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<span>Group companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrochemicals_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrochemicals_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Petrochemicals sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrochemicals_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemicals sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electronics sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganics_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganics_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inorganics sector</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inorganics_sector-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inorganics sector subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inorganics_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aluminium_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aluminium sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niigata_Minamata_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niigata_Minamata_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Niigata Minamata disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niigata_Minamata_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryptophan_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryptophan_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tryptophan contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryptophan_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Resonac</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="شووا دنکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شووا دنکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Denk%C5%8D" title="Shōwa Denkō – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shōwa Denkō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%99_%ED%99%80%EB%94%A9%EC%8A%A4" title="레조낙 홀딩스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레조낙 홀딩스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denko" title="Showa Denko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Showa Denko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BE%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9" title="レゾナック・ホールディングス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レゾナック・ホールディングス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denko" title="Showa Denko – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Showa Denko" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Showa Denko">Showa Denko</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese chemicals company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Resonac K.K.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Resonac_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Resonac_logo.svg/220px-Resonac_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Resonac_logo.svg/330px-Resonac_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Resonac_logo.svg/440px-Resonac_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レゾナック株式会社</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rezonakku kabushiki gaisha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">TYO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=4004">4004</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">Chemicals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1939<br />1939 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905412?uselang=en#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Mitsuo Ohashi (chairman)<br />Hideo Ichikawa (president & CEO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">Inorganics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">JPY 76.7 billion (2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">JPY 1,023.2 billion (2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,778 (2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data">{{URL|resonac.com}</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa_Denko_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Showa_Denko_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Showa Denko previous logo</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Resonac</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レゾナック株式会社</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rezonakku Kabushiki-gaisha</i></span>)</span>, formerly <b>Showa Denko K. K.</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和電工株式会社</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōwa Denkō Kabushiki-gaisha</i></span>, abbreviated as <b>SDK</b>)</span>, is a Japanese chemical company producing chemical products and industrial materials. It was founded in 1939 by the merger of Nihon Electrical Industries and Showa Fertilizers, both established by a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Nobuteru_Mori" title="Nobuteru Mori">Nobuteru Mori</a>. </p><p>Resonac's products serve a wide array of fields ranging from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic</a> and computer industries. The company is divided in five business sectors: petrochemicals (<a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">olefins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">plastic products</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> (aluminum cans, sheets, ingots, foils), electronics (<a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, ceramic materials, <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> platters), chemicals (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">industrial gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a>), and inorganic materials (ceramics, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> electrodes). Showa Denko has more than 180 subsidiaries and affiliates. The company has vast overseas operations and a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>-based Montell and Nippon Petrochemicals to make and market <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylenes</a>. In March 2001, Resonac merged with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko_Aluminum_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Denko Aluminum Corporation (page does not exist)">Showa Denko Aluminum Corporation</a> to strengthen the high-<a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value-added</a> fabricated aluminum products operations, and is today developing next-generation optical communications-use <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a>. </p><p>Showa Denko is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a> <a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dec 1908 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobo_Marine_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobo Marine Products (page does not exist)">Sobo Marine Products K.K.</a> was established by Showa Denko (SDK) founder, <a href="/wiki/Nobuteru_Mori" title="Nobuteru Mori">Nobuteru Mori</a>, to manufacture and sell <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a>. Sobo Marine Products subsequently developed into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihon_Iodine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihon Iodine (page does not exist)">Nihon Iodine K.K.