Molécule d'eau — Wikipédia

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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Molécule d'eau</h1> <div class="tagline"> composé chimique </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Langue </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Eau (homonymie)">eau (homonymie)</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css general" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Pour un article plus général, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a>. </div> </div> La molécule d’eau<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[b]</a>, de formule H2O, est le constituant essentiel de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a> pure. Celle-ci contient également des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion">ions</a> résultant de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoprotolyse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autoprotolyse_de_l'eau" title="Autoprotolyse">autoprotolyse de l’eau</a> selon l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quation_d%27%C3%A9quilibre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Équation d'équilibre">équation d'équilibre</a> : H2O   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false"> ⇌ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }">  H+ + OH− (ou 2 H2O   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false"> ⇌ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }">  H3O+ + OH−). L’eau pure n’est pas présente dans la nature et doit être obtenue par des processus physiques. <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#FFDEAD;color:black;">Eau</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Water_molecule_dimensions.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Molécule d'eau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/langfr-200px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/langfr-300px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/langfr-400px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="388"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Water-3D-balls.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Molécule d'eau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/160px-Water-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/240px-Water-3D-balls.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/320px-Water-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="747"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Géométrie de la molécule d’eau et représentation 3D.</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Identification</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CAS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro CAS">No CAS</a></th> <td><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/cas.php?cas%3D7732-18-5%26language%3Dfr%26title%3DMol%25C3%25A9cule_d'eau">7732-18-5</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro CE">No CE</a></th> <td>231-791-2</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Molecular_Input_Line_Entry_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System">SMILES</a></th> <td> <div class="NavFrame" title="[Afficher]/[Masquer]" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display: none; text-align: left;"> O <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts%3DO">PubChem</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?title%3DEau%26model%3DO">vue 3D</a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></th> <td> <div class="NavFrame" title="[Afficher]/[Masquer]" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display: none; text-align: left;"> InChI : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?title%3DEau%26model%3DInChI%253D1%252FH2O%252Fh1H2">vue 3D</a> InChI=1/H2O/h1H2 </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apparence</th> <td>liquide transparent<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[a]</a>. Bleu sur la tranche de la glace (<abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> glacier)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Propriétés chimiques</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule chimique">Formule</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogène">H</a>2<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygène">O</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H2O?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="H2O">[Isomères]</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_molaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse molaire">Masse molaire</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[4]</a></th> <td>18,015 3 ± 0,000 4 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gramme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gramme">g</a>/<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mole_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mole (unité)">mol</a> H 11,19 %, O 88,81 %, </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dip%C3%B4le_%C3%A9lectrostatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moment_dipolaire" title="Dipôle électrostatique">Moment dipolaire</a></th> <td>1,854 6 ± 0,004 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="debye">D</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Diamètre moléculaire</th> <td>0,343 <abbr class="abbr" title="nanomètre">nm</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yitzhak_Marcus-4">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#f7efa8; color:#000000">Propriétés physiques</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_de_fusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point de fusion"><abbr class="abbr" title="Température">T°</abbr> fusion</a></th> <td>0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GESTIS-6">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_d%27%C3%A9bullition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point d'ébullition"><abbr class="abbr" title="Température">T°</abbr> ébullition</a></th> <td>100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GESTIS-6">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polym%C3%A8re_en_solution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approche_de_Hildebrand,_param%C3%A8tre_de_solubilit%C3%A9" title="Polymère en solution">Paramètre de solubilité δ</a></th> <td>47,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégapascal puissance 1/2">MPa1/2</abbr> (25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a></th> <td>1,000 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme par centimètre cube">g/cm3</abbr> (3,98 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 0,997 05 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme par centimètre cube">g/cm3</abbr> (25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GESTIS-6">[5]</a> <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daubert-8">[7]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =5.4590/0.30542^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.081})}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> ρ </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 5.4590 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <msup> <mn> 0.30542 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mn> 647.13 </mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0.081 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho =5.4590/0.30542^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.081})}} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/577d81fb5523480b9443ab8afae6dc7375729de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.287ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =5.4590/0.30542^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.081})}}"> Masse volumique du liquide en kmol·m-3 et température en kelvins, de 273,16 à 333,15 K. Valeurs calculées : 0,99501 g·cm-3 à 25 °C. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>273,16</td> <td>0,010000000000048</td> <td>55,583</td> <td>1,00134</td> </tr> <tr> <td>277,16</td> <td>4,01</td> <td>55,52775</td> <td>1,00035</td> </tr> <tr> <td>279,16</td> <td>6,01</td> <td>55,50013</td> <td>0,99985</td> </tr> <tr> <td>281,16</td> <td>8,01</td> <td>55,47238</td> <td>0,99935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>283,16</td> <td>10,01</td> <td>55,44452</td> <td>0,99885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>285,16</td> <td>12,01</td> <td>55,41652</td> <td>0,99835</td> </tr> <tr> <td>287,16</td> <td>14,01</td> <td>55,3884</td> <td>0,99784</td> </tr> <tr> <td>289,16</td> <td>16,01</td> <td>55,36014</td> <td>0,99733</td> </tr> <tr> <td>291,16</td> <td>18,01</td> <td>55,33176</td> <td>0,99682</td> </tr> <tr> <td>293,16</td> <td>20,01</td> <td>55,30324</td> <td>0,9963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>295,16</td> <td>22,01</td> <td>55,27459</td> <td>0,99579</td> </tr> <tr> <td>297,16</td> <td>24,01</td> <td>55,24581</td> <td>0,99527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>299,16</td> <td>26,01</td> <td>55,21689</td> <td>0,99475</td> </tr> <tr> <td>301,16</td> <td>28,01</td> <td>55,18783</td> <td>0,99423</td> </tr> <tr> <td>303,16</td> <td>30,01</td> <td>55,15863</td> <td>0,9937</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>305,15</td> <td>32</td> <td>55,12929</td> <td>0,99317</td> </tr> <tr> <td>307,15</td> <td>34</td> <td>55,09981</td> <td>0,99264</td> </tr> <tr> <td>309,15</td> <td>36</td> <td>55,07018</td> <td>0,99211</td> </tr> <tr> <td>311,15</td> <td>38</td> <td>55,04041</td> <td>0,99157</td> </tr> <tr> <td>313,15</td> <td>40</td> <td>55,01049</td> <td>0,99103</td> </tr> <tr> <td>315,15</td> <td>42</td> <td>54,98042</td> <td>0,99049</td> </tr> <tr> <td>317,15</td> <td>44</td> <td>54,95021</td> <td>0,98994</td> </tr> <tr> <td>319,15</td> <td>46</td> <td>54,91984</td> <td>0,9894</td> </tr> <tr> <td>321,15</td> <td>48</td> <td>54,88931</td> <td>0,98885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>323,15</td> <td>50</td> <td>54,85864</td> <td>0,98829</td> </tr> <tr> <td>325,15</td> <td>52</td> <td>54,8278</td> <td>0,98774</td> </tr> <tr> <td>327,15</td> <td>54</td> <td>54,7968</td> <td>0,98718</td> </tr> <tr> <td>329,15</td> <td>56</td> <td>54,76565</td> <td>0,98662</td> </tr> <tr> <td>331,15</td> <td>58</td> <td>54,73433</td> <td>0,98606</td> </tr> <tr> <td>333,15</td> <td>60</td> <td>54,703</td> <td>0,98549</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphique P=f(T)"><img alt="Graphique P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg/500px-Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg/750px-Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg/1000px-Masse_volumique_eau_273-333_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daubert-8">[7]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =4.9669/0.27788^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.18740})}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> ρ </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 4.9669 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <msup> <mn> 0.27788 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mn> 647.13 </mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0.18740 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho =4.9669/0.27788^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.18740})}} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98f7ce3d7196d8685cf78505eaa393a14e21f0d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.621ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =4.9669/0.27788^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.18740})}}"> Masse volumique du liquide en kmol·m-3 et température en kelvins, de 333,15 à 403,15 K. Valeurs calculées : <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>333,15</td> <td>60</td> <td>54,6866</td> <td>0,9852</td> </tr> <tr> <td>337,82</td> <td>64,67</td> <td>54,51549</td> <td>0,98211</td> </tr> <tr> <td>340,15</td> <td>67</td> <td>54,42936</td> <td>0,98056</td> </tr> <tr> <td>342,48</td> <td>69,33</td> <td>54,34283</td> <td>0,979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>344,82</td> <td>71,67</td> <td>54,25589</td> <td>0,97744</td> </tr> <tr> <td>347,15</td> <td>74</td> <td>54,16855</td> <td>0,97586</td> </tr> <tr> <td>349,48</td> <td>76,33</td> <td>54,0808</td> <td>0,97428</td> </tr> <tr> <td>351,82</td> <td>78,67</td> <td>53,99263</td> <td>0,97269</td> </tr> <tr> <td>354,15</td> <td>81</td> <td>53,90404</td> <td>0,9711</td> </tr> <tr> <td>356,48</td> <td>83,33</td> <td>53,81502</td> <td>0,96949</td> </tr> <tr> <td>358,82</td> <td>85,67</td> <td>53,72557</td> <td>0,96788</td> </tr> <tr> <td>361,15</td> <td>88</td> <td>53,63567</td> <td>0,96626</td> </tr> <tr> <td>363,48</td> <td>90,33</td> <td>53,54533</td> <td>0,96464</td> </tr> <tr> <td>365,82</td> <td>92,67</td> <td>53,45454</td> <td>0,963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>368,15</td> <td>95</td> <td>53,36329</td> <td>0,96136</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>370,48</td> <td>97,33</td> <td>53,27157</td> <td>0,9597</td> </tr> <tr> <td>372,82</td> <td>99,67</td> <td>53,17938</td> <td>0,95804</td> </tr> <tr> <td>375,15</td> <td>102</td> <td>53,08672</td> <td>0,95637</td> </tr> <tr> <td>377,48</td> <td>104,33</td> <td>52,99357</td> <td>0,9547</td> </tr> <tr> <td>379,82</td> <td>106,67</td> <td>52,89992</td> <td>0,95301</td> </tr> <tr> <td>382,15</td> <td>109</td> <td>52,80578</td> <td>0,95131</td> </tr> <tr> <td>384,48</td> <td>111,33</td> <td>52,71113</td> <td>0,94961</td> </tr> <tr> <td>386,82</td> <td>113,67</td> <td>52,61597</td> <td>0,94789</td> </tr> <tr> <td>389,15</td> <td>116</td> <td>52,52028</td> <td>0,94617</td> </tr> <tr> <td>391,48</td> <td>118,33</td> <td>52,42407</td> <td>0,94444</td> </tr> <tr> <td>393,82</td> <td>120,67</td> <td>52,32732</td> <td>0,94269</td> </tr> <tr> <td>396,15</td> <td>123</td> <td>52,23002</td> <td>0,94094</td> </tr> <tr> <td>398,48</td> <td>125,33</td> <td>52,13216</td> <td>0,93918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>400,82</td> <td>127,67</td> <td>52,03374</td> <td>0,9374</td> </tr> <tr> <td>403,15</td> <td>130</td> <td>51,93475</td> <td>0,93562</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphique P=f(T)"><img alt="Graphique P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg/500px-Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg/750px-Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg/1000px-Masse_volumique_eau_333-403_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daubert-8">[7]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =4.3910/0.24870^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.25340})}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> ρ </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 4.3910 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <msup> <mn> 0.24870 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mn> 647.13 </mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0.25340 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho =4.3910/0.24870^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.25340})}} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/433be45384ff4b4ab584dea1fdaf64cbe3de2e31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.621ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =4.3910/0.24870^{(1+(1-T/647.13)^{0.25340})}}"> Masse volumique du liquide en kmol·m-3 et température en kelvins, de 403,15 à 647,13 K. Valeurs calculées : <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>403,15</td> <td>130</td> <td>52,34366</td> <td>0,94299</td> </tr> <tr> <td>419,42</td> <td>146,27</td> <td>51,36701</td> <td>0,92539</td> </tr> <tr> <td>427,55</td> <td>154,4</td> <td>50,86626</td> <td>0,91637</td> </tr> <tr> <td>435,68</td> <td>162,53</td> <td>50,35655</td> <td>0,90719</td> </tr> <tr> <td>443,81</td> <td>170,66</td> <td>49,83732</td> <td>0,89783</td> </tr> <tr> <td>451,95</td> <td>178,8</td> <td>49,30794</td> <td>0,8883</td> </tr> <tr> <td>460,08</td> <td>186,93</td> <td>48,76772</td> <td>0,87857</td> </tr> <tr> <td>468,21</td> <td>195,06</td> <td>48,21588</td> <td>0,86862</td> </tr> <tr> <td>476,34</td> <td>203,19</td> <td>47,65156</td> <td>0,85846</td> </tr> <tr> <td>484,48</td> <td>211,33</td> <td>47,07377</td> <td>0,84805</td> </tr> <tr> <td>492,61</td> <td>219,46</td> <td>46,4814</td> <td>0,83738</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500,74</td> <td>227,59</td> <td>45,87318</td> <td>0,82642</td> </tr> <tr> <td>508,87</td> <td>235,72</td> <td>45,24765</td> <td>0,81515</td> </tr> <tr> <td>517,01</td> <td>243,86</td> <td>44,60313</td> <td>0,80354</td> </tr> <tr> <td>525,14</td> <td>251,99</td> <td>43,93764</td> <td>0,79155</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>ρ (kmol·m-3)</th> <th>ρ (g·cm-3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>533,27</td> <td>260,12</td> <td>43,24885</td> <td>0,77914</td> </tr> <tr> <td>541,41</td> <td>268,26</td> <td>42,53399</td> <td>0,76626</td> </tr> <tr> <td>549,54</td> <td>276,39</td> <td>41,78969</td> <td>0,75285</td> </tr> <tr> <td>557,67</td> <td>284,52</td> <td>41,01184</td> <td>0,73884</td> </tr> <tr> <td>565,8</td> <td>292,65</td> <td>40,19529</td> <td>0,72413</td> </tr> <tr> <td>573,94</td> <td>300,79</td> <td>39,33348</td> <td>0,7086</td> </tr> <tr> <td>582,07</td> <td>308,92</td> <td>38,41785</td> <td>0,69211</td> </tr> <tr> <td>590,2</td> <td>317,05</td> <td>37,43685</td> <td>0,67444</td> </tr> <tr> <td>598,33</td> <td>325,18</td> <td>36,37432</td> <td>0,65529</td> </tr> <tr> <td>606,47</td> <td>333,32</td> <td>35,20645</td> <td>0,63425</td> </tr> <tr> <td>614,6</td> <td>341,45</td> <td>33,89566</td> <td>0,61064</td> </tr> <tr> <td>622,73</td> <td>349,58</td> <td>32,37649</td> <td>0,58327</td> </tr> <tr> <td>630,86</td> <td>357,71</td> <td>30,5152</td> <td>0,54974</td> </tr> <tr> <td>639</td> <td>365,85</td> <td>27,94077</td> <td>0,50336</td> </tr> <tr> <td>647,13</td> <td>373,98</td> <td>17,65581</td> <td>0,31807</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphique P=f(T)"><img alt="Graphique P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg/500px-Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg/750px-Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg/1000px-Masse_volumique_eau_403-647_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression_de_vapeur_saturante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression de vapeur saturante">Pression de vapeur saturante</a></th> <td>6,112 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (glace, 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a> 12,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (10 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 23,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 42,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (30 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 73,8 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (40 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 123,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (50 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 199,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibar">mbar</abbr> (60 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GESTIS-6">[5]</a> <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daubert-8">[7]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(73.649+{\frac {-7258.2}{T}}+(-7.3037)\times ln(T)+(4.1653E-6)\times T^{2.0000})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> P </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> v </mi> <mi> s </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mi> e </mi> <mi> x </mi> <mi> p </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 73.649 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7258.2 </mn> </mrow> <mi> T </mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7.3037 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 4.1653 </mn> <mi> E </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2.0000 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(73.649+{\frac {-7258.2}{T}}+(-7.3037)\times ln(T)+(4.1653E-6)\times T^{2.0000})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4155a48193908bc75ff2b1b9ecfe0a0656e1a6f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:77.724ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(73.649+{\frac {-7258.2}{T}}+(-7.3037)\times ln(T)+(4.1653E-6)\times T^{2.0000})}"> Pression en pascals et température en kelvins, de 273,16 à 647,13 K. Valeurs calculées : 3 170,39 Pa à 25 °C. