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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stafford Beer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoni_Staford_Bir" title="Entoni Staford Bir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Entoni Staford Bir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бир Энтони Стаффорд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бир Энтони Стаффорд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" title="Anthony Stafford Beer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anthony Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="انثونى ستافورد بير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انثونى ستافورد بير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" title="Anthony Stafford Beer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anthony Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="スタッフォード・ビーア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタッフォード・ビーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" title="Anthony Stafford Beer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anthony Stafford Beer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бир, Стаффорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бир, Стаффорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80" title="Стаффорд Бір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стаффорд Бір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796226#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British management consultant and cyberneticist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stafford Beer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stafford_Beer_1990.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stafford_Beer_1990.png/220px-Stafford_Beer_1990.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stafford_Beer_1990.png/330px-Stafford_Beer_1990.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stafford_Beer_1990.png/440px-Stafford_Beer_1990.png 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="4510" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stafford Beer (1990)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Anthony Stafford Beer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-09-25</span>)</span>25 September 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-08-23)</span> (aged 75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Theorist, consultant and professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">Operational research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">management cybernetics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anthony Stafford Beer</b> (25 September 1926 – 23 August 2002) was a British <a href="/wiki/Theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theorist">theorist</a>, consultant and professor at the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known for his work in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">management cybernetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beer was born in <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, London in 1927. His father was William John Beer, chief statistician at <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register of Shipping</a>, who shared a birthday with his mother, Doris Ethel Beer.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenhead_Beer_obit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenhead_Beer_obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 17 Stafford Beer was expelled from <a href="/wiki/Whitgift_School" title="Whitgift School">Whitgift School</a>. He enrolled for a degree in philosophy at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> before leaving to join the army as a Gunner in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> in 1944. He soon received <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commissions</a>, first in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>, and then as a <a href="/wiki/Company_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Company commander">company commander</a> in the <a href="/wiki/9_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Gorkha Rifles">9th Gurkha Rifles</a>. Beer served in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, staying there until 1947, when he returned to England and was assigned to the Human factors Branch of <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a> at the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>. In 1949, he was demobilised, having reached the rank of captain.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beer did not use his given first name "Anthony", instead preferring his middle name of “Stafford.” His younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ian_Beer_(rugby_union)" title="Ian Beer (rugby union)">Ian</a> also shared this middle name. When Ian was sixteen, Beer persuaded his brother to sign a document promising not to use “Stafford” as part of his name because Beer “wanted the ‘copyright’ of [the name] Stafford Beer.”<sup id="cite_ref-Pickering_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickering-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Steel">United Steel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956 he joined <a href="/wiki/United_Steel_Companies" title="United Steel Companies">United Steel</a> and persuaded the management to fund an operational research group, the Department of Operations Research and Cybernetics, which he headed. This was based in Cybor House, and they installed a <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Pegasus" title="Ferranti Pegasus">Ferranti Pegasus</a> computer, the first in the world dedicated to management cybernetics.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabezas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabezas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SIGMA">SIGMA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SIGMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961 he left United Steel to start an operational research consultancy in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eddison" title="Roger Eddison">Roger Eddison</a> called <a href="/wiki/Sigma_(operations_research)" title="Sigma (operations research)">SIGMA</a> (Science in General Management). Beer left SIGMA in 1966 to work for a SIGMA client, the <a href="/wiki/IPC_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="IPC Media">International Publishing Corporation</a> (IPC). He left IPC in 1970 to work as an independent consultant, focusing on his growing interest in social systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybersyn">Cybersyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cybersyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CyberSyn-render-106.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/250px-CyberSyn-render-106.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/375px-CyberSyn-render-106.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/500px-CyberSyn-render-106.