</a></li> <li>Oct 1926 : Nihon Iodine K.K. was established.</li> <li>Apr 1928 : Showa Fertilizer K.K.<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和肥料</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōwa Hiryō</i></span>)</span> was established, also by <a href="/wiki/Nobuteru_Mori" title="Nobuteru Mori">Nobuteru Mori</a>.</li> <li>Apr 1931 : Showa Fertilizers opened the first <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> factory in Japan.</li> <li>Mar 1934 : Nihon Iodine K.K. was renamed as Nihon Electrical Industries K.K.</li> <li>Jun 1939 : Nihon Electrical Industries and Showa Fertilizers merged to form Showa Denko K.K.</li> <li>May 1949 : SDK was listed on <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a>.</li> <li>Sept 1951 : SDK was awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Deming_Prize" title="Deming Prize">Deming Prize</a>.</li> <li>1968 : Dumped mercury in the <a href="/wiki/Agano_River" title="Agano River">Agano River</a>, which caused widespread <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apr 1969 : <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Oita</a> Petrochemical Complex started commercial operation.</li> <li>Mar 1977 : Second expansion project of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> production capacity was completed at SDK Oita Petrochemical Complex.</li> <li>Feb 1986 : SDK withdrew from its domestic aluminum smelting business.</li> <li>Nov 1989 : Hard Disk Plant No 1 completed in Chiba.</li> <li>Jan 1995 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omachi_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omachi Works (page does not exist)">Omachi Works</a> obtained <a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a> certification.</li> <li>May 1997 : Production Technology Center obtained <a href="/wiki/ISO_14001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14001">ISO 14001</a> certification.</li> <li>Mar.2001 : SDK merged with Showa Aluminum Corporation.</li> <li>Sept.2003 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Polyolefins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Polyolefins (page does not exist)">Japan Polyolefins Co., Ltd.</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Polychem_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Polychem Corporation (page does not exist)">Japan Polychem Corporation</a> integrated the polyethylene businesses and established a new <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> company.</li> <li>Jul.2004 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Strage_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trace Strage Technology (page does not exist)">Trace Strage Technology Corp.</a>, become a consolidated subsidiary.</li> <li>Nov.2004 : SDK announced to produce high-power blue <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> chips.</li> <li>Mar 2005 : SDK sold shares in <a href="/w/index.php?title=SDS_Biotech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDS Biotech (page does not exist)">SDS Biotech K.K.</a> via <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a> scheme.</li> <li>Jul 2005 : SDK started production of world's first perpendicular magnetic recording technology HD media.</li> <li>Jan 2006 : SDK opened new medium-term consolidated business plan "PASSION Project" for the 2006-2008 period.</li> <li>Sept 2006 : SDK opened new aluminum cylinders plant in Oita.</li> <li>Dec 2006 : SDK opened new hard disk media plant in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.</li> <li>Feb 2007 : SDK develops new crystal growth technology for <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">GaN</a>-based blue/white LEDs.</li> <li>Sept 2007 : SDK opened its second <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>-based alloys plant in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</li> <li>Jun 2008 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Tansan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Tansan (page does not exist)">Showa Tansan Co., Ltd.</a> become a consolidated subsidiary.</li> <li>Dec 2019 : SDK acquired <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi Chemical">Hitachi Chemical</a> for US$8.8 billion to scale up the <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> and advanced materials businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 2020 : Hitachi Chemical was renamed as Showa Denko Materials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jan 2023 : Showa Denko K.K. and Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. merge to form Resonac.<sup id="cite_ref-Showa_Denko_reborn_as_Resonac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showa_Denko_reborn_as_Resonac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_companies">Group companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Group companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hard Disc Media</b> </p> <ul><li>Showa Denko HD Pte., Ltd.</li></ul> <p><b>Petrochemicals</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Highpolymer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Highpolymer (page does not exist)">Showa Highpolymer</a> Co., Ltd.</li></ul> <p><b>Chemicals</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GMM_Nonstick_Coatings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GMM Nonstick Coatings (page does not exist)">GMM Nonstick Coatings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Polytech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Polytech (page does not exist)">Nippon Polytech</a> Corp.</li></ul> <p><b>Inorganics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Titanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Titanium (page does not exist)">Showa Titanium</a> Co., Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko_Kenso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Denko Kenso (page does not exist)">Showa Denko Kenso</a> Co., Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohoku_Metal_Chemical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tohoku Metal Chemical (page does not exist)">Tohoku Metal Chemical</a> Co., Ltd.</li></ul> <p><b>Aluminum</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Aluminum_Can&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Aluminum Can (page does not exist)">Showa Aluminum Can</a> Corp.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko_Aluminum_Trading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Denko Aluminum Trading (page does not exist)">Showa Denko Aluminum Trading</a> K.K.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko_Packaging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Denko Packaging (page does not exist)">Showa Denko Packaging</a> Co., Ltd.</li></ul> <p><b>Electronics, other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Engineering (page does not exist)">Showa Engineering</a> Co., Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showa_Denko_Kenzai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showa Denko Kenzai (page does not exist)">Showa Denko Kenzai</a> K.K.