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data-at-row="main" class="l-main l-row"> <div class="l-pr page__row pr-main" id="main-content"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-main__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" data-at-block-count="11" class="l-r region pr-main__content" id="rid-content"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><main id="block-giswatch-content" class="l-bl block block-main-content" role="main"> <article data-history-node-id="2025" role="article" about="/2014-communications-surveillance-digital-age" class="node node--id-2025 node--type-book node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h1 class="node__title"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">2014 - Communications surveillance in the digital age</span> </h1></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node--field-book-cover field-formatter-image field-name-field-book-cover field-type-image field-label-hidden has-single"><figure class="field-type-image__figure image-count-1"><div class="field-type-image__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/giswatch2014_0.png?itok=TvttouIp" width="170" height="220" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </div> </figure></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>Online surveillance, security and privacy are concerns that have been central to human rights activists for years – but with the recent revelations by former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden of United States (US) government spying on citizens, the issues have reached global attention.</p> <p>This Global Information Society Watch tracks the state of communications surveillance in 57 countries across the world – countries as diverse as Hungary, India, Argentina, The Gambia, Lebanon and the United Kingdom. Each country report approaches the issue from a different perspective. Some analyse legal frameworks that allow surveillance, others the role of businesses in collecting data (including marketing data on children), the potential of biometrics to violate rights, or the privacy challenges when implementing a centralised universal health system. The perspectives from long-time internet activists on surveillance are also recorded.</p> <p>Using the 13 International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance as a starting point, eight thematic reports frame the key issues at stake. These include discussions on what we mean by digital surveillance, the implications for a human rights agenda on surveillance, the “Five Eyes” inter-government surveillance network led by the US, cyber security, and the role of intermediaries.</p> <p>These reports are published at a critical time: they show how rampant government surveillance is across the world, and how business is often complicit in this. They suggest action steps that civil society can take to push for a human rights framework for internet governance – and to expose what until now has remained hidden.</p> <p>GISWatch is published annually and is a joint initiative by the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) and the Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation (Hivos).</p> <p><a class="download" href="http://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/gisw2014_communications_surveillance.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Download the report in PDF</a></p> <p><a class="download" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/9295102150" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Order a printed report</a></p> <footer><p><small><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a><br /> Some rights reserved. </small></p> </footer></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--upload field-formatter-file-table field-name-upload field-type-file field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><table data-striping="1" class="table cols-2"> <thead class="table__header"> <tr class="table__row"> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Attachment</th> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Size</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody class="table__body"> <tr class="table__row odd"> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell"><span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/gisw2014_communications_surveillance_0.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="gisw2014_communications_surveillance.pdf">Global Information Society Watch 2014</a></span> </td> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell">4.7 MB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--communications-surveillance"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/communications-surveillance" hreflang="en">Communications surveillance</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--internet-rights"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/internet-rights" hreflang="en">Internet rights</a></span> </div></div> </div> <section class="field field-node--comment-node-book field-formatter-comment-default field-name-comment-node-book field-type-comment field-label-hidden display-mode-threaded comment-bundle-comment-node-book comment-wrapper"> <a name="comments"></a></section> </div></div> </article> </main> <div class="views-element-container l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-1" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-1-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-aef673a85f4c4593d23ea3b2a785a3821383c9b9de49eeff425d91ac1b2644a8"> <div class="view-header"> <h3><span class="toc-header"> Table of Contents</span></h3> </div> <div class="view-content view-rows"> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/report-introduction/credits-0" hreflang="en">Credits</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/report-introduction/preface-3" hreflang="en">Preface</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/aesterhuysen" hreflang="en">Anriette Esterhuysen</a>, <a href="/users/ehuizing" hreflang="en">Edwin Huizing</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/report-introduction/introduction-0" hreflang="en">Introduction</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/ghosein" hreflang="en">Gus Hosein</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/report-introduction/principled-fight-against-surveillance" hreflang="en">A principled fight against surveillance</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/krodriguez" hreflang="en">Katitza Rodríguez</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div 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l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-6" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-6-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-586ee0302a9df9610d1447d99676485d82f17e97aa1133ba544b7c55b8886e14"> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="views-element-container l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-7" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-7-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_7 js-view-dom-id-47570b192bdb1c5a35d167d5ce2683e27f83e65d36bbac2e7bab66a1a4b9fbb2"> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="views-element-container l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-2" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-2-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-8f52f4dcdb9e8cd490f27769200d36a3f7f3bb1fac1734ea0dce2dd21fead288"> <div class="view-header"> <h3 class="toc-title">Thematic reports</h3> </div> <div class="view-content view-rows"> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/digital-surveillance" hreflang="en">Digital surveillance</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/esparrow" hreflang="en">Elijah Sparrow</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/myth-global-online-surveillance-exempted-compliance-human-rights" hreflang="en">The myth of global online surveillance exempted from compliance with human rights</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/es/users/acerda" hreflang="es">Alberto Cerda</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/harms-surveillance-privacy-expression-and-association" hreflang="en">The harms of surveillance to privacy, expression and association</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/jillianyork" hreflang="en">Jillian York</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/cyber-security-civil-society-and-vulnerability-age-communications-sur" hreflang="en">Cyber security, civil society and vulnerability in an age of communications surveillance</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/user/388" hreflang="en">Alex Comninos</a>, <a href="/users/garethseneque" hreflang="en">Gareth Seneque</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/digital-threat-digital-emergency" hreflang="en">From digital threat to digital emergency</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/fjansen" hreflang="en">Fieke Jansen</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/intermediary-liability-and-state-surveillance" hreflang="en">Intermediary liability and state surveillance</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/elonnai" hreflang="en">Elonnai Hickok</a></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/communications-surveillance/unmasking-five-eyes-global-surveillance-practices" hreflang="en">Unmasking