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>P (Pa)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>273,16</td> <td>0,010000000000048</td> <td>610,56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>298,09</td> <td>24,94</td> <td>3 159,31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>310,56</td> <td>37,41</td> <td>6 424,38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>323,02</td> <td>49,87</td> <td>12 274,02</td> </tr> <tr> <td>335,49</td> <td>62,34</td> <td>22 198,48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>347,95</td> <td>74,8</td> <td>38 249,34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>360,42</td> <td>87,27</td> <td>63 135,86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>372,89</td> <td>99,74</td> <td>100 308,53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>385,35</td> <td>112,2</td> <td>154 025,47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>397,82</td> <td>124,67</td> <td>229 399,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>410,28</td> <td>137,13</td> <td>332 425,86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>422,75</td> <td>149,6</td> <td>469 992,41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>435,21</td> <td>162,06</td> <td>649 875,71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>447,68</td> <td>174,53</td> <td>880 727,27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>460,15</td> <td>187</td> <td>1 172 054,7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>P (Pa)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>472,61</td> <td>199,46</td> <td>1 534 202,63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>485,08</td> <td>211,93</td> <td>1 978 337,94</td> </tr> <tr> <td>497,54</td> <td>224,39</td> <td>2 516 443,24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510,01</td> <td>236,86</td> <td>3 161 322,23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>522,47</td> <td>249,32</td> <td>3 926 619,62</td> </tr> <tr> <td>534,94</td> <td>261,79</td> <td>4 826 858</td> </tr> <tr> <td>547,4</td> <td>274,25</td> <td>5 877 493,25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>559,87</td> <td>286,72</td> <td>7 094 990,09</td> </tr> <tr> <td>572,34</td> <td>299,19</td> <td>8 496 918,62</td> </tr> <tr> <td>584,8</td> <td>311,65</td> <td>10 102 073,08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>597,27</td> <td>324,12</td> <td>11 930 613,48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>609,73</td> <td>336,58</td> <td>14 004 231,36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>622,2</td> <td>349,05</td> <td>16 346 340,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>634,66</td> <td>361,51</td> <td>18 982 295,46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>647,13</td> <td>373,98</td> <td>21 940 000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Pvs,eau,348-647K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="P=f(T)"><img alt="P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pvs%2Ceau%2C348-647K.svg/500px-Pvs%2Ceau%2C348-647K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pvs%252Ceau%252C348-647K.svg/750px-Pvs%252Ceau%252C348-647K.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pvs%252Ceau%252C348-647K.svg/1000px-Pvs%252Ceau%252C348-647K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daubert-8">[7]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(35.169+{\frac {-6149.4}{T}}+(-1.3785)\times ln(T)+(5.4788E-3)\times T^{1.0000})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> P </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> v </mi> <mi> s </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mi> e </mi> <mi> x </mi> <mi> p </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 35.169 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6149.4 </mn> </mrow> <mi> T </mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1.3785 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 5.4788 </mn> <mi> E </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1.0000 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(35.169+{\frac {-6149.4}{T}}+(-1.3785)\times ln(T)+(5.4788E-3)\times T^{1.0000})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9439fd4efb028e76f25503e721613c1cc6e9d2c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:77.724ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(35.169+{\frac {-6149.4}{T}}+(-1.3785)\times ln(T)+(5.4788E-3)\times T^{1.0000})}"> Pression en pascals et température en kelvins, de 149,3 à 273,16 K. Valeurs calculées : <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>P (Pa)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>149,3</td> <td>−123,85</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>157,55733</td> <td>−115,59267</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>161,686</td> <td>−111,464</td> <td>0,00012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>165,81467</td> <td>−107,33533</td> <td>0,00032</td> </tr> <tr> <td>169,94333</td> <td>−103,20667</td> <td>0,00077</td> </tr> <tr> <td>174,072</td> <td>−99,078</td> <td>0,00181</td> </tr> <tr> <td>178,20067</td> <td>−94,94933</td> <td>0,00406</td> </tr> <tr> <td>182,32933</td> <td>−90,82067</td> <td>0,00878</td> </tr> <tr> <td>186,458</td> <td>−86,692</td> <td>0,01838</td> </tr> <tr> <td>190,58667</td> <td>−82,56333</td> <td>0,03726</td> </tr> <tr> <td>194,71533</td> <td>−78,43467</td> <td>0,07335</td> </tr> <tr> <td>198,844</td> <td>−74,306</td> <td>0,14043</td> </tr> <tr> <td>202,97267</td> <td>−70,17733</td> <td>0,26192</td> </tr> <tr> <td>207,10133</td> <td>−66,04867</td> <td>0,4767</td> </tr> <tr> <td>211,23</td> <td>−61,92</td> <td>0,84781</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>P (Pa)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>215,35867</td> <td>−57,79133</td> <td>1,47544</td> </tr> <tr> <td>219,48733</td> <td>−53,66267</td> <td>2,51562</td> </tr> <tr> <td>223,616</td> <td>−49,534</td> <td>4,20695</td> </tr> <tr> <td>227,74467</td> <td>−45,40533</td> <td>6,90792</td> </tr> <tr> <td>231,87333</td> <td>−41,27667</td> <td>11,14843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>236,002</td> <td>−37,148</td> <td>17,69965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>240,13067</td> <td>−33,01933</td> <td>27,66752</td> </tr> <tr> <td>244,25933</td> <td>−28,89067</td> <td>42,61627</td> </tr> <tr> <td>248,388</td> <td>−24,762</td> <td>64,7295</td> </tr> <tr> <td>252,51667</td> <td>−20,63333</td> <td>97,01785</td> </tr> <tr> <td>256,64533</td> <td>−16,50467</td> <td>143,58367</td> </tr> <tr> <td>260,774</td> <td>−12,376</td> <td>209,9549</td> </tr> <tr> <td>264,90267</td> <td>−8,24733</td> <td>303,50201</td> </tr> <tr> <td>269,03133</td> <td>−4,11867</td> <td>433,95381</td> </tr> <tr> <td>273,16</td> <td>0,010000000000048</td> <td>610,56</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Pvs,eau,149-273K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="P=f(T)"><img alt="P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pvs%2Ceau%2C149-273K.svg/500px-Pvs%2Ceau%2C149-273K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="499" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pvs%252Ceau%252C149-273K.svg/750px-Pvs%252Ceau%252C149-273K.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pvs%252Ceau%252C149-273K.svg/1000px-Pvs%252Ceau%252C149-273K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A9_dynamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viscosité dynamique">Viscosité dynamique</a></th> <td>0,001 002 <abbr class="abbr" title="pascal seconde">Pa s</abbr> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_critique_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point critique (thermodynamique)">Point critique</a></th> <td>374,15 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, 22,12 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégapascal">MPa</abbr>, 0,063 <abbr class="abbr" title="litre par mole">l/mol</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_triple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point triple">Point triple</a></th> <td>0,01 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a> ; 611,73 <abbr class="abbr" title="pascal">Pa</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité thermique">Conductivité thermique</a></th> <td>565 <abbr class="abbr" title="milliwatt par kelvin mètre">mW K−1 m−1</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 2px 0px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_superficielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension superficielle">Tension superficielle</a> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></th> <td>0,072 8 <abbr class="abbr" title="newton par mètre">N/m</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité électrique">Conductivité électrique</a></th> <td>5,5 × 10−6 <abbr class="abbr" title="siemens par mètre">S/m</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Thermochimie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_standard_de_formation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie standard de formation">ΔfH0gaz</a></th> <td>−241,83 kJ·mol-1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Glassman-12">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_standard_de_formation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie standard de formation">ΔfH0liquide</a></th> <td>−285,10 kJ·mol-1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Glassman-12">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_de_fusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie de fusion">ΔfusH°</a></th> <td>335 J·g-1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_de_vaporisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie de vaporisation">ΔvapH°</a></th> <td>40,65 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par mole">kJ mol−1</abbr> (1 <abbr class="abbr" title="atmosphère normale">atm</abbr>, 99,97 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) ; 43,98 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par mole">kJ mol−1</abbr> (1 <abbr class="abbr" title="atmosphère normale">atm</abbr>, 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique">Cp</a></th> <td>35,22 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par mole kelvin">J mol−1 K−1</abbr> (gaz, 226,85 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) 75,38 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par mole kelvin">J mol−1 K−1</abbr> (liquide, 24,85 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIST-14">[13]</a> 2,060 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par gramme kelvin">J g−1 K−1</abbr> (solide) <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> <hr> équation<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Perry%E2%80%99s-15">[14]</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}=(276370)+(-2090.1)\times T+(8.1250)\times T^{2}+(-1.4116E-2)\times T^{3}+(9.3701E-6)\times T^{4}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> C </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> P </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 276370 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2090.1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 8.1250 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1.4116 </mn> <mi> E </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 9.3701 </mn> <mi> E </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle C_{P}=(276370)+(-2090.1)\times T+(8.1250)\times T^{2}+(-1.4116E-2)\times T^{3}+(9.3701E-6)\times T^{4}} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45cc49b8945ca80be6aad186430b6d3c2eed7f2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:95.94ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}=(276370)+(-2090.1)\times T+(8.1250)\times T^{2}+(-1.4116E-2)\times T^{3}+(9.3701E-6)\times T^{4}}"> Capacité thermique du liquide en J·kmol-1·K-1 et température en kelvins, de 273,16 à 533,15 K. Valeurs calculées : 75,384 J·mol-1·K-1 à 25 °C. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>Cp <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi> J </mi> <mrow> <mi> k </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mi> o </mi> <mi> l </mi> <mo> × </mo> <mi> K </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0284c56a605f091ad5194cf9ad3de996f5d757b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.972ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})}"></th> <th>Cp <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi> J </mi> <mrow> <mi> k </mi> <mi> g </mi> <mo> × </mo> <mi> K </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2ffae996ebf9a4ddfe360b8b7aa9f0f89711fa4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:7.03ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})}"></th> </tr> <tr> <td>273,16</td> <td>0,01</td> <td>76 150</td> <td>4 227</td> </tr> <tr> <td>290</td> <td>16,85</td> <td>75 551</td> <td>4 194</td> </tr> <tr> <td>299</td> <td>25,85</td> <td>75 371</td> <td>4 184</td> </tr> <tr> <td>307</td> <td>33,85</td> <td>75 277</td> <td>4 179</td> </tr> <tr> <td>316</td> <td>42,85</td> <td>75 236</td> <td>4 176</td> </tr> <tr> <td>325</td> <td>51,85</td> <td>75 254</td> <td>4 177</td> </tr> <tr> <td>333</td> <td>59,85</td> <td>75 310</td> <td>4 180</td> </tr> <tr> <td>342</td> <td>68,85</td> <td>75 413</td> <td>4 186</td> </tr> <tr> <td>351</td> <td>77,85</td> <td>75 551</td> <td>4 194</td> </tr> <tr> <td>359</td> <td>85,85</td> <td>75 699</td> <td>4 202</td> </tr> <tr> <td>368</td> <td>94,85</td> <td>75 892</td> <td>4 213</td> </tr> <tr> <td>377</td> <td>103,85</td> <td>76 110</td> <td>4 225</td> </tr> <tr> <td>385</td> <td>111,85</td> <td>76 324</td> <td>4 237</td> </tr> <tr> <td>394</td> <td>120,85</td> <td>76 589</td> <td>4 251</td> </tr> <tr> <td>403</td> <td>129,85</td> <td>76 881</td> <td>4 268</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>T (K)</th> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>Cp <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi> J </mi> <mrow> <mi> k </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mi> o </mi> <mi> l </mi> <mo> × </mo> <mi> K </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0284c56a605f091ad5194cf9ad3de996f5d757b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.972ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kmol\times K}})}"></th> <th>Cp <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi> J </mi> <mrow> <mi> k </mi> <mi> g </mi> <mo> × </mo> <mi> K </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2ffae996ebf9a4ddfe360b8b7aa9f0f89711fa4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:7.03ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {J}{kg\times K}})}"></th> </tr> <tr> <td>411</td> <td>137,85</td> <td>77 166</td> <td>4 283</td> </tr> <tr> <td>420</td> <td>146,85</td> <td>77 521</td> <td>4 303</td> </tr> <tr> <td>429</td> <td>155,85</td> <td>77 917</td> <td>4 325</td> </tr> <tr> <td>437</td> <td>163,85</td> <td>78 310</td> <td>4 347</td> </tr> <tr> <td>446</td> <td>172,85</td> <td>78 807</td> <td>4 375</td> </tr> <tr> <td>455</td> <td>181,85</td> <td>79 373</td> <td>4 406</td> </tr> <tr> <td>463</td> <td>189,85</td> <td>79 943</td> <td>4 438</td> </tr> <tr> <td>472</td> <td>198,85</td> <td>80 672</td> <td>4 478</td> </tr> <tr> <td>481</td> <td>207,85</td> <td>81 508</td> <td>4 524</td> </tr> <tr> <td>489</td> <td>215,85</td> <td>82 355</td> <td>4 571</td> </tr> <tr> <td>498</td> <td>224,85</td> <td>83 439</td> <td>4 632</td> </tr> <tr> <td>507</td> <td>233,85</td> <td>84 683</td> <td>4 701</td> </tr> <tr> <td>515</td> <td>241,85</td> <td>85 938</td> <td>4 770</td> </tr> <tr> <td>524</td> <td>250,85</td> <td>87 539</td> <td>4 859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>533,15</td> <td>260</td> <td>89 390</td> <td>4 962</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_eau.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="P=f(T)"><img alt="P=f(T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_eau.svg/500px-Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_eau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Capacit%25C3%25A9_thermique_eau.svg/750px-Capacit%25C3%25A9_thermique_eau.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Capacit%25C3%25A9_thermique_eau.svg/1000px-Capacit%25C3%25A9_thermique_eau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 2px 0px;">Cv</th> <td>3,724 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par gramme kelvin">J g−1 K−1</abbr> (gaz)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Propriétés électroniques</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1re</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89nergie_d%27ionisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Énergie d'ionisation">énergie d'ionisation</a></th> <td>12,620 6 ± 0,002 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="électron-volt">eV</abbr> (gaz)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Cristallographie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système cristallin">Système cristallin</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin_hexagonal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système cristallin hexagonal">hexagonal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classe_cristalline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classe cristalline">Classe cristalline</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_d%27espace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe d'espace">groupe d’espace</a></th> <td>(<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 194) <div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[-]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"> hexagonal Hermann-Mauguin : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P\ 6_{3}/m\ 2/m\ 2/c\,}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> P </mi> <mtext>   </mtext> <msub> <mn> 6 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mi> m </mi> <mtext>   </mtext> <mn> 2 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mi> m </mi> <mtext>   </mtext> <mn> 2 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mi> c </mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle P\ 6_{3}/m\ 2/m\ 2/c\,} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc7bb3e08decea161ea371a1862a4869a17bdddc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.991ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P\ 6_{3}/m\ 2/m\ 2/c\,}"> Hermann-Mauguin court : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P6_{3}/mmc\,}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> P </mi> <msub> <mn> 6 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mi> m </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mi> c </mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle P6_{3}/mmc\,} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7de7bbe9f39e5e6898e57f6a4feb213ae16c8a6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.599ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P6_{3}/mmc\,}"> Schoenflies : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{6h}^{4}\,}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi> D </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> <mi> h </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle D_{6h}^{4}\,} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7a74ffec5850f54eb1cc34bdf5d895342e63a0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.312ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{6h}^{4}\,}"> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Param%C3%A8tre_cristallin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramètre cristallin">Paramètres de maille</a></th> <td>a = 4,521 2 <abbr class="abbr" title="ångström">Å</abbr> c = 7,366 6 <abbr class="abbr" title="ångström">Å</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Propriétés optiques</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_r%C3%A9fraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de réfraction">Indice de réfraction</a></th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{D}^{25}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> D </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 25 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle n_{D}^{25}} </annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4068da438a98747f44e309fe32b38784620ac51a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.271ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{D}^{25}}"> 1,332 5<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yitzhak_Marcus-4">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr style="height:2px; background-color:#FFDEAD;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Unités du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international_d%27unit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système international d'unités">SI</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression"><abbr title="conditions normales de température et de pression">CNTP</abbr></a>, sauf indication contraire.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFDEAD solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMol%25C3%25A9cule_d%2527eau%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> L’eau à pression ambiante (environ un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar (unité)">bar</a>) est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz">gazeuse</a> au-dessus de 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État solide">solide</a> en dessous de 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquide">liquide</a> entre les deux<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[c]</a> ; les autres composés proches ou apparentés (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfure_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfure d'hydrogène">sulfure d’hydrogène</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammoniac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammoniac">ammoniac</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a>) sont tous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz">gazeux</a> même à des températures bien plus basses. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physique">1 Physique</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales">1.1 Propriétés générales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'eau_comme_fluide_thermodynamique">1.2 L'eau comme fluide thermodynamique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_li%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_la_vie_terrestre">1.3 Propriétés liées à la vie terrestre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formes">1.4 Formes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indice_de_r%C3%A9fraction">1.5 Indice de réfraction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_quantiques">1.6 Propriétés quantiques</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chimie">2 Chimie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nature_dipolaire">2.1 Nature dipolaire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autoprotolyse">2.2 Autoprotolyse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Comme_solvant">2.3 Comme solvant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tension_superficielle">2.4 Tension superficielle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conductivit%C3%A9">2.5 Conductivité</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9composition_(thermolyse_et_%C3%A9lectrolyse)">2.6 Décomposition (thermolyse et électrolyse)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Production_d'eau_pure">3 Production d'eau pure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">4 Notes et références</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">4.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">4.2 Références</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi">5 Voir aussi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie">5.1 Bibliographie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes">5.2 Articles connexes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes">5.3 Liens externes</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Physique">Physique</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Physique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Propriétés_générales">Propriétés générales</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés générales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Variation_de_la_pression_atmosph%C3%A9rique_avec_l%27altitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Variation de la pression atmosphérique avec l'altitude">Variation de la pression atmosphérique avec l'altitude</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_normalis%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère normalisée">Atmosphère normalisée</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donn%C3%A9es_physico-chimiques_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Données physico-chimiques de l'eau">Données physico-chimiques de l'eau</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Diag_eau.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diag_eau.svg/300px-Diag_eau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="297"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diag_eau.svg/300px-Diag_eau.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diag_eau.svg/450px-Diag_eau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diag_eau.svg/600px-Diag_eau.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diagramme_de_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diagramme de phase">Diagramme de phase</a> de l’eau, montrant l’état de l’eau pure en fonction de la température et de la pression. </figcaption> </figure> L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État solide">état solide</a> de l’eau est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace">glace</a> ; l’état <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz">gazeux</a> est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapeur d'eau">vapeur d'eau</a>. L’état de l’eau dépend des conditions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression">pression</a> P et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Température">température</a> T. Il existe une situation unique (P,T) dans laquelle l’eau coexiste sous les trois formes solide, liquide, et gazeux ; cette situation est appelée « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_triple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point triple">point triple</a> de l’eau », elle a lieu à une température de 273,16 <abbr class="abbr" title="kelvin">K</abbr> (0,01 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) et une pression de 611,2 <abbr class="abbr" title="pascal">Pa</abbr>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_base_du_syst%C3%A8me_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité de base du système international">unités</a> de température (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_Celsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Degré Celsius">degrés Celsius</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>) sont définies en prenant ce point triple de l’eau comme référence. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitesse_du_son?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitesse du son">vitesse du son</a> dans l’eau est de 1 500 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre par seconde">m/s</abbr> dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression">conditions normales de température et de pression</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité électrique">conductivité électrique</a> de l'eau pure à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> est très faible : 5,5 × 10−6 <abbr class="abbr" title="siemens par mètre">S/m</abbr>. L'eau pure est donc considérée comme un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isolant_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isolant électrique">isolant électrique</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maxicours-19">[16]</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse">masse</a> d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litre">litre</a> d’eau à la température de 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> était la première définition du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilogramme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilogramme">kilogramme</a>. Par approximation, on prend pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">masse volumique</a> de l’eau dans les conditions normales la valeur de 1 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr>, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tonne">tonne</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A8tre_cube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mètre cube">mètre cube</a> ou encore un kilogramme par litre (1 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par litre">kg/l</abbr>). La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique massique">capacité thermique massique</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[d]</a> de l’eau est de 4 186 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par kilogramme kelvin">J kg−1 K−1</abbr> dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression">conditions normales de température et de pression</a>. L’eau était utilisée comme étalon de chaleur dans d’anciens systèmes d’unités : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calorie">calorie</a> (et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigorie">frigorie</a>) quantifiait la chaleur à apporter pour augmenter d’un degré Celsius la température d’un gramme d’eau : soit 4,185 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule">J</abbr>. L’eau est pratiquement considérée comme un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluide_incompressible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluide incompressible">fluide incompressible</a> dans la plupart des applications. Son coefficient de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compressibilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compressibilité">compressibilité</a> est de 4,5 × 10−10 <abbr class="abbr" title="par pascal">Pa−1</abbr>. <div class="clear" style="clear:left;"></div> <table class="wikitable alternance" style="text-align:right"> <caption> Quelques propriétés de l’eau en fonction de la température </caption> <tbody> <tr style="font-size:smaller"> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Température">Temp.</abbr> (<abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">Masse</a> volumique (<abbr class="abbr" title="gramme par centimètre cube">g/cm3</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique massique">Capacité</a> thermique massique (<abbr class="abbr" title="joule par gramme kelvin">J g−1 K−1</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viscosité">Viscosité</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="micropascal seconde">µPa s</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Pression de vapeur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression_de_vapeur_saturante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression de vapeur saturante">saturante</a> (bar)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie">Enthalpie</a> de vaporisation (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité thermique">Conductivité</a> thermique (<abbr class="abbr" title="watt par mètre kelvin">W m−1 K−1</abbr>)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0</th> <td>0,999 84</td> <td>4,217 6</td> <td>1 793</td> <td>0,006 11</td> <td>2 500,5</td> <td>0,569</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10</th> <td>0,999 70</td> <td>4,192 1</td> <td>1 307</td> <td>0,012 28</td> <td>2 467,9</td> <td>0,587</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">20</th> <td>0,998 21</td> <td>4,181 8</td> <td>1 002</td> <td>0,023 38</td> <td>2 453,4</td> <td>0,604</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">30</th> <td>0,995 65</td> <td>4,178 4</td> <td>797,7</td> <td>0,042 45</td> <td>2 429,6</td> <td>0,618</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">40</th> <td>0,992 22</td> <td>4,178 5</td> <td>653,2</td> <td>0,073 82</td> <td>2 405,9</td> <td>0,632</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">50</th> <td>0,988 03</td> <td>4,180 6</td> <td>547,0</td> <td>0,123 46</td> <td>2 309,9</td> <td>0,643</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">60</th> <td>0,983 20</td> <td>4,184 3</td> <td>466,5</td> <td>0,199 36</td> <td>2 357,7</td> <td>0,654</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">70</th> <td>0,977 78</td> <td>4,189 5</td> <td>404,0</td> <td>0,311 81</td> <td>2 333,1</td> <td>0,662</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">80</th> <td>0,971 82</td> <td>4,196 3</td> <td>354,4</td> <td>0,473 79</td> <td>2 308,2</td> <td>0,670</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">90</th> <td>0,965 35</td> <td>4,205 0</td> <td>314,5</td> <td>0,701 23</td> <td>2 282,7</td> <td>0,676</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">100</th> <td>0,958 40</td> <td>4,215 9</td> <td>281,8</td> <td>1,013 25</td> <td>2 256,6</td> <td>0,681</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable alternance" style="text-align:right"> <caption> Température d’ébullition de l’eau en fonction de l’altitude </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Altitude (m)</th> <th scope="col">Pression (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère (unité)">atm</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[17]</a></th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Température">Temp.</abbr> (°C)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0</th> <td>1,00</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 806 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mont_Blanc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>)</th> <td>0,547</td> <td>83,9</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 849 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everest">Everest</a>)</th> <td>0,311</td> <td>70,2</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">19 200</th> <td>0,063</td> <td>36,8</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> À 20 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> environ, l’eau entre en ébullition à la température du corps humain : c’est une barrière infranchissable pour l’humain sans dispositif de pressurisation (vêtement à pressurisation partielle, scaphandre, ou cabine pressurisée). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'eau_comme_fluide_thermodynamique">L'eau comme fluide thermodynamique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L'eau comme fluide thermodynamique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> L'eau est un fluide thermodynamique d'usage courant, efficace et économique<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tab._de_l'eau-22">[18]</a>. <ul> <li>L'eau a une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité">densité</a> maximale de 1 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> (soit 1 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par litre">kg/l</abbr> à l'origine la définition du kilogramme) ; exactement 999,975 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> à 3,98 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.</li> <li>L'eau a la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique">capacité thermique</a> à pression constante la plus élevée de tous les liquides (75,711 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par mole kelvin">J mol−1 K−1</abbr> soit 4,202 6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme kelvin">kJ kg−1 K−1</abbr> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). Les océans sont de bons accumulateurs de la chaleur.</li> <li>L'eau est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stabilit%C3%A9_mol%C3%A9culaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilité moléculaire">stable</a> en température jusqu'à une valeur élevée autorisant son usage comme fluide de travail dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_thermodynamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle thermodynamique">cycles thermodynamiques</a> classiques.</li> <li>L'eau est stable sous rayonnement dont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mission_de_neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émission de neutron">rayonnement neutronique</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[e]</a>.</li> <li>L'eau a la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_superficielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension superficielle">tension superficielle</a> la plus élevée de tous les liquides (72 <abbr class="abbr" title="millinewton par mètre">mN/m</abbr> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) à l'exception du mercure ; dans l'air humide, la formation des gouttelettes est facilitée ; dans un tube capillaire, l'eau monte ainsi que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8ve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sève">sève</a> dans les arbres.</li> <li>L'eau a la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_de_changement_d%27%C3%A9tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie de changement d'état">chaleur latente</a> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vaporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évaporation">évaporation</a> la plus élevée de tous les liquides (44,22 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par mole">kJ/mol</abbr> soit 2 454,3 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) ; donc l'effet réfrigérant de la transpiration est efficace.</li> <li>L'eau a une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_de_fusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie de fusion">chaleur latente de fusion</a> élevée (6,00 kJ/mol soit 333,0 kJ/kg).</li> <li>L'eau a une très faible <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité thermique">conductivité thermique</a> (0,604 <abbr class="abbr" title="watt par mètre kelvin">W m−1 K−1</abbr> à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>).</li> <li>L'eau et la glace ont une couleur bleutée sous forte épaisseur (car la molécule H20 absorbe davantage les longues longueurs d'onde - rouge - que les courtes - bleu).<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Wikip%C3%A9dia_est_une_encyclop%C3%A9die?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Wikipédia est une encyclopédie">[non pertinent]</a></li> <li>L'eau est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transparence_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transparence (physique)">transparente</a> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spectre_visible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spectre visible">lumière visible</a>, ainsi les organismes aquatiques peuvent vivre car la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rayonnement_solaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rayonnement solaire">lumière du soleil</a> peut les atteindre ; elle est cependant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absorbance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absorbance">opaque</a> au rayonnement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infrarouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a> absorbé par l'hydrogène, l'oxygène et leur liaison.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable alternance centre"> <caption> Caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'eau, commentées<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tab._de_l'eau-22">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandeur_physique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grandeur physique">Grandeur physique</a></th> <th scope="col">Commentaire</th> <th scope="col">Corrélation</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a> ρ</th> <td>La masse volumique de l'eau diminue avec la température et augmente un peu avec la pression. Une modélisation linéaire donne de bons résultats, dès lors qu'on ne se trouve pas au voisinage de la saturation.</td> <td>Boite déroulante et Infobox</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A9_dynamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viscosité dynamique">Viscosité dynamique</a> µ</th> <td>La viscosité dynamique de l'eau varie fortement dans la gamme de température 0 à 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> (plus d'un facteur 6). Toute modélisation ou essai doit tenir compte de ce phénomène comme les maquettes testées en analogie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_Reynolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de Reynolds">Reynolds</a>.</td> <td>Boite déroulante</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité thermique">Conductivité thermique</a> λ</th> <td>La conductivité thermique de l'eau augmente avec la température jusque vers 130 à 140 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et diminue ensuite. Elle augmente avec la pression. Elle varie cependant assez peu et une interpolation linéaire sur des plages de température et pression d'une centaine de degrés Celsius et de bars donne des résultats corrects.</td> <td>Boite déroulante</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique massique">Capacité thermique à pression constante</a> Cp</th> <td>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique massique">capacité thermique massique</a> de l'eau est de 4 185 <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par kilogramme kelvin">J kg−1 K−1</abbr>, à pression normale<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[19]</a>. Elle est largement constante aux basses températures et proche de 4,18 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme kelvin">kJ kg−1 K−1</abbr>, elle augmente régulièrement avec la température et baisse un peu avec la pression. Il est possible de modéliser correctement l'enthalpie de l'eau liquide de façon linéaire dans de larges plages de température et pression dès lors qu'on ne s'approche pas à moins de 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> des conditions de saturation. Cp augmente au voisinage de la saturation et prend une valeur très grande (théoriquement infinie) au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_critique_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point critique (thermodynamique)">point critique</a> de l'eau.</td> <td>Boite déroulante et Infobox</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression_de_vapeur_saturante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression de vapeur saturante">Pression de vapeur saturante</a> psat</th> <td>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_de_Duperray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule de Duperray">formule de Duperray</a> fournit une bonne approximation dans la gamme de température entre 95 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 230 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>. Il est commode d'améliorer un peu cette formule, la boite déroulante donne une corrélation de ce type.</td> <td>Boite déroulante et Infobox</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a> de la vapeur ρsat</th> <td>Des conditions normales jusqu'à 140 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> - 3,6 bar, la masse volumique de la vapeur saturée n'est guère plus élevée que celle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz_parfait?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz parfait">gaz parfait</a> (moins de 5 %). Au-delà de 10 bar et jusqu'à 60 bar, la relation simpliste empirique : ρsat = psat/2 donne un résultat par valeurs inférieures à mieux que 4 % (ρsat en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> et psat en bar). En dehors du voisinage du point critique, la vapeur surchauffée se comporte comme un gaz parfait <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_triatomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule triatomique">triatomique</a> dès une vingtaine de degrés Celsius de surchauffe.