knight's Cross with Swords</li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge</a> (1918) in Gold</li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (military class)</li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/The_Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" title="The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918</a></li> <li>1939 Clasp to the Iron Cross Second Class</li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Literature_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen Literature Prize">Bremen Literature Prize</a> (for <i>Am Sarazenentum</i>); Culture Prize of the city of Goslar</li> <li>1959 Grand Merit Cross</li> <li>1960 Honorary Citizen of the Municipality Wilflingen; honorary gift of the Cultural Committee of the Federation of German Industry</li> <li>1965 Honorary Citizen of Rehburg; Immermann Prize of the city of Düsseldorf</li> <li>1970 Freiherr- vom-Stein- Gold Medal of the Alfred Toepfer Foundation</li> <li>1973 Literature Prize of the Academy Amriswil (Organizer: Dino Larese; Laudations: Alfred Andersch, François Bondy, Friedrich Georg Jünger)</li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Memorial_Prize" title="Schiller Memorial Prize">Schiller Memorial Prize</a> of Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff/lossy-page1-209px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff/lossy-page1-314px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff/lossy-page1-418px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Jünger, wearing both the <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order</a></figcaption></figure>1977 Aigle d'Or the city of Nice, Great Federal Cross of Merit with Star</li> <li>1979 Médaille de la Paix (Peace Medal) of the city of Verdun</li> <li>1980 Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg</li> <li>1981 Prix Europa Littérature the Fondation Internationale pour le Rayonnement des Arts et des Lettres; Prix Mondial Cino the Fondation Simone et del Duca (Paris), Gold Medal of the Humboldt Society</li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a> of Frankfurt</li> <li>1983 Honorary Citizen of the city of Montpellier; Premio Circeo the Associazione Italo – Germanica Amicizia (Association of Italian–German friendship)</li> <li>1985 Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a></li> <li>1987 Premio di Tevere (awarded by Francesco Cossiga in Rome)</li> <li>1989 honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country" title="University of the Basque Country">University of the Basque Country</a> in Bilbao</li> <li>1990 Oberschwäbischer Art Prize</li> <li>1993 Grand Prize of the Jury of the Venice Biennale</li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Prize,_Alfred_Toepfer_Foundation" title="Robert Schuman Prize, Alfred Toepfer Foundation">Robert Schuman Prize, Alfred Toepfer Foundation</a></li> <li>1995 honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Arts of the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a></li></ul> <p>In 1985, to mark Jünger's 90th birthday, the German state of Baden-Württemberg established Ernst Jünger Prize in Entomology. It is given every three years for outstanding work in the field of entomology. </p><p>Ernst Jünger was the last living recipient of the military class 'Pour le Mérite'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_works">Collected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Collected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jünger's works were edited in ten volumes in 1960–1965 by Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 18 volumes by Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart in 1978–1983, with four supplement volumes added posthumously, 1999–2003.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> edition is now partially out of print (out of print as of December 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: vols. 6, 7, 10, 15–18), and was re-issued in 2015 in paperback (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-608-96105-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-608-96105-8">978-3-608-96105-8</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Epub" class="mw-redirect" title="Epub">epub</a> (ISBN epub: 978-3-608-10923-8) formats. A selection from the full collected works in five volumes was published in 1995 (4th ed. 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93235-5">978-3-608-93235-5</a>). </p><p>The following is a list of Jünger's original publications in book form (not including journal articles or correspondence). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li>1920, In Stahlgewittern (<i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">In Storms of Steel</a></i>)</li> <li>1922, Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_as_an_Inner_Experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War as an Inner Experience (page does not exist)">War as an Inner Experience</a></i>)</li> <li>1924, Das Wäldchen 125 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copse_125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copse 125 (page does not exist)">Copse 125</a></i>)</li> <li>1925, Feuer und Blut (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_and_Blood_(J%C3%BCnger_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire and Blood (Jünger novel) (page does not exist)">Fire and Blood</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuer_und_Blut" class="extiw" title="de:Feuer und Blut">de</a>]</span></i>)</li> <li>1929, Das abenteuerliche Herz. Aufzeichnungen bei Tag und Nacht (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Adventurous_Heart:_Recordings_by_Day_and_Night&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Adventurous Heart: Recordings by Day and Night (page does not exist)">The Adventurous Heart: Recordings by Day and Night</a></i>)</li> <li>1932, Der Arbeiter. Herrschaft und Gestalt (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Worker:_Dominion_and_Form" title="The Worker: Dominion and Form">The Worker: Dominion and Form</a></i>)</li> <li>1934, Blätter und Steine (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaves_and_Stones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leaves and Stones (page does not exist)">Leaves and Stones</a></i>)</li> <li>1938, Das abenteuerliche Herz. Figuren und Capricios (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Adventurous_Heart:_Figures_and_Capriccios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Adventurous Heart: Figures and Capriccios (page does not exist)">The Adventurous Heart: Figures and Capriccios</a></i>)</li> <li>1942, Gärten und Straßen (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardens_and_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardens and Roads (page does not exist)">Gardens and Roads</a></i>)</li> <li>1943, Myrdun. Briefe aus Norwegen</li> <li>1943, Der Friede. Ein Wort an die Jugend Europas und an die Jugend der Welt (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Peace_(essay)" title="The Peace (essay)">The Peace</a></i>)</li> <li>1947, Atlantische Fahrt</li> <li>1947, Sprache und Körperbau</li> <li>1948, Ein Inselfrühling</li> <li>1949, Strahlungen</li> <li>1951, Am Kieselstrand</li> <li>1951, Über die Linie</li> <li>1951, Der Waldgang (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Forest_Passage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Forest Passage (page does not exist)">The Forest Passage</a></i>)</li> <li>1953, Der gordische Knoten</li> <li>1954, Das Sanduhrbuch</li> <li>1955, Am