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id="toc-Approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishment_as_a_scholar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishment_as_a_scholar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accomplishment as a scholar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplishment_as_a_scholar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তিরুমালাই কৃষ্ণমাচার্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিরুমালাই কৃষ্ণমাচার্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Krishnamacharya" title="T. Krishnamacharya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="T. Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تیرومالای کریشناماچاریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیرومالای کریشناماچاریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="तिरुमलाई कृष्णमचार्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिरुमलाई कृष्णमचार्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרישנהמצ'ריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרישנהמצ'ריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ತಿರುಮಲೈ ಕೃಷ್ಣಮಚಾರ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿರುಮಲೈ ಕೃಷ್ಣಮಚಾರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="तिरुमलई कृष्णमाचार्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिरुमलई कृष्णमाचार्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тирумалай Кришнамачарья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тирумалай Кришнамачарья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="टी के वी देसिकाचार – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टी के वी देसिकाचार" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="திருமலை கிருஷ்ணமாச்சாரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருமலை கிருஷ்ணமாச்சாரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="తిరుమలై కృష్ణమాచార్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తిరుమలై కృష్ణమాచార్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q265902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Yogi (1888–1989)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Krishnamacharya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya.png/220px-Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/36/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya.png 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">At 100 years (1988)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-11-18</span>)</span>18 November 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Kingdom">Mysore Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-02-28)</span> (aged 100)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Indian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Yoga teacher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">"Father of modern yoga"</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</b> (18 November 1888 – 28 February 1989)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2010125_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2010125-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kym.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a> teacher, ayurvedic healer and scholar. He is seen as one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Gurus_of_modern_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurus of modern yoga">gurus of modern yoga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483–106_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483–106-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often called "<b>Father of Modern Yoga</b>" for his wide influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural yoga">postural yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like earlier pioneers influenced by <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yogendra" title="Yogendra">Yogendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a>, he contributed to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010111_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya held degrees in all the six Vedic <i><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darśanas</a></i>, or Indian philosophies. While under the patronage of the King of Mysore, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Wadiyar_IV" title="Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV">Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV</a>, Krishnamacharya traveled around India giving lectures and demonstrations to promote yoga, including such feats as apparently stopping his heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20107_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is widely considered as the architect of <i><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">vinyāsa</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense of combining breathing with movement; the style of yoga he created has come to be called <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga or Vinyasa Krama Yoga</a>. Underlying all of Krishnamacharya's teachings was the principle "Teach what is appropriate for an individual."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan201038_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan201038-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he is revered in other parts of the world as a yogi, in India Krishnamacharya is mainly known as a healer who drew from both <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurvedic</a> and yogic traditions to restore health and well-being to those he treated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote four books on yoga—<i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i> (1934), <i>Yogaasanagalu</i> (c. 1941),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010240_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yoga Rahasya</i>, and <i>Yogavalli</i> (Chapter 1 – 1988)—as well as several essays and poetic compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2010128–130_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2010128–130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya's students included many of yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a> (1899–2002); <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a> (1915–2009); <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> (1918-2014); his son <a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a> (1938-2016); <a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a> (born 1939); and <a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a> (born 1945). Iyengar, his brother-in-law and founder of <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a>, credits Krishnamacharya with encouraging him to learn yoga as a boy in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnamacharya was born on 18 November 1888 in Muchukundapura, in the <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga district</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, in South <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, to an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengar</a> family. His parents were Tirumalai Srinivasa Tatacharya, a well-known teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and Ranganayakiamma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20101_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya was the eldest of six children. He had two brothers and three sisters. At the age of six, he underwent the educational sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">upanayana</a>. He then began learning to speak and write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, from texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Amarakosha" title="Amarakosha">Amarakosha</a></i> and to chant the Vedas under the strict tutelage of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-kym.