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoko_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoko (company) (page does not exist)">Shoko</a> Co., Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuyo_Perlite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyo Perlite (page does not exist)">Fuyo Perlite</a> Co., Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Showa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Showa (page does not exist)">Union Showa</a> K.K.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrochemicals_sector">Petrochemicals sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Petrochemicals sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Petrochemicals Sector supports the growth of Showa Denko's basic business through the manufacture and sales of organic chemicals, olefins and specialty polymers. </p><p>SDK is the leader of the Asian <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a> market. The Oita Plant, the main manufacturing base, supplies SDK and other chemical companies with the basic materials for making acetyl derivatives, synthetic resin, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, and styrene monomers. </p><p>Innovative products include a new heat-resistant, transparent sheet and film that can be used in flexible displays such as electronic paper and organic EL displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemicals_sector">Chemicals sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemicals sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally focused on general-purpose industrial gases, medical gases, and industrial chemicals, SDK now provides a variety of products including high-purity gases and chemicals for the semiconductor industry. As the semiconductor industry shifted to other Asian locations, SDK established overseas specialty gases production sites in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and Singapore. </p><p>The company also offers an array of technologies and products covering various fields, including food additives, feed additives, cosmetic ingredients, medical and agricultural intermediates, optical-function materials, information-recording materials, functional polymeric materials, differentiated composite material, and liquid chromatography equipment (<a href="/wiki/Shodex" title="Shodex">Shodex</a>). </p><p>SDK recently launched an environmental initiative to reduce waste and encourage chemical recycling. In 2016 Showa Denko acquired GMM Nonstick Coatings, one of the world's largest nonstick coatings companies founded in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/Ravin_Gandhi" title="Ravin Gandhi">Ravin Gandhi</a>. Clients included companies in the American housewares industry including <a href="/wiki/KitchenAid" title="KitchenAid">KitchenAid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calphalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Calphalon">Calphalon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics_sector">Electronics sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronics sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Electronics Sector includes compound semiconductors, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet" title="Rare-earth magnet">rare-earth magnetic</a> alloys, solid aluminum capacitors, and hard disks. </p><p>The compound semiconductors business deals with the crystal growth process, providing a wide range of products including Ultrabright LED Chips as well as blue LED Chips. </p><p>The solid aluminum capacitor business relies on conductive polymers, a combination of inorganic aluminum materials with organic polymers. The products offer with high heat resistance and high capacitance. </p><p>The electronics sector also produces aluminum-based and glass-based hard disks as well as aluminum substrates for hard disks. In September 2008 SDK announced a consolidation their hard disk (HD) media operations by establishing a joint venture with Hoya corporation in January 2009. The joint venture was to be owned about 75% by SDK and about 25% by <a href="/w/index.php?title=HOYA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HOYA (page does not exist)">HOYA</a>. However, this joint venture ended in March 2009 due to the rapid deterioration of the global economy in the Hard Disk Sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inorganics_sector">Inorganics sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inorganics sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Inorganics Sector consists of the Ceramics Division, Carbons Division and Fine Carbon Department. </p> <ul><li>Ceramics Division</li></ul> <p>SDK's Ceramics products are used in a wide range of fields, including chemical products, refractory products, ceramics, paper manufacture, plastics and electronics. Key products include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alumina_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alumina hydroxide (page does not exist)">alumina hydroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, and high-purity alumina. SDK also produces fused alumina abrasive grains, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron_nitride" title="Boron nitride">boron nitride</a>. </p> <ul><li>Carbons Division</li></ul> <p>SDK produces artificial graphite electrodes, an indispensable material for the recycling of steel. Other products include fine carburizing agents for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_casting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron casting (page does not exist)">iron casting</a>. </p> <ul><li>Fine Carbon Department</li></ul> <p>In addition to VGCF carbon nanofibers and fuel battery materials already on the market, SDK is focusing R&D efforts on high-functionality carbon products, including battery materials, electronics materials, and materials for alternative energy solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords" title="Wikipedia:Use plain English"><span title="The material near this tag may use buzzwords designed solely to impress you or obscure meaning. (September 2019)">buzzword</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminium_sector">Aluminium sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aluminium sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg/250px-Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg/330px-Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg/500px-Kladno_CZ_Showa_Aluminium_factory_from_E_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Condensers for <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning#Automobile_air_conditioners" title="Air conditioning">automobile air conditioners</a> are manufactured in the Showa Aluminium Czech factory in <a href="/wiki/Kladno" title="Kladno">Kladno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>SDK produces heat exchangers, beverage cans, and other high value-added fabricated products from aluminum materials (including rolled, extruded and forged products). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niigata_Minamata_disease">Niigata Minamata disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Niigata Minamata disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_disease" title="Niigata Minamata disease">Niigata Minamata disease</a></div> <p>The company is known for causing the <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_disease" title="Niigata Minamata disease">second outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a> (a type of severe <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kanose" title="Kanose">Kanose</a>, currently part of <a href="/wiki/Aga,_Niigata" title="Aga, Niigata">Aga-machi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata Prefecture</a>, through the release of <a href="/wiki/Organomercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomercury">organomercury compounds</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Agano_River" title="Agano River">Agano River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryptophan_contamination">Tryptophan contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tryptophan contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s Showa Denko applied <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> to the bacteria it used in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a> through which it manufactured <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> so that the bacteria would be more efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2355442_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2355442-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, they also changed the technique used to purify the tryptophan.<sup id="cite_ref-Belongia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belongia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 327–328">: 327–328 </span></sup> Multiple epidemiological studies<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2355442_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2355442-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8496862_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8496862-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8895184_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8895184-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traced an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilia-myalgia_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome">eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome</a> (EMS) to L-tryptophan supplied by Showa Denko, which resulted in 37 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Tryptophan_Info_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Tryptophan_Info-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further hypothesized that one or more trace impurities produced during the manufacture of tryptophan may have been responsible for the EMS outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2270484_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2270484-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1544609_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1544609-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the Showa Denko facility used <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> bacteria to produce L-tryptophan gave rise to speculation that genetic engineering was responsible for such impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7765187_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7765187-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the methodology used in the initial epidemiological studies has been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8895181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8895181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8895182_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8895182-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative explanation for the 1989 EMS outbreak is that large doses of tryptophan produce <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> which inhibit the normal degradation of <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and excess histamine in turn has been proposed to cause EMS.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16307217_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16307217-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the link between EMS and Showa Denko's tryptophan had been established, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_analyses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical analyses (page does not exist)">chemical analyses</a> of the tryptophan was performed by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> (CDC) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_National_Institute_of_Hygienic_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese National Institute of Hygienic Sciences (page does not exist)">Japanese National Institute of Hygienic Sciences</a> to determine if any contaminants were associated with EMS.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Showa Denko reportedly destroyed the GM bacterial stocks after the EMS cases began to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the last of the 6 contaminant associated with the 1989 EMS disease outbreak, labelled <i>Peak AAA</i>, has been identified using high-resolution mass spectroscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonac&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/hs/minamata2002/ch2.html">"Minamata Disease the History and Measures - Chapter 2 [MOE]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minamata+Disease+the+History+and+Measures+-+Chapter+2+%26%2391%3BMOE%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.go.jp%2Fen%2Fchemi%2Fhs%2Fminamata2002%2Fch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-18/showa-denko-unveils-8-8-billion-deal-to-buy-hitachi-chemical">"Showa Denko Unveils $8.8 Billion Deal for Hitachi Chemical"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Showa+Denko+Unveils+%248.8+Billion+Deal+for+Hitachi+Chemical&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-12-18%2Fshowa-denko-unveils-8-8-billion-deal-to-buy-hitachi-chemical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hitachi-chem.co.jp/english/information/2020/n_200623y4p.html">"Announcement of Changing Company's Name : Hitachi Chemical"</a>. <i>www.hitachi-chem.co.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hitachi-chem.co.jp&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+Changing+Company%27s+Name+%3A+Hitachi+Chemical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachi-chem.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Finformation%2F2020%2Fn_200623y4p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Showa_Denko_reborn_as_Resonac-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Showa_Denko_reborn_as_Resonac_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resonac.com/corporate/name-change.html">"Showa Denko reborn as Resonac"</a>. <i>www.resonac.