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plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of French for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">Help:IPA/French</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> French phonology is the sound system of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. This article discusses mainly the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of all the varieties of <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>. Notable phonological features include its <a href="/wiki/Uvular_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular r">uvular r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, and three processes affecting word-final sounds: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a>, a specific instance of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">elision</a>, in which certain instances of /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encha%C3%AEnement#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:enchaînement">enchaînement</a> (resyllabification) in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries:</li></ul> An example of the above is this: <ul><li>Written: On a laissé la fenêtre ouverte.</li> <li>Meaning: "We left the window open."</li> <li>In isolation: /ɔ̃ a lɛse la fənɛːtʁə uvɛʁtə/</li> <li>Together: [ɔ̃.na.lɛ.se.laf.nɛ.tʁu.vɛʁt(ə)]</li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Consonants">1 Consonants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geminates">1.1 Geminates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Liaison">1.2 Liaison</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels">2 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Close_vowels">2.1 Close vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mid_vowels">2.2 Mid vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Open_vowels">2.3 Open vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nasal_vowels">2.4 Nasal vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Schwa">2.5 Schwa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Length">2.6 Length</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Devoicing">2.7 Devoicing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Elision">2.8 Elision</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Glides_and_diphthongs">2.9 Glides and diphthongs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Stress">3 Stress</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Emphatic_stress">3.1 Emphatic stress</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Intonation">4 Intonation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sources">7 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of French </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalv.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png/310px-Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="397" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="639"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 397px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png/310px-Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png" data-width="310" data-height="397" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png/465px-Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Uvular_rhotics_in_Europe.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R#French" title="Guttural R">guttural r</a> (such as [ʁ ʀ χ]) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> not usual</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> only in some educated speech</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> usual in educated speech</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> general</div></figcaption></figure> Phonetic notes: <ul><li>/n, t, d/ are <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-3">[3]</a> while /s, z/ are dentalised laminal alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z̪</a>] (commonly called 'dental'), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the back of the upper front teeth, with the tip resting behind lower front teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Word-final consonants are always released. Generally, /b, d, ɡ/ are voiced throughout and /p, t, k/ are unaspirated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375-5">[5]</a></li> <li>/l/ is usually apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l̺</a>] but sometimes laminal denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-3">[3]</a> Before /f, ʒ/, it can be realised as <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-3">[3]</a></li> <li>In current pronunciation, /ɲ/ is merging with /nj/.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/ is not a native <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> of French, but it occurs in <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camping#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:camping">camping</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smoking#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:smoking">smoking</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kung-fu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:kung-fu">kung-fu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198944-7">[7]</a> Some speakers who have difficulty with this consonant realise it as a sequence [ŋɡ] or replace it with /ɲ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011%C2%A732,_b-8">[8]</a> It could be considered a separate phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a>, e.g. pain /pɛŋ/ ('bread') vs. penne /pɛn/ ('quill').</li> <li>The approximants /j, ɥ, w/ correspond to the close vowels /i, y, u/. While there are a few <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loua#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:loua">loua</a> /lu.a/ 's/he rented' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loi#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:loi">loi</a> /lwa/ 'law'), there are many cases where there is free variation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Belgian French may merge /ɥ/ with /w/ or /y/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Some dialects of French have a palatal lateral /ʎ/ (French: l <a href="/wiki/Mouill%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouillé">mouillé</a>, 'wet l'), but in the modern standard variety, it has merged with /j/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011%C2%A733,_b-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200647-10">[10]</a> See also <a href="#Glides_and_diphthongs">Glides and diphthongs</a>, below.</li> <li>The French <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> has a wide range of realizations: the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> [ʁ], also realised as an <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> [ʁ̞], with a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless</a> positional allophone [χ], the <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">uvular trill</a> [ʀ], the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> [r], and the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> [ɾ]. These are all recognised as the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /r/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375-5">[5]</a> but [r] and [ɾ] are considered dialectal. The most common pronunciation is [ʁ] as a default realisation, complemented by a devoiced variant [χ] in the positions before or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R#French" title="Guttural R">French guttural r</a> and map at right.</li> <li>Velars /k/ and /ɡ/ may become <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalised</a> to [kʲ⁓c] and [ɡʲ⁓ɟ] before /i, e, ɛ/, and more variably before /a/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerns2013-11">[11]</a> Word-final /k/ may also be palatalised to [kʲ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016131,_415-12">[12]</a> Velar palatalisation has traditionally been associated with the working class,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200642-13">[13]</a> though recent studies suggest it is spreading to more demographics of large French cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016131,_415-12">[12]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example words<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374%E2%80%9375-14">[14]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Voiceless </th> <th colspan="4">Voiced </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>Gloss </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>/p/ </td> <td>/pu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pou">pou</a> </td> <td>'louse' </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>/bu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boue#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:boue">boue</a> </td> <td>'mud' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/ </td> <td>/tu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tout#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tout">tout</a> </td> <td>'all', 'anything' (possibility) </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>/du/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doux#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:doux">doux</a> </td> <td>'sweet' (food, feelings), 'gentle' (person), 'mild' (weather) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/ku/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:cou">cou</a> </td> <td>'neck' </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>/ɡu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go%C3%BBt#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:goût">goût</a> </td> <td>'taste' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/f/ </td> <td>/fu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fou">fou</a> </td> <td>'crazy' </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>/vu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vous#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:vous">vous</a> </td> <td>'you' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/s/ </td> <td>/su/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sous#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sous">sous</a> </td> <td>'under', 'on' (drugs), 'in' (packaging), 'within' (times) </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>/zu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:zou">zou</a> </td> <td>'shoo' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>/ʃu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:chou">chou</a> </td> <td>'cabbage', 'lovely' (person, pet) </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>/ʒu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/joue#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:joue">joue</a> </td> <td>'cheek' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" rowspan="6"> </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>/mu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mou">mou</a> </td> <td>'soft', 'weak' (stronger: person, actions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/n/ </td> <td>/nu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nous#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:nous">nous</a> </td> <td>'we, us' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɲ/ </td> <td>/ɲu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gnou#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:gnou">gnou</a> </td> <td>'gnu' (dated, /ɡnu/ in modern French) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td>/kuŋ.fu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kung-fu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:kung-fu">kung-fu</a> </td> <td>'kung-fu' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/l/ </td> <td>/lu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loup#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:loup">loup</a> </td> <td>'wolf' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʁ/ </td> <td>/ʁu/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roue#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:roue">roue</a> </td> <td>'wheel' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geminates">Geminates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geminates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although double consonant letters appear in the orthographic form of many French words, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> consonants are relatively rare in the pronunciation of such words. The following cases can be identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987149%E2%80%93150-15">[15]</a> The geminate pronunciation [ʁʁ] is found in the future and conditional forms of the verbs <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/courir#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:courir">courir</a> ('to run') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mourir#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mourir">mourir</a> ('to die'). The conditional form il mourrait [il.muʁ.ʁɛ] ('he would die'), for example, contrasts with the imperfect form il mourait [il.mu.ʁɛ] ('he was dying'). Most modern speakers have reduced [ʁʁ] to [ʁ] in other words, such as il pourrait ('he could'). Other verbs that have a double ⟨rr⟩ orthographically in the future and conditional are pronounced with a simple [ʁ]: il pourra ('he will be able to'), il verra ('he will see'). When the prefix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in-#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:in-">in-</a> combines with a base that begins with n, the resulting word is sometimes pronounced with a geminate [nn] and similarly for the variants of the same prefix im-, il-, ir-: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inn%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:inné">inné</a> [i(n).ne] ('innate')</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immortel#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:immortel">immortel</a> [i(m).mɔʁtɛl] ('immortal')</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/illisible#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:illisible">illisible</a> [i(l).li.zibl] ('illegible')</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irresponsable#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:irresponsable">irresponsable</a> [i(ʁ).ʁɛs.pɔ̃.sabl] ('irresponsible')</li></ul> Other cases of optional gemination can be found in words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syllabe#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:syllabe">syllabe</a> ('syllable'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grammaire#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:grammaire">grammaire</a> ('grammar'), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/illusion#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:illusion">illusion</a> ('illusion'). The pronunciation of such words, in many cases, a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a> varies by speaker and gives rise to widely varying stylistic effects.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In particular, the gemination of consonants other than the liquids and nasals /m n l ʁ/ is "generally considered affected or pedantic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987150-17">[17]</a> Examples of stylistically marked pronunciations include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/addition#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:addition">addition</a> [ad.di.sjɔ̃] ('addition') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intelligence#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:intelligence">intelligence</a> [ɛ̃.tɛl.li.ʒɑ̃s] ('intelligence'). Gemination of doubled ⟨m⟩ and ⟨n⟩ is typical of the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> region, as opposed to other southern accents. A few cases of gemination do not correspond to double consonant letters in the orthography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987151%E2%80%93153-18">[18]</a> The deletion of word-internal schwas (see below), for example, can give rise to sequences of identical consonants: là-dedans [lad.dɑ̃] ('inside'), l'honnêteté [lɔ.nɛt.te] ('honesty'). The elided form of the object pronoun l' ('him/her/it') is also realised as a geminate [ll] when it appears after another l to avoid misunderstanding: <ul><li>Il l'a mangé [il.lamɑ̃.ʒe] ('He ate it')</li> <li>Il a mangé [il.amɑ̃.ʒe] ('He ate')</li></ul> Gemination is obligatory in such contexts. Finally, a word pronounced with <a href="#Emphatic_stress">emphatic stress</a> can exhibit gemination of its first syllable-initial consonant: <ul><li>formidable [fːɔʁ.mi.dabl] ('terrific')</li> <li>épouvantable [e.pːu.vɑ̃.tabl] ('horrible')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liaison">Liaison</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liaison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison (French)</a></div> Many words in French can be analyzed as having a "latent" final consonant that is pronounced only in certain syntactic contexts when the next word begins with a vowel. For example, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deux#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:deux">deux</a> /dø/ ('two') is pronounced [dø] in isolation or before a consonant-initial word (deux jours /dø ʒuʁ/ → [dø.ʒuʁ] 'two days'), but in deux ans /døz‿ɑ̃/ (→ [dø.zɑ̃] 'two years'), the linking or liaison consonant /z/ is pronounced. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/French_vowel_chart.svg/220px-French_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/French_vowel_chart.svg/220px-French_vowel_chart.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/French_vowel_chart.svg/330px-French_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/French_vowel_chart.svg/440px-French_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> of Parisian French, from <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2013">Collins & Mees (2013</a>:225–226). Some speakers merge /œ̃/ with /ɛ̃/ (especially in the northern half of France) and /a/ with /ɑ/. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] between the two (not shown on the chart).</figcaption></figure> Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels. The schwa (in the center of the diagram next to this paragraph) is not necessarily a distinctive sound. Even though it often merges with one of the mid front rounded vowels, its patterning suggests that it is a separate phoneme (see the subsection <a href="#Schwa">Schwa</a> below). The table below primarily lists vowels in contemporary Parisian French, with vowels only present in other dialects in parentheses. <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Oral </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> While some dialects feature a long /ɛː/ distinct from /ɛ/ and a distinction between an open front /a/ and an open back /ɑ/, Parisian French features only /ɛ/ and just one open vowel /a/ realised as central [ä]. Some dialects also feature a rounded /œ̃/, which has merged with /ɛ̃/ in Paris. In Metropolitan French, while /ə/ is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either /ø/ or /œ/. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; float: right;"> <caption>Example words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel</th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">Orthography</a></th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Oral vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>/i/</td> <td>/si/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/si#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:si">si</a></td> <td>'if' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/e/</td> <td>/fe/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C3%A9e#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fée">fée</a></td> <td>'fairy' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/</td> <td>/fɛ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fait#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fait">fait</a></td> <td>'does' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛː/†</td> <td>/fɛːt/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C3%AAte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fête">fête</a></td> <td>'party' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/y/</td> <td>/sy/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/su#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:su">su</a></td> <td>'known' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ø/</td> <td>/sø/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ceux#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ceux">ceux</a></td> <td>'those' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œ/</td> <td>/sœʁ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C5%93ur#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sœur">sœur</a></td> <td>'sister' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/</td> <td>/sə/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ce#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ce">ce</a></td> <td>'this'/'that' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/</td> <td>/su/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sous#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sous">sous</a></td> <td>'under' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/o/</td> <td>/so/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sot#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sot">sot</a></td> <td>'silly' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td>/sɔʁ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sort#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sort">sort</a></td> <td>'fate' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/a/</td> <td>/sa/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sa#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sa">sa</a></td> <td>'his'/'her' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑ/†</td> <td>/pɑt/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A2te#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pâte">pâte</a></td> <td>'dough' </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Nasal vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑ̃/</td> <td>/sɑ̃/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sans#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sans">sans</a></td> <td>'without' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ̃/</td> <td>/sɔ̃/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/son#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:son">son</a></td> <td>'his' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ̃/<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td> <td>/bʁɛ̃/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brin#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:brin">brin</a></td> <td>'twig' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œ̃/†</td> <td>/bʁœ̃/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brun#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:brun">brun</a></td> <td>'brown' </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="#Glides_and_diphthongs">Semi-vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/j/</td> <td>/jɛʁ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hier#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:hier">hier</a></td> <td>'yesterday' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɥ/</td> <td>/ɥit/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huit#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:huit">huit</a></td> <td>'eight' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/w/</td> <td>/wi/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oui#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:oui">oui</a></td> <td>'yes' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">† Not distinguished in all dialects. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close_vowels">Close vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Close vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] appear in Quebec as allophones of /i, y, u/ when the vowel is both phonetically short (so not before /v, z, ʒ, ʁ/) and in a closed syllable, so that e.g. petite [pə.t͡sɪt] 'small (<abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>)' differs from petit 'small (<abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>)' [pə.t͡si] not only in the presence of the final /t/ but also in the tenseness of the /i/. Laxing always occurs in stressed closed syllables, but it is also found in other environments to various degrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198451%E2%80%9360-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200625%E2%80%936-21">[21]</a> In Metropolitan French, /i, u/ are consistently close [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge200984-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225-24">[24]</a> but the exact height of /y/ is somewhat debatable as it has been variously described as close [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge200984-23">[23]</a> and near-close [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid_vowels">Mid vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mid vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although the mid vowels contrast in certain environments, there is a limited distributional overlap so they often appear in complementary distribution. Generally, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid vowels</a> (/e, ø, o/) are found in open syllables, and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid vowels</a> (/ɛ, œ, ɔ/) are found in closed syllables. However, there are minimal pairs:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-22">[22]</a> <ul><li>open-mid /ɛ/ and close-mid /e/ contrast in final-position open syllables: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allait#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:allait">allait</a> [a.lɛ] ('was going'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:allé">allé</a> [a.le] ('gone');</dd></dl></li> <li>likewise, open-mid /ɔ/ and /œ/ contrast with close-mid /o/ and /ø/ mostly in closed monosyllables, such as these: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jeune#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeune">jeune</a> [ʒœn] ('young'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/je%C3%BBne#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeûne">jeûne</a> [ʒøn] ('fast', verb),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roc#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:roc">roc</a> [ʁɔk] ('rock'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rauque#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rauque">rauque</a> [ʁok] ('hoarse'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rhodes#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rhodes">Rhodes</a> [ʁɔd] ('Rhodes'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%B4de#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rôde">rôde</a> [ʁod] ('[I] lurk'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pomme#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pomme">pomme</a> [pɔm] ('apple'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paume#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:paume">paume</a> [pom] ('palm'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonne#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bonne">bonne</a> [bɔn] ('good', feminine), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Beaune#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:Beaune">Beaune</a> [bon] ('<a href="/wiki/Beaune" title="Beaune">Beaune</a>', the city).</dd></dl></li></ul> Beyond the general rule, known as the loi de position among French phonologists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin1986-25">[25]</a> there are some exceptions. For instance, /o/ and /ø/ are found in closed syllables ending in [z], and only [ɔ] is found in closed monosyllables before [ʁ], [ɲ], and [ɡ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9on1992?-26">[26]</a> The Parisian realization of /ɔ/ has been variously described as central [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225-24">[24]</a> and centralized to [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a>] before /ʁ/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379-2">[2]</a> in both cases becoming similar to /œ/. The phonemic opposition of /ɛ/ and /e/ has been lost in the southern half of France, where these two sounds are found only in complementary distribution. The phonemic oppositions of /ɔ/ and /o/ and of /œ/ and /ø/ in terminal open syllables have been lost in almost all of France, but not in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> or in areas with an <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a> substrate, where <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pot#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pot">pot</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peau#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:peau">peau</a> are still opposed as /pɔ/ and /po/.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_vowels">Open vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The phonemic contrast between front /a/ and back /ɑ/ is sometimes no longer maintained in Parisian French, which leads some researchers to reject the idea of two distinct phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> However, the back [ɑ] is always maintained in Northern French, but only in final open syllables,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avocat#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:avocat">avocat</a> (lawyer) <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[avokɑ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-avocat.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-avocat.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-J\u00e9r\u00e9my-G\u00fcnther-Heinz J\u00e4hnick-avocat.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-avocat.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-avocat.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-avocat.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-avocat.wav">ⓘ</a>, but in final closed syllables, the /ɑ/ phoneme is fronted to [aː], but it is always long, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A2te#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pâte">pâte</a> (pasta) [paːt]. The distinction is still clearly maintained in many dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While there is much variation among speakers in France, a number of general tendencies can be observed. First of all, the distinction is most often preserved in word-final stressed syllables such as in these minimal pairs: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tache#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tache">tache</a> /taʃ/ → [taʃ] ('stain'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%A2che#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tâche">tâche</a> /tɑʃ/ → [tɑʃ] ('task')</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:patte">patte</a> /pat/ → [pat] ('leg'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A2te#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pâte">pâte</a> /pɑt/ → [pɑt] ('paste, pastry')</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rat#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rat">rat</a> /ʁa/ → [ʁa] ('rat'), vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ras#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ras">ras</a> /ʁɑ/ → [ʁɑ] ('short')</dd></dl> There are certain environments that prefer one open vowel over the other. For example, /ɑ/ is preferred after /ʁw/ and before /z/: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trois#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:trois">trois</a> [tʁwɑ] ('three'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaz#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:gaz">gaz</a> [ɡɑz] ('gas').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198764-31">[31]</a></dd></dl> The difference in quality is often reinforced by a difference in length (but the difference is contrastive in final closed syllables). The exact distribution of the two vowels varies greatly from speaker to speaker.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Back /ɑ/ is much rarer in unstressed syllables, but it can be encountered in some common words: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch%C3%A2teau#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:château">château</a> [ʃɑ.to] ('castle'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pass%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:passé">passé</a> [pɑ.se] ('past').</dd></dl> Morphologically complex words derived from words containing stressed /ɑ/ do not retain it: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A2g%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:âgé">âgé</a> /ɑʒe/ → [aː.ʒe] ('aged', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A2ge#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:âge">âge</a> /ɑʒ/ → [ɑʒ])</dd> <dd>rarissime /ʁaʁisim/ → [ʁaʁisim] ('very rare', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rare#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rare">rare</a> /ʁɑʁ/ → [ʁɑʁ]).