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Krishnamacharya was ten, his father died.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of twelve, he went to <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, then the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, where his great-grandfather, Srinivasa Brahmatantra Parakala Swami, was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Parakala_Matha" title="Parakala Matha">Parakala Matha</a>. He continued his studies under his great-grandfather's guidance and at Mysore University.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20101_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnamacharya spent much of his youth traveling through India studying the six <i><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darśana</a></i> or Indian philosophies: <i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaiśeṣika">vaiśeṣika</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyāya">nyāya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāṃkhya">sāṃkhya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">mīmāṃsā</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedānta">vedānta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, at the age of eighteen, Krishnamacharya left Mysore to attend university at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Banaras</a>, also known as Vārānasī, a city of hundreds of temples and a highly regarded North Indian center of traditional learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at university, he studied logic and Sanskrit, working with Brahmashri Shivakumar Shastry, "one of the greatest grammarians of the age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199838_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199838-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that he learned the Mimamsa from Brahmasri Trilinga Rama Shastri.<sup id="cite_ref-kym.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, he once again left for Banaras to attend classes at Queens College, where he claimed that he earned a number of teaching certificates. During the first year he had little or no financial support from his family. In order to eat, he followed the rules that were laid down for religious beggars: he was to approach only seven households each day and offer a prayer "in return for wheat flour to mix with water for cakes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199840_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199840-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya eventually left Queens College to study the <i>ṣaḍdarśana</i> (six darshanas) in Vedic philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Patna_University" title="Patna University">Patna University</a>, in Bihar, a state in eastern India. He received a scholarship to study Ayurveda under Vaidya Krishnakumar of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-kym.org_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya claimed that he was invited to the coronation of the Rajah of Dikkanghat (a principality within <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a>), at which he defeated a scholar called Bihari Lal in a debate, and received rewards and honors from the Rajah.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that his stay in Banaras lasted 11 years. He further claimed that he studied with the yoga master Sri Babu Bhagavan Das and passed the Samkhya Yoga Examination of Patna,<sup id="cite_ref-kym.org_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that many of his instructors recognized his outstanding abilities in yoga, some asking that he teach their children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ramamohana_Brahmachari"></span><span class="anchor" id="Yoga_Korunta"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tale_of_Ramamohana_Brahmachari_and_the_Yoga_Korunta">The tale of Ramamohana Brahmachari and the <i>Yoga Korunta</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The tale of Ramamohana Brahmachari and the Yoga Korunta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Korunta" title="Yoga Korunta">Yoga Korunta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KailashTanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/KailashTanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Krishnamacharya claimed that he had spent seven and a half years at the foot of the sacred <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, learning the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Korunta" title="Yoga Korunta">Yoga Korunta</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> language of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Krishnamacharya told his pupils, including Iyengar, "an imagined history, it turns out, of thousands of asanas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWhite2014125_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWhite2014125-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Singleton and Tara Fraser note that he provided contradictory descriptions of the facts of his own life, sometimes denying tales he had told earlier, and sometimes mischievously<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201485_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201485-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding new versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201485_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201485-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one such tale, recounted by Mohan, during the vacations, which would last about three months, Krishnamacharya made pilgrimages into the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya claimed in his <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i> that at the suggestion of Gaṅgānāth Jhā, he sought to further his yoga studies by seeking a master named Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari, who was rumored to live in the mountains beyond Nepal and had supposedly mastered 7000 asanas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this venture, Krishnamacharya had to obtain the permission of the Viceroy in Simla, Lord Irwin, who was then suffering from diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the request of the Viceroy, Krishnamacharya travelled to Simla and taught him yogic practices for six months. The viceroy's health improved and he developed respect and affection for Krishnamacharya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, the Viceroy made arrangements for Krishnamacharya's travel to Tibet, supplying three aides and taking care of the expenses. After two and a half months of walking, Krishnamacharya arrived at Sri Brahmachari's school, supposedly a cave