CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>New Jewel Movement - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"353474da-ae4b-4a3e-b96d-0b01e1a2eda9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"New_Jewel_Movement","wgTitle":"New Jewel Movement","wgCurRevisionId":1252681943,"wgRevisionId":1252681943,"wgArticleId":971553,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Communist parties in Grenada","Defunct political parties in Grenada","Political parties established in 1973","Political parties disestablished in 1983","1973 establishments in Grenada","1983 disestablishments in Grenada","Formerly ruling communist parties"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"New_Jewel_Movement","wgRelevantArticleId":971553,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1267080","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="609"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="325"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="New Jewel Movement - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-New_Jewel_Movement rootpage-New_Jewel_Movement skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=New+Jewel+Movement" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=New+Jewel+Movement" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=New+Jewel+Movement" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=New+Jewel+Movement" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishop's_fall_and_the_American_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishop's_fall_and_the_American_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bishop's fall and the American intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishop's_fall_and_the_American_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Jewel Movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_New_Jewel" title="Moviment New Jewel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment New Jewel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New Jewel Movement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_New_Jewel" title="Movimiento New Jewel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento New Jewel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="New Jewel Movement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_New_Jewel" title="Gerakan New Jewel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan New Jewel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="New Jewel Movement" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_New_Jewel" title="Movimento New Jewel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento New Jewel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5,_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Новый совместный поход за благосостояние, образование и освобождение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый совместный поход за благосостояние, образование и освобождение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5,_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Нови заједнички подухват за благостање, образовање и ослобођење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови заједнички подухват за благостање, образовање и ослобођење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_New_Jewel" title="Pokret New Jewel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pokret New Jewel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="New Jewel Movement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_M%C3%BCcevher_Hareketi" title="Yeni Mücevher Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Mücevher Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Спільні зусилля у галузі соціального забезпечення, освіти та визволення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спільні зусилля у галузі соціального забезпечення, освіти та визволення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新宝石运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新宝石运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1267080#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:New_Jewel_Movement" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/New_Jewel_Movement" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/New_Jewel_Movement" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&oldid=1252681943" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=New_Jewel_Movement&id=1252681943&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNew_Jewel_Movement"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNew_Jewel_Movement"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=New_Jewel_Movement&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1267080" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ruling party of Grenada from 1979 to 1983</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF0000; border-bottom:2px solid #FF0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png/180px-New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png/270px-New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png/360px-New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">New JEWEL Movement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11 March 1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973-03-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">29 October 1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1983-10-29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL)</li><li>Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL)</li><li>Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop_Patriotic_Movement" title="Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement">Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>The New Jewel</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Military wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Grenada)">People's Revolutionary Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;">People's Alliance (1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Red and white<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Red, green and gold (<a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari colours</a>, only occasionally)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"Forward ever, backward never!<br />(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">En avant jambes, en arrière jamais!</i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF0000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Grenada" title="Politics of Grenada">Politics of Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Grenada" title="List of political parties in Grenada">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Grenada" title="Elections in Grenada">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation</b>, or <b>New JEWEL Movement</b> (<b>NJM</b>), was a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island nation of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> that was led by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a>. </p><p>Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to Grenada being <a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada#Independence" title="History of Grenada">granted independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NJM took control of Grenada with a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> in 1979 and <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">ruled by decree</a> as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">People's Revolutionary Government</a> until 1983. In October of that year, Bishop and seven of his associates were killed by paramilitaries affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">hard-line</a> elements in his own party. Those elements formed a <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military government</a>, which was quickly deposed by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">U.S. invasion</a> later in October. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was established on 11 March 1973 as an alliance of (1) the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL); (2) the Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL); and (3) the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP).<sup id="cite_ref-N1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_interview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "JEWEL" was originally an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>, since then NJM's name has generally been spelled out as "New Jewel Movement". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a>, a young lawyer who had returned to Grenada after being educated in England, and <a href="/wiki/Unison_Whiteman" title="Unison Whiteman">Unison Whiteman</a>, the founder of JEWEL, were elected NJM's Joint Coordinating Secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Nandwani_article_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nandwani_article-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's manifesto was largely drafted by MAP's prominent intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Franklyn_Harvey" title="Franklyn Harvey">Franklyn Harvey</a>, who had been influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/C.L.R._James" class="mw-redirect" title="C.L.R. James">C.L.R. James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early days, Bishop described the NJM as "a political party aimed at raising consciousness and taking political power if the accepted processes didn’t allow for electoral change."<sup id="cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenada_Revo_article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>New Jewel</i> newspaper, the party's principal publication, featured the motto: "Not Just Another Society – But a Just Society; Let Those who Labour Hold the Reins."<sup id="cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenada_Revo_article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1973 to 1979, the NJM functioned as an opposition party. During those years, the country's political situation became increasingly polarized and violent. For the <a href="/wiki/1976_Grenadian_general_election" title="1976 Grenadian general election">1976 general election</a>, the NJM forged an electoral coalition, known as the People's Alliance, with the <a href="/wiki/Grenada_National_Party" title="Grenada National Party">Grenada National Party</a> and United People's Party. However, the coalition lost to <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gairy" title="Eric Gairy">Prime Minister Eric Gairy</a>'s ruling <a href="/wiki/Grenada_United_Labour_Party" title="Grenada United Labour Party">Grenada United Labour Party</a>. Many international observers branded the 1976 election as fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-N1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, the NJM became more militant and formed the National Liberation Army (NLA), also known as "the 12 Apostles". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 March 1979, the NJM launched a revolutionary coup against the government of Prime Minister Gairy while he was away visiting the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunkara_article-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hours, the NJM gained control of the country's military barracks, radio stations, government buildings, and police stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunkara_article-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maurice Bishop then suspended the constitution and announced that the NJM was now a provisional revolutionary government, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">People's Revolutionary Government</a> (PRG), with himself as Prime Minister. </p><p>Shortly after taking power, the NJM created the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Grenada)">People's Revolutionary Army</a>, granting them "the powers of arrest and search as are vested in the members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grenada_Police_Force" title="Royal Grenada Police Force">Royal Grenada Police Force</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the revolution, the NJM described itself as a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party, but not a communist party because it didn't believe it had advanced sufficiently to earn that label. According to the NJM, it "practiced policies to reach a point where a communist party could be formed, but considered themselves unready, due to the party not being led by a proletarian class, and due to the low level of education in Marxist-Leninist politics."<sup id="cite_ref-Nandwani_article_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nandwani_article-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new government looked to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for aid since the PRG had a "strained relationship with the United States" right from the outset.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Bishop's first major projects was to supersede the small <a href="/wiki/Pearls_Airport" title="Pearls Airport">Pearls Airport</a> on the north end of the island with a large, modern <a href="/wiki/Point_Salines_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Salines International Airport">Point Salines International Airport</a> on the south end. Over 600 Cuban construction workers were brought in to assist in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunkara_article-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NJM also worked closely with Cuba to provide assistance to left-wing revolutionary movements around the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/South_West_African_People%27s_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="South West African People's Organization">South West African People's Organization</a> (SWAPO) in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front</a> (FMLN) in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Demographic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demographic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop's_fall_and_the_American_intervention"><span id="Bishop.27s_fall_and_the_American_intervention"></span>Bishop's fall and the American intervention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bishop's fall and the American intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leaders of the U.S. government, and several other Caribbean nations, expressed concerns about the NJM government because of its close ties with Cuba, its alleged military expansion, and its new airport that could be repurposed as a Soviet-Cuban airbase.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the NJM ruling party started showing signs of internal dissension as early as July 1982. That's when <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coard" title="Bernard Coard">Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard</a>, who was also the country's finance minister, resigned from the Political Bureau of the NJM Central Committee. According to the recollections of Bishop's press secretary Don Rojas, Coard's reason for resigning was that "he was not satisfied with the style of work and the priorities the Central Committee was addressing itself to. He was not more concrete than that."<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_interview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When several Central Committee members pressured Coard to be specific, he refused. Other members—who all came out of the OREL organization and were loyal to Coard (Rojas referred to them as the "OREL clique")—backed his decision and allowed him to resign his party posts while retaining his state posts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_interview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the next year, Coard worked behind the scenes "to advance the OREL people within the Central Committee to very influential positions. Three of them were elevated to the Political Bureau."