the Five Eyes’ global surveillance practices</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-authors toc-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/users/carlynyst" hreflang="en">Carly Nyst</a>, <a href="/users/annacrowe" hreflang="en">Anna Crowe</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="views-element-container l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-8" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-8-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_8 js-view-dom-id-ea8e948b426dbca797dac9182718a1d8b982ce588913635b8aa7343d635070c9"> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="views-element-container l-bl block block-config-provider--views block-plugin-id--views-block-table-of-contents-block-3" id="block-views-block-table-of-contents-block-3-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="element-container-wrapper"><div class="view view-table-of-contents view-id-table_of_contents view-display-id-block_3 js-view-dom-id-81ff22f7d70899e81a54fd4f922fc67659835069a011065484a765e7c58b9a2c"> <div class="view-header"> <h3 class="toc-title">Country reports</h3> </div> <div class="view-content view-rows"> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/india" hreflang="en">India</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Digital Empowerment Foundation</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/argentina" hreflang="en">Argentina</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Nodo TAU</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/australia" hreflang="en">Australia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/bahrain" hreflang="en">Bahrain</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/bangladesh" hreflang="en">Bangladesh</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Bytes for All Bangladesh</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/bolivia" hreflang="en">Bolivia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Fundación REDES </div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/bosnia-and-herzegovina" hreflang="en">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">OneWorld Platform for Southeast Europe (OWPSEE) Foundation</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/brazil" hreflang="en">Brazil</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Brazilian Institute for Consumer Defense (Idec)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/bulgaria" hreflang="en">Bulgaria</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">BlueLink.net</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/burundi-east-africa-region" hreflang="en">Burundi (East Africa region)</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Collaboration on International ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa (CIPESA)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/cameroon" hreflang="en">Cameroon</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">PROTEGE QV</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/canada" hreflang="en">Canada</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Alternatives</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/chile" hreflang="en">Chile</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">ONG Derechos Digitales</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/china" hreflang="en">China</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Danwei</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/colombia" hreflang="en">Colombia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Colnodo</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/republic-congo" hreflang="en">Congo, Republic of</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">AZUR Développement</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/costa-rica" hreflang="en">Costa Rica</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Cooperativa Sulá Batsú</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/egypt" hreflang="en">Egypt</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/ethiopia" hreflang="en">Ethiopia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Ethiopian Free and Open Source Software Network (EFOSSNET)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/gambia" hreflang="en">Gambia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Front Page International</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/hungary" hreflang="en">Hungary</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/indonesia" hreflang="en">Indonesia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/jamaica" hreflang="en">Jamaica</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">The University of the West Indies</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/japan" hreflang="en">Japan</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Japan Computer Access for Empowerment</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/jordan" hreflang="en">Jordan</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Alarab Alyawm</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/kenya" hreflang="en">Kenya</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/korea-republic" hreflang="en">Korea, Republic of</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Jinbonet</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/kosovo" hreflang="en">Kosovo</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">FLOSSK</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/lebanon" hreflang="en">Lebanon</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/mexico" hreflang="en">Mexico</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">SonTusDatos</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/nepal" hreflang="en">Nepal</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Development Knowledge Management and Innovation Services Pvt. Ltd.</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/new-zealand" hreflang="en">New Zealand</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Association for Progressive Communications (APC) and Tech Liberty</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/nigeria" hreflang="en">Nigeria</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Fantsuam Foundation</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/pakistan" hreflang="en">Pakistan</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Bytes for All, Pakistan</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance" hreflang="en">Perú</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Red Científica Peruana and Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/phillippines" hreflang="en">Philippines</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Computer Professionals’ Union</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/poland" hreflang="en">Poland</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Panoptykon Foundation</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/romania" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">StrawberryNet Foundation and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/russia" hreflang="en">Russia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/rwanda" hreflang="en">Rwanda</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/senegal" hreflang="en">Senegal</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">JONCTION</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/serbia" hreflang="en">Serbia</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">SHARE Foundation/SHARE Defense</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/slaying-monster" hreflang="en">Slaying the monster</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/slovak-republic" hreflang="en">Slovak Republic</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">European Information Society Institute (EISi)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/south-africa" hreflang="en">South Africa</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Department of Journalism, Film and Television, University of Johannesburg</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/sudan" hreflang="en">Sudan</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/switzerland" hreflang="en">Switzerland</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Communica-ch</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/syria" hreflang="en">Syria</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/thailand" hreflang="en">Thailand</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Thai Netizen Network</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/turkey" hreflang="en">Turkey</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content"></div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/uganda" hreflang="en">Uganda</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET)</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/united-kingdom" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Open Rights Group</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/united-states-america" hreflang="en">United States of America</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">Access</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/uruguay" hreflang="en">Uruguay</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-organization"><div class="field-content">DATA</div></div> </div> <div class="toc-row views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a 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