at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a>, where the master lived with his wife and three children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Brahmachari's tutelage, Krishnamacharya claimed to have spent seven and a half years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20105_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20105-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studying the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sūtras</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a>, learning <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, and studying the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_aspects_of_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic aspects of yoga">therapeutic aspects of yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was supposedly made to memorize the whole of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Korunta" title="Yoga Korunta">Yoga Korunta</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> language, though no evidence of that text exists. As tradition holds, at the end of his studies with the guru, Krishnamacharya asked what his payment would be. The master responded that Krishnamacharya was to "take a wife, raise children and be a teacher of Yoga".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199844_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199844-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010184–186,_197_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010184–186,_197-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the tale, Krishnamacharya then returned to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. The Maharajah of Jaipur called him to serve as principal of the Vidyā Śālā in Jaipur; but as he did not like being answerable to many people, Krishnamacharya shortly returned to Varanasi. In accordance with his guru's wish that he live the life of a householder, Krishnamacharya married Namagiriamma in 1925. After his marriage, Krishnamacharya was forced by circumstance to work in a coffee plantation in the Hasan district. It was after a lecture on the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> in Mysore town hall in 1931 that he attracted the attention as a learned scholar that eventually led to his employment at the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010184–186,_197_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010184–186,_197-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysore_years">Mysore years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mysore years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishnamacharya_mysoreSchool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Krishnamacharya_mysoreSchool.jpg/220px-Krishnamacharya_mysoreSchool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Krishnamacharya_mysoreSchool.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Krishnamacharya in a yoga demonstration</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></div> <p>In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore" title="Maharaja of Mysore">Maharaja of Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Wadiyar_IV" title="Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV">Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV</a> (1884–1940) was in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> to celebrate his mother's 60th birthday and heard about Krishnamacharya's learning and skill as a yoga therapist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maharaja met Krishnamacharya and was so impressed by the young man's demeanor, authority, and scholarship that he engaged Krishnamacharya to teach him and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Krishnamacharya taught yoga at the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Palace" title="Mysore Palace">Mysore Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199952_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199952-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon became a trusted advisor of the Maharajah, and was given the recognition of Asthana Vidwan — the intelligentsia of the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar200053_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar200053-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s, Krishnamacharya held many demonstrations to stimulate popular interest in yoga. These included suspending his pulse, stopping cars with his bare hands, performing difficult asanas, and lifting heavy objects with his teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palace archive records show that the Maharaja was interested in the promotion of yoga and continually sent Krishnamacharya around the country to give lectures and demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199953_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199953-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Krishnamacharya was invited to teach at the Sanskrit College in Mysore. The Maharaja, who felt that yoga had helped cure his many ailments, asked Krishnamacharya to open a yoga school under his patronage<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20106_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20106-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently given the wing of a nearby palace, the <a href="/wiki/Jaganmohan_Palace" title="Jaganmohan Palace">Jaganmohan Palace</a>, to start the Yogashala, an independent yoga institution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199952_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199952-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opened on 11 August 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199887-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010181ff_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010181ff-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/220px-Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/330px-Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/440px-Gajasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gajasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajasana">Gajasana</a>, hand-drawn illustration in <i>Sritattvanidhi</i>, 19th century Mysore Palace manuscript. The scholar <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Norman Sjoman</a> suggests that Krishnamacharya was influenced by the yoga poses in the manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-cushman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, he wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i> ("Essence of Yoga"), which was published by Mysore University. In the introduction to <i>Yoga Makaranda</i>, Krishnamacharya lists the <i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i>, a 19th-century treatise containing a yoga section by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Maharaja of Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wodeyar_III" title="Krishnaraja Wodeyar III">Krishnaraja Wodeyar III</a> (1794–1868) as one of the sources for his book. In <i>The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Norman Sjoman</a> asserts that Krishnamacharya was influenced by the <i>Sritattvanidhi</i> and by the <i>Vyayama Dipika</i>, a Western-based gymnastics manual written by the Mysore Palace gymnasts.