</td> <td>Boite déroulante</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie">Enthalpie</a> de la vapeur saturée hsat</th> <td>Dans une large gamme de pressions (de 5 à 85 bar), l'enthalpie de la vapeur saturée est constante au <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> ordre, soit environ 2 775 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>.</td> <td>Boite déroulante</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Propriétés nucléaires L'eau légère présente une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Section_efficace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Section efficace">section efficace</a> microscopique totale (2 ⋅ hydrogènes + 1 ⋅ oxygène) de 0,931 <abbr class="abbr" title="millibit"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barn">mb</a></abbr> aux neutrons thermiques. L'eau est plus capturante que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_lourde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau lourde">eau lourde</a> car le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tritium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tritium">tritium</a> formé par capture d'un neutron par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutérium">deutérium</a> est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléide">nucléide</a> instable tandis que le deutérium formé par capture d'un neutron par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protium">protium</a> est stable. <table class="wikitable alternance centre mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> Formulation des caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'eau<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tab._de_l'eau-22">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Grandeur physique</th> <th scope="col">Corrélation</th> <th scope="col">Commentaire</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Capacité thermique à pression constante Cp</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cp=4{,}121\,3+2{,}254\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t-4{,}299\,4\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+3{,}204\,4\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}-6{,}366\,7\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}+c_{1}+c_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> C </mi> <mi> p </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 4,121 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2,254 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4,299 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 3,204 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6,366 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 7 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 10 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Cp=4{,}121\,3+2{,}254\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t-4{,}299\,4\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+3{,}204\,4\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}-6{,}366\,7\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}+c_{1}+c_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86f04c1208570a44466489cca9b66b51ce4000da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:110.127ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cp=4{,}121\,3+2{,}254\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t-4{,}299\,4\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+3{,}204\,4\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}-6{,}366\,7\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}+c_{1}+c_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110.127ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86f04c1208570a44466489cca9b66b51ce4000da" data-alt="{\displaystyle Cp=4{,}121\,3+2{,}254\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t-4{,}299\,4\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+3{,}204\,4\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}-6{,}366\,7\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}+c_{1}+c_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}=6{,}506\,8\times 10^{-5}\times e^{(3{,}2391\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 6,506 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 3,239 </mn> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle c_{1}=6{,}506\,8\times 10^{-5}\times e^{(3{,}2391\times 10^{-2}\times t)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e83e395dd6d4d331770f9dc4fae16d9248fa7fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:36.171ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}=6{,}506\,8\times 10^{-5}\times e^{(3{,}2391\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36.171ex;height: 3.343ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e83e395dd6d4d331770f9dc4fae16d9248fa7fc" data-alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}=6{,}506\,8\times 10^{-5}\times e^{(3{,}2391\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2}=(150-p)\times e^{(7{,}705\,5\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}576\,5\times 10^{-2}\times t-7{,}659\,1)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 150 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 7,705 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 5 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1,576 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 5 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7,659 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle c_{2}=(150-p)\times e^{(7{,}705\,5\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}576\,5\times 10^{-2}\times t-7{,}659\,1)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8e03e450fa9631a1e92e8d92b2c7a62c4598d31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.482ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{2}=(150-p)\times e^{(7{,}705\,5\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}576\,5\times 10^{-2}\times t-7{,}659\,1)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 51.482ex;height: 3.509ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8e03e450fa9631a1e92e8d92b2c7a62c4598d31" data-alt="{\displaystyle c_{2}=(150-p)\times e^{(7{,}705\,5\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}576\,5\times 10^{-2}\times t-7{,}659\,1)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec Cp en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme kelvin">kJ kg−1 K−1</abbr>, t en °C et p en bars absolus ; applicable de 1 à 250 bar et de 0 à 370 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.Test : à 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 10 bar, Cp = 4,205 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme kelvin">kJ kg−1 K−1</abbr> ; à 304,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 155 bar, Cp = 5,620 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme kelvin">kJ kg−1 K−1</abbr> (valeurs calculées).</td> <td>Non aisément intégrable.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Masse volumique de l'eau liquide ρ</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={315{,}5 \over 0{,}256^{\left(1-{t+273{,}15 \over 647{,}3}\right)^{\alpha }}}+(p-221{,}2)\times e^{\beta }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> ρ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn> 315 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> <msup> <mn> 0,256 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi> t </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 273 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 15 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn> 647 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> α </mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 221 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> β </mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={315{,}5 \over 0{,}256^{\left(1-{t+273{,}15 \over 647{,}3}\right)^{\alpha }}}+(p-221{,}2)\times e^{\beta }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/277efab7a799667235615f4e0680810e47ac15da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:43.207ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={315{,}5 \over 0{,}256^{\left(1-{t+273{,}15 \over 647{,}3}\right)^{\alpha }}}+(p-221{,}2)\times e^{\beta }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 43.207ex;height: 7.843ex;vertical-align: -4.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/277efab7a799667235615f4e0680810e47ac15da" data-alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={315{,}5 \over 0{,}256^{\left(1-{t+273{,}15 \over 647{,}3}\right)^{\alpha }}}+(p-221{,}2)\times e^{\beta }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =1{,}694\,9\times 10^{-16}\times t^{6}-2{,}627\,3\times 10^{-13}\times t^{5}+1{,}646\,8\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-5{,}476\,7\times 10^{-8}\times t^{3}+1{,}079\,2\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}267\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}286\,2}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi> α </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 1,694 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 9 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 16 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2,627 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 13 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,646 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 10 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5,476 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 7 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 8 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,079 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1,267 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,286 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =1{,}694\,9\times 10^{-16}\times t^{6}-2{,}627\,3\times 10^{-13}\times t^{5}+1{,}646\,8\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-5{,}476\,7\times 10^{-8}\times t^{3}+1{,}079\,2\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}267\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}286\,2} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6cc9df357c40aa09f784003b315e220ceb97584" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:90.828ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =1{,}694\,9\times 10^{-16}\times t^{6}-2{,}627\,3\times 10^{-13}\times t^{5}+1{,}646\,8\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-5{,}476\,7\times 10^{-8}\times t^{3}+1{,}079\,2\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}267\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}286\,2}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90.828ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6cc9df357c40aa09f784003b315e220ceb97584" data-alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =1{,}694\,9\times 10^{-16}\times t^{6}-2{,}627\,3\times 10^{-13}\times t^{5}+1{,}646\,8\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-5{,}476\,7\times 10^{-8}\times t^{3}+1{,}079\,2\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-1{,}267\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}286\,2}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \beta =9{,}820\,6\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-6{,}027\,3\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}+1{,}395\,4\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}-9{,}957\,8\times 10^{-3}\times t-2{,}965\,6}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi> β </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 9,820 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 6 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 10 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6,027 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,395 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 9,957 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2,965 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 6 </mn> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \beta =9{,}820\,6\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-6{,}027\,3\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}+1{,}395\,4\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}-9{,}957\,8\times 10^{-3}\times t-2{,}965\,6} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/731fda511fb9a290d8d1b4d511cef0c053ddad96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:61.926ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \beta =9{,}820\,6\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-6{,}027\,3\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}+1{,}395\,4\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}-9{,}957\,8\times 10^{-3}\times t-2{,}965\,6}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 61.926ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/731fda511fb9a290d8d1b4d511cef0c053ddad96" data-alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \beta =9{,}820\,6\times 10^{-10}\times t^{4}-6{,}027\,3\times 10^{-7}\times t^{3}+1{,}395\,4\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}-9{,}957\,8\times 10^{-3}\times t-2{,}965\,6}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec ρ en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr>, t en °C et p en bars absolus ; applicable de 1 à 250 bar et de 0 à 370 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.Test : à 300 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 155 bar, ρ = 716,85 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> ; à 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 10 bar, ρ = 958,63 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr>, valeurs calculées.</td> <td>Rassemble les trois corrélations données dans l'Infobox. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> terme représente la masse volumique à 221,2 bar ; le <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2e</abbr> est un correctif de pression.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Conductivité thermique de l'eau liquide λ</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =-5{,}799\,1\times 10^{-6}\times t^{2}+1{,}659\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}588\,12+l}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> λ </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5,799 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,659 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,588 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 12 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mi> l </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \lambda =-5{,}799\,1\times 10^{-6}\times t^{2}+1{,}659\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}588\,12+l} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb35a7f6f6c028ec00ea3ebad0e81d7ea6b17d41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:60.588ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =-5{,}799\,1\times 10^{-6}\times t^{2}+1{,}659\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}588\,12+l}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60.588ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb35a7f6f6c028ec00ea3ebad0e81d7ea6b17d41" data-alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =-5{,}799\,1\times 10^{-6}\times t^{2}+1{,}659\,4\times 10^{-3}\times t+0{,}588\,12+l}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=(p-221{,}2)\times e^{(3{,}213\,95\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-6{,}454\,3\times 10^{-3}\times t-9{,}302\,1)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> l </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 221 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 3,213 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 95 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6,454 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 9,302 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle l=(p-221{,}2)\times e^{(3{,}213\,95\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-6{,}454\,3\times 10^{-3}\times t-9{,}302\,1)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b38b664d8429cd24cbaf91c47f989f3f48ae06f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.745ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=(p-221{,}2)\times e^{(3{,}213\,95\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-6{,}454\,3\times 10^{-3}\times t-9{,}302\,1)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 52.745ex;height: 3.509ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b38b664d8429cd24cbaf91c47f989f3f48ae06f" data-alt="{\displaystyle l=(p-221{,}2)\times e^{(3{,}213\,95\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}-6{,}454\,3\times 10^{-3}\times t-9{,}302\,1)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec λ en <abbr class="abbr" title="watt par mètre kelvin">W m−1 K−1</abbr>, t en °C et p en bars absolus ; applicable de 1 à 250 bar et de 0 à 370 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.</td> <td>Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> terme donne la conductivité à 221,2 bar ; le <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2e</abbr> (noté « l ») est un correctif fonction de la pression.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Viscosité dynamique de l'eau liquide μ</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ={1\,000 \over M+m}\times (1+\alpha )}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> μ </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn> 1 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 000 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi> M </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> m </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> × </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> + </mo> <mi> α </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mu ={1\,000 \over M+m}\times (1+\alpha )} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e2a66b196aaebdc95d5584aec36cafea5f6588a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.799ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ={1\,000 \over M+m}\times (1+\alpha )}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22.799ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e2a66b196aaebdc95d5584aec36cafea5f6588a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mu ={1\,000 \over M+m}\times (1+\alpha )}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle M=4{,}746\,8\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-4{,}151\,7\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}432\,2\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-2{,}650\,7\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}+3{,}086\,9\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}+1{,}460\,6\times 10^{-2}\times t+0{,}588\,73}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi> M </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 4,746 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 14 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4,151 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 7 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 11 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,432 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 8 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2,650 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 7 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 3,086 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 9 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,460 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 6 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,588 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 73 </mn> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \scriptstyle M=4{,}746\,8\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-4{,}151\,7\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}432\,2\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-2{,}650\,7\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}+3{,}086\,9\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}+1{,}460\,6\times 10^{-2}\times t+0{,}588\,73} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5b2d9a7c46004ea7ce1f23b0aa9736888edf343" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:91.658ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle M=4{,}746\,8\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-4{,}151\,7\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}432\,2\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-2{,}650\,7\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}+3{,}086\,9\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}+1{,}460\,6\times 10^{-2}\times t+0{,}588\,73}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91.658ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5b2d9a7c46004ea7ce1f23b0aa9736888edf343" data-alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle M=4{,}746\,8\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-4{,}151\,7\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}432\,2\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-2{,}650\,7\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}+3{,}086\,9\times 10^{-4}\times t^{2}+1{,}460\,6\times 10^{-2}\times t+0{,}588\,73}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle m=(0{,}002\times t-0{,}014)\times 1{,}001\,216\times e^{(-2{,}978\,1\times 10^{-3}\times t^{2}+3{,}105\,8\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi> m </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 0,002 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 0,014 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 1,001 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 216 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2,978 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 3,105 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \scriptstyle m=(0{,}002\times t-0{,}014)\times 1{,}001\,216\times e^{(-2{,}978\,1\times 10^{-3}\times t^{2}+3{,}105\,8\times 10^{-2}\times t)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b31f9a15af0ceaacd3062f1e684623d9333da62" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:48.