</dd></dl> Even in the final syllable of a word, back /ɑ/ may become [a] if the word in question loses its stress within the extended phonological context:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198764-31">[31]</a> <dl><dd>J'ai été au bois /ʒe ete o bwɑ/ → [ʒe.e.te.o.bwɑ] ('I went to the woods'),</dd> <dd>J'ai été au bois de Vincennes /ʒe ete o bwɑ dəvɛ̃sɛn/ → [ʒe.e.te.o.bwad.vɛ̃.sɛn] ('I went to the Vincennes woods').</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nasal vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The phonetic qualities of the back nasal vowels differ from those of the corresponding oral vowels. The contrasting factor that distinguishes /ɑ̃/ and /ɔ̃/ is the extra lip rounding of the latter according to some linguists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374-33">[33]</a> and tongue height according to others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34-34">[34]</a> Speakers who produce both /œ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ distinguish them mainly through increased lip rounding of the former, but many speakers use only the latter phoneme, especially most speakers in northern France such as Paris (but not farther north, in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34-34">[34]</a> In some dialects, particularly that of Europe, there is an attested tendency for nasal vowels to shift in a counterclockwise direction: /ɛ̃/ tends to be more open and shifts toward the vowel space of /ɑ̃/ (realised also as [æ̃]), /ɑ̃/ rises and rounds to [ɔ̃] (realised also as [ɒ̃]) and /ɔ̃/ shifts to [õ] or [ũ]. Also, in some regions, there also is an opposite movement for /ɔ̃/ for which it becomes more open like [ɒ̃], resulting in a merger of Standard French /ɔ̃/ and /ɑ̃/ in this case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> According to one source, the typical phonetic realization of the nasal vowels in Paris is [æ̃] for /ɛ̃/, [ɑ̃] for /ɑ̃/ and [õ̞] for /ɔ̃/, suggesting that the first two are unrounded open vowels that contrast by backness (like the oral /a/ and /ɑ/ in some accents), whereas /ɔ̃/ is much closer than /ɛ̃/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225%E2%80%93226-36">[36]</a> In Quebec French, two of the vowels shift in a different direction: /ɔ̃/ → [õ], more or less as in Europe, but /ɛ̃/ → [ẽ] and /ɑ̃/ → [ã].<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the Provence and Occitanie regions, nasal vowels are often realized as oral vowels before a stop consonant, thus reviving the ⟨n⟩ otherwise lost in other accents: quarante /kaʁɑ̃t/ → [kaˈʁantə]. Contrary to the oral /ɔ/, there is no attested tendency for the nasal /ɔ̃/ to become central in any accent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schwa">Schwa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schwa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When phonetically realised, <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/), also called e <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caduc#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:caduc">caduc</a> ('dropped e') and e <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muet#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:muet">muet</a> ('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-22">[22]</a> Many authors consider its value to be [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982537-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198788-39">[39]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Geoff Lindsey</a> suggests [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a> state, more specifically, that it merges with /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/ before high vowels and glides: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nettet%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:netteté">netteté</a> /nɛtəte/ → [nɛ.tø.te] ('clarity'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atelier#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:atelier">atelier</a> /atəlje/ → [a.tø.lje] ('workshop'),</dd></dl> in phrase-final stressed position: <dl><dd>dis-le ! /di lə/ → [di.ˈlø] ('say it'),</dd></dl> and that it merges with /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>/ elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200659-42">[42]</a> However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ are still distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization. <ul><li>That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appeler#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:appeler">appeler</a> /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'),</dd></dl></li> <li>It is occasionally mute in word-final position: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/porte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:porte">porte</a> /pɔʁtə/ → [pɔʁt] ('door').</dd></dl></li> <li>Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word: <dl><dd>une porte fermée /yn(ə) pɔʁt(ə) fɛʁme/ → [yn.pɔʁ.t(ə).fɛʁ.me] ('a closed door').</dd></dl></li> <li>In the future and conditional forms of -er verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dd>tu garderais /ty ɡaʁdəʁɛ/ → [ty.ɡaʁ.d(ə.)ʁɛ] ('you would guard'),</dd> <dd>nous brusquerons [les choses] /nu bʁyskəʁɔ̃/ → [nu.bʁys.k(ə.)ʁɔ̃] ('we will precipitate [things]').</dd></dl></li> <li>On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gredin#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:gredin">gredin</a> /ɡʁədɛ̃/ → [ɡʁə.dɛ̃] ('scoundrel'),</dd> <dd>sept petits /sɛt pəti/ → [sɛt.pə.ti] ('seven little ones').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198788%E2%80%93105-44">[44]</a></dd></dl></li></ul> In French <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">versification</a>, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasagrande1984228%E2%80%9329-45">[45]</a> For example, une grande femme fut ici, [yn ɡʁɑ̃d fam fy.t‿i.si] in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced [y.nə ɡʁɑ̃.də fa.mə fy.t‿i.si], with the /ə/ enunciated at the end of each word. Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel ([<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>]) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/harceler#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:harceler">harceler</a> /aʁsəle/ → [aʁ.sœ.le] ('to harass'), with</dd> <dd>il harcèle /il aʁsɛl/ → [i.laʁ.sɛl] ('[he] harasses').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982544%E2%80%9346-46">[46]</a></dd></dl> A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appeler#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:appeler">appeler</a> /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'),</dd> <dd>j'appelle /ʒ‿apɛl/ → [ʒa.pɛl] ('I call'),</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appellation#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:appellation">appellation</a> /apelasjɔ̃/ → [a.pe.la.sjɔ̃] ('brand'), which can also be pronounced [a.pɛ.la.sjɔ̃].<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></dd></dl> Instances of orthographic ⟨e⟩ that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel /œ/. The <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/le#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:le">le</a>, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like donnez-le-moi /dɔne lə mwa/ → [dɔ.ne.lœ.mwa] ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *[dɔ.nɛl.mwa]), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress. Cases of word-internal stable ⟨e⟩ are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example, un rebelle /œ̃ ʁəbɛl/ ('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to un rebond /œ̃ ʁəbɔ̃/ → or [œ̃ʁ.bɔ̃] ('a bounce').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198798%E2%80%9399-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Length" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Except for the distinction still made by some speakers between /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ in rare minimal pairs like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mettre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mettre">mettre</a> [mɛtʁ] ('to put') vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ma%C3%AEtre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:maître">maître</a> [mɛːtʁ] ('teacher'), variation in vowel length is entirely allophonic. Vowels can be lengthened in closed, stressed syllables, under the following two conditions: <ul><li>/o/, /ø/, /ɑ/, and the nasal vowels are lengthened before any consonant: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A2te#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pâte">pâte</a> [pɑːt] ('dough'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chante#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:chante">chante</a> [ʃɑ̃ːt] ('sings').</li> <li>All vowels are lengthened if followed by one of the voiced fricatives—/v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ʁ/ (not in combination)—or by the cluster /vʁ/: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mer#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mer">mer</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A8re#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mère">mère</a> [mɛːʁ] ('sea/mother'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crise#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:crise">crise</a> [kʁiːz] ('crisis'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/livre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:livre">livre</a> [liːvʁ] ('book').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198425%E2%80%9327-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198749%E2%80%9351-50">[50]</a> However, words such as (ils) servent [sɛʁv] ('(they) serve') or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tarte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tarte">tarte</a> [taʁt] ('pie') are pronounced with short vowels since the /ʁ/ appears in clusters other than /vʁ/.</li></ul> When such syllables lose their stress, the lengthening effect may be absent. The vowel [o] of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saute#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:saute">saute</a> is long in Regarde comme elle saute !, in which the word is phrase-final and therefore stressed, but not in Qu'est-ce qu'elle saute bien !<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200146-51">[51]</a> In accents wherein /ɛː/ is distinguished from /ɛ/, however, it is still pronounced with a long vowel even in an unstressed position, as in fête in C'est une fête importante.