Sarazenturm</li> <li>1956, Rivarol</li> <li>1958, Jahre der Okkupation</li> <li>1959, <a href="/wiki/An_der_Zeitmauer" title="An der Zeitmauer">An der Zeitmauer</a></li> <li>1960, Der Weltstaat</li> <li>1963, Typus, Name, Gestalt</li> <li>1966, Grenzgänge. Essays. Reden. Träume</li> <li>1967, Subtile Jagden</li> <li>1969, Sgraffiti</li> <li>1970, Ad hoc</li> <li>1970, Annäherungen. Drogen und Rausch</li> <li>1974, Zahlen und Götter. Philemon und Baucis. Zwei Essays</li> <li>1980, Siebzig verweht I</li> <li>1981, Siebzig verweht II</li> <li>1983, Maxima – Minima, Adnoten zum 'Arbeiter'</li> <li>1984, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Autor und Autorschaft</i></span></li> <li>1987, Zwei Mal Halley</li> <li>1990, Die Schere</li> <li>1993, Prognosen</li> <li>1993, Siebzig verweht III</li> <li>1995, Siebzig verweht IV</li> <li>1997, Siebzig verweht V</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1939, Auf den Marmorklippen (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i>)</li> <li>1949, Heliopolis. Rückblick auf eine Stadt (<i><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(J%C3%BCnger_novel)" title="Heliopolis (Jünger novel)">Heliopolis</a></i>)</li> <li>1957, Gläserne Bienen (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Bees" title="The Glass Bees">The Glass Bees</a></i>)</li> <li>1973, Die Zwille</li> <li>1977, <i><a href="/wiki/Eumeswil" title="Eumeswil">Eumeswil</a></i></li> <li>1985, Eine gefährliche Begegnung (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Encounter" title="A Dangerous Encounter">A Dangerous Encounter</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1923, <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_(novella)" title="Sturm (novella)">Sturm</a></i></li> <li>1936, Akfrikanische Spiele (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Diversions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Diversions (page does not exist)">African Diversions</a></i>)</li> <li>1952, <i>Die Eberjagd</i></li> <li>1952, Besuch auf Godenholm (<i><a href="/wiki/Visit_to_Godenholm" title="Visit to Godenholm">Visit to Godenholm</a></i>)</li> <li>1983, Aladins Problem (<i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin%27s_Problem" title="Aladdin's Problem">Aladdin's Problem</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence">Correspondence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klett-Cotta edited Jünger's correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schlichter" title="Rudolf Schlichter">Rudolf Schlichter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Gerhard Nebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Friedrich Hielscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Andres" title="Stefan Andres">Stefan Andres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> in seven separate volumes during 1997–2008. </p> <ul><li>Ernst Jünger, Rudolf Schlichter: <i>Briefe 1935–1955</i>, ed. Dirk Heißerer. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93682-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93682-3">3-608-93682-3</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Carl Schmitt: <i>Briefe 1930–1983</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Kiesel" title="Helmuth Kiesel">Helmuth Kiesel</a>. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93452-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93452-9">3-608-93452-9</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Gerhard Nebel: <i>Briefe 1938–1974</i>, eds. Ulrich Fröschle and Michael Neumann. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93626-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93626-2">3-608-93626-2</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Friedrich Hielscher: <i>Briefe 1927–1985</i>, eds. Ina Schmidt and Stefan Breuer. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93617-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93617-3">3-608-93617-3</a>.</li> <li>Gottfried Benn, Ernst Jünger: <i>Briefwechsel 1949–1956</i>, ed. Holger Hof. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93619-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93619-X">3-608-93619-X</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Stefan Andres: <i>Briefe 1937–1970</i>, ed. Günther Nicolin. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93664-3">978-3-608-93664-3</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Martin Heidegger: <i>Briefwechsel 1949–1975.</i> eds. Simone Maier, Günter Figal. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-608-93641-4">978-3-608-93641-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Alfred Baeumler und Ernst Jünger: Mit einem Anhang der überlieferten Korrespondenz und weiterem Material.</i> eds. Ulrich Fröschle und Thomas Kuzias. Thelem Universitätsverlag, Dresden 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939888-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939888-01-7">978-3-939888-01-7</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger – Albert Renger-Patzsch. <i>Briefwechsel 1943–1966 und weitere Dokumente.</i> eds. Matthias Schöning, Bernd Stiegler, Ann and Jürgen Wilde. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn/München 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4872-9">978-3-7705-4872-9</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Jünger, Dolf Sternberger: <i>Briefwechsel 1941–1942 und 1973–1980.</i> eds. Detlev Schöttker and Anja S. Hübner. In: <i>Sinn und Form</i>, 4/2011, S. 448–473<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Luise Rinser und Ernst Jünger Briefwechsel 1939 – 1944, mit einem einleitenden Essay von <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedikt_Maria_Trappen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedikt Maria Trappen (page does not exist)">Benedikt Maria Trappen</a> Aufgang Verlag, Augsburg 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-945732-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-945732-10-6">978-3-945732-10-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four of his World War II diaries have been translated and published in English as: </p> <ul><li><i>A German Officer in Occupied Paris: The War Journals 1941–1945: First Paris Journal, Notes from the Caucasus, Second Paris Journal, Kirchhorst Diaries.</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jünger, Ernst (2019). <i>A German Officer in Occupied Paris: the war journals, 1941-1945</i>. Translated by Thomas S. Hansen; Abby J. Hansen. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231127400" title="Special:BookSources/9780231127400"><bdi>9780231127400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+Officer+in+Occupied+Paris%3A+the+war+journals%2C+1941-1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780231127400&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The bulk of Jünger's publications remains untranslated, but some of his major novels have appeared in English translation. </p> <ul><li>In Stahlgewittern: Basil Creighton, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Storm of Steel">The Storm of Steel</a>. From the Diary of a German Storm-Troop Officer on the Western Front.</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1929).</li> <li>Das Wäldchen 125: Basil Creighton, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copse_125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copse 125 (page does not exist)">Copse 125: A Chronicle from the Trench Warfare of 1918</a></i>. London: Chatto & Windus (1930).</li> <li>Auf den Marmorklippen: Stuart Hood, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i>. London: John Lehmann (1947).