<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_interview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1983, the schism in NJM leadership had reached a crisis point. The "Coard faction" voiced their doubts about Prime Minister Bishop's continuing effectiveness and attempted to convince him to accept a power-sharing arrangement with Coard, wherein the two men would be co-equal leaders of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a couple weeks of consideration, Bishop rejected the idea, which precipitated a disastrous sequence of events.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin_article_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin_article-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October, Coard took control of the PRG and placed Bishop under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Intl_Article-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop's arrest, once it became known, triggered demonstrations and strikes throughout the country. On 19 October, Bishop was freed by a crowd estimated at 15,000 to 30.000 supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Intl_Article-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop led the crowd to army headquarters at Fort Rupert. Eventually a military force from Fort Frederick (under Coard’s direction) arrived at the headquarters and fighting broke out. Many civilians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunkara_article-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop and seven others—<a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Creft" title="Jacqueline Creft">Jacqueline Creft</a>, education minister; Norris Bain, housing minister; <a href="/wiki/Unison_Whiteman" title="Unison Whiteman">Unison Whiteman</a>, foreign minister; and close supporters Fitzroy Bain, Keith Hayling, Evelyn Bullen and Evelyn Maitland—were lined up against a Fort Rupert courtyard wall and executed by firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_article_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_article-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military transported the bodies to an isolated peninsula known as Calivigny. "Their remains were put in a pit with tires and other debris, and set on fire."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_article_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_article-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of Bishop and the others have never been found. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenada_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grenada_Revolution.jpg/220px-Grenada_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grenada_Revolution.jpg/330px-Grenada_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grenada_Revolution.jpg/440px-Grenada_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Banner of the Grenada Revolution, located in Grenada National Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after Bishop's execution, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Austin" title="Hudson Austin">Hudson Austin</a> formed a military government. He instituted a 24-hour curfew for four consecutive days under which anyone who left home without authorization would be shot on sight.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forward_ever_article_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forward_ever_article-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six days later, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. invasion of Grenada">United States invaded Grenada</a> and overthrew the Austin government. As a consequence of the successful U.S. invasion and occupation, the NJM ceased to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenada_Revo_article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, eighteen people involved in the murders of Bishop and the seven others were arrested and tried. Seventeen of them (they came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Grenada_17" title="Grenada 17">Grenada 17</a>), including Coard and Austin, were found guilty and given lengthy prison sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Intl_Article-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchoenhalsMelanson1985" class="citation book cs1">Schoenhals, Kai P.; Melanson, Richard A. (1985). <i>Revolution and intervention in Grenada: the New Jewel movement, the United States, and the Caribbean</i>. Boulder: Westview press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-0225-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-0225-0"><bdi>0-8133-0225-0</bdi></a>. <q>identifying symbol of the NJM revolution appeared everywhere: a white flag containing a red disc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+intervention+in+Grenada%3A+the+New+Jewel+movement%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Westview+press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8133-0225-0&rft.aulast=Schoenhals&rft.aufirst=Kai+P.&rft.au=Melanson%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPool1994" class="citation journal cs1">Pool, Gail R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25605753">"Culture, Language and Revolution in Grenada"</a>. <i>Anthropologica</i>. <b>36</b> (1). JSTOR: 89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25605753">10.2307/25605753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25605753">25605753</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropologica&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Language+and+Revolution+in+Grenada&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25605753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25605753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=Gail+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25605753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span> Pool mentions an NJM public event where the speaker's platform was painted <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari colours</a> red, green and gold: "Since many members of the militia were youths who identified themselves with the Rastafarian movement, it was likely that the PRG [People's Revolutionary Government] was trying to associate the revolution with rasta ideology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916154603/http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/manifesto.html">"The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement"</a>, The Grenada Revolution Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohlen2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, Dieter</a>, ed. (2005). <i>Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook</i>. Vol. 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6"><bdi>978-0-19-928357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+the+Americas%3A+A+Data+Handbook&rft.pages=302&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928357-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rojas_interview-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_interview_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattenmaker1984" class="citation web cs1">Wattenmaker, Steve (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/grenada/1984/don-rojas.htm">"Interview with Don Rojas: Grenada - What Went Wrong?"</a> – via Grenadian Revolution Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Don+Rojas%3A+Grenada+-+What+Went+Wrong%3F&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Wattenmaker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fgrenada%2F1984%2Fdon-rojas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nandwani_article-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nandwani_article_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nandwani_article_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandwani2013" class="citation web cs1">Nandwani, Ravi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8012682">"The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+New+Jewel+Movement+in+Grenada&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nandwani&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8012682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable1987" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning (1987). <i>African and Caribbean Politics: From Kwame Nkrumah to the Grenada Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-860-91884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-860-91884-4"><bdi>978-0-860-91884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+and+Caribbean+Politics%3A+From+Kwame+Nkrumah+to+the+Grenada+Revolution&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-860-91884-4&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenada_Revo_article-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_Revo_article_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grenadarevo.com/glossary/new-jewel-movement/">"New Jewel Movement (NJM) - Caribbean Glossary"</a>. <i>Grenada Revo</i>. 