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a> was an early form of computational <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/159px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/238px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/317px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky’s critique of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> influenced Beer’s shifting political views and the design of the Cybersyn model</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-1971, Beer was approached by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Flores" title="Fernando Flores">Fernando Flores</a>, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (<a href="/wiki/CORFO" title="CORFO">CORFO</a>) in the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Chile_under_Allende" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile under Allende">socialist government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chilean economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to Beer's involvement in the never-completed <a href="/wiki/Cybersyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersyn">Cybersyn</a> project, which aimed to use computers and a <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a>-based communication network to allow the government to maximise production while preserving the autonomy of workers and lower management. </p><p>Beer also was reported to have read and been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>'s critique of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Soviet bureaucracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another senior member of the Cybersyn team, Herman Schwember, Beer's political background and readings completely derived from works written by Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>. Although, Schwember himself disapproved of Trotsky's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Cybersyn was abandoned after Allende's death during the <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_coup_of_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean coup of 1973">coup</a> in 1973, Beer continued to work in the Americas, consulting for the governments of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_activity">Later activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stafford_Beer" title="Special:EditPage/Stafford Beer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the mid-1970s, Beer moved to mid-<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> where he lived in an almost austere style, developing strong interests in poetry and art. In the 1980s he established a second home on the west side of downtown <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and lived part of the year in both residences. He was a visiting professor at almost 30 universities and received an earned higher doctorate (DSc) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a> and honorary doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a>. He was president of the World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falcondale_Collection">Falcondale Collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Falcondale Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg/220px-Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg/330px-Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg/440px-Falcondale_Mansion_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falcondale_House" title="Falcondale House">Falcondale House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1994 Beer ran a residential course at the <a href="/wiki/Falcondale_House" title="Falcondale House">Falcondale Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lampeter" title="Lampeter">Lampeter</a>. Nine sessions were recorded as a video learning resource, and are collectively known as the Falcondale collection. They are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.ljmu.ac.uk/6/">online</a> at the Data Repository of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ljmu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ljmu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sessions covered art, science and philosophy as well as the practical application of cybernetics in society, government, community, management and business. Transcripts were made of the discussions and are also available from the same repository.<sup id="cite_ref-ljmu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ljmu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was married twice, in 1947 to Cynthia Hannaway, and in 1968 to Sallie Steadman. His partner for the last twenty years of his life was <a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a>, a fellow cybernetician. Beer had five sons and two daughters, one of whom is Vanilla Beer, an artist and essayist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cybernetic_factory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cybernetic_factory.svg/320px-Cybernetic_factory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cybernetic_factory.svg/480px-Cybernetic_factory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cybernetic_factory.svg/640px-Cybernetic_factory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Sketch for a cybernetic factory, 1959<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_cybernetics">Management cybernetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management cybernetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jackson (2000) "Beer was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the <i>science of effective organization</i>". In the 1960s and early 1970s "Beer was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">management cybernetics</a>. It was during that period that he developed the <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">viable system model</a>, to diagnose the faults in any existing organizational system. In that time <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Forrester</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Systems_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems dynamics">systems dynamics</a>, which "held out the promise that the behavior of whole systems could be represented and understood through modeling the dynamical feedback process going on within them".<sup id="cite_ref-Mich_2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mich_2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybersyn_2">Cybersyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cybersyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cybersyn_control_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Cybersyn_control_room.jpg/240px-Cybersyn_control_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Cybersyn_control_room.jpg/360px-Cybersyn_control_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/Cybersyn_control_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cybersyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersyn">Cybersyn</a> operations room, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Presidency of Salvador Allende">administration of Salvador Allende in Chile</a>, in the early 1970s, Beer was closely involved with a visionary project, <a href="/wiki/Cybersyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersyn">Cybersyn</a>, to apply his cybernetic theories in government. The project's ultimate goal was to create a network of computers and communications equipment that would support the management of the state-run sector of Chile's economy; at its core would be an operations room where government managers could view important information about economic processes in real time, formulate plans of action, and transmit advice and directives to managers at plants and enterprises in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-RE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, consistent with cybernetic principles and the ideals of the Allende government, its designers aimed to preserve worker and lower-management autonomy instead of implementing a top-down system of centralised control. The system used a network of about 500 <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a> machines located at enterprises throughout the country and in government offices in <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>, some of which were connected to a government-operated <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a> that would receive information on production operations, feed that information into economic modelling software, and report on variables (such as raw material supplies) that were outside normal parameters and might require attention. The project, implemented by a multidisciplinary group of both Chileans and foreigners, reached an advanced prototype stage, but was interrupted by <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">the 1973 coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RE_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viable_System_Model">Viable System Model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Viable System Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vsm.gif/240px-Vsm.