</li> <li>Der Friede: Stuart Hood, <i>The Peace</i>. Hinsdale, IL: Henry Regnery Company (1948).</li> <li>Afrikanische Spiele, Stuart Hood, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Diversions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Diversions (page does not exist)">African Diversions</a></i>. London: John Lehmann (1954).</li> <li>Gläserne Bienen: Louise Bogan and Elizabeth Mayer, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Bees" title="The Glass Bees">The Glass Bees</a></i>. New York: Noonday Press (1960).</li> <li>Annäherungen. Drogen Und Rausch: 'Drugs and Ecstasy' in: <i>Myths and Symbols. Studies in Honor of Mircea Eliade</i>, eds. Joseph M. Kitagawa and Charles H. Long. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press (1969), pp. 327–42.</li> <li>Aladdins Problem: Joachim Neugroschel, <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin%27s_Problem" title="Aladdin's Problem">Aladdin's Problem</a></i>. New York: Marsilio (1992).</li> <li>Eumeswil: Joachim Neugroschel, <i><a href="/wiki/Eumeswil" title="Eumeswil">Eumeswil</a></i>. New York: Marsilio (1993).</li> <li>Eine gefährliche Begegnung: Hilary Barr, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Encounter" title="A Dangerous Encounter">A Dangerous Encounter</a></i>. New York: Marsilio (1993).</li> <li>Über den Schmerz: David C. Durst, <i>On Pain</i>. New York: Telos Press Publishing (2008).</li> <li>Das abenteuerliche Herz. Figuren und Capricios: Thomas Friese, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Adventurous_Heart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Adventurous Heart (page does not exist)">The Adventurous Heart: Figures and Capriccios</a></i>. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2012).</li> <li>Der Waldgang: Thomas Friese, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Forest_Passage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Forest Passage (page does not exist)">The Forest Passage</a></i>. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2013).</li> <li>Besuch auf Godenholm: Annabel Moynihan, <i><a href="/wiki/Visit_to_Godenholm" title="Visit to Godenholm">Visit to Godenholm</a></i>. Stockholm: Edda Publishing (2015).</li> <li>Sturm: Alexis P. Walker, <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_(novella)" title="Sturm (novella)">Sturm</a></i>. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2015).</li> <li>Der Arbeiter. Herrschaft und Gestalt; Bogdan Costea and Laurence Paul Hemming, <i>The Worker. Dominion and Form.</i> Northwestern University Press (2017)</li> <li>In Stahlgewittern: K.J. Elliott, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Storms_of_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Storms of Steel (page does not exist)">In Storms of Steel</a>.</i> (2022).</li> <li>Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis: K.J. Elliott, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_as_an_Inner_Experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War as an Inner Experience (page does not exist)">War as an Inner Experience</a>.</i> (2022).</li> <li>Das Wäldchen 125: K.J. Elliott, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copse_125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copse 125 (page does not exist)">Copse 125</a>.</i> (2022).</li> <li>Feuer und Blut: K.J. Elliott, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_and_Blood_(J%C3%BCnger_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire and Blood (Jünger novel) (page does not exist)">Fire and Blood</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuer_und_Blut" class="extiw" title="de:Feuer und Blut">de</a>]</span></i>. (2022).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La Guerre d'un seul homme</i> (<i>One Man's War</i>) (1981). Film directed by <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Cozarinsky" title="Edgardo Cozarinsky">Edgardo Cozarinsky</a> juxtaposing excerpts from Jünger's World War II diaries during his years in Paris with French propaganda films of the same period.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/102_Years_in_the_Heart_of_Europe:_A_Portrait_of_Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" class="mw-redirect" title="102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger">102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger</a></i> (<i>102 år i hjärtat av Europa</i>) (1998), Swedish documentary film by Jesper Wachtmeister and Björn Cederberg<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudi2017" class="citation book cs1">Gaudi, Robert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8DQDQAAQBAJ&q=ernst&pg=PA351"><i>African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914-1918</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-28371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-28371-4"><bdi>978-0-425-28371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Kaiser%3A+General+Paul+Von+Lettow-Vorbeck+and+the+Great+War+in+Africa%2C+1914-1918&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-425-28371-4&rft.aulast=Gaudi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8DQDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dernst%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernst_Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ernst_Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ernst_Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernst-Junger">"Ernst Jünger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FErnst-Junger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a>, Klett-Cotta, <i>Ernst Jünger – Ein Jahrhundertleben</i>, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=os0rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">chapter 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a> (ed.), <i>Ernst Jünger: Leben und Werk in Bildern und Texten</i>, Klett-Cotta, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHSWgyKFLYwC&pg=PA24">p. 24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a> (ed.), <i>Ernst Jünger: Leben und Werk in Bildern und Texten</i>, Klett-Cotta, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHSWgyKFLYwC&pg=PA27">p. 27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffrogge2017" class="citation book cs1">Hoffrogge, Ralf (2017). <i>A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany: the life of Werner Scholem (1895-1940)</i>. Historical materialism book series. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 6, 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30952-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Communist+in+Weimar+Germany%3A+the+life+of+Werner+Scholem+%281895-1940%29&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.series=Historical+materialism+book+series&rft.pages=6%2C+36&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30952-4&rft.aulast=Hoffrogge&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storm of Steel</i> translated by Michael Hoffman, Penguin p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">original casualty report, published 4 October 1916, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://des.genealogy.net/search/show/4759829">p. 15,280</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2004119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2004119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJünger2004">Jünger 2004</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiesel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiesel_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiesel_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Kiesel" title="Helmuth Kiesel">Helmuth Kiesel</a>, <i>Ernst Jünger: Die Biographie</i>, Siedler Verlag, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-J%C3%BCnger-Preis_f%C3%BCr_Entomologie" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst-Jünger-Preis für Entomologie">de:Ernst-Jünger-Preis für Entomologie</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004vii-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004vii_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandGarland1997a437-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandGarland1997a437_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarlandGarland1997a">Garland & Garland 1997a</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1992549-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1992549_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1992">Bullock 1992</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004x_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com/main/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=357"><i>On pain</i></a> (translation), Telos press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+pain&rft.pub=Telos+press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telospress.com%2Fmain%2Findex.php%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26products_id%3D357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hoffman's Introduction to <i>Storm of Steel</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Longerich: <i>Jünger, Ernst, Schriftsteller</i>. In: Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml (Hrsg.): <i>Biographisches Lexikon zur Weimarer Republik</i>. C. H. Beck, München 1988, 164f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1993" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Hilary Barr (24 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/dec/16/an-exchange-on-ernst-junger/?pagination=false">"An Exchange on Ernst Jünger"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=An+Exchange+on+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.date=1993-06-24&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Hilary+Barr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1993%2Fdec%2F16%2Fan-exchange-on-ernst-junger%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004viii-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004viii_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_François2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">Stéphane François</a> (24 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/">"Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?"</a>. <i>Fragments sur les Temps Présents</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>Le domicile d'Ernst Jünger fut fouillé plusieurs fois par la Gestapo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragments+sur+les+Temps+Pr%C3%A9sents&rft.atitle=Qu%27est+ce+que+la+R%C3%A9volution+Conservatrice+%3F&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftempspresents.com%2F2009%2F08%2F24%2Fstephane-francoisqu%25e2%2580%2599est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Ross, Alex (26 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/07/03/on-the-marble-cliffs-ernst-junger-book-review">"Ernst Jünger's Narratives of Complicity"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%27s+Narratives+of+Complicity&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F07%2F03%2Fon-the-marble-cliffs-ernst-junger-book-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Benedetti, Lutz Hagestedt, <i>Totalität als Faszination: Systematisierung des Heterogenen im Werk Ernst Jüngers</i>, Walter De Gruyter 2018, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2011" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Allan (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/MitchellDevils"><i>The Devil's Captain: Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941-1944</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F9780857451149">10.3167/9780857451149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-114-9"><bdi>978-0-85745-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Captain%3A+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger+in+Nazi+Paris%2C+1941-1944&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F9780857451149&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-114-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle%2FMitchellDevils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoliVolpi1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gnoli, Antonio; Volpi, Franco (1997). <i>I prossimi titani. Conversazioni con Ernst Jünger</i> [<i>The Coming Titans. Conversations with Ernst Jünger</i>] (in Italian). Milano: Adelphi. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-459-1325-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-459-1325-2"><bdi>88-459-1325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+prossimi+titani.+Conversazioni+con+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Adelphi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-459-1325-2&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Volpi%2C+Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juengertranslationproject.substack.com/p/the-coming-titans-ernst-junger">The Coming Titans. Ernst Jünger</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strahlungen-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strahlungen_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strahlungen_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger2019" class="citation book cs1">Jünger, Ernst (2019). <i>A German Officer in Occupied Paris: The War Journals, 1941-1945</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231548380" title="Special:BookSources/9780231548380"><bdi>9780231548380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+Officer+in+Occupied+Paris%3A+The+War+Journals%2C+1941-1945&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780231548380&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7">Chapter I, First Parisian Journal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xv,_xvi,_xvii,_xxi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xv,_xvi,_xvii,_xxi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJünger2019">Jünger 2019</a>, pp. xv, xvi, xvii, xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndt_Engelmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Berndt Engelmann (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhitlersgermany0000enge"><i>In Hitler's Germany</i></a></span>. Pantheon Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhitlersgermany0000enge/page/239">239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394524498" title="Special:BookSources/9780394524498"><bdi>9780394524498</bdi></a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Germany&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780394524498&rft.au=Berndt+Engelmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhitlersgermany0000enge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> citing Gerhard Heller, <i>Un Allemand à Paris</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeaman1999122-23-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeaman1999122-23_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeaman1999">Neaman 1999</a>, p. 122-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019328-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019328_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJünger2019">Jünger 2019</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaritis2019" class="citation book cs1">Margaritis, Peter (2019). <i>Countdown to D-Day: The German perspective</i>. Oxford, UK & PA, USA: Casemate. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4"><bdi>978-1-61200-769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countdown+to+D-Day%3A+The+German+perspective&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+%26+PA%2C+USA&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-769-4&rft.aulast=Margaritis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xiii,xxi,xxii-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xiii,xxi,xxii_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJünger2019">Jünger 2019</a>, p. xiii,xxi,xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchöning2014" class="citation book cs1">Schöning, Matthias (2014). <i>Ernst Jünger-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung</i>. Stuttgart: Verlag J.B. Meztler. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger-Handbuch%3A+Leben+%E2%80%93+Werk+%E2%80%93+Wirkung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Verlag+J.B.+Meztler&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6ning&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xxiii,_379-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2019xxiii,_379_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJünger2019">Jünger 2019</a>, pp. xxiii, 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/jun/24/the-anarch-at-twilight/">"The Anarch at Twilight"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Anarch+at+Twilight&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1993%2Fjun%2F24%2Fthe-anarch-at-twilight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidegger2009" class="citation book cs1">Heidegger, Martin (2009). Günter Figal (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HAXt8IDlx0C&q=j%C3%BCnger+Heidegger+Nietzsche&pg=PA23"><i>The Heidegger Reader</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35371-9"><bdi>978-0-253-35371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heidegger+Reader&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35371-9&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HAXt8IDlx0C%26q%3Dj%25C3%25BCnger%2BHeidegger%2BNietzsche%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klostermann.de/Heidegger-Zu-Ernst-Juenger-Ln">"Heidegger, Martin: Zu Ernst Jünger"</a>. <i>www.klostermann.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.klostermann.de&rft.atitle=Heidegger%2C+Martin%3A+Zu+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klostermann.de%2FHeidegger-Zu-Ernst-Juenger-Ln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512173700/http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child7.htm">"LSD, My Problem Child · Radiance from Ernst Junger"</a>. <i>www.psychedelic-library.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child7.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psychedelic-library.org&rft.atitle=LSD%2C+My+Problem+Child+%C2%B7+Radiance+from+Ernst+Junger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychedelic-library.org%2Fchild7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacklin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Macklin, Graham D. (September 2005). "Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction". <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i> (<a href="/wiki/.pdf" class="mw-redirect" title=".pdf">.pdf</a>). <b>39</b> (3): 301–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313220500198292">10.1080/00313220500198292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144248307">144248307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Co-opting+the+counter+culture%3A+Troy+Southgate+and+the+National+Revolutionary+Faction&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-326&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313220500198292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144248307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Macklin&rft.aufirst=Graham+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluxeuropa.com/juenger-anarch.htm"><i>Warrior, Waldgänger, Anarch: An essay on Ernst Jünger's concept of the sovereign individual</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609103636/http://www.fluxeuropa.com/juenger-anarch.htm">Archived</a> 9 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Abdalbarr Braun, accessed 22 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ernst-juenger.blogspot.com">Ernst Jünger – Anarch</a> <i>An exposition of the figure of the Anarch through citations from Juenger's Eumeswil.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaska1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laska, Bernd A (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsr-projekt.de/msstudien.html#ss3"><i><span></span>'Katechon' und 'Anarch'. Carl Schmitts und Ernst Jüngers Reaktionen auf Max Stirner</i></a> (in German), Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Katechon%27+und+%27Anarch%27.+Carl+Schmitts+und+Ernst+J%C3%BCngers+Reaktionen+auf+Max+Stirner&rft.place=N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.pub=LSR-Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Laska&rft.aufirst=Bernd+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsr-projekt.de%2Fmsstudien.html%23ss3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xii_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xiv-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann2004xiv_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2004">Hoffmann 2004</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1998" class="citation cs2">Binder, David (18 February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06EFDB143FF93BA25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3">"Ernst Jünger, Contradictory German Author Who Wrote About War, Is Dead at 102"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%2C+Contradictory+German+Author+Who+Wrote+About+War%2C+Is+Dead+at+102&rft.date=1998-02-18&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B06EFDB143FF93BA25751C0A96E958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19935-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19935_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuyssen1993">Huyssen 1993</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19938-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuyssen19938_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuyssen1993">Huyssen 1993</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benjamin, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/kritiken-und-rezensionen-1912-1931-2981/97">"Theorien des deutschen Faschismus"</a> (in German). Project-Gutenberg-DE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theorien+des+deutschen+Faschismus&rft.pub=Project-Gutenberg-DE&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Fbuch%2Fkritiken-und-rezensionen-1912-1931-2981%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin, Walter (1979). "Theories of German Fascism: On the Collection of Essays War and Warrior, Edited by Ernst Jünger". <i>New German Critique</i> (17). Translated by Jerolf Wikoff: 120–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F488013">10.2307/488013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/488013">488013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Theories+of+German+Fascism%3A+On+the+Collection+of+Essays+War+and+Warrior%2C+Edited+by+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=120-128&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F488013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F488013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1998" class="citation