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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osteoderms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Osteoderms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osteoderms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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title="Ziapelta sanjuanensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ziapelta sanjuanensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziapelta" title="Ziapelta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ziapelta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziapelta" title="Ziapelta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ziapelta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94" 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lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ziapelta sanjuanensis" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziapelta" title="Ziapelta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ziapelta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%E7%94%B2%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="齊亞甲龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齊亞甲龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ziapelta</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">74.5–72.6 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:194.78461538462px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png/220px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png/330px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png/440px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis.png 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">Holotype</a> skull </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ziapelta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ziapelta</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Arbour" title="Victoria Arbour">Arbour</a> <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/2014_in_paleontology" title="2014 in paleontology">2014</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>Ziapelta sanjuanensis</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Arbour" title="Victoria Arbour">Arbour</a> <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/2014_in_paleontology" title="2014 in paleontology">2014</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ziapelta</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">ankylosaurid</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> have been found in the Hunter Wash and De-na-zin <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit" title="Stratigraphic unit">members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Formation" title="Kirtland Formation">Kirtland Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>) <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. It was named in 2014, in a research paper led by <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">ankylosaur</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Arbour" title="Victoria Arbour">Victoria Arbour</a>. There is a single species in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, <i><b>Ziapelta sanjuanensis</b>.</i> The genus is named after the Zia sun symbol, a stylized sun with four groups of rays, having religious significance to the <a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia people</a> of New Mexico, and the iconic symbol on the <a href="/wiki/State_flag_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="State flag (USA)">state flag</a> of New Mexico, and <i>pelta</i> (Latin), a small shield, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> found on all ankylosaurids. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> is in reference to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Juan County, New Mexico">San Juan County</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan basin</a>, where the fossils were found. Multiple specimens have been described to date, though the fossils are mostly from the front part of the animal. Its closest relative appears to be either <i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i>, depending on what cladistic model is used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png/220px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png/330px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png/440px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g001.png 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Location and stratigraphy of the find</figcaption></figure> <p>An expedition from the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Science" title="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_Pennsylvania" title="State Museum of Pennsylvania">State Museum of Pennsylvania</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michael_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Michael Sullivan">Robert Michael Sullivan</a>, discovered a number of <i>Z. sanjuanensis</i> fossils in the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Formation" title="Kirtland Formation">Kirtland Formation</a> in 2011. The specimens were found in the Hunter Wash and De-na-zin <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit#Member" title="Stratigraphic unit">Members</a> of the formation in the <a href="/wiki/Bisti/De-Na-Zin_Wilderness" title="Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness">Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness</a> in New Mexico. <i>Z. sanjuanensis</i> was identified as a new species from a number of fossils including the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> NMMNH P-64484 found from the De-na-zin Member and consisting of a complete skull lacking the lower jaws, parts of the first two cervical half-rings, and a number of partial <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a>; and a referred specimen NMMNH P-66930 from the older Hunter Wash Member, consisting of a first cervical half-ring. By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argon_dating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argon dating (page does not exist)">argon dating</a> of ash layers the age of the holotype skull has been determined at between 72.98 and 72.62 million years old, the late <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>. It was initially prepared by Amanda K. Cantrell and Thomas L. Suazo; later by Larry Rinehart.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Arbour" title="Victoria Arbour">Victoria Megan Arbour</a>, Michael Burns, Robert Sullivan, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Lucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Lucas">Spencer Lucas</a>, Amanda Cantrell, Joshua Fry and Thomas Suazo named the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> <i>Ziapelta sanjuanensis</i>. The genus (<i>Ziapelta</i>) was named after the <a href="/wiki/Zia_sun_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia sun symbol">Zia sun symbol</a>, a religious image for the <a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia people</a> and an element of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Mexico" title="Flag of New Mexico">flag of New Mexico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pelta" class="extiw" title="wikt:pelta">pelta</a></i> ("shield"), referring to ankylosaurids' osteoderms. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> (<i>sanjuanensis</i>) comes from <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Juan County, New Mexico">San Juan County</a>, where the fossils were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ziapelta.png/250px-Ziapelta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ziapelta.png/330px-Ziapelta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ziapelta.png/500px-Ziapelta.png 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Artistic illustration</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ziapelta</i> is known from a complete skull and specimens of first cervical half ring, so its head and cervical armor may have been separated from the body before the specimen was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_traits">Distinguishing traits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distinguishing traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ziapelta sanjuanensis</i> showed three unique derived traits or <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autapomorphies">autapomorphies</a>. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caputegulum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § caputegulum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">caputegulum</span></a></dfn> (middle bone plate), of the snout was large, prominent and roughly triangular in shape. <i>Ziapelta</i> had deep, anteriorly curved squamosal horns (measuring 10.2 centimetres (4.0 in) from the base to the tip). The rear base of the skull featured three deep grooves. A further possible distinguishing trait is the mixture of concave, flat and convex <i>caputegulae</i> on the skull top.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Kirtland Formation a second ankylosaur is known from limited remains, <i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i>. <i>Ziapelta</i> differs from <i>Nodocephalosaurus</i> in several traits. The edge on the squamosal horns is sharper. The points of these horns are more curved to the front instead of to below. The osteoderm peaks above the eye sockets are sharper. The caputegulae are more irregular in form, at best lightly convex instead of cone-shaped, have a more rectangular outline, instead of a rounded one, and are separated by deeper grooves.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png/250px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png/330px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png/500px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g005.png 2x" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>The <i>caputegulae</i> pattern in ankylosaurids; <i>Ziapelta</i> at the middle top and lower left</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull has no constriction in front of the eye sockets and its widest point is formed by the squamosal horns on the top rear corners. The skull is rather flat and this is only to a small degree caused by compression of the fossil. The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antorbital" class="extiw" title="wikt:antorbital">antorbital</a> portion of the skull was lightly convex, and the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillae</a> were broad and square, and covered in a rather flat cranial ornamentation. The nasal vestibules are oriented towards the front and shaped like flat ovals. The central <i>caputegulae</i> of the snout is exceptionally large, covering about half of the snout width whereas in other species possessing such a structure this is at most 40%. It is also triangular instead of hexagonal, which is the usual shape. Behind this central plate rows of smaller <i>caputegulae</i> run backwards; they have a diameter of about three centimetres each and are rectangular, pentagonal or hexagonal. The <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillae</a>, the upper jaws, were 11.9 centimetres (4.7 in) long and contained about eighteen small teeth on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outside of the maxilla was covered by a large loreal osteoderm, overlapping the snout edge. A large lacrimal plate is present behind it. The rim above the eye socket has two osteoderms, each forming a separate peak as with Asian ankylosaurids. The rear edge of the skull is ornamented by small osteoderms, oriented somewhat to the midline and gradually increasing in size towards the outside of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squamosal horns on the back corners of the skull were very high, thick and forward-curving.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of the cheek horns is unknown because of damage inflicted during the fossilisation process.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the rear of the skull, the paroccipital processes are fused with the quadrates. The contact with the neck, the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">occipital condyle</a>, is kidney-shaped with a smooth surface surrounded by a groove. In <i>Ziapelta</i>, the bones of the upper rear skull sides, the exoccipitalia, do not contribute to this <a href="/wiki/Condyle" title="Condyle">condyle</a> which is fully formed by the basioccipital, the lower rear <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a> element. More to below this basioccipital shows three deep parallel grooves, bordered by four rims. The middle groove has the opening of the <i>foramen basioccipitale</i>. To the front the basioccipital contacts the triangular basisphenoid of the underside of the braincase. The two elements are not fully fused but in side view show a clear <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">suture</a>, obliquely running to below.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the underside of the skull, the paired front praemaxillae form a bony secondary palate, with a concave surface. Each praemaxilla is pierced by two foramina. Both elements are at the snout tip separated by a gap, ending about thirty-five millimetres in front of the tip of the narrow and flat <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomers</a> at the midline. Behind the praemaxillae, the internal wings of the maxillae form the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Choana" title="Choana">choanae</a>, the internal nostrils. To the rear of the vomers, triangular <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bones</a> are located. These are not pierced by large <i>fenestrae,</i> though a triangular depression is present at their undersides.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osteoderms">Osteoderms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Osteoderms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png/220px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png/330px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png/440px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g004.png 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Three cervical half-rings</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of <i>Ziapelta</i> was protected by <a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">osteoderms</a>, scutes of bone that sit inside of the skin. Apart from the osteoderms that are part of the skull, two cervical halfrings were present to protect the upper side of the neck and rows of oval scutes probably ran along the back and sides of the torso; the latter are only known as detached specimens. All osteoderms found have a surface that is densely pitted but lacks veins.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cervical halfrings of ankylosaurids typically consisted of six fused segments each, that were paired per side: one at the top, a second segment at the upper side and a third one at the lower side. These segments were fused to an underlying continuous bone ring. In <i>Ziapelta</i> the segments consisted of osteoderms that were in-between an oval and a rectangular shape. These osteoderms were keeled, featuring a high cutting edge. The osteoderms were between 146 and 169 millimetres long, between 58 and 104 millimetres wide and their keels varied between 2.4 centimetres (0.94 in) and 10.9 centimetres (4.3 in) tall. Where the middle segments touched each other on the midline, an irregular punctuated row of small trapezium-shaped "interstitial" osteoderms was present within the <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">suture</a>. At the front of the suture of the first cervical halfring, a small cone-shaped interstitial osteoderm protruded. Such interstitial elements were absent with the side segments.