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Vsm.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Principal functions of the <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable System Model</a>, 1975.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable system model</a></div> <p>The Viable System Model (VSM) is a <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">model</a> of the organisational structure of any viable or <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntegration_and_Team_Syntegrity">Syntegration and Team Syntegrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syntegration and Team Syntegrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Syntegrity"></span>Syntegrity is a formal model presented by Beer in the 1990s and now is a registered trademark. It is a form of non-hierarchical problem solving that can be used in a small team of 10 to 42 people. It is a business consultation product that is licensed out to consulting firms. The term comes from the words "<a href="/wiki/Synergistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergistic">synergistic</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="POSIWID">POSIWID</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: POSIWID"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_purpose_of_a_system_is_what_it_does" title="The purpose of a system is what it does">The purpose of a system is what it does</a></div> <p>Stafford Beer coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. In an address to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a>, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to the <a href="/wiki/Cybernetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybernetician">cybernetician</a> the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment or sheer ignorance of circumstances."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle has been used to describe Social Machines as intelligent, for example in the case of "games with a purpose",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it provides a link between AI and cybernetics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beer received awards from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Engineering_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences</a> in 1958, from the United Kingdom Systems Society, the <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_Society" title="Cybernetics Society">Cybernetics Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cybernetics" title="American Society for Cybernetics">American Society for Cybernetics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Operations_Research_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Operations Research Society of America">Operations Research Society of America</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stafford Beer wrote several books and articles:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1959, <i>Cybernetics and Management</i>, English Universities Press.</li> <li>1966, <i>Decision and Control</i>, Wiley, London.</li> <li>1968, <i>Management Science: The business use of operations research</i>, Aldus Books, London, Doubleday, New York.</li> <li>1972, <i>Brain Of The Firm</i>, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA.Translated into German, Italian, Swedish, French and Russian.</li> <li>1974, <i>Designing Freedom</i>, CBC Learning Systems, Toronto, 1974; and John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. Translated into Spanish and Japanese.</li> <li>1975, <i>Platform for Change</i>, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1978.</li> <li>1977, <i>Transit</i>; Poems, CWRW Press, Wales. Limited Edition, Private Circulation.</li> <li>1979, <i>The Heart of Enterprise</i>, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1988.</li> <li>1981, <i>Brain of the Firm</i>; Second Edition (much extended), John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted 1986, 1988. Translated into Russian.</li> <li>1983, <i>Transit</i>; Poems, Second edition (much extended). With audio cassettes: Transit – Selected Readings, and one Person Metagame; Mitchell Communications, Publisher, 2693 Route 845, Carters Point, NB, Canada, E5S 1S2.</li> <li>1985, <i>Diagnosing the System for Organizations</i>; John Wiley, London and New York. Translated into Italian and Japanese. Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991.</li> <li>1986, <i>Pebbles to Computer</i>: The Thread; (with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blohm" title="Hans Blohm">Hans Blohm</a>), Oxford University Press, Toronto.</li> <li>1994, <i>Beyond Dispute: The Invention of Team Syntegrity</i>; John Wiley, Chichester.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Audio</dt></dl> <ul><li>1973, Stafford Beer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-1973-cbc-massey-lectures-designing-freedom-1.2946819">"Designing Freedom"</a> The 1973 Massey Lectures RADIO CANADA INTERNATIONAL TRANSCRIPTION: E1121 "The Real Threat to all We Most Dear", E1122 "The Disregarded Tools of Modern Man", E1123, "A Liberty Machine in Prototype" E1124, "Science in The Service of Man" 1h 53:30.</li> <li>1990, Stafford Beer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybsoc.org/#staff">"Forty Years of Cybernetics"</a>, Gordon Hyde Memorial Lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_Society" title="Cybernetics Society">Cybernetics Society</a> in London, January 1990 (audio file: 1hr 27mins).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Video</dt></dl> <ul><li>1990, Stafford Beer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7COX-b3HK50"><span class="plainlinks">The Intelligent Organization</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Stafford Beer at Monterrey Tec, March 1990 illustrated by Javier Livas</li></ul> <dl><dt>About Stafford Beer</dt></dl> <ul><li>1994, Harnden, R and <a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Leonard, A.</a> (Eds.), <i>How Many Grapes Went into the Wine: Stafford Beer on the Art and Science of Holisitic Management</i>; John Wiley, Chichester.</li> <li>2002, Rosemary Bechler and Rob Passmore, <i>"Stafford Beer: the man who could have run the world"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-openDemocracy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openDemocracy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>, 7 November 2002</li> <li>2003, Whittaker, David, <i>Stafford Beer: A Personal Memoir</i>; (Includes an interview with Brian Eno) Wavestone Press, Charlbury</li> <li>2004, "Ten pints of Beer: The rationale of Stafford Beer's cybernetic books (1959‐94)", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0368-492X">Kybernetes</a></i>, Vol. 33 No. 3/4, pp. 828–842. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523724">https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523724</a></li> <li>2006, Jonathan Rosenhead, "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer", in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Transactions_in_Operational_Research" title="International Transactions in Operational Research">International Transactions in Operational Research</a></i> Vol 13, nr.6, pp. 577–581.</li> <li>2009, Whittaker, David, (Ed.) <i>Think Before you Think: Social Complexity and Knowledge of Knowing</i>; (Selected writings of Stafford Beer with life chronology), Foreword by Brian Eno, Wavestone Press, Charlbury</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorozov2023" class="citation podcast cs1">Morozov, Evgeny (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-santiago-boys.com/">"The Santiago Boys"</a>. <i>The Santiago Boys</i> (Podcast)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Santiago+Boys&rft.date=2023-07&rft.aulast=Morozov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-santiago-boys.