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200146-51">[51]</a> The following table presents the pronunciation of a representative sample of words in phrase-final (stressed) position: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Phoneme </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Vowel value in closed syllable </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Vowel value in open syllable </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Non-lengthening consonant </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Lengthening consonant </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/i/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habite#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:habite">habite</a></td> <td>[a.bit]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/livre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:livre">livre</a></td> <td>[liːvʁ]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habit#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:habit">habit</a></td> <td>[a.bi] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/e/ </th> <td colspan="4" style="background-color: #EEE;">—</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9t%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:été">été</a></td> <td>[e.te] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɛ/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/faites#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:faites">faites</a></td> <td>[fɛt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/faire#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:faire">faire</a></td> <td>[fɛːʁ]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fait#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fait">fait</a></td> <td>[fɛ] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɛː/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C3%AAte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:fête">fête</a></td> <td>[fɛːt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%AAve#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rêve">rêve</a></td> <td>[ʁɛːv]</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ø/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/je%C3%BBne#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeûne">jeûne</a></td> <td>[ʒøːn]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/joyeuse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:joyeuse">joyeuse</a></td> <td>[ʒwa.jøːz]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/joyeux#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:joyeux">joyeux</a></td> <td>[ʒwa.jø] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/œ/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jeune#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeune">jeune</a></td> <td>[ʒœn]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93uvre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:œuvre">œuvre</a></td> <td>[œːvʁ]</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/o/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saute#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:saute">saute</a></td> <td>[soːt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rose#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rose">rose</a></td> <td>[ʁoːz]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saut#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:saut">saut</a></td> <td>[so] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɔ/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sotte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:sotte">sotte</a></td> <td>[sɔt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mort#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mort">mort</a></td> <td>[mɔːʁ]</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ə/ </th> <td colspan="4" style="background-color: #EEE;">—</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/le#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:le">le</a></td> <td>[lə] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/y/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9bute#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:débute">débute</a></td> <td>[de.byt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juge#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:juge">juge</a></td> <td>[ʒyːʒ]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9but#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:début">début</a></td> <td>[de.by] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/u/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bourse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bourse">bourse</a></td> <td>[buʁs]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bouse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bouse">bouse</a></td> <td>[buːz]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bout#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bout">bout</a></td> <td>[bu] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/a/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rate#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rate">rate</a></td> <td>[ʁat]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rage#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rage">rage</a></td> <td>[ʁaːʒ]</td> <td>rat</td> <td>[ʁa] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɑ/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/app%C3%A2te#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:appâte">appâte</a></td> <td>[a.pɑːt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rase#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:rase">rase</a></td> <td>[ʁɑːz]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/app%C3%A2t#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:appât">appât</a></td> <td>[a.pɑ] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɑ̃/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pende#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pende">pende</a></td> <td>[pɑ̃ːd]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:genre">genre</a></td> <td>[ʒɑ̃ːʁ]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pends#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pends">pends</a></td> <td>[pɑ̃] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɔ̃/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A9ponse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:réponse">réponse</a></td> <td>[ʁe.pɔ̃ːs]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9ponge#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:éponge">éponge</a></td> <td>[e.pɔ̃ːʒ]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A9ponds#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:réponds">réponds</a></td> <td>[ʁe.pɔ̃] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/œ̃/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emprunte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:emprunte">emprunte</a></td> <td>[ɑ̃.pʁœ̃ːt] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grunge#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:grunge">grunge</a></td> <td>[ɡʁœ̃ːʒ] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emprunt#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:emprunt">emprunt</a></td> <td>[ɑ̃.pʁœ̃] </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">/ɛ̃/ </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teinte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:teinte">teinte</a></td> <td>[tɛ̃ːt]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quinze#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:quinze">quinze</a></td> <td>[kɛ̃ːz]</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teint#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:teint">teint</a></td> <td>[tɛ̃] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devoicing">Devoicing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Devoicing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Parisian French, the close vowels /i, y, u/ and the mid front /e, ɛ/ at the end of utterances can be <a href="/wiki/Devoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoiced">devoiced</a>. A devoiced vowel may be followed by a sound similar to the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">voiceless palatal fricative</a> [ç]: <dl><dd>Merci. /mɛʁsi/ → [mɛʁ.si̥ç] ('Thank you.'),</dd> <dd>Allez ! /ale/ → [a.le̥ç] ('Go!').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalMoisset1999-52">[52]</a></dd></dl> In Quebec French, close vowels are often devoiced when unstressed and surrounded by voiceless consonants: <dl><dd>université /ynivɛʁsite/ → [y.ni.vɛʁ.si̥.te] ('university').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200627-53">[53]</a></dd></dl> Though a more prominent feature of Quebec French, phrase-medial devoicing is also found in European French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreiraErnestus2010-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elision">Elision</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elision" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">Elision (French)</a></div> The final vowel (usually /ə/) of a number of monosyllabic <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a> is <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> in syntactic combinations with a following word that begins with a vowel. For example, compare the pronunciation of the unstressed subject pronoun, in je dors /ʒə dɔʁ/ [ʒə.dɔʁ] ('I am sleeping'), and in j'arrive /ʒ‿aʁiv/ [ʒa.ʁiv] ('I am arriving'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glides_and_diphthongs">Glides and diphthongs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Glides and diphthongs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The glides [j], [w], and [ɥ] appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. In many cases, they alternate systematically with their vowel counterparts [i], [u], and [y] such as in the following pairs of verb forms: <dl><dd>nie [ni]; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nier#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:nier">nier</a> [nje] ('deny')</dd> <dd>loue [lu]; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/louer#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:louer">louer</a> [lwe] ('rent')</dd> <dd>tue [ty]; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuer#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tuer">tuer</a> [tɥe] ('kill')</dd></dl> The glides in the examples can be analyzed as the result of a glide formation process that turns an underlying high vowel into a glide when followed by another vowel: /nie/ → [nje]. This process is usually blocked after a complex onset of the form obstruent + liquid (a stop or a fricative followed by /l/ or /ʁ/). For example, while the pair loue/louer shows an alternation between [u] and [w], the same suffix added to cloue [klu], a word with a complex onset, does not trigger the glide formation: clouer [klu.e] ('to nail'). Some sequences of glide + vowel can be found after obstruent-liquid onsets, however. The main examples are [ɥi], as in pluie [plɥi] ('rain'), [wa], as in proie [pʁwa] ('prey'), and [wɛ̃], as in groin [ɡʁwɛ̃] ('snout').<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They can be dealt with in different ways, as by adding appropriate contextual conditions to the glide formation rule or by assuming that the phonemic inventory of French includes underlying glides or rising <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> like /ɥi/ and /wa/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200637%E2%80%9339-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitoran2002206-57">[57]</a> Glide formation normally does not occur across morpheme boundaries in compounds like semi-aride ('semi-arid').