news cs1">Binder, David (18 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/18/arts/ernst-junger-contradictory-german-author-who-wrote-about-war-is-dead-at-102.html">"Ernst Junger, Contradictory German Author Who Wrote About War, Is Dead at 102"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ernst+Junger%2C+Contradictory+German+Author+Who+Wrote+About+War%2C+Is+Dead+at+102&rft.date=1998-02-18&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F02%2F18%2Farts%2Fernst-junger-contradictory-german-author-who-wrote-about-war-is-dead-at-102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddG43uaZNSC0CpgPA218_218]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddG43uaZNSC0CpgPA218_218]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevin1996">Nevin 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG43uaZNSC0C&pg=PA218">218</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitchell,_Alan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitchell, Alan (page does not exist)">Mitchell, Alan</a>, <i>The Devil's Captain, Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941-1944</i>, Berghahn Books, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-g6K85Xo20C">p. 33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/standing-against-tyranny">Standing Against Tyranny</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>. <i>A year before the end of his long life (1895–1998), the German author Ernst Jünger converted to Catholicism, a late change on a tumultuous path of searching and adventures that were far from exclusively spiritual. Born into a Protestant family, he attended conventional boarding schools, but at the age of eighteen ran away to France to join the Foreign Legion.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laska, Bernd A. "Ernst Jünger - Anarch und Katholik - ein verspäteter Epilog zu meinem Buch "Katechon" und "Anarch"." Ernst Jünger – Anarch und Katholik. 16 February 2006. Accessed 20 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lsr-projekt.de/juenger.html">http://www.lsr-projekt.de/juenger.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2013/07/ernst-jungers-vision-of-war.html">"Ernst Jünger's Vision of War"</a>. 6 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%27s+Vision+of+War&rft.date=2013-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheimaginativeconservative.org%2F2013%2F07%2Fernst-jungers-vision-of-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer, and Priscilla Mary. Roberts, eds. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&q=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia"><i>World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098798" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098798"><bdi>9781851098798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=988&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851098798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTogXVHTlxG4C%26q%3DWorld%2BWar%2BI%253A%2BA%2BStudent%2BEncyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil, Isabel Capeloa. 2010. "The Visuality of Catastrophe in Ernst Jünger's <i>Der gefährliche Augenblick</i> and <i>Die veränderte Welt</i>". KulturPoetik. 10 (1): 62–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger1961–1965" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jünger, Ernst (1961–1965), <i>Werke</i> (in German)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Werke&rft.date=1961%2F1965&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> (10 vols.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jünger, Ernst (1979), <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> (in German)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4mtliche+Werke&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> (18 vols.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">dazu: Detlef Schöttker: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinn-und-form.de/index.php?tabelle=leseprobe&titel_id=4381"><i>„Gefährlich leben!“ Zum Briefwechsel zwischen Ernst Jünger und Dolf Sternberger.</i></a> In: <i>Sinn und Form</i>, 4/2011, S. 437–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413061851/https://sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=37639">"102 år i hjärtat av Europa (1998)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Film_Database" title="Swedish Film Database">Swedish Film Database</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Film_Institute" title="Swedish Film Institute">Swedish Film Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?itemid=37639&type=MOVIE">the original</a> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swedish+Film+Database&rft.atitle=102+%C3%A5r+i+hj%C3%A4rtat+av+Europa+%281998%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfi.se%2Fen-GB%2FSwedish-film-database%2FItem%2F%3Fitemid%3D37639%26type%3DMOVIE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnouw1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Barnouw" title="Dagmar Barnouw">Barnouw, Dagmar</a> (1988), <i>Weimar Intellectuals and the Threat of Modernity</i>, Bloomington: Indiana University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+Intellectuals+and+the+Threat+of+Modernity&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Barnouw&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiro1994" class="citation cs2">Biro, Matthew (1994), "The new man as cyborg: Figures of technology in Weimar visual culture", <i>New German Critique</i>, <b>62</b> (62): 71–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F488510">10.2307/488510</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/488510">488510</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=The+new+man+as+cyborg%3A+Figures+of+technology+in+Weimar+visual+culture&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=71-110&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F488510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F488510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1992" class="citation cs2">Bullock, Marcus P (1992), <i>The Violent Eye: Ernst Jünger's Visions and Revisions on the European Right</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2334-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2334-0"><bdi>0-8143-2334-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Violent+Eye%3A+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%27s+Visions+and+Revisions+on+the+European+Right&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8143-2334-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Marcus+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock2000" class="citation cs2">Bullock, Marcus. "Ernst Jünger." (2000), <i><span></span></i>Encyclopedia of German Literature, Volume 2 J – Z<i>, ed. Matthias Konzett</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+German+Literature%2C+Volume+2+J+%E2%80%93+Z%2C+ed.+Matthias+Konzett&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Marcus.+%22Ernst+J%C3%BCnger.