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">W. Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)" title="Variety (cybernetics)">Variety (cybernetics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MBS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MBS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbs.ac.uk/about/our-history/">"Manchester Business School Alumni"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Business+School+Alumni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbs.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchterbergVriens2010" class="citation book cs1">Achterberg, Jan; Vriens, Dirk (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_6">"Beer: Functional Design Principles for Viable Infrastructures"</a>. <i>Organizations</i>. Springer Berlin. pp. 181–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14316-8_6">10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14315-1"><bdi>978-3-642-14315-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beer%3A+Functional+Design+Principles+for+Viable+Infrastructures&rft.btitle=Organizations&rft.pages=181-225&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-14316-8_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-14315-1&rft.aulast=Achterberg&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Vriens%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-14316-8_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenhead_Beer_obit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenhead_Beer_obit_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenhead2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenhead, Jonathan (2003). "Stafford Beer, 1926-2002". <i>Journal of the Operational Research Society</i>. <b>54</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Operational+Research+Society&rft.atitle=Stafford+Beer%2C+1926-2002&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rosenhead&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tel_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1405557/Stafford-Beer.html">"Obituaries: Stafford Beer"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 28 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Stafford+Beer&rft.date=2002-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1405557%2FStafford-Beer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickering-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pickering_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2011" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Andrew (2011). <i>The cybernetic brain: sketches of another future</i> (Pbk. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226667904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226667904"><bdi>978-0226667904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cybernetic+brain%3A+sketches+of+another+future&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Pbk.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0226667904&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabezas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cabezas_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabezas" class="citation web cs1">Cabezas, Guido. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/gicabezas/Beer.html">"Stafford's Curriculum Vitae"</a>. <i>Guido Cabezas Fuentealba</i>. Universidad del BioBio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guido+Cabezas+Fuentealba&rft.atitle=Stafford%27s+Curriculum+Vitae&rft.aulast=Cabezas&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fgicabezas%2FBeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Third Richard Goodman Memorial Lecture, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Polytechnic">Brighton Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moulsecoomb" title="Moulsecoomb">Moulsecoomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> 14 February 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer1973" class="citation web cs1">Beer, Stafford (14 February 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/cybernetics/Platform/platform.pdf">"Fanfare for Effective Freedom: Cybernetic Praxis in Government by Stafford Beer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>evergreen.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180805/http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/cybernetics/Platform/platform.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=evergreen.edu&rft.atitle=Fanfare+for+Effective+Freedom%3A+Cybernetic+Praxis+in+Government+by+Stafford+Beer&rft.date=1973-02-14&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Stafford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fada.evergreen.edu%2F~arunc%2Ftexts%2Fcybernetics%2FPlatform%2Fplatform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBC3AgAAQBAJ&dq=Stafford+beer+Trotsky&pg=PA292"><i>Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1"><bdi>978-0-262-52596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+Revolutionaries%3A+Technology+and+Politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52596-1&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBC3AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStafford%2Bbeer%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBC3AgAAQBAJ&dq=Stafford+beer+Trotsky&pg=PA292"><i>Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1"><bdi>978-0-262-52596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+Revolutionaries%3A+Technology+and+Politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52596-1&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBC3AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStafford%2Bbeer%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ljmu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ljmu_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ljmu_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.ljmu.ac.uk/6/">"Stafford Beer: The Falcondale Collection"</a>. <i>opendata.ljmu.ac.uk</i>. Liverpool John Moores University. December 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.ljmu.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Stafford+Beer%3A+The+Falcondale+Collection&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopendata.ljmu.ac.uk%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford Beer, <i>Cybernetic and Management</i>, English Universities Press, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mich_2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mich_2000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Jackson (2000), <i>Systems Approaches to Management</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RE_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raul Espejo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metaphorum.org/proyecto_cybersyn_ingles.pdf">Cybersyn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227180025/http://www.metaphorum.org/proyecto_cybersyn_ingles.