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle m=(0{,}002\times t-0{,}014)\times 1{,}001\,216\times e^{(-2{,}978\,1\times 10^{-3}\times t^{2}+3{,}105\,8\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 48.296ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b31f9a15af0ceaacd3062f1e684623d9333da62" data-alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle m=(0{,}002\times t-0{,}014)\times 1{,}001\,216\times e^{(-2{,}978\,1\times 10^{-3}\times t^{2}+3{,}105\,8\times 10^{-2}\times t)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =(1{,}071\,429-7{,}142\,9\times 10^{-3}\times p)\times (-1{,}326\,2\times 10^{-4}\times t+4{,}496\,1\times 10^{-4})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi> α </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1,071 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 429 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7,142 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 9 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> × </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1,326 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 4,496 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =(1{,}071\,429-7{,}142\,9\times 10^{-3}\times p)\times (-1{,}326\,2\times 10^{-4}\times t+4{,}496\,1\times 10^{-4})} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc34fd60c99bd416fee39a0d8af29a2ddb5bef98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:49.819ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =(1{,}071\,429-7{,}142\,9\times 10^{-3}\times p)\times (-1{,}326\,2\times 10^{-4}\times t+4{,}496\,1\times 10^{-4})}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 49.819ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc34fd60c99bd416fee39a0d8af29a2ddb5bef98" data-alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha =(1{,}071\,429-7{,}142\,9\times 10^{-3}\times p)\times (-1{,}326\,2\times 10^{-4}\times t+4{,}496\,1\times 10^{-4})}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec t en °C, p en bar et µ en 10−6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre seconde">kg m−1 s−1</abbr> ; applicable de 0 à 370 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et de 0 à 180 bar.Test : à 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 10 bar, µ = 888,1 × 10−6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre seconde">kg m−1 s−1</abbr> ; à 300 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 150 bar, µ = 91,66 × 10−6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre seconde">kg m−1 s−1</abbr> (valeurs calculées).</td> <td>1/µ évolue au <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> ordre linéairement avec la température. α est un correctif fonction de la pression. m améliore le résultat entre 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> où la viscosité varie fortement.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pression de vapeur saturante psat</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}(t_{\text{sat}})=\left({t_{\text{sat}} \over 104,39}\right)^{4{,}223}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> = </mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn> 104 </mn> <mo> , </mo> <mn> 39 </mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4,223 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}(t_{\text{sat}})=\left({t_{\text{sat}} \over 104,39}\right)^{4{,}223}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59ceb394c8611d739c374cc5177fa24499d1a888" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:26.771ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}(t_{\text{sat}})=\left({t_{\text{sat}} \over 104,39}\right)^{4{,}223}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26.771ex;height: 6.676ex;vertical-align: -2.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59ceb394c8611d739c374cc5177fa24499d1a888" data-alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}(t_{\text{sat}})=\left({t_{\text{sat}} \over 104,39}\right)^{4{,}223}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  avec tsat en °C et psat en bar ; applicable de 130 à 370 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.</td> <td>Corrélation dérivée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_de_Duperray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule de Duperray">formule de Duperray</a>, donne un résultat à moins de 1 %.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pression de vapeur saturante psat</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}=e^{73{,}649-{7\,258{,}2 \over (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)}-7{,}303\,7\times \ln(t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)+4{,}165\,3\times 10^{-6}\times (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)^{2}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 73,649 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn> 7 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 258 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 273 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 15 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 7,303 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 7 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mi> ln </mi> <mo> ⁡ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 273 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 15 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 4,165 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 273 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 15 </mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}=e^{73{,}649-{7\,258{,}2 \over (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)}-7{,}303\,7\times \ln(t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)+4{,}165\,3\times 10^{-6}\times (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)^{2}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5c7ee3ae9f5de4d9d3231c81b2ab23aaa419ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:64.019ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}=e^{73{,}649-{7\,258{,}2 \over (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)}-7{,}303\,7\times \ln(t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)+4{,}165\,3\times 10^{-6}\times (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)^{2}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 64.019ex;height: 4.676ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5c7ee3ae9f5de4d9d3231c81b2ab23aaa419ea" data-alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}=e^{73{,}649-{7\,258{,}2 \over (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)}-7{,}303\,7\times \ln(t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)+4{,}165\,3\times 10^{-6}\times (t_{\text{sat}}+273{,}15)^{2}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  avec tsat en °C et psat en Pa ; applicable de 0 à 374 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.</td> <td>Corrélation dérivée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_de_Dupr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule de Dupré">formule de Dupré</a>. Non aisément inversable.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Température de vapeur saturante tsat</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{\text{sat}}=0{,}024\,283x^{4}+0{,}219\,99x^{3}+2{,}366\,3x^{2}+27{,}930x+99{,}643}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 0,024 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 283 </mn> <msup> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,219 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 99 </mn> <msup> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2,366 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <msup> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 27,930 </mn> <mi> x </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 99,643 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle t_{\text{sat}}=0{,}024\,283x^{4}+0{,}219\,99x^{3}+2{,}366\,3x^{2}+27{,}930x+99{,}643} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/379ec3f1b8f7e8fd01eb2578d9e93b2295a5fd13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:63.067ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{sat}}=0{,}024\,283x^{4}+0{,}219\,99x^{3}+2{,}366\,3x^{2}+27{,}930x+99{,}643}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 63.067ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/379ec3f1b8f7e8fd01eb2578d9e93b2295a5fd13" data-alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{sat}}=0{,}024\,283x^{4}+0{,}219\,99x^{3}+2{,}366\,3x^{2}+27{,}930x+99{,}643}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\ln(p_{\text{sat}})}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> x </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> ln </mi> <mo> ⁡ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle x=\ln(p_{\text{sat}})} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e48d4e19ad3225d2f543c87575afd7c0543fbfe8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\ln(p_{\text{sat}})}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11.688ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e48d4e19ad3225d2f543c87575afd7c0543fbfe8" data-alt="{\displaystyle x=\ln(p_{\text{sat}})}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec tsat en °C et psat en bar ; applicable de 0,125 à 221,2 bar.</td> <td>Corrélation pratique, non aisément inversable.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Masse volumique de la vapeur saturante ρsat</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={p \over 2}+315{,}46\times e^{(7{,}780\,4\times 10^{-12}\times p^{6}-5{,}842\,2\times 10^{-9}\times p^{5}+1{,}719\,5\times 10^{-6}\times p^{4}-2{},483\,3\times 10^{-4}\times p^{3}+0{,}017\,724\times p^{2}-0{,}493\,43\times p-4{,}833\,1)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> ρ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi> p </mi> <mn> 2 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 315 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 46 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 7,780 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 12 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5,842 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 9 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,719 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 5 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo> , </mo> <mn> 483 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 3 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,017 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 724 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 0,493 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 43 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 4,833 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={p \over 2}+315{,}46\times e^{(7{,}780\,4\times 10^{-12}\times p^{6}-5{,}842\,2\times 10^{-9}\times p^{5}+1{,}719\,5\times 10^{-6}\times p^{4}-2{},483\,3\times 10^{-4}\times p^{3}+0{,}017\,724\times p^{2}-0{,}493\,43\times p-4{,}833\,1)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37417fa19c9e1c96ba5070873c9be0104d3d8039" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:104.827ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={p \over 2}+315{,}46\times e^{(7{,}780\,4\times 10^{-12}\times p^{6}-5{,}842\,2\times 10^{-9}\times p^{5}+1{,}719\,5\times 10^{-6}\times p^{4}-2{},483\,3\times 10^{-4}\times p^{3}+0{,}017\,724\times p^{2}-0{,}493\,43\times p-4{,}833\,1)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104.827ex;height: 4.843ex;vertical-align: -1.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37417fa19c9e1c96ba5070873c9be0104d3d8039" data-alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}={p \over 2}+315{,}46\times e^{(7{,}780\,4\times 10^{-12}\times p^{6}-5{,}842\,2\times 10^{-9}\times p^{5}+1{,}719\,5\times 10^{-6}\times p^{4}-2{},483\,3\times 10^{-4}\times p^{3}+0{,}017\,724\times p^{2}-0{,}493\,43\times p-4{,}833\,1)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  avec ρsat en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> et p en bar ; applicable de 5 à 200 bar. Test : à 30 bar, ρsat = 15,03 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> ; à 60 bar, ρsat = 30,66 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> (valeurs calculées). <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}=e^{(3{,}896\,9\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-3{,}841\,2\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}364\,8\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-1{,}850\,4\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}-5{,}7406\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+0{,}062\,032\times t-5{,}292\,1)}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> ρ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <msup> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 3,896 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 9 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 14 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 3,841 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 11 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1,364 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 8 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 8 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1,850 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5,740 </mn> <mn> 6 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mn> 10 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> × </mo> <msup> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 0,062 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 032 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 5,292 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}=e^{(3{,}896\,9\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-3{,}841\,2\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}364\,8\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-1{,}850\,4\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}-5{,}7406\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+0{,}062\,032\times t-5{,}292\,1)}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82f0ca7b940ea8a69a4a2b3077a8fc11ea878ef8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:93.532ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}=e^{(3{,}896\,9\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-3{,}841\,2\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}364\,8\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-1{,}850\,4\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}-5{,}7406\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+0{,}062\,032\times t-5{,}292\,1)}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93.532ex;height: 3.509ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82f0ca7b940ea8a69a4a2b3077a8fc11ea878ef8" data-alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{sat}}=e^{(3{,}896\,9\times 10^{-14}\times t^{6}-3{,}841\,2\times 10^{-11}\times t^{5}+1{,}364\,8\times 10^{-8}\times t^{4}-1{,}850\,4\times 10^{-6}\times t^{3}-5{,}7406\times 10^{-5}\times t^{2}+0{,}062\,032\times t-5{,}292\,1)}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> avec ρsat en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> et t en °C ; applicable de 100 à 360 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.Test : à 233,84 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, ρsat = 15,43 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> ; à 275,61 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, ρsat = 31,45 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr> (valeurs calculées).</td> <td>Rappelle la relation empirique simple ρsat = p/2 applicable entre 10 et 60 bar.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie">Enthalpie</a> de la vapeur saturée hsat</th> <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{\text{sat}}=2\,799,9-0{,}009\,424\times (t_{\text{sat}}-219{,}5)^{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> h </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 799 </mn> <mo> , </mo> <mn> 9 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 0,009 </mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn> 424 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <msub> <mi> t </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> sat </mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 219 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> , </mo> </mrow> <mn> 5 </mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle h_{\text{sat}}=2\,799,9-0{,}009\,424\times (t_{\text{sat}}-219{,}5)^{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb1c86eb05e18c6a8d1a42ef9824a8f337ec7848" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{\text{sat}}=2\,799,9-0{,}009\,424\times (t_{\text{sat}}-219{,}5)^{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 43.047ex;height: 3.176ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb1c86eb05e18c6a8d1a42ef9824a8f337ec7848" data-alt="{\displaystyle h_{\text{sat}}=2\,799,9-0{,}009\,424\times (t_{\text{sat}}-219{,}5)^{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  avec hsat en <abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr> et tsat en °C ; applicable de 100 à 330 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>. </td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable alternance centre mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> Valeurs des caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'eau<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tab._de_l'eau-22">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Cond. Temp. et Press.</th> <th scope="col">Masse volumiq. (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre cube">kg/m3</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Viscos. dynam. (10−3 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme par mètre seconde">kg m−1 s1</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Conduc. therm. (<abbr class="abbr" title="watt par mètre kelvin">W m−1 K−1</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Capac. therm. à press. const. (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Press. de vap. satur. (bar)</th> <th scope="col">Enthalp. du liq. (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Enthalp. de la vap. (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">Chaleur latente d'évap. (<abbr class="abbr" title="kilojoule par kilogramme">kJ/kg</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_Prandtl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de Prandtl">Nb de Prandtl</a></th> <th scope="col">Commentaire</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>999,80</td> <td>1,750</td> <td>0,569</td> <td>4,217</td> <td>0,006 108</td> <td>−0,04</td> <td>2 501,6</td> <td>2 501,6</td> <td>12,97</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0,01 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>999,80</td> <td>1,750</td> <td>0,569</td> <td>4,217</td> <td>0,006 112</td> <td>0,00</td> <td>2 501,6</td> <td>2 501,6</td> <td>12,97</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_triple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point triple">Point triple</a> de l'eau.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 500 bar</th> <td>1 024,06</td> <td>1,544</td> <td>0,613 2</td> <td>4,001</td> <td>s. o.</td> <td>65,4</td> <td>s. o.</td> <td>s. o.</td> <td>10,074</td> <td>Le fond des océans.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3,98 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>999,975</td> <td>1,570 9</td> <td>0,576 16</td> <td>4,214 1</td> <td>0,008 117 9</td> <td>16,716</td> <td>2 508,86</td> <td>2 492,15</td> <td>11,49</td> <td>La densité maximale aux conditions ordinaires.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>998,30</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>0,604</td> <td>4,203</td> <td>0,023 37</td> <td>84,0</td> <td>2 538,2</td> <td>2 454,3</td> <td>6,959</td> <td>Eau à température et pression ordinaires.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">50 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>988,04</td> <td>0,544</td> <td>0,643</td> <td>4,181</td> <td>0,123 35</td> <td>209,3</td> <td>2 592,2</td> <td>2 382,9</td> <td>3,537</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 1 bar</th> <td>958,13</td> <td>0,279</td> <td>0,681</td> <td>4,210</td> <td>1,013 3</td> <td>419,06</td> <td>2 676,0</td> <td>2 256,9</td> <td>1,725</td> <td>L'eau bout à 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> sous une atmosphère.