%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandGarland1997a" class="citation cs2">Garland, Mary; Garland, Henry (1997a), "Ernst Jünger", in Garland, Mary (ed.), <i>Companion to German Literature</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.btitle=Companion+to+German+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Garland%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandGarland1997b" class="citation cs2">Garland, Mary; Garland, Henry (1997b), "In Stahlgewittern", in Garland, Mary (ed.), <i>Companion to German Literature</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Stahlgewittern&rft.btitle=Companion+to+German+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Garland%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervier1995" class="citation cs2">Hervier, Julien (1995), <i>The Details of Time: Conversations With Ernst Jünger</i>, Marsilio, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941419-95-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-941419-95-9"><bdi>0-941419-95-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Details+of+Time%3A+Conversations+With+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.pub=Marsilio&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-941419-95-9&rft.aulast=Hervier&rft.aufirst=Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2004" class="citation cs2">Hoffmann, Michael (2004), <i>Introduction</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger2004" class="citation book cs1">Jünger, Ernst (4 May 2004). <i>Storm of Steel</i>. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+of+Steel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004-05-04&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf1984" class="citation cs2">Herf, Jeffrey (1984), <i>Reactionary Modernism (Chapter Four)</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reactionary+Modernism+%28Chapter+Four%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyssen1993" class="citation cs2">Huyssen, Andreas (Spring–Summer 1993), "Fortifying the Heart—Totally: Ernst Jünger's Armored Texts", <i><a href="/wiki/New_German_Critique" title="New German Critique">New German Critique</a></i>, <b>59</b> (59): 3–23, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F488219">10.2307/488219</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/488219">488219</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Fortifying+the+Heart%E2%80%94Totally%3A+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%27s+Armored+Texts&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=3-23&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F488219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F488219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Huyssen&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoose1974" class="citation cs2">Loose, Gerhard (1974), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ernstjunger00loos"><i>Ernst Jünger</i></a></span>, Twayne Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80572479-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-80572479-6"><bdi>0-80572479-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-80572479-6&rft.aulast=Loose&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fernstjunger00loos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2011" class="citation cs2">Mitchell, Allan (May 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title.php?rowtag=MitchellDevils"><i>The Devil's Captain: Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941–1944</i></a>, Berghahn Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-114-9"><bdi>978-0-85745-114-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Captain%3A+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger+in+Nazi+Paris%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011-05&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-114-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle.php%3Frowtag%3DMitchellDevils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeaman1999" class="citation cs2">Neaman, Elliot Y (1999), <i>A Dubious Past: Ernst Jünger and the Politics of Literature After Nazism</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21628-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21628-8"><bdi>0-520-21628-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dubious+Past%3A+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger+and+the+Politics+of+Literature+After+Nazism&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21628-8&rft.aulast=Neaman&rft.aufirst=Elliot+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1996" class="citation cs2">Nevin, Thomas (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG43uaZNSC0C"><i>Ernst Jünger and Germany: Into the Abyss, 1914–1945</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1879-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1879-2"><bdi>0-8223-1879-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger+and+Germany%3A+Into+the+Abyss%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8223-1879-2&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdG43uaZNSC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Stern" title="J. P. Stern">Stern, JP</a> (1953), <i>Ernst Jünger, A Writer of Our Time</i>, Studies in Modern European Literature and Thought, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: Bowes & Bowes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger%2C+A+Writer+of+Our+Time&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+European+Literature+and+Thought&rft.pub=Bowes+%26+Bowes&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathausen2000" class="citation cs2">Strathausen, Carsten (2000), "The Return of the Gaze: Stereoscopic Vision in Jünger and Benjamin", <i>New German Critique</i>, <b>80</b> (80): 125–148, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F488636">10.2307/488636</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/488636">488636</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+the+Gaze%3A+Stereoscopic+Vision+in+J%C3%BCnger+and+Benjamin&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=125-148&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F488636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F488636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Strathausen&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1982" class="citation cs2">Woods, R (1982), <i>Ernst Jünger and the Nature of Political Commitment</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger+and+the+Nature+of+Political+Commitment&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+J%C3%BCnger" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Hervier, Julien, <i>Ernst Jünger: dans les tempêtes du siècle</i>, Fayard, Paris, 2014</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Ernst Jünger</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juenger-gesellschaft.com/">Ernst und Friedrich Jünger Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juenger-haus.de/">Jünger-Haus Wilflingen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jünger%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ernst%20Jünger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jünger%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ernst%20Jünger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jünger%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ernst%20Jünger%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jünger%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ernst%20Jünger%22%20OR%20%28Ernst+J%2Anger%29%29%20OR%20%28%221895-1998%22%20AND%20%28%22Jünger%22%20OR%20Junger%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ernst Jünger</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/ejunger.htm">"Ernst Jünger"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Template:Ernst Jünger"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Template talk:Ernst Jünger"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst Jünger"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ernst_Jünger" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Jünger</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autobiography<br />and essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worker:_Dominion_and_Form" title="The Worker: Dominion and Form">The Worker: Dominion and Form</a></i> (1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Peace_(essay)" title="The Peace (essay)">The Peace</a>" (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_der_Zeitmauer" title="An der Zeitmauer">An der Zeitmauer</a></i> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_(novella)" title="Sturm (novella)">Sturm</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(J%C3%BCnger_novel)" title="Heliopolis (Jünger novel)">Heliopolis</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visit_to_Godenholm" title="Visit to Godenholm">Visit to Godenholm</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Bees" title="The Glass Bees">The Glass Bees</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eumeswil" title="Eumeswil">Eumeswil</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin%27s_Problem" title="Aladdin's Problem">Aladdin's Problem</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Encounter" title="A Dangerous Encounter">A Dangerous Encounter</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Man%27s_War_(1982_film)" title="One Man's War (1982 film)">One Man's War</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/102_Years_in_the_Heart_of_Europe" title="102 Years in the Heart of Europe">102 Years in the Heart of Europe</a></i> (1998 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCnger-Haus_Wilflingen" title="Jünger-Haus Wilflingen">Jünger-Haus Wilflingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks 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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Template:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Memorial_Prize" title="Schiller Memorial Prize">Schiller Memorial Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kassner" title="Rudolf Kassner">Rudolf Kassner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Pannwitz" title="Rudolf Pannwitz">Rudolf Pannwitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmann" title="Wilhelm Lehmann">Wilhelm Lehmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Bergengruen" title="Werner Bergengruen">Werner Bergengruen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Heinar_Kipphardt" title="Heinar Kipphardt">Heinar Kipphardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Eich" title="Günter Eich">Günter Eich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Storz" title="Gerhard Storz">Gerhard Storz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Jünger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Hamburger" title="Käte Hamburger">Käte Hamburger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Joachim_Sch%C3%A4dlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Joachim Schädlich (page does not exist)">Hans Joachim Schädlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hein" title="Christoph Hein">Christoph Hein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Botho_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botho Strauß">Botho Strauß</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Dorst" title="Tankred Dorst">Tankred Dorst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Ror_Wolf" title="Ror Wolf">Ror Wolf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Nino_Haratischwili" title="Nino Haratischwili">Nino Haratischwili</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template talk:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated<br />people</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">F. G. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_Paetel" title="Karl Otto Paetel">Paetel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Quabbe" title="Georg Quabbe">Quabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatkreis" title="Tatkreis">Tatkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br />publications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i> (1904–1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Tat" title="Die Tat">Die Tat</a></i> (1909–1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> (1918, 1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widerstand_(magazine)" title="Widerstand (magazine)">Widerstand</a></i> (1926–1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_Against_the_Modern_World" title="Revolt Against the Modern World">Revolt Against the Modern World</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s" title="Non-conformists of the 1930s">Non-conformists of the 1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>Völkisch</i> movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Youth_Movement" title="German Youth Movement">Youth Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76727#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118558587">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038756">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908854x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908854x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444993">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jünger, Ernst"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV010922">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35256055">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004119&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX902729">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/275586">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068858485">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051211">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029399&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=122420">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000070228">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201401498">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt79bjsf0nxpf88">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542643905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/302849">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263449605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508822306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13925504">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00111941?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/271ee9ff-aae5-4a3c-b440-426e35c66134">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/884601">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118558587.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118558587">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02693857X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v8z76">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41023177">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-drjjp","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.426","walltime":"1.770","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11972,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":310604,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17406,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":249542,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1408.954 1 -total"," 21.52% 303.144 2 Template:Infobox"," 18.43% 259.609 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 11.33% 159.704 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.46% 147.444 1 Template:Conservatism_in_Germany"," 8.97% 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