<sup id="cite_ref-cushman_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga researcher)">Mark Singleton</a> argues that he was influenced by the 20th century yoga pioneers <a href="/wiki/Yogendra" title="Yogendra">Yogendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a>, and that all three "seamlessly incorporate[d] elements of <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a> into their systems of 'yoga'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010111_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya, unlike earlier yoga gurus such as <a href="/wiki/Yogendra" title="Yogendra">Yogendra</a>, "severely criticized his students" including his young brother-in-law, B. K. S. Iyengar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016370–371_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016370–371-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was equally bad-tempered at home with his family. In the view of the historian of yoga <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Goldberg">Elliott Goldberg</a>, Iyengar "would never recover from or anywhere near comprehend the damage inflicted on him by Krishnamacharya's abuse" during his teenage years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016375_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016375-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV died. His nephew and successor, <a href="/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar" title="Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar">Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar</a> (1919–1974), less interested in yoga, no longer provided support for publishing texts and sending teams of teachers to surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199894_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199894-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following political changes in 1946, around the time that <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">India gained independence</a>, a new government came into being and the powers of the maharajas were curtailed. Funding for the yoga school was cut off,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Krishnamacharya struggled to maintain the school. At the age of 60 (1948), Krishnamacharya was forced to travel extensively to find students and provide for his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yogashala in Mysore was ordered to be closed by <a href="/wiki/K.C._Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="K.C. Reddy">K.C. Reddy</a>, the first Chief Minister of Mysore State, and the school eventually closed in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madras_years">Madras years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madras years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishnamacharya_teaching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Krishnamacharya_teaching.jpg/170px-Krishnamacharya_teaching.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/Krishnamacharya_teaching.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Krishnamacharya teaching a child</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving Mysore, Krishnamacharya moved to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> for a couple of years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998101_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998101-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then was invited in 1952 to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> (now Chennai), by a well-known lawyer who sought Krishnamacharya's help in healing from a stroke. By now, Krishnamacharya was in his sixties, and his reputation for being a strict and intimidating teacher had mellowed somewhat. In Madras, Krishnamacharya accepted a job as a lecturer at Vivekananda College. He also began to acquire yoga students from diverse backgrounds and in various physical conditions, which required him to adapt his teaching to each student's abilities. For the remainder of his teaching life, Krishnamacharya continued to refine this individualized approach, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan201038–43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan201038–43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many considered Krishnamacharya a yoga master, but he continued to call himself a student because he felt that he was always "studying, exploring and experimenting" with the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998104_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his life, Krishnamacharya refused to take credit for his innovative teachings but instead attributed the knowledge to his guru or to ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his knowledge and teaching has influenced yoga throughout the world, Krishnamacharya never left his native India. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You may never have heard of him but Tirumalai Krishnamacharya influenced or perhaps even invented your yoga. Whether you practice the dynamic series of <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Jois">Pattabhi Jois</a>, the refined alignments of <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>, the classical postures of Indra Devi, or the customized vinyasa of Viniyoga, your practice stems from one source: a five-foot, two-inch Brahmin born more than one hundred years ago in a small South Indian village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By developing and refining different approaches, Krishnamacharya made yoga accessible to millions around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach">Approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div> <p>Krishnamacharya was a physician of <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic medicine">Ayurvedic medicine</a>. He "possessed enormous knowledge of nutrition, herbal medicine, the use of oils, and other remedies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998124_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998124-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya's custom as an Ayurvedic practitioner was to begin with a detailed examination to determine the most efficient path to take for a patient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998129_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998129-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Krishnamacharya, even though the source or focus of a disease is in a particular area of the body, he assumed that many other systems in the body, both mental and physical, would also be affected. At some point during or after an initial examination, Krishnamacharya would ask if the patient was willing to follow his guidance. This question was important to a patient's treatment, because Krishnamacharya felt that if the person could not trust him fully there was little chance of his or her being healed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg/330px-Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg/495px-Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg/660px-Eight_Limbs_of_Yoga_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Krishnamacharya emphasised the use of three of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eight_limbs_of_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight limbs of yoga">eight limbs of yoga</a>, not only <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Once a person began seeing Krishnamacharya, he would work with him or her on a number of levels including adjusting their diet; creating herbal medicines; and setting up a series of yoga postures that would be most beneficial. When instructing a person on the practice of yoga, Krishnamacharya particularly stressed the importance of combining breath work (<a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>) with the postures (<a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>) of yoga and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyana</a>) to reach the desired goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya "believed Yoga to be India's greatest gift to the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998123_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His yoga instruction reflected his conviction that yoga could be both a spiritual practice and a mode of physical healing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xviii_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xviii-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style of yoga is now known as Vinyasa Krama Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya based his teachings on the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Sutras">Yoga Sutras</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i>. Whereas Krishnamacharya was deeply devoted to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, he also respected his students' varying religious beliefs, or nonbeliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2010107_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2010107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former student recalls that while leading a meditation, Krishnamacharya instructed students to close their eyes and "think of God. If not God, the sun. If not the sun, your parents."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the teachings he received from his father and other instructors, Krishnamacharya approached every student as "absolutely unique",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199820_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199820-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the belief that the most important aspect of teaching yoga was that the student be "taught according to his or her individual capacity at any given time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199822_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199822-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Krishnamacharya, the path of yoga meant different things for different people, and each person ought to be taught in a manner that he or she understood clearly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xix_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xix-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnamacharya's students included many of 20th century yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a>; <a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a>; <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>; <a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a>; and <a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a> (born 1945).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Leading yoga teachers among Krishnamacharya's pupils<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2006xvi–xx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Student</th> <th>Relationship</th> <th>Known for</th> <th>Founded school</th> <th>Best-known book </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a> (1899–2002)</td> <td>pupil</td> <td>Yoga with <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> stars</td> <td>—</td> <td><i>Yoga for Americans</i> 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a> (1915–2009)</td> <td>pupil</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga vinyasa yoga</a></td> <td><i>Yoga Mala</i> 1999 and <p>Ashtanga Yoga Manual with Lino Miele 2003 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> (1918-2014)</td> <td>brother-in-law</td> <td>Precision, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_prop" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga prop">props</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i> 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a> (1938-2016)</td> <td>son</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a></td> <td>Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram</td> <td><i>The Heart of Yoga</i> 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a> (1939- )</td> <td>pupil</td> <td>Vinyasa Krama yoga</td> <td>—</td> <td><i>Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga</i> 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a> (1945- )</td> <td>pupil</td> <td>Svastha Yoga & Ayurveda</td> <td>—</td> <td><i>Yoga for Body, Breath, and Mind</i> 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a> (1908-1999)</td> <td>pupil by proxy, Krishnamacharya sent Iyengar and Desikachar to teach her<sup id="cite_ref-YI2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YI2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>Asked her followers not to name schools of yoga after her.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildcroft_2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildcroft_2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Awakening the Spine</i> 1991 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accomplishment_as_a_scholar">Accomplishment as a scholar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accomplishment as a scholar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnamacharya was highly regarded as a scholar. He earned degrees in philosophy, logic, divinity, philology, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was twice offered the position of Acharya in the <a href="/wiki/Srivaishnava_sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivaishnava sampradaya">Srivaishnava sampradaya</a>, but he declined in order to stay with his family, in accordance with his guru's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagés_Ruiz2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also had extensive knowledge of orthodox Hindu rituals. His scholarship in various <a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">darshanas</a> of orthodox Indian philosophy earned him titles such as <i>Sāṃkhya-yoga-śikhāmaṇi</i>, <i>Mīmāṃsā-ratna</i>, <i>Mīmāṃsā-thīrtha</i>, <i>Nyāyācārya</i>, <i>Vedāntavāgīśa</i>, <i>Veda-kesari</i> and <i>Yogācārya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.chennaionline.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.chennaionline.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Krishnamacharya's most distinctive teachings was about kuṇḍalinī. To him, kuṇḍalinī is not an energy that rises. Rather, it is a blockage that prevents prāṇa (breath) from rising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20226_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20226-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Yogaasanagalu</i> (c. 1941)</li> <li><i>Yoga Rahasya</i> (2004)</li> <li><i>Yogavalli</i> (Chapter 1 – 1988)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2010125-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2010125_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan2010">Mohan 2010</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kym.