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">200 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 75 bar</th> <td>869,19</td> <td>0,135 5</td> <td>0,670</td> <td>4,463</td> <td>15,549</td> <td>854,85</td> <td>2 790,9</td> <td>1 938,6</td> <td>0,903</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">229,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 72 bar</th> <td>832,18</td> <td>0,117 7</td> <td>0,644</td> <td>4,648</td> <td>27,72</td> <td>988,89</td> <td>2 801,9</td> <td>1 830,3</td> <td>0,849</td> <td>Eau alimentaire des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_de_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Générateur de vapeur">GV</a> d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_%C3%A0_eau_pressuris%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réacteur à eau pressurisée">REP</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">270 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>781,49</td> <td>0,102</td> <td>0,607</td> <td>4,956 5</td> <td>70,218</td> <td>1 182,7</td> <td>2 789,9</td> <td>1 604,6</td> <td>0,833</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">286 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>753,65</td> <td>0,096 34</td> <td>0,644</td> <td>5,191</td> <td>70,218</td> <td>1 263,7</td> <td>2 773,2</td> <td>1 504,6</td> <td>0,777</td> <td>Eau à l'entrée du cœur d'un REP.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">300 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>726,69</td> <td>0,080 4</td> <td>0,559</td> <td>5,483</td> <td>85,927</td> <td>1 337,8</td> <td>2 751,0</td> <td>1 406,0</td> <td>0,789</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">304,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>716,66</td> <td>0,090 29</td> <td>0,551 3</td> <td>5,626</td> <td>91,509</td> <td>1 363,0</td> <td>2 742,15</td> <td>1 371,6</td> <td>0,921</td> <td>Eau dans le cœur d'un REP.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">323 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>671,11</td> <td>0,083 419</td> <td>0,510 16</td> <td>6,431 7</td> <td>117,44</td> <td>1 472,78</td> <td>2 694,5</td> <td>1 238,34</td> <td>1,052</td> <td>Eau à la sortie du cœur d'un REP.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">330 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>651,17</td> <td>0,080 57</td> <td>0,491</td> <td>7,147</td> <td>128,63</td> <td>1 517,9</td> <td>2 670,2</td> <td>1 143,6</td> <td>1,173</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">344,76 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 155 bar</th> <td>594,036</td> <td>0,073 258</td> <td>0,449 05</td> <td>s. o.</td> <td>128,63</td> <td>1 630,75</td> <td>2 600,3</td> <td>969,55</td> <td>s. o.</td> <td>Eau dans le pressuriseur d'un REP.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">374,15 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> 221,20 bar</th> <td>315,5</td> <td>0,045</td> <td>0,238</td> <td>∞</td> <td>221,20</td> <td>2 107,4</td> <td>2 107,4</td> <td>0,0</td> <td>∞</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_critique_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point critique (thermodynamique)">Point critique</a> de l'eau.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Propriétés_liées_à_la_vie_terrestre">Propriétés liées à la vie terrestre</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés liées à la vie terrestre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Certaines des caractéristiques de l’eau font d’elle une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécule</a> remarquable, aux particularités qui ont permis à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vie">vie</a> sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a> de se développer. Ces caractéristiques, surtout liées à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polarité (chimie)">nature dipolaire</a>, sont explicitées dans les chapitres qui suivent. <ul> <li>Dans les phases condensées (solide, liquide) de l’eau, ses molécules ont une forte cohésion entre elles de par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison hydrogène">liaisons hydrogène</a>, ce qui fait que ses phases condensées sont « difficiles » à évaporer ; l'eau a une température d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89bullition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ébullition">ébullition</a> particulièrement élevée pour une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécule</a> de cette <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_molaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse molaire">masse molaire</a>. Cela permet à une importante phase liquide d’exister aux températures connues sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a>, phase liquide indispensable à la vie telle que nous la connaissons.</li> <li>De même, ses propriétés de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvant">solvant</a> « doux » permettent à un très grand nombre de réactions biochimiques de se produire.</li> <li>Le fait que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité">densité</a> de l’eau soit plus grande à l’état liquide que solide, propriété rare partagée qu'avec quelques autres substances (voir chapitre suivant), a une conséquence remarquable : la glace flotte sur l’eau liquide. De surcroît, le fait que la densité de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_douce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau douce">eau douce</a> soit maximale à 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> fait que la température au fond d’un lac ne descend pas en dessous de 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> (sauf cas extrêmes). Cela permet à la vie aquatique de survivre aux périodes glacées, car l’eau reste liquide sous son manteau de glace isolant (pour la plupart des espèces chimiques, la densité à l’état liquide est plus faible qu’à l’état solide).</li> <li>Par ailleurs, sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_superficielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension superficielle">tension superficielle</a> particulièrement élevée permet le phénomène de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capillarit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capillarité">capillarité</a> (qui permet, entre autres, à la sève des végétaux de monter) et à de nombreux êtres vivants de se déplacer sur la surface de l’eau.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Formes">Formes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Formes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> L’eau peut prendre différentes formes : <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg/300px-Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg/300px-Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg/450px-Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg/600px-Diagramme_de_phases_de_l%27eau.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diagramme_de_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diagramme de phase">Diagramme de phase</a> de l’eau, montrant ses différents états en fonction de la température et de la pression, y compris les différents <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polymorphisme_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polymorphisme (chimie)">polymorphes</a> de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État solide">état solide</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phase_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phase (thermodynamique)">phase</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquide">liquide</a> est simplement appelée eau, ou eau liquide s’il y a un risque d’ambiguïté ;</li> <li>la phase <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz">gazeuse</a> est appelée <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapeur d'eau">vapeur d'eau</a>, ou simplement vapeur ;</li> <li>au-dessus d’une certaine température Tc ou d'une certaine pression Pc, dites <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_critique_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point critique (thermodynamique)">« critiques »</a> (Tc = 647,3 <abbr class="abbr" title="kelvin">K</abbr> et Pc = 22,120 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégapascal">MPa</abbr>), il n'y a plus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transition_de_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transition de phase">transition de phase</a> entre les états liquide et gazeux, et l'on passe continûment de l'un à l'autre en faisant varier la température T ou la pression P. Quand T et P dépassent Tc et Pc on dit que l’eau est dans un état <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluide_supercritique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluide supercritique">supercritique</a>, on parle d’eau supercritique ;</li> <li>à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État solide">état solide</a>, l’eau est appelée <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace">glace</a>, mais il en existe plusieurs polymorphes qui diffèrent par leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structure_cristalline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structure cristalline">structure cristalline</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_Ih?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace Ih">glace Ih</a> (la glace ordinaire), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace VI">glace VI</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace VII">glace VII</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_IX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace IX">glace IX</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_XII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace XII">glace XII</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr> (formes de haute pression). Il existe également plusieurs types de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_amorphe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace amorphe">glace amorphe</a>.</li> <li>plusieurs études ont suggéré l’existence, à l’interface eau-glace, d’une zone d’exclusion où l’eau serait dans un état intermédiaire, analogue aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristal_liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristal liquide">cristaux liquides</a> et repérable par une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bande_d%27absorption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bande d'absorption">bande d'absorption</a> particulière dans le proche <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[20]</a>. Il semble toutefois probable qu’il ne s’agisse que d’un phénomène optique lié à la dynamique de flux d'ions associés à la transition de phase<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[21]</a>.</li> </ul> L'explication physique du fait que l’eau solide soit moins dense que l’eau liquide vient de la structure cristalline de la glace, connue sous le nom de glace Ih (« h » pour hexagonale). L’eau, comme quelques (rares) matériaux, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silicium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silicium">silicium</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antimoine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antimoine">antimoine</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bismuth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutonium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, se dilatent en passant de la forme liquide au solide ; la plupart des autres matériaux se contractent à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidification">solidification</a>. Il faut toutefois noter que toutes les formes de glace ne sont pas moins denses que l’eau liquide. Par exemple la glace <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace_amorphe_haute_densit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glace amorphe haute densité">HDA</a> et la glace <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Very-high-density_amorphous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-density amorphous">VHDA</a> sont toutes les deux plus denses que l’eau liquide pure. Dans ce cas, la raison pour laquelle la forme commune de la glace est moins dense est un peu moins intuitive, elle dépend fortement des propriétés intrinsèques peu communes des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison hydrogène">liaisons hydrogène</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Indice_de_réfraction">Indice de réfraction</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Indice de réfraction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG/220px-Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG/220px-Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG/330px-Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG/440px-Eau_transparente_naturelle.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Eau claire et transparente. </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable alternance"> <caption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_r%C3%A9fraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de réfraction">Indice de réfraction</a> de l’eau en fonction de sa température et de la longueur d’onde de la lumière </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Longueur d’onde λ (<abbr class="abbr" title="nanomètre">nm</abbr>)</th> <th scope="col">T = 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></th> <th scope="col">T = 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></th> <th scope="col">T = 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">706,5</th> <td>1,330 7</td> <td>1,330 0</td> <td>1,329 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">589,3</th> <td>1,333 7</td> <td>1,333 0</td> <td>1,331 9</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">501,6</th> <td>1,337 1</td> <td>1,336 4</td> <td>1,335 3</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">404,7</th> <td>1,343 5</td> <td>1,342 7</td> <td>1,341 7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Tous les milieux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transparence_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transparence (physique)">transparents</a> sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dispersion_(m%C3%A9canique_ondulatoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dispersion (mécanique ondulatoire)">dispersifs</a>, ce qui signifie que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitesse de la lumière">vitesse de la lumière</a> change avec sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longueur d'onde">longueur d'onde</a> λ. Plus précisément, dans la partie visible du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spectre électromagnétique">spectre électromagnétique</a> (approximativement 400 à 700 <abbr class="abbr" title="nanomètre">nm</abbr>) l’indice de réfraction est généralement une fonction décroissante de la longueur d’onde : la lumière <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bleu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bleu">bleue</a> est plus déviée que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouge_(couleur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouge (couleur)">rouge</a>. En outre, le taux de changement de l’indice de réfraction augmente lorsque la longueur d’onde diminue. L’indice de réfraction augmente habituellement avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité">densité</a> du milieu. L’eau présente toutes ces caractéristiques. Le tableau précédent montre les résultats de quelques mesures<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[22]</a> de l’indice de réfraction de l’eau par rapport à de l’air sec de même température T que l’eau et à la pression de une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère (unité)">atmosphère</a> (760 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre de mercure">mmHg</abbr> ou 1 013 <abbr class="abbr" title="hectopascal">hPa</abbr>). Pour convertir les valeurs sous forme de tableaux relatifs à l’indice du vide, il faut ajouter 4 à la quatrième position décimale. Notons que l’indice de réfraction augmente lorsque la température de l’eau diminue. Ces résultats sont conformes aux attentes, puisque la densité de l’eau liquide augmente lorsqu’elle se refroidit. Cependant, si les mesures sont faites à de plus basses températures l’indice ne montre pas d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extremum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extremum">extremum</a> à 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, bien que la densité de l’eau y soit maximale. L’indice de réfraction est également une fonction de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression">pression</a> de l’eau, mais la dépendance est faible en raison de l’incompressibilité relative de l’eau (comme tous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquide">liquides</a>). En fait, sur les gammes normales des températures (0 à 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>), l’augmentation approximative de l’indice de réfraction est de 0,000 016 quand la pression de l’eau augmente d’une atmosphère. Les facteurs les plus significatifs affectant l’indice de réfraction sont la longueur d’onde de la lumière et la salinité de l’eau. Néanmoins, l’indice de réfraction excède de moins de 1 % la gamme indiquée des valeurs de ces variables<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[23]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Propriétés_quantiques">Propriétés quantiques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés quantiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Un nouvel « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_quantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État quantique">état quantique</a> » de l’eau a été observé alors que des chercheurs ont introduit des molécules d’eau dans un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanotube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanotube">nanotube</a> de carbone de 1,6 <abbr class="abbr" title="nanomètre">nm</abbr> de diamètre et l'ont exposée à une diffusion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. Les protons des atomes d’hydrogène et d’oxygène possèdent alors une énergie supérieure à celle de l’eau libre, en raison d’un état quantique singulier. Ceci pourrait expliquer le caractère exceptionnellement conducteur de l’eau au travers des « canaux » qui traversent les membranes cellulaires biologiques<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[24]</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Chimie">Chimie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Chimie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nature_dipolaire">Nature dipolaire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Nature dipolaire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Watermolecule.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watermolecule.png/220px-Watermolecule.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="662"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watermolecule.png/220px-Watermolecule.png" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watermolecule.png/330px-Watermolecule.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watermolecule.png/440px-Watermolecule.