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitoranHualde200745-58">[58]</a> However, in colloquial registers, si elle [si.ɛl] ('if she') can be pronounced just like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ciel#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ciel">ciel</a> [sjɛl] ('sky'), or tu as [ty.ɑ] ('you have') like tua [tɥa] ('[(s)he] killed').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200639-59">[59]</a> The glide [j] can also occur in syllable coda position, after a vowel, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soleil#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:soleil">soleil</a> [sɔlɛj] ('sun'). There again, one can formulate a derivation from an underlying full vowel /i/, but the analysis is not always adequate because of the existence of possible minimal pairs like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pays#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pays">pays</a> [pɛ.i] ('country') / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paye#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:paye">paye</a> [pɛj] ('paycheck') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbaye#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:abbaye">abbaye</a> [a.bɛ.i] ('abbey') / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abeille#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:abeille">abeille</a> [a.bɛj] ('bee').<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Schane (1968) proposes an abstract analysis deriving postvocalic [j] from an underlying lateral by palatalization and glide conversion (/lj/ → /ʎ/ → /j/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchane196857%E2%80%9360-61">[61]</a> <table style="padding:10px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="padding:10px">Vowel </th> <th colspan="3" style="padding:10px">Onset glide </th> <th rowspan="2" style="padding:10px">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:10px">/j/ </th> <th style="padding:10px">/ɥ/ </th> <th style="padding:10px">/w/ </th></tr> <tr> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/ja/ </td> <td>/ɥa/ </td> <td>/wa/ </td> <td>paillasse, Éluard, poire </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑ/ </td> <td>/jɑ/ </td> <td>/ɥɑ/ </td> <td>/wɑ/ </td> <td>acariâtre, tuas, jouas </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑ̃/ </td> <td>/jɑ̃/ </td> <td>/ɥɑ̃/ </td> <td>/wɑ̃/ </td> <td>vaillant, exténuant, Assouan </td></tr> <tr> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/je/ </td> <td>/ɥe/ </td> <td>/we/ </td> <td>janvier, muer, jouer </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/jɛ/ </td> <td>/ɥɛ/ </td> <td>/wɛ/ </td> <td>lierre, duel, mouette </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ̃/ </td> <td>/jɛ̃/ </td> <td>/ɥɛ̃/ </td> <td>/wɛ̃/ </td> <td>bien, juin, soin </td></tr> <tr> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/ji/ </td> <td>/ɥi/ </td> <td>/wi/ </td> <td>yin, huile, ouïr </td></tr> <tr> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/jo/ </td> <td>/ɥo/ </td> <td>/wo/ </td> <td>Millau, duo, statuquo </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/jɔ/ </td> <td>/ɥɔ/ </td> <td>/wɔ/ </td> <td>Niort, quatuor, wok </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ̃/ </td> <td>/jɔ̃/ </td> <td>/ɥɔ̃/ </td> <td>/wɔ̃/ </td> <td>lion, tuons, jouons </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ø/ </td> <td>/jø/ </td> <td>/ɥø/ </td> <td>/wø/ </td> <td>mieux, fructueux, boueux </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œ/ </td> <td>/jœ/ </td> <td>/ɥœ/ </td> <td>/wœ/ </td> <td>antérieur, sueur, loueur </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œ̃/ </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/ju/ </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>/wu/ </td> <td>caillou, Wuhan </td></tr> <tr> <td>/y/ </td> <td>/jy/ </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>feuillu </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Stress">Stress</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Word stress is not distinctive in French, so two words cannot be distinguished based on stress placement alone. Grammatical stress is always on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word. Monosyllables with schwa as their only vowel (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ce#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ce">ce</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:de">de</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/que#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:que">que</a>, etc.) are generally <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> but otherwise may receive stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982537-38">[38]</a> The difference between stressed and unstressed syllables in French is less marked than in English. Vowels in unstressed syllables keep their full quality, regardless of whether the rhythm of the speaker is syllable-timed or mora-timed (see <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">isochrony</a>).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Moreover, words lose their stress to varying degrees when pronounced in phrases and sentences. In general, only the last word in a phonological phrase (<a href="/wiki/Mot_phon%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Mot phonétique">mot phonétique</a>) retains its full grammatical stress (on its last full syllable).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987194%E2%80%93200-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphatic_stress">Emphatic stress</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emphatic stress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Emphatic stress is used to call attention to a specific element in a given context such as to express a contrast or to reinforce the emotive content of a word. In French, this stress falls on the first consonant-initial syllable of the word in question. The characteristics associated with emphatic stress include increased amplitude and pitch of the vowel and gemination of the onset consonant, as mentioned <a href="#Geminates">above</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987200%E2%80%93201-64">[64]</a> Emphatic stress does not replace, but occurs in tandem with, grammatical stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2001181%E2%80%932-65">[65]</a> <ul><li>C'est parfaitement vrai. [sɛ.paʁ.fɛt.mɑ̃.ˈvʁɛ] ('It's perfectly true.'; no emphatic stress)</li> <li>C'est parfaitement vrai. [sɛ.ˈp(ː)aʁ.fɛt.mɑ̃.ˈvʁɛ] (emphatic stress on parfaitement)</li></ul> For words that begin with a vowel, emphatic stress falls on the first syllable that begins with a consonant or on the initial syllable with the insertion of a glottal stop or a <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> consonant. <ul><li>C'est épouvantable. [sɛ.te.ˈp(ː)u.vɑ̃ˈ.tabl] ('It's terrible.'; emphatic stress on second syllable of épouvantable)</li> <li>C'est épouvantable ! [sɛ.ˈt(ː)e.pu.vɑ̃.ˈtabl] (initial syllable with liaison consonant [t])</li> <li>C'est épouvantable ! [sɛ.ˈʔe.pu.vɑ̃.ˈtabl] (initial syllable with glottal stop insertion)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Intonation">Intonation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intonation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)#French" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation (linguistics) § French</a></div> French intonation differs substantially from that of English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELian1980-66">[66]</a> There are four primary patterns: <ul><li>The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase).</li> <li>The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement.</li> <li>The yes/no intonation is a sharp rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a yes/no question.</li> <li>The information question intonation is a rapid fall-off from a high pitch on the first word of a non-yes/no question, often followed by a small rise in pitch on the last syllable of the question.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">History of French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French" title="Phonological history of French">Phonological history of French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">Varieties of French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">Reforms of French orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonologie_du_Fran%C3%A7ais_Contemporain" title="Phonologie du Français Contemporain">Phonologie du Français Contemporain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec French phonology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Map based on <a href="#CITEREFTrudgill1974">Trudgill (1974</a>:220) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199379_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199375_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doYT4VXnhnAC&dq=%2F%C9%B2%2F+is+merging+with+%2Fnj%2F+in+france&pg=PA326">Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents</a>, edited by Randall Scott Gess, Chantal Lyche, Trudel Meisenburg. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198944-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198944_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1989">Wells (1989)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011§32,_b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011%C2%A732,_b_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrevisseGoosse2011">Grevisse & Goosse (2011)</a>, §32, b. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011§33,_b-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrevisseGoosse2011%C2%A733,_b_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrevisseGoosse2011">Grevisse & Goosse (2011)</a>, §33, b. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200647-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200647_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerns2013-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerns2013_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerns2013">Berns (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016131,_415-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016131,_415_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016131,_415_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeteyDurandLaksLyche2016">Detey et al. (2016)</a>, pp. 131, 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200642-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200642_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374–75-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374%E2%80%9375_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987149–150-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel1987149%E2%80%93150_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYaguello1991">Yaguello (1991)</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987150-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel1987150_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987151–153-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel1987151%E2%80%93153_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> prefers the symbol /æ̃/, as the vowel has become more open in recent times and is noticeably different from oral /ɛ/: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/07/french-nasalized-vowels.