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specimen NMMNH P-66930, a first cervical halfring, shared several traits with its counterpart of the holotype: high narrow keels, interstitial osteoderms in the middle and a lower side osteoderm that does not wrap around the lower edge. It was therefore referred to <i>Z. sanjuanensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several unconnected osteoderms have been discovered. One of these might originally have been part of a halfring. A second one was seen as originating from the pectoral, upper breast, region. A third, measuring 118 by 68 millimetres, had a narrow keel and the shark fin shape typical of the ankylosaurian side spikes and was thus identified as a lateral rump osteoderm. Some small ossicles were discovered also, round scutes of between two and four centimetres in cross-section, with a conical or flat shape and featuring a pitted surface. Their original position cannot be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png/250px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png/330px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png/500px-Ziapelta_sanjuanensis_0108804_g003.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>Braincase (A, B) compared to that of <i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i> (C)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ziapelta</i> was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a>, as possibly closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, being its <a href="/wiki/Sister_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister species">sister species</a> in several of the evolutionary trees rendered by the <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> analysis that was part of the describing paper. It thus was part of a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> also containing other American ankylosaurids. However it was not closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a>,</i> which lived in the same time and area. The latter being recovered as a relative of East-Asian ankylosaurids. However, the authors indicated that an alternative tree in which <i>Ziapelta</i> and <i>Nodocephalosaurus</i> were forced to be sister species was just one evolutionary step longer, i.e. requiring the presence of but a single additional shared trait, and thus only slightly less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> is based on a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> of Ankylosaurinae conducted by Arbour and Currie:<sup id="cite_ref-systematics_ankylosaurid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systematics_ankylosaurid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:85%;margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">Crichtonpelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagantegia" title="Tsagantegia">Tsagantegia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" title="Zhejiangosaurus">Zhejiangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus" title="Talarurus">Talarurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anodontosaurus" title="Anodontosaurus">Anodontosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Ziapelta</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Since, <i>Ziapelta</i> and other Late Cretaceous North American ankylosaurids are grouped with Asian genera, in a <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> which the authors dubbed <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a>, Arbour and Currie suggested that earlier North American ankylosaurids had gone extinct by the late <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> ages of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. They propose that ankylosaurids subsequently recolonized North America from Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a> ages of the Late Cretaceous, and there <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_diversity" title="Phylogenetic diversity">diversified</a> once more, leading to genera such as <i>Euoplocephalus</i>, <i>Scolosaurus</i> and <i>Ziapelta</i><sup id="cite_ref-systematics_ankylosaurid_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systematics_ankylosaurid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relation between <i>Nodocephalosaurus</i> and Asian forms indicates a migration between Asia and <a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a>. Provincialism in the sense of a faunal separation between the northern and southern regions of Laramidia cannot be deduced from the fact that <i>Ziapelta</i> was not present in the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> shared by its relatives <i>Euoplocephalus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i> because <i>Ziapelta</i> stems from younger layers than these animals.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_ONE_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_ONE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research" title="Timeline of ankylosaur research">Timeline of ankylosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArbourBurnsSullivanLucas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arbour, Victoria M.; Burns, Michael E.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Cantrell, Amanda K.; Fry, Joshua; Suazo, Thomas L. (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4177562">"A New Ankylosaurid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Kirtlandian) of New Mexico with Implications for Ankylosaurid Diversity in the Upper Cretaceous of Western North America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>9</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a>: e108804. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8804A">2014PLoSO...9j8804A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108804">10.1371/journal.pone.0108804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4177562">4177562</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250819">25250819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+New+Ankylosaurid+Dinosaur+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+%28Kirtlandian%29+of+New+Mexico+with+Implications+for+Ankylosaurid+Diversity+in+the+Upper+Cretaceous+of+Western+North+America&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e108804&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4177562%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25250819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108804&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j8804A&rft.aulast=Arbour&rft.aufirst=Victoria+M.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Spencer+G.&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Amanda+K.&rft.au=Fry%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Suazo%2C+Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4177562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiapelta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivanRobinson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Robert M.; Robinson, Robert F. (2015). "A complete first cervical half ring (Ankylosauridae, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (Hunter Wash Member) San Juan Basin, New Mexico". <i>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin</i>. <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">289–</span>296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+complete+first+cervical+half+ring+%28Ankylosauridae%2C+Dinosauria%29+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+Kirtland+Formation+%28Hunter+Wash+Member%29+San+Juan+Basin%2C+New+Mexico&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiapelta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/uoa-ndf092414.php">"New dinosaur from New Mexico has relatives in Alberta"</a>. <i>Eukalert</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eukalert&rft.atitle=New+dinosaur+from+New+Mexico+has+relatives+in+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2014-09%2Fuoa-ndf092414.