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dipôle de la molécule d’eau. </figcaption> </figure> Une propriété très importante de l’eau est sa nature <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polarité (chimie)">polaire</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécule</a> d’eau forme un angle de 104,45° au niveau de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atome">atome</a> d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygène">oxygène</a> entre les deux liaisons avec les atomes d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a>. Puisque l’oxygène a une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron%C3%A9gativit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électronégativité">électronégativité</a> plus forte que l’hydrogène, l’atome d’oxygène a une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charge_partielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charge partielle">charge partielle</a> négative δ−, alors que les atomes d’hydrogène ont une charge partielle positive δ+. Une molécule avec une telle différence de charge est appelée un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dip%C3%B4le_%C3%A9lectrostatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dipôle électrostatique">dipôle</a> (molécule polaire). Ainsi, l’eau a un moment dipolaire de 1,83 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Debye_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Debye (unité)">debye</a>. Cette polarité fait que les molécules d’eau s’attirent les unes les autres, le côté positif de l’une attirant le côté négatif d’une autre. Un tel lien électrique entre deux molécules s’appelle une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison hydrogène">liaison hydrogène</a>. Cette polarisation permet aussi à la molécule d’eau de dissoudre les corps ioniques, en particulier les sels, en entourant chaque ion d’une coque de molécules d’eau par un phénomène de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvatation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvatation">solvatation</a>. Cette force d’attraction, relativement faible par rapport aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_covalente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison covalente">liaisons covalentes</a> de la molécule elle-même, explique certaines propriétés comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_d%27%C3%A9bullition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point d'ébullition">point d'ébullition</a> élevé (quantité d’énergie calorifique nécessaire pour briser les liaisons hydrogène), ainsi qu’une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capacité thermique">capacité thermique</a> élevée. À cause des liaisons hydrogène également, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité">densité</a> de l’eau liquide est supérieure à la densité de la glace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autoprotolyse">Autoprotolyse</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autoprotolyse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> L’eau se dissocie naturellement en ion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxonium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxonium">oxonium</a> H3O+ (aussi appelé hydronium) et ion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroxyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroxyde">hydroxyde</a> OH− : 2 H2O = H3O+ + OH−. La réaction est dite d’autodissociation ou d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoprotolyse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autoprotolyse">autoprotolyse</a>. Dans cette réaction, l’eau joue à la fois le rôle d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide">acide</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Base (chimie)">base</a> : comme acide, elle perd un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">proton</a> H+ et devient l’ion hydroxyde OH− ; comme base elle gagne un proton H+ et devient l’ion oxonium H3O+. On dit donc que c’est une espèce <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphot%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphotère">amphotère</a> ou un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ampholyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ampholyte">ampholyte</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constante_d%27%C3%A9quilibre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constante d'équilibre">constante d'équilibre</a> de cette réaction est très faible (10−14 à 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) ; le nombre d’ions oxonium et hydroxyde formés est donc très minoritaire devant le nombre de molécules d’eau. Du fait de l’équilibre, à une température donnée, le produit des concentrations de ces ions est constant, égal à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constante_de_dissociation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constante de dissociation">constante de dissociation</a>. À 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, il vaut : [H3O+]·[OH−] = 10−14. Dans l’eau pure, les ions H3O+ et OH− sont issus uniquement de l’autoprotolyse de l’eau, ils sont donc présents en concentrations égales, donc : [H3O+] = [OH−] = 10−7 <abbr class="abbr" title="mole par litre">mol/l</abbr> (à 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potentiel_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potentiel hydrogène">pH</a> étant défini à partir de la concentration en ions oxonium (pH = −log10 [H3O+]), à 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, le pH de l’eau pure vaut donc 7, il est dit neutre. Cet équilibre acide/base est d’une importance capitale en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie_inorganique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimie inorganique">chimie inorganique</a> comme en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie_organique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie organique">chimie organique</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Comme_solvant">Comme solvant</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Comme solvant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG/220px-Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG/220px-Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG/330px-Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG/440px-Eau_naturelle_oxyg%C3%A8n%C3%A9e.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> L’eau froide s’oxygène naturellement mieux, alors que l’eau tiède perd son oxygène et absorbe plus de CO2, en s’acidifiant. </figcaption> </figure> Grâce à sa polarité, l’eau est un excellent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvant">solvant</a>. Quand un composé ionique ou polaire pénètre dans l’eau, il est entouré de molécules d’eau. La relative petite taille de ces molécules d’eau fait que plusieurs d’entre elles entourent la molécule de soluté. Les dipôles négatifs de l’eau attirent les régions positivement chargées du soluté, et vice versa pour les dipôles positifs. L’eau fait un excellent écran aux interactions électriques (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Permittivité">permittivité</a> électrique εe de l’eau vaut 78,5 à 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>), il dissocie donc facilement les ions. En général, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Substance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Substance">substances</a> ioniques et polaires comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide">acides</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcool_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcool (chimie)">alcools</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sel_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sel (chimie)">sels</a> se dissolvent facilement dans l’eau, et les substances non polaires comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huile">huiles</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lipide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lipide">graisses</a> se dissolvent difficilement. Ces substances non polaires restent ensemble dans l’eau car il est énergétiquement plus facile pour les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécules</a> d’eau de former des liaisons hydrogène entre elles que de s’engager dans des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_de_van_der_Waals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force de van der Waals">interactions de van der Waals</a> avec les molécules non polaires. Un exemple de soluté ionique est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sel_alimentaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sel alimentaire">sel</a> de cuisine alias <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorure_de_sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlorure de sodium">chlorure de sodium</a>, NaCl, qui se sépare en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cation">cations</a> Na+ et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anion">anions</a> Cl−, chacun entouré de molécules d’eau. Les ions sont alors facilement transportés loin de leur matrice cristalline. Un exemple de soluté non ionique est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saccharose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saccharose">sucre de table</a>. Les dipôles des molécules d’eau forment des liaisons hydrogène avec les régions dipolaires de la molécule de sucre. Cette faculté de solvant de l’eau est vitale en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, parce que certaines réactions biochimiques n’ont lieu qu’en solution (par exemple, réactions dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cytoplasme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cytoplasme">cytoplasme</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sang">sang</a>). C’est pourquoi, pour le moment, l’eau liquide est considérée comme indispensable à la vie et est activement recherchée sur les divers astres du système solaire, notamment sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (planète)">Mars</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_(lune)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe (lune)">Europe</a>, une lune de Jupiter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tension_superficielle">Tension superficielle</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Tension superficielle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Les liaisons hydrogène confèrent à l’eau une grande <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_superficielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension superficielle">tension superficielle</a> et une grande cohésion. Cela se voit quand de petites quantités d’eau sont posées sur une surface non poreuse et que l’eau reste ensemble sous forme de gouttes. Cette propriété qui se manifeste par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capillarit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capillarité">capillarité</a> est utile dans le transport vertical de l’eau chez les végétaux (sève) et nuisible avec la remontée capillaire d’humidité dans les murs de maisons à partir du sol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conductivité">Conductivité</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Conductivité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> L’eau pure est un mauvais <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conducteur_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conducteur (physique)">conducteur</a> d’électricité<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maxicours-19">[16]</a>. Mais puisque l’eau est un bon solvant, elle contient souvent une grande quantité de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solut%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soluté">solutés</a> dissous, le plus souvent des ions. Si l’eau contient de telles impuretés, elle peut conduire l’électricité plus facilement. Le stator des très gros <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alternateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternateur">alternateurs</a> est refroidi par circulation d’eau désionisée dans les conducteurs creux de l’enroulement. Malgré les différences de potentiel de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de volts entre le circuit de refroidissement et les conducteurs électriques, il n’y a pas de problèmes de fuite de courant. Voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conductivité électrique">conductivité électrique</a> (mesure). La pureté de l’eau peut être mesurée par sa résistance à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courant_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courant électrique">courant électrique</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Décomposition_(thermolyse_et_électrolyse)">Décomposition (thermolyse et électrolyse)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Décomposition (thermolyse et électrolyse)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/220px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/220px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/330px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/440px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ondes de surface sur de l’eau : l’expansion d’une perturbation. On observe une perturbation réaliste (due à un bâton) et son expansion sous la forme d’ondes interférentes et grossièrement concentriques. </figcaption> </figure> La première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_production_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la production d'hydrogène">décomposition</a> de l’eau fut faite par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>, en faisant passer de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapeur d'eau">vapeur d'eau</a> sur du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer">fer</a> chauffé au rouge (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermolyse_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermolyse (chimie)">thermolyse</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[25]</a>. Ce faisant, il établit que l’eau n’était pas un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément chimique">élément</a> mais un corps chimique composé de plusieurs éléments. La thermolyse (décomposition thermique) de l'eau pure produit du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxygène">dioxygène</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dihydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dihydrogène">dihydrogène</a> : 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2. Elle requiert une température très élevée, de l'ordre de 2 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, et n'est totale que vers 5 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[26]</a>. Il est plus aisé de décomposer l’eau par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrolyse_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrolyse de l'eau">électrolyse</a>. Sous l’effet d’une tension appliquée entre deux électrodes plongées dans de l’eau, l’eau peut être décomposée en dihydrogène et dioxygène. Les molécules d’eau se dissocient naturellement en ions H3O+ et OH−, qui sont attirés par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathode">cathode</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anode">anode</a> respectivement, mais comme cette dissociation est faible, dans la pratique on a recours à des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalyseur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyseur">catalyseurs</a> comme l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide_sulfurique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide sulfurique">acide sulfurique</a> ou l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroxyde_de_sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroxyde de sodium">hydroxyde de sodium</a>. À l’anode, quatre ions OH− se combinent pour former des molécules de dioxygène O2, deux molécules d’eau, et libérer quatre électrons. Les molécules de dioxygène ainsi produites s’échappent sous forme de bulles de gaz vers la surface, où elles peuvent être collectées. Dans le même temps, à la cathode, il y a une libération de deux molécules de dihydrogène H2 avec utilisation de quatre électrons. 4OH− → O2 + 2H2O + 4e− 4H3O+ + 4e− → 2H2 + 4H2O </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Production_d'eau_pure">Production d'eau pure</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Production d'eau pure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_purifi%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau purifiée">Eau purifiée</a>. </div> </div> L’eau pure est un excellent solvant et absorbe facilement les gaz qui entrent à son contact. Par conséquent, l’eau pure est pratiquement introuvable. Les laboratoires d’analyses ont néanmoins besoin de cette eau pure pour réaliser des analyses fiables. Ils vont donc faire appel, au cours du temps, à des techniques de purification de plus en plus sophistiquées. Après l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_distill%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau distillée">eau distillée</a>, bidistillée, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_d%C3%A9min%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau déminéralisée">déminéralisée</a>, déionisée, la technique progresse vers une eau de plus en plus pure, donc coûteuse à produire et de plus en plus instable. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Notes_et_références">Notes et références</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> L'eau est en réalité bleue, mais tellement transparente que cette couleur n'est généralement visible qu'à partir d'une certaine épaisseur ou profondeur. Pour plus de détails, voir l'article « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Couleur_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Couleur de l'eau">Couleur de l'eau</a> ».</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> On peut également la nommer monoxyde de dihydrogène, hydroxyde d’hydrogène, acide hydroxyque, hydroxyde d’hydronium, ou acide hydrique, ou bien génériquement oxyde d’hydrogène, mais de tels noms ne sont généralement utilisés que de façon ironique : voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canular_du_monoxyde_de_dihydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canular du monoxyde de dihydrogène">canular du monoxyde de dihydrogène</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> En raison des retards à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléation">nucléation</a> on peut rencontrer de l'eau liquide en dessous de 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfusion">surfusion</a>) ou au-dessus de 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, comme de la vapeur d'eau en dessous de 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, mais seulement de façon transitoire (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tastabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métastabilité">équilibre métastable</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Anciennement chaleur massique ou chaleur spécifique.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_%C3%A0_eau_pressuris%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réacteur à eau pressurisée">réacteur à eau pressurisée</a>, on observe une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiolyse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiolyse">radiolyse</a> au passage de l'eau dans le cœur du réacteur ; on limite l'effet corrosif de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxygène">oxygène</a> naissant en fonctionnant avec un excès d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dihydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dihydrogène">hydrogène</a> dissous dans l'eau.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références">Références</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm">Pourquoi l’eau est-elle bleue ?</a>, sur dartmouth.edu.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David R. Lide, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, Boca Raton, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-17" data-sort-value="2008-06-17">17 juin 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatre-vingt-neuvième">89e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2736 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781420066791?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781420066791">9781420066791</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420066791">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 9-50<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.edition=89&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.pages=9-50&rft.tpages=2736&rft.isbn=9781420066791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Yitzhak_Marcus-4">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yitzhak_Marcus_4-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yitzhak_Marcus_4-1">b</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yitzhak Marcus, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Properties of Solvents</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, Angleterre, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <time>1999</time>, 239 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-471-98369-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-471-98369-1">0-471-98369-1</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Properties+of+Solvents&rft.place=Angleterre&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=4&rft.tpages=239&rft.isbn=0-471-98369-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Masse molaire calculée d’après « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Atomic weights of the elements 2007</cite></a> », sur www.chem.qmul.ac.uk.</li> <li id="cite_note-GESTIS-6">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GESTIS_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GESTIS_6-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GESTIS_6-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GESTIS_6-3">d</a> Entrée « Water » dans la base de données de produits chimiques GESTIS de la IFA (organisme allemand responsable de la sécurité et de la santé au travail) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name%3D001140">allemand</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name%3D001140%26lang%3Den">anglais</a>), accès le 8 mars 2010 (JavaScript nécessaire).</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> James E. Mark, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Physical Properties of Polymer Handbook</cite>, Springer, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 1076 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-387-69002-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-387-69002-5">978-0-387-69002-5</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-387-69002-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-387-69002-6">0-387-69002-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DfZl7q7UgEXkC%26pg%3DPA289">lire en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 294<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Properties+of+Polymer+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer&rft.edition=2&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=294&rft.tpages=1076&rft.isbn=978-0-387-69002-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Daubert-8">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daubert_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daubert_8-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daubert_8-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daubert_8-3">d</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daubert_8-4">e</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> T. E. Daubert et R. P. Danner, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Physical And Thermodynamic Properties Of Pure Chemicals</cite>, Pennsylvania, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, <time>1994</time>, 736 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-56032-270-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-56032-270-5">1-56032-270-5</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+And+Thermodynamic+Properties+Of+Pure+Chemicals&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.aulast=Daubert&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft.au=R.