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, metaphorum.org; retrieved October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syntegrity.com/science.html">Syntegration: The Science webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040117/http://www.syntegrity.com/science.html">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, syntegrity.com; accessed 22 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Beer, Stafford (2002). "What is cybernetics?". <i>Kybernetes</i>. <b>31</b> (2). MCB UP Ltd: 209–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F03684920210417283">10.1108/03684920210417283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kybernetes&rft.atitle=What+is+cybernetics%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-219&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F03684920210417283&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Stafford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristianini2023" class="citation book cs1">Cristianini, Nello (2023). <i>The shortcut: why intelligent machines do not think like us</i>. Boca Raton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-33581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-33581-8"><bdi>978-1-003-33581-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1352480147">1352480147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shortcut%3A+why+intelligent+machines+do+not+think+like+us&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1352480147&rft.isbn=978-1-003-33581-8&rft.aulast=Cristianini&rft.aufirst=Nello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kybernetik.ch/dwn/Beer_Bibliography.pdf">Bibliography Stafford Beer</a>, Cwarel Isaf Institute, Juli 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-openDemocracy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-openDemocracy_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/611/">"Stafford Beer: the man who could have run the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=Stafford+Beer%3A+the+man+who+could+have+run+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2F611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering,_Andrew2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pickering" title="Andrew Pickering">Pickering, Andrew</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76OOQannpBgC&q=stafford+beer's+cybernetic&pg=PA29">"The Science of the Unknowable: Stafford Beer's Cybernetic Informatics"</a>, in Rayward, W. Boyd; Bowden, Mary Ellen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76OOQannpBgC&q=history+heritage+technological"><i>The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems</i></a>, Medford, New Jersey: Information Today, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+the+Unknowable%3A+Stafford+Beer%27s+Cybernetic+Informatics&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Heritage+of+Scientific+and+Technological+Information+Systems&rft.place=Medford%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Information+Today%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pickering%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76OOQannpBgC%26q%3Dstafford%2Bbeer%27s%2Bcybernetic%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStafford+Beer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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held at Liverpool John Moores University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.indiana.edu/edenm/EdenMedinaJLASAugust2006.pdf">Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627154712/https://www.informatics.indiana.edu/edenm/EdenMedinaJLASAugust2006.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108225159/http://www.vanillabeer.org/Stafford_Beer.htm">Stafford Beer Biography from Vanilla Beer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hjAXkNbPfk"><span class="plainlinks">"What is Cybernetics?" by Javier Livas</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informs.org/content/view/full/272741">Biography of Anthony Stafford Beer</a> from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences</li></ul> <dl><dt>Organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybsoc.org/contacts/people-Beer.htm">Cybernetics Society Memorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metaphorum.org/">The Metaphorum Group – Developing Stafford Beer's Legacy in Management Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scio.org.uk/">Systems & Cybernetics in Organisations (SCiO) – "focus on practice and members support activities." accessed 3 July 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrad.org.uk/resources/vsmg_3/screen.php?page=home/">Introduction to the Viable Systems Model and use in Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a 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theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Template:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Template talk:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_for_General_Systems_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for General Systems Research">Society for General Systems Research</a> Presidents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a> (1957–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._McClelland" title="Charles A. McClelland">Charles McClelland</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">Willam Ashby</a> (1962–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapaport</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Caws" title="Peter Caws">Peter Caws</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milsum" title="John Milsum">John Milsum</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Rubin" title="Milton Rubin">Milton Rubin</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Slobodkin" title="Lawrence B. Slobodkin">Lawrence Slobodkin</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Myron_Gross" title="Bertram Myron Gross">Bertram Gross</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Samuelson" title="Kjell Samuelson">Kjell Samuelson</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Geoffrey Vickers</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Ericson" title="Richard F. Ericson">Richard Ericson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_R._Gaines" title="Brian R. Gaines">Brian Gaines</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(theoretical_biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)">Robert Rosen</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Dillon" title="John A. Dillon">John A. Dillon</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Checkland" title="Peter Checkland">Peter Checkland</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #d3d3d3;;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences_Presidents" title="Template:International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents"><b>International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000355634644">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103883535">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2299/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCTvVKByt3v9xPcR48YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/140359710">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008148">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432733">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35016548">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=hka2015871950&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074786466">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9050534">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000077831&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcgk03k0hmtg41">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810554588405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463488005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0107041X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=167813">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:beer.stafford">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/60/2402">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/279617">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500237116">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stafford Beer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4e06f8cf-8c4a-46d4-9aca-5c696d66570b">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/791460">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd140359710.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/140359710">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074109537">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gw0wfq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&oldid=1249074237">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Beer&oldid=1249074237</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_births" title="Category:1926 births">1926 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_deaths" title="Category:2002 deaths">2002 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_University_College_London" title="Category:Alumni 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