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grenada+Revo&rft.atitle=New+Jewel+Movement+%28NJM%29+-+Caribbean+Glossary&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrenadarevo.com%2Fglossary%2Fnew-jewel-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunkara_article-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunkara_article_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunkara2023" class="citation news cs1">Sunkara, Bhaskar (25 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/25/the-us-invaded-the-island-of-grenada-40-years-ago-the-legacy-of-revolution-lives-on">"The US invaded the island of Grenada 40 years ago. The legacy of revolution lives on"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+US+invaded+the+island+of+Grenada+40+years+ago.+The+legacy+of+revolution+lives+on&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.aulast=Sunkara&rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2023%2Foct%2F25%2Fthe-us-invaded-the-island-of-grenada-40-years-ago-the-legacy-of-revolution-lives-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dx-PAgAAQBAJ&dq=1979+People%27s+Revolutionary+Army+(Grenada)&pg=PA183"><i>Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 4 March 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135338053" title="Special:BookSources/9781135338053"><bdi>9781135338053</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Caribbean+Constitutional+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.isbn=9781135338053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddx-PAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D1979%2BPeople%2527s%2BRevolutionary%2BArmy%2B%28Grenada%29%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Gary (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875464">"Brief Encounter: Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop's Visit to Washington"</a>. <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 659–685. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875464">3875464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Brief+Encounter%3A+Grenadian+Prime+Minister+Maurice+Bishop%27s+Visit+to+Washington&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=659-685&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3875464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3875464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demographic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demographic_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez1989" class="citation book cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). <i>To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-89325-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-89325-5"><bdi>0-674-89325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+a+World+Safe+for+Revolution%3A+Cuba%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-674-89325-5&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaileyWeaver_Jr.1983" class="citation news cs1">Gailey, Phil; Weaver Jr., Warren (26 March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/26/us/briefing-058430.html">"Briefing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Briefing&rft.date=1983-03-26&rft.aulast=Gailey&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Weaver+Jr.%2C+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F03%2F26%2Fus%2Fbriefing-058430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher,_Jr.2023" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, Jr., Bill (December 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therealnews.com/remembering-the-rise-and-fall-of-grenadas-new-jewel-movement">"Remembering the Rise and Fall of Grenada's New Jewel Movement"</a>. <i>The Real News Network</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Real+News+Network&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Grenada%27s+New+Jewel+Movement&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft.aulast=Fletcher%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Fremembering-the-rise-and-fall-of-grenadas-new-jewel-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobin_article-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin_article_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtenshaw2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Burtenshaw, Ronan (2 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2019/09/grenada-revolution-maurice-bishop-reagan">"Grenada's Revolution Should Never Be Forgotten"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Grenada%27s+Revolution+Should+Never+Be+Forgotten&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft.aulast=Burtenshaw&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fgrenada-revolution-maurice-bishop-reagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty_Intl_Article-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Intl_Article_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr320012003en.pdf">"The Grenada 17: Last of the cold war prisoners?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grenada+17%3A+Last+of+the+cold+war+prisoners%3F&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2Famr320012003en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_article-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_article_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_article_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersMuldoonSvirnovskiy2023" class="citation news cs1">Powers, Martine; Muldoon, Ted; Svirnovskiy, Rennie (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/12/08/grenada-maurice-bishop-missing-remains/">"U.S. may hold key to finding remains of Grenada's prime minister"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+may+hold+key+to+finding+remains+of+Grenada%27s+prime+minister&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft.au=Muldoon%2C+Ted&rft.au=Svirnovskiy%2C+Rennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Finvestigations%2F2023%2F12%2F08%2Fgrenada-maurice-bishop-missing-remains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes1988" class="citation book cs1">Burrowes, Reynold (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGsYAAAAYAAJ&q=twenty-four-hour%20curfew"><i>Revolution and Rescue in Grenada: An Account of the U.S.-Caribbean Invasion</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26066-7"><bdi>978-0-313-26066-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Rescue+in+Grenada%3A+An+Account+of+the+U.S.-Caribbean+Invasion&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26066-7&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Reynold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGsYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dtwenty-four-hour%2520curfew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forward_ever_article-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forward_ever_article_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulby2020" class="citation web cs1">Boulby, Luke (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/forward-ever-backward-never-the-tragedy-of-the-grenadian-revolution.