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198451–60-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker198451%E2%80%9360_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1984">Walker (1984)</a>, pp. 51–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200625–6-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200625%E2%80%936_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, pp. 25–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge200984-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge200984_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge200984_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodge2009">Lodge (2009)</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2013">Collins & Mees (2013)</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin1986-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin1986_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorin1986">Morin (1986)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELéon1992?-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9on1992?_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFL%C3%A9on1992">Léon (1992)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKalmbach2011" class="citation web cs1">Kalmbach, Jean-Michel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310121415/http://research.jyu.fi/phonfr/58.html">"Phonétique et prononciation du français pour apprenants finnophones"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.jyu.fi/phonfr/58.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tique+et+prononciation+du+fran%C3%A7ais+pour+apprenants+finnophones&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kalmbach&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.jyu.fi%2Fphonfr%2F58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "Some phoneticians claim that there are two distinct as in French, but evidence from speaker to speaker and sometimes within the speech of a single speaker is too contradictory to give empirical support to this claim".<a href="#CITEREFCasagrande1984">Casagrande (1984</a>:20) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accentsdefrance.free.fr/">"Les Accents des Français"</a>. accentsdefrance.free.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=accentsdefrance.free.fr&rft.atitle=Les+Accents+des+Fran%C3%A7ais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccentsdefrance.free.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciral.ulaval.ca/phonetique/phono/r30.htm">Postériorisation du / a /</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706214342/http://www.ciral.ulaval.ca/phonetique/phono/r30.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198764-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198764_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198764_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "For example, some have the front [a] in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/casse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:casse">casse</a> 'breaks', and the back [ɑ] in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tasse#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tasse">tasse</a> 'cup', but for others the reverse is true. There are also, of course, those who use the same vowel, either [a] or [ɑ], in both words".<a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987</a>:48) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199374_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200633-34_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 33-34. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hansen, Anita Berit (1998). Les voyelles nasales du français parisien moderne. Aspects linguistiques, sociolinguistiques et perceptuels des changements en cours (in French). Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-495-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-495-9"><bdi>978-87-7289-495-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+voyelles+nasales+du+fran%C3%A7ais+parisien+moderne.+Aspects+linguistiques%2C+sociolinguistiques+et+perceptuels+des+changements+en+cours&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-495-9&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Anita+Berit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225–226-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225%E2%80%93226_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2013">Collins & Mees (2013)</a>, pp. 225–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2011/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Carignan/Carignan.pdf">Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982537-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982537_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982537_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1982">Anderson (1982)</a>, p. 537. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198788-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198788_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/le-foot-vowel/">"Le FOOT vowel"</a>. English Speech Services. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Speech+Services&rft.atitle=Le+FOOT+vowel&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Fle-foot-vowel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (22 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/rebooting-buttocks/">"Rebooting Buttocks"</a>. English Speech Services. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Speech+Services&rft.atitle=Rebooting+Buttocks&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Frebooting-buttocks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200659-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200659_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afcp-parole.org/doc/Archives_JEP/2008_XXVIIe_JEP_Avignon/PDF/avignon2008_pdf/JEP/072_jep_1653.pdf">Timbre du schwa en français et variation régionale : un étude comparative</a> retrieved 14 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198788–105-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198788%E2%80%93105_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 88–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasagrande1984228–29-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasagrande1984228%E2%80%9329_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasagrande1984">Casagrande (1984)</a>, pp. 228–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982544–46-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1982544%E2%80%9346_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1982">Anderson (1982)</a>, pp. 544–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006</a>:63) for [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], TLFi, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/appellation">appellation</a> for [ɛ]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198798–99-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198798%E2%80%9399_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198425–27-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker198425%E2%80%9327_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1984">Walker (1984)</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel198749–51-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel198749%E2%80%9351_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 49–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200146-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200146_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200146_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2001">Walker (2001)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalMoisset1999-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalMoisset1999_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalMoisset1999">Fagyal & Moisset (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200627-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200627_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreiraErnestus2010-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorreiraErnestus2010_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTorreiraErnestus2010">Torreira & Ernestus (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The [wa] correspond to orthographic ⟨oi⟩, as in roi [ʁwa] ('king'), which contrasts with disyllabic troua [tʁu.a] ('[he] punctured'). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200637–39-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200637%E2%80%9339_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, pp. 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitoran2002206-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitoran2002206_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChitoran2002">Chitoran (2002)</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitoranHualde200745-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitoranHualde200745_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChitoranHualde2007">Chitoran & Hualde (2007)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200639-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagyalKibbeeJenkins200639_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagyalKibbeeJenkins2006">Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006</a>:39). The words pays and abbaye are more frequently pronounced [pe.i] and [abe.i]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchane196857–60-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchane196857%E2%80%9360_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchane1968">Schane (1968)</a>, pp. 57–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Mora-timed speech is frequent in French, especially in Canada, where it is very much the norm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987194–200-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel1987194%E2%80%93200_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 194–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranel1987200–201-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranel1987200%E2%80%93201_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranel1987">Tranel (1987)</a>, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2001181–2-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2001181%E2%80%932_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2001">Walker (2001)</a>, pp. 181–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELian1980-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELian1980_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLian1980">Lian (1980)</a>. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1975" class="citation cs2">Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe", Language, 51 (2): 282–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412855">10.2307/412855</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412855">412855</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Retracted+Sibilants+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-292&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1982" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Stephen R. 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Smith, Caroline L (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_fra_phon-2">"Illustrations of the IPA:French"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3AFrench&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249404451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fougeron&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_fra_phon-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrevisseGoosse2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Grevisse" title="Maurice Grevisse">Grevisse, Maurice</a>; 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(1992), Phonétisme et prononciations du français, Paris: Nathan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tisme+et+prononciations+du+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9on&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages">The Sounds of the World's Languages</a>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLian1980" class="citation cs2">Lian, A-P (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewlian.com/andrewlian/prowww/ipf_teacher/ipf_teacher.pdf">Intonation Patterns of French</a> (PDF), Melbourne: River Seine Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909367-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909367-21-3"><bdi>978-0-909367-21-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intonation+Patterns+of+French&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=River+Seine+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-909367-21-3&rft.aulast=Lian&rft.aufirst=A-P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewlian.com%2Fandrewlian%2Fprowww%2Fipf_teacher%2Fipf_teacher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2009" class="citation cs2">Lodge, Ken (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC">A Critical Introduction to Phonetics</a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8873-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8873-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-8873-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+Phonetics&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nVT_qNvbusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin1986" class="citation cs2">Morin, Yves-Charles (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rql/1986-v15-n2-rql2926/602567ar.pdf">"La loi de position ou de l'explication en phonologie historique"</a> (PDF), Revue Québécoise de Linguistique, 15 (2): 199–231, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F602567ar">10.7202/602567ar</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+Linguistique&rft.atitle=La+loi+de+position+ou+de+l%27explication+en+phonologie+historique&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-231&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F602567ar&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Yves-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Frql%2F1986-v15-n2-rql2926%2F602567ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchane1968" class="citation cs2">Schane, Sanford A. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interspeech+2010&rft.atitle=Phrase-medial+vowel+devoicing+in+spontaneous+French&rft.pages=2006-2009&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-C810-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14248950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21437%2FInterspeech.2010-568&rft.aulast=Torreira&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Ernestus%2C+Mirjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F50435686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranel1987" class="citation cs2">Tranel, Bernard (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsoffrenchin0000tran">The Sounds of French: An Introduction</a>, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31510-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31510-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+French%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31510-4&rft.aulast=Tranel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoundsoffrenchin0000tran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231932258">"Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect"</a>, Language in Society, 3 (2): 215–246, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404500004358">10.1017/S0047404500004358</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148233">145148233</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Linguistic+change+and+diffusion%3A+Description+and+explanation+in+sociolinguistic+dialect&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-246&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404500004358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231932258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2001" class="citation cs2">Walker, Douglas (2001), French Sound Structure, University of Calgary Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-033-8"><bdi>978-1-55238-033-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Sound+Structure&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-033-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1984" class="citation cs2">Walker, Douglas (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf">The Pronunciation of Canadian French</a> (PDF), Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-4500-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-4500-1"><bdi>978-0-7766-4500-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Canadian+French&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-4500-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~dcwalker%2FPronCF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1989" class="citation cs2">Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (1): 31–54, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005892">10.1017/S0025100300005892</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148170">145148170</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Computer-Coded+Phonemic+Notation+of+Individual+Languages+of+the+European+Community&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaguello1991" class="citation cs2">Yaguello, Marina (1991), "Les géminées de M. Rocard", En écoutant parler la langue, Paris: Seuil, pp. 64–70</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+g%C3%A9min%C3%A9es+de+M.+Rocard&rft.btitle=En+%C3%A9coutant+parler+la+langue&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=64-70&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Yaguello&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:French pronunciation">French pronunciation</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a>'s freely downloadable course on French phonology <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Fsi-IntroductionToFrenchPhonology-Audio">Introduction to French Phonology (audio)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Fsi-IntroductionToFrenchPhonology-Texts">Introduction to French Phonology (student & teacher texts)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503180258/http://shtooka.net/collections/fra/en/">Large collection of recordings of French words</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091640/http://www.parisbypod.com/category/weekly-french-program/pronunciation/">mp3 Audio Pronunciation of French vowels, consonants and alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJVxe4inqyg">French Vowels Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UftN73gl8sg">French Consonants Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slatona.com/en/ipa/chart/fr">IPA chart of French phonology with audio recordings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=French_phonology&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 November 2024, at 15:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa_del_franc%C3%A9s" title="Fonoloxía del francés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonoloxía del francés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Sprache#Aussprache" title="Französische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolog%C3%ADa_del_franc%C3%A9s" title="Fonología del francés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonología del francés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prononciation_du_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Prononciation du français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prononciation du français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4_%EC%9D%8C%EC%9A%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="프랑스어 음운론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스어 음운론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रेंच स्वनिमविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेंच स्वनिमविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia_della_lingua_francese" title="Fonologia della lingua francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonologia della lingua francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_hangtan" title="Francia hangtan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia hangtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB" title="フランス語の音韻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス語の音韻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymowa_i_transkrypcja_j%C4%99zyka_francuskiego" title="Wymowa i transkrypcja języka francuskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wymowa i transkrypcja języka francuskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia_do_franc%C3%AAs" title="Fonologia do francês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonologia do francês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia,_fonetica_%C8%99i_prozodia_limbii_franceze" title="Fonologia, fonetica și prozodia limbii franceze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonologia, fonetica și prozodia limbii franceze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Французская фонология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французская фонология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_kielen_%C3%A4%C3%A4nnerakenne" title="Ranskan kielen äännerakenne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan kielen äännerakenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_v%E1%BB%8B_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Âm vị học tiếng Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm vị học tiếng Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="法語音系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法語音系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 15:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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