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.resonac.com&rft.atitle=Showa+Denko+reborn+as+Resonac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resonac.com%2Fcorporate%2Fname-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/originals/ct-gmm-nonstick-coatings-acquired-bsi-20161121-story.html">"Chicagoan's GMM Nonstick Coatings acquired by Japanese chemicals giant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chicagoan%27s+GMM+Nonstick+Coatings+acquired+by+Japanese+chemicals+giant&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbluesky%2Foriginals%2Fct-gmm-nonstick-coatings-acquired-bsi-20161121-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103053/http://middlemarketgrowth.org/gmm-cooks-up-durable-nonstick-market/">"GMM Cooks up Durable Nonstick Market - Middle Market Growth"</a>. <i>middlemarketgrowth.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middlemarketgrowth.org/gmm-cooks-up-durable-nonstick-market/">the original</a> on 2017-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=middlemarketgrowth.org&rft.atitle=GMM+Cooks+up+Durable+Nonstick+Market+-+Middle+Market+Growth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddlemarketgrowth.org%2Fgmm-cooks-up-durable-nonstick-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2355442-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2355442_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2355442_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlutskerHoeslyMillerWilliams1990" class="citation journal cs1">Slutsker L, Hoesly FC, Miller L, Williams LP, Watson JC, Fleming DW (1990). "Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with exposure to tryptophan from a single manufacturer". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>264</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.264.2.213">10.1001/jama.264.2.213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2355442">2355442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Eosinophilia-myalgia+syndrome+associated+with+exposure+to+tryptophan+from+a+single+manufacturer&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.264.2.213&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2355442&rft.aulast=Slutsker&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Hoesly%2C+FC&rft.au=Miller%2C+L&rft.au=Williams%2C+LP&rft.au=Watson%2C+JC&rft.au=Fleming%2C+DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResonac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belongia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belongia_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward A Belongia, MD. Toxic Tryptophan? Investigating the Eosinophila Myalgia Syndrome in Minnesota. Chapter 26 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kyqt45c_aSwC&dq">Cases in Field Epidemiology: A Global Perspective</a>. Ed Mark Dworkin. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8496862-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8496862_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBackHenningKallenbachBrix1993" class="citation journal cs1">Back EE, Henning KJ, Kallenbach LR, Brix KA, Gunn RA, Melius JM (1993). "Risk factors for developing eosinophilia myalgia syndrome among L-tryptophan users in New York". <i>J. 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title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_%26_i_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven & i Holdings">7&i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantest" title="Advantest">Advantest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="AEON (company)">ÆON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGC_Inc." title="AGC Inc.">AGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">ANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amada_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Amada Co">Amada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bank" title="Aozora Bank">Aozora Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Breweries" title="Asahi Breweries">Asahi Breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Kasei" title="Asahi Kasei">Asahi Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astellas_Pharma" title="Astellas Pharma">Astellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Bank" title="Chiba Bank">Chiba Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubu_Electric_Power" title="Chubu Electric Power">Chuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugai_Pharmaceutical_Co." title="Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.">Chugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comsys" title="Comsys">Comsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyberAgent" title="CyberAgent">CyberAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Yokohama" title="Bank of Yokohama">Concordia Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Saison" title="Credit Saison">Credit Saison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo" title="Daiichi Sankyo">Daiichi Sankyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_House" title="Daiwa House">Daiwa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_Securities_Group" title="Daiwa Securities Group">Daiwa Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denki_Kagaku_Kogyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Denki Kagaku Kogyo">Denka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeNA" title="DeNA">DeNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Corporation" title="Disco Corporation">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowa_Holdings" title="Dowa Holdings">Dowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebara_Corporation" title="Ebara Corporation">Ebara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai_(company)" title="Eisai (company)">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">ENEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">Fanuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Retailing" title="Fast Retailing">Fast Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujikura" title="Fujikura">Fujikura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Financial_Group" title="Fukuoka Financial Group">Fukuoka Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Electric" title="Furukawa Electric">Furukawa Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_Yuasa" title="GS Yuasa">GS Yuasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machinery" title="Hitachi Construction Machinery">Hitachi Construction Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanadevia" title="Kanadevia">Kanadevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHI_Corporation" title="IHI Corporation">IHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">INPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isetan_Mitsukoshi_Holdings" title="Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings">Isetan-Mitsukoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">Itochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Exchange_Group" title="Japan Exchange Group">Japan Exchange Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Post_Holdings" title="Japan Post Holdings">Japan Post Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFE_Holdings" title="JFE Holdings">JFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Front_Retailing" title="J. Front Retailing">J. Front Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JGC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="JGC Corporation">JGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Steel_Works" title="Japan