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Forward ever, backward never": the tragedy of the Grenadian Revolution"</a>. In Defence of Marxism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Forward+ever%2C+backward+never%22%3A+the+tragedy+of+the+Grenadian+Revolution&rft.pub=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Boulby&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fforward-ever-backward-never-the-tragedy-of-the-grenadian-revolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Jewel+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204905/http://sdonline.org/69/5358/">Shalini Puri, The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present: Operation Urgent Memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212060822/http://therealrevo.com/blog/?page_id=85">The Lost Bishop Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020704050151/http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/slogans.html">The Grenada Revolution Online – Revolutionary Slogans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Grenada_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Grenada&#124;link=Grenada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grenadian_political_parties" title="Template:Grenadian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grenadian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Grenadian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grenadian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grenadian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Grenada_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Grenada&#124;link=Grenada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Grenada" title="List of political parties in Grenada">Political parties in Grenada</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Democratic_Party" title="Good Old Democratic Party">Good Old Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_United_Labour_Party" title="Grenada United Labour Party">Grenada United Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Grenada)" title="National Democratic Congress (Grenada)">National Democratic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(Grenada)" title="New National Party (Grenada)">New National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_Renaissance_Party" title="Grenada Renaissance Party">Grenada Renaissance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Christian Democratic Labour Party">Christian Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labour_Movement" title="People's Labour Movement">People's Labour Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_Democratic_Movement" title="Grenada Democratic Movement">Grenada Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_Federated_Labour_Party" title="Grenada Federated Labour Party">Grenada Federated Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_National_Party" title="Grenada National Party">Grenada National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop_Patriotic_Movement" title="Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement">Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Movement_(Grenada)" title="People's Democratic Movement (Grenada)">People's Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Party" title="The National Party">The National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Republican_Party_(Grenada)" title="United Republican Party (Grenada)">United Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Federal_Labour_Party" title="West Indian Federal Labour Party">West Indian Federal Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Grenada" title="Politics of Grenada">Politics of Grenada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template talk:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and former ruling parties of communist states</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a></i>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Benin" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Benin">People's Revolutionary Party of Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/African_Independence_Party_(Burkina_Faso)" title="African Independence Party (Burkina Faso)">African Independence Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">DK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">PRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Party of Labour</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Organizing_the_Party_of_the_Working_People_of_Ethiopia" title="Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia">COPWE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Jewel Movement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Revolutionary_Party" title="Malagasy Revolutionary Party">Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party">Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Seychelles" title="United Seychelles">Seychelles People's Progressive Front</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party">Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state</li> <li>An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267080#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133737643">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84046992">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007329998305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028009231">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&oldid=1252681943">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&oldid=1252681943</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_parties_in_Grenada" title="Category:Communist parties in Grenada">Communist parties in Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_Grenada" title="Category:Defunct political parties in Grenada">Defunct political parties in Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1973" title="Category:Political parties established in 1973">Political parties established in 1973</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1983" title="Category:Political parties disestablished in 1983">Political parties disestablished in 1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1973_establishments_in_Grenada" title="Category:1973 establishments in Grenada">1973 establishments in Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_disestablishments_in_Grenada" title="Category:1983 disestablishments in Grenada">1983 disestablishments in Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Formerly_ruling_communist_parties" title="Category:Formerly ruling communist parties">Formerly ruling communist parties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 14:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jewel_Movement&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rq49r","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.673","walltime":"0.814","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2836,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":120104,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3055,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":92487,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 729.239 1 -total"," 35.61% 259.715 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 35.12% 256.081 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.99% 233.251 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.34% 126.423 6 Template:Cite_book"," 15.55% 113.433 1 Template:Langx"," 10.85% 79.129 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.61% 70.053 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.66% 63.136 1 Template:Grenadian_political_parties"," 7.26% 52.907 6 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.455","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23598122,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-j9zbk","timestamp":"20241130111929","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"New Jewel Movement","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Jewel_Movement","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1267080","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1267080","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-09T14:12:52Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T14:05:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/9\/91\/New_JEWEL_Movement_logo.png","headline":"political party in Grenada"}</script> </body> </html>