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiapelta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-systematics_ankylosaurid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-systematics_ankylosaurid_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-systematics_ankylosaurid_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArbour,_V._M.Currie,_P._J.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs". <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSPal..14..385A">2016JSPal..14..385A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2015.1059985">10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214625754">214625754</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Ankylosauria" title="Template:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ankylosauria" title="Template talk:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ankylosauria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ankylosauria428" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Ornithischia_*_Clade:_Thyreophora428" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ankylosauria103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosaurus" title="Cryptosaurus">Cryptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracopelta" title="Dracopelta">Dracopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minmi_paravertebra" title="Minmi paravertebra">Minmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priodontognathus" title="Priodontognathus">Priodontognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" title="Sarcolestes">Sarcolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serendipaceratops" title="Serendipaceratops">Serendipaceratops</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spicomellus" title="Spicomellus">Spicomellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurides" title="Stegosaurides">Stegosaurides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianchisaurus" title="Tianchisaurus">Tianchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectipelta" title="Vectipelta">Vectipelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parankylosauria" title="Parankylosauria">Parankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunbarrasaurus" title="Kunbarrasaurus">Kunbarrasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegouros" title="Stegouros">Stegouros</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euankylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Euankylosauria">Euankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae">Nodosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopholis" title="Acanthopholis">Acanthopholis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" title="Anoplosaurus">Anoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodontopelta" title="Glyptodontopelta">Glyptodontopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horshamosaurus" title="Horshamosaurus">Horshamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invictarx" title="Invictarx">Invictarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthoides" title="Polacanthoides">Polacanthoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priconodon" title="Priconodon">Priconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Propanoplosaurus" title="Propanoplosaurus">Propanoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadinosaurus" title="Rhadinosaurus">Rhadinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroplites" title="Sauroplites">Sauroplites</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae">Polacanthinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" title="Hoplitosaurus">Hoplitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acantholipan" title="Acantholipan">Acantholipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurini">Panoplosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurini">Struthiosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus" title="Struthiosaurus">Struthiosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aletopelta" title="Aletopelta">Aletopelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta" title="Cedarpelta">Cedarpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqilong" title="Chuanqilong">Chuanqilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiazhoulong" title="Huaxiazhoulong">Huaxiazhoulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningosaurus" title="Liaoningosaurus">Liaoningosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" title="Zhejiangosaurus">Zhejiangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamosaurinae">Shamosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobisaurus" title="Gobisaurus">Gobisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurus" title="Shamosaurus">Shamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuansaurus" title="Zhongyuansaurus">Zhongyuansaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bissektipelta" title="Bissektipelta">Bissektipelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">Crichtonpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonsaurus" title="Crichtonsaurus">Crichtonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datai" title="Datai">Datai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyunpelta" title="Jinyunpelta">Jinyunpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus">Minotaurasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanxia" title="Shanxia">Shanxia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianzhenosaurus" title="Tianzhenosaurus">Tianzhenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagantegia" title="Tsagantegia">Tsagantegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akainacephalus" title="Akainacephalus">Akainacephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anodontosaurus" title="Anodontosaurus">Anodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oohkotokia" title="Oohkotokia">Oohkotokia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypelta" title="Platypelta">Platypelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus" title="Talarurus">Talarurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ziapelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuul" title="Zuul">Zuul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauropelta edwardsorum"><img alt="Sauropelta edwardsorum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/250px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/330px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankylosaurus magniventris"><img alt="Ankylosaurus magniventris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/250px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/330px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research" title="Timeline of ankylosaur research">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ankylosauria" title="Category:Ankylosauria">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers873" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers873" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ziapelta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18123387" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q18123387">Q18123387</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ziapelta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ziapelta">Ziapelta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8686391">8686391</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6150250">6150250</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=320257">320257</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&oldid=1282416722">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziapelta&oldid=1282416722</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ankylosaurinae" title="Category:Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_genera" title="Category:Dinosaur genera">Dinosaur genera</a></li><li><a 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