+P.+Danner&rft.date=1994&rft.tpages=736&rft.isbn=1-56032-270-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Philip E. Ciddor, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Refractive index of air: new equations for the visible and near infrared</cite> », Applied Optics, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 35, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 9,‎ <time>1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 1566-1573 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.001566">10.1364/AO.35.001566</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Refractive+index+of+air%3A+new+equations+for+the+visible+and+near+infrared&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Ciddor&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=1566-1573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.35.001566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Claudio A. Faúndez et José O. Valderrama, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Activity Coefficient Models to Describe Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ternary Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions</cite> », Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 17, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 2,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04" data-sort-value="2009-04">avril 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 259-267 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541%252808%252960203-7">10.1016/S1004-9541(08)60203-7</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Activity+Coefficient+Models+to+Describe+Vapor-Liquid+Equilibrium+in+Ternary+Hydro-Alcoholic+Solutions&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Fa%C3%BAndez&rft.aufirst=Claudio+A.&rft.au=Valderrama%2C+Jos%C3%A9+O.&rft.date=2009-04&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=259-267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1004-9541%2808%2960203-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Procès-verbaux du Comité international des poids et mesures, <abbr class="abbr" title="Soixante-dix-huitième (septante-huitième)">78e</abbr> session, 1989, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/its-90/EIT-90.pdf"><abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> T1-T21</a> (et <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> T23-T42, version anglaise).</li> <li id="cite_note-Glassman-12">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Glassman_12-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Glassman_12-1">b</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Irvin Glassman et Richard A. Yetter, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Combustion</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsevier_(%C3%A9diteur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier (éditeur)">Elsevier</a>, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 773 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-12-088573-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-12-088573-2">978-0-12-088573-2</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 6<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combustion&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.edition=4&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rft.au=Richard+A.+Yetter&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=6&rft.tpages=773&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088573-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David R. Lide, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, Boca Raton, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-06-03" data-sort-value="2009-06-03">3 juin 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatre-vingt-dixième">90e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2804 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781420090840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781420090840">9781420090840</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420090840">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.edition=90&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft.tpages=2804&rft.isbn=9781420090840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NIST_14-0">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID%3D7732-18-5%26Units%3DSI"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">« Water »</cite></a>, sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/">NIST/WebBook</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Perry’s-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Perry%E2%80%99s_15-0">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert H. Perry et Donald W. Green, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</cite>, États-Unis, McGraw-Hill, <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="septième">7e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2400 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-07-049841-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-07-049841-5">0-07-049841-5</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perry%27s+Chemical+Engineers%27+Handbook&rft.place=%C3%89tats-Unis&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.edition=7&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Green%2C+Donald+W.&rft.date=1997&rft.tpages=2400&rft.isbn=0-07-049841-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David R. Lide, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, Boca Raton, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-17" data-sort-value="2008-06-17">17 juin 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatre-vingt-neuvième">89e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2736 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781420066791?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781420066791">9781420066791</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420066791">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 10-205<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.edition=89&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.pages=10-205&rft.tpages=2736&rft.isbn=9781420066791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-maxicours-19">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-maxicours_19-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-maxicours_19-1">b</a> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.maxicours.com/se/cours/conducteurs-et-isolants-electriques/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Conducteurs et isolants électriques</cite></a> », sur Maxicours (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-08-03" data-sort-value="2021-08-03">3 août 2021</time>).</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://exergie.free.fr/climat2a.htm">De combien la pression diminue-t-elle avec l’altitude ?</a>, sur exergie.free.fr.</li> <li id="cite_note-Tab._de_l'eau-22">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tab._de_l'eau_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tab._de_l'eau_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tab._de_l'eau_22-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tab._de_l'eau_22-3">d</a> « Properties of Water and Steam in SI-Units », 1969, prepared by Ernst Schmidt, Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, R. Oldenburg München.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Pierre Rapin et Patrick Jacquard, « Aide-mémoire formulaire du froid », <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">14e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, Dunod, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> E. So, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Exclusion Zone As Intermediate Between Ice And Water</cite> », WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 153,‎ <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 3-11 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2495/WS110011">10.2495/WS110011</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusion+Zone+As+Intermediate+Between+Ice+And+Water&rft.jtitle=WIT+Transactions+on+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=3-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2495%2FWS110011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter D. Spencer, James D. Riches et Elizabeth D. Williams, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Exclusion zone water is associated with material that exhibits proton diffusion but not birefringent properties</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluid_Phase_Equilibria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluid Phase Equilibria">Fluid Phase Equilibria</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 466,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-06-25" data-sort-value="2018-06-25">25 juin 2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 103-109 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2018.03.020">10.1016/j.fluid.2018.03.020</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusion+zone+water+is+associated+with+material+that+exhibits+proton+diffusion+but+not+birefringent+properties&rft.jtitle=Fluid+Phase+Equilibria&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft.au=James+D.+Riches&rft.au=Elizabeth+D.+Williams&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.volume=466&rft.pages=103-109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fluid.2018.03.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> L. W. Tilton et J. K. Taylor, stand national de bureau de recherche de J., 20, 419 (RP1085), 1938.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> E. Dorsey, « Propriétés d’Eau-Substance ordinaire », Reinhold Publishing Corporation, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1940?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1940">1940</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Recherche_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Recherche (magazine)">La Recherche</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 451, avril 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Jean C. Baudet, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la chimie</cite>, De Boeck Supérieur, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-17" data-sort-value="2017-04-17">17 avril 2017</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8073-0692-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8073-0692-9">978-2-8073-0692-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Db7mVDgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA111%26dq%3DD%25C3%25A9composition%2Bde%2Bl'eau%2Bhistoire%26hl%3Dfr">lire en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 113<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+chimie&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.aulast=Baudet&rft.aufirst=Jean+C.&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.pages=113&rft.isbn=978-2-8073-0692-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Xing L. Yan et Ryutaro Hino 2, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CRC_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 6), <time>2011</time>, 939 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 41<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Hydrogen+Production+Handbook&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Xing+L.&rft.au=Hino+2%2C+Ryutaro&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=41&rft.tpages=939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau">.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Eau" class="extiw" title="v:Eau">Eau</a>, sur Wikiversity</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Chang Q. Sun, Yongli Huang, Xi Zhang, Zengsheng Ma et Biao Wang, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The physics behind water irregularity</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics Reports">Physics Reports</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 998,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-02-02" data-sort-value="2023-02-02">2 février 2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 1-68 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.11.001">10.1016/j.physrep.2022.11.001</a> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> )<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+physics+behind+water+irregularity&rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Chang+Q.&rft.au=Yongli+Huang&rft.au=Xi+Zhang&rft.au=Zengsheng+Ma&rft.au=Biao+Wang&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.volume=998&rft.pages=1-68&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2022.11.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau"></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John L. Finney, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The structure of water: A historical perspective</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Journal_of_Chemical_Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Journal of Chemical Physics">The Journal of Chemical Physics</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 160, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 6,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-14" data-sort-value="2024-02-14">14 février 2024</time>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 060901 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0182665">10.1063/5.0182665</a> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> )<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+water%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.issue=6&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.volume=160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0182665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMol%C3%A9cule+d%27eau"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-width:20em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canular_du_monoxyde_de_dihydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canular du monoxyde de dihydrogène">Canular du monoxyde de dihydrogène</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complexe_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complexe (chimie)">Complexe</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dim%C3%A8re_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimère d'eau">Dimère d'eau</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cluster_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cluster d'eau">cluster d'eau</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau_lourde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau lourde">Eau lourde</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">Eau</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace">glace</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapeur d'eau">vapeur d'eau</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrate">Hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison hydrogène">Liaison hydrogène</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvant">Solvant</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_aqueuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution aqueuse">solution aqueuse</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forme_d%27une_goutte_de_pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forme d'une goutte de pluie">Forme d'une goutte de pluie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goutte_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goutte (physique)">Goutte (physique)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mol%C3%A9cule_d'eau&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html">Water phase diagrams</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la chimie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a> </li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’eau"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Circle-icons-water.svg/24px-Circle-icons-water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Circle-icons-water.svg/24px-Circle-icons-water.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Circle-icons-water.svg/36px-Circle-icons-water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Circle-icons-water.svg/48px-Circle-icons-water.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Eau">Portail de l’eau</a> </li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenschaften_des_Wassers" title="Eigenschaften des Wassers – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eigenschaften des Wassers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Properties of water" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoj_de_la_akvo" title="Ecoj de la akvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ecoj de la akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%25C3%25A9cula_de_agua" title="Molécula de agua – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molécula de agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DA%2598%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25A8" title="ویژگی‌های آب – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویژگی‌های آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25A3%25E0%25AB%2580_(%25E0%25AA%2585%25E0%25AA%25A3%25E0%25AB%2581)" title="પાણી (અણુ) – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાણી (અણુ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="האנומליה של המים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנומליה של המים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="जल के गुणधर्म – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल के गुणधर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_air" title="Sifat air – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sifat air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%2580%25A7%25E8%25B3%25AA" title="水の性質 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水の性質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2581_(%25E0%25B2%2585%25E0%25B2%25A3%25E0%25B3%2581)" title="ನೀರು (ಅಣು) – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀರು (ಅಣು)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AC%25BC%25EC%259D%2598_%25EC%2586%258D%25EC%2584%25B1" title="물의 속성 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물의 속성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(molecula)" title="Aqua (molecula) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua (molecula)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(molekul)" title="Air (molekul) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air (molekul)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriedades_f%25C3%25ADsico-qu%25C3%25ADmicas_da_%25C3%25A1gua" title="Propriedades físico-químicas da água – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propriedades físico-químicas da água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%25C4%2583_(molecul%25C4%2583)" title="Apă (moleculă) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apă (moleculă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_(sustanza)" title="Acqua (sustanza) – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Acqua (sustanza)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svojstva_vode" title="Svojstva vode – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svojstva vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%259A_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%2584_%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%259E%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B6%25AB" title="ජලයේ රසායනික සහ භෞතික ගුණ – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලයේ රසායනික සහ භෞතික ගුණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)" title="Water (molecule) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water (molecule)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastnosti_vode" title="Lastnosti vode – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lastnosti vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB)" title="Вода (молекул) – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вода (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B3_(%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%25A5)" title="น้ำ (โมเลกุล) – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำ (โมเลกุล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Властивості води – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Властивості води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25ADnh_ch%25E1%25BA%25A5t_c%25E1%25BB%25A7a_n%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Bc" title="Tính chất của nước – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính chất của nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%2586%25E5%25AD%2590" title="水分子 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水分子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Molécule d'eau — Wikipédia