Steel Works">JSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTEKT" title="JTEKT">JTEKT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajima" title="Kajima">Kajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">KEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keio_Corporation" title="Keio Corporation">Keio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisei_Electric_Railway" title="Keisei Electric Railway">Keisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkoman" title="Kikkoman">Kikkoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_Company" title="Kirin Company">Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_Line" title="K Line">K Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Steel" title="Kobe Steel">Kobelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota" title="Kubota">Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuraray" title="Kuraray">Kuraray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa_Hakko_Kirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyowa Hakko Kirin">Kyowa Hakko Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY_Corporation" title="LY Corporation">LY Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasertec_Corporation" title="Lasertec Corporation">Lasertec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M3,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M3, Inc. (page does not exist)">M3, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marubeni" title="Marubeni">Marubeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marui" title="Marui">Marui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Holdings" title="Meiji Holdings">Meiji Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercari" title="Mercari">Mercari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Minebea">Minebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate" title="Mitsubishi Estate">Mitsubishi Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Materials" title="Mitsubishi Materials">Mitsubishi Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui & Co">Mitsui & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Chemicals" title="Mitsui Chemicals">Mitsui Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Fudosan" title="Mitsui Fudosan">Mitsui Fudosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui Kinzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinebeaMitsumi" title="MinebeaMitsumi">MinebeaMitsumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">MOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUJI" class="mw-redirect" title="MUJI">MUJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexon" title="Nexon">Nexon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Electric_Glass" title="Nippon Electric Glass">NEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGK_Insulators" title="NGK Insulators">NGK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirei" title="Nichirei">Nichirei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Express" title="Nippon Express">Nippon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Light_Metal" title="Nippon Light Metal">Nippon Light Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ham" title="Nippon Ham">Nippon Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Soda" title="Nippon Soda">Nippon Soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Chemical_Corporation" title="Nissan Chemical Corporation">Nissan Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Seifun_Group" title="Nisshin Seifun Group">Nisshin Seifun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisshin Steel">Nisshin Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissui" title="Nissui">Nissui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Boseki" title="Nitto Boseki">Nittobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitori" title="Nitori">Nitori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Nipponkoa_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings">Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Holdings" title="Nomura Holdings">Nomura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Research_Institute" title="Nomura Research Institute">Nomura Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSK_Ltd." title="NSK Ltd.">NSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel" title="Nippon Steel">Nippon Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTN_Corporation" title="NTN Corporation">NTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTT_Data" title="NTT Data">NTT Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">NYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayashi_Corporation" title="Obayashi Corporation">Obayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji_Paper_Company" title="Oji Paper Company">Oji Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="OKI (company)">OKI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuma_Corporation" title="Okuma Corporation">Okuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oriental_Land_Company" title="The Oriental Land Company">Oriental Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Gas" title="Osaka Gas">Osaka Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten" title="Rakuten">Rakuten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_(company)" title="Recruit (company)">Recruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resona_Holdings" title="Resona Holdings">Resona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapporo Brewery">Sapporo Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCREEN_Holdings" title="SCREEN Holdings">SCREEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secom" title="Secom">Secom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekisui_House" title="Sekisui House">Sekisui House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Corporation" title="Shimizu Corporation">Shimz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-Etsu_Chemical" title="Shin-Etsu Chemical">Shin-Etsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shionogi" title="Shionogi">Shionogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiseido" title="Shiseido">Shiseido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Bank" title="Shizuoka Bank">Shizuoka Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMC_Corporation" title="SMC Corporation">SMC Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idemitsu_Kosan" title="Idemitsu Kosan">Idemitsu Kosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank">SoftBank</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905412#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1049" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905412#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1049" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905412#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Showa Denko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1075863171">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82079304">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92008478">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00303756">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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