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kym.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kym.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kym.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kym.org_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kym.org_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kym.org/tkrish.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krishnamacharya+Yoga+Mandiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kym.org%2Ftkrish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483–106-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonFraser201483–106_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingletonFraser2014">Singleton & Fraser 2014</a>, pp. 83–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanMohan2017" class="citation web cs1">Mohan, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoga+Through+Time&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fwisdom%2F466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016370–371-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016370–371_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2016">Goldberg 2016</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016375-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016375_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2016">Goldberg 2016</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199894-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199894_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199896_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998101-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998101_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan201038–43-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan201038–43_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan2010">Mohan 2010</a>, pp. 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998104-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998104_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998124-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998124_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998129-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998129_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998131-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998131_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998111_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998123-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998123_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xviii-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xviii_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harmonyyoga.co.uk/vinyasa-krama-yoga-open-practice-sessions/">"Vinyasa Krama Yoga"</a>. Harmony Yoga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104951/https://www.harmonyyoga.co.uk/vinyasa-krama-yoga-open-practice-sessions/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyasa+Krama+Yoga&rft.pub=Harmony+Yoga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harmonyyoga.co.uk%2Fvinyasa-krama-yoga-open-practice-sessions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2010107-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2010107_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan2010">Mohan 2010</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199820-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199820_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199822-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens199822_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xix-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesikacharCravens1998xix_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998">Desikachar & Cravens 1998</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YI2015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YI2015_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wishner, Nan (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yogainternational.com/article/view/the-legacy-of-vanda-scaravelli">"The Legacy of Vanda Scaravelli"</a>. Yoga International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524084029/https://yogainternational.com/article/view/the-legacy-of-vanda-scaravelli/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Vanda+Scaravelli&rft.pub=Yoga+International&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Wishner&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyogainternational.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fthe-legacy-of-vanda-scaravelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildcroft_2020-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wildcroft_2020_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildcroft2020" class="citation book cs1">Wildcroft, Theodora (2020). <a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga"><i>Post-Lineage Yoga : from Guru to #metoo</i></a>. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-940-6"><bdi>978-1-78179-940-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152054676">1152054676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Lineage+Yoga+%3A+from+Guru+to+%23metoo&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152054676&rft.isbn=978-1-78179-940-6&rft.aulast=Wildcroft&rft.aufirst=Theodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–5-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan20103–5_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan2010">Mohan 2010</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.chennaionline.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archives.chennaionline.com_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020054022/http://archives.chennaionline.com/Personality/art012.asp">"Interview of the week: TKV Desikachar, Founder, Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram"</a>. Chennai Online Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chennaionline.com/Personality/art012.asp">the original</a> on 20 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+of+the+week%3A+TKV+Desikachar%2C+Founder%2C+Krishnamacharya+Yoga+Mandiram&rft.pub=Chennai+Online+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chennaionline.com%2FPersonality%2Fart012.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20226-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson20226_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2022">Atkinson 2022</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Simon (2022). <i>Krishnamacharya on Kundalini : the origins and coherence of his position</i>. Bristol: Equinox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800501522" title="Special:BookSources/9781800501522"><bdi>9781800501522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishnamacharya+on+Kundalini+%3A+the+origins+and+coherence+of+his+position&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781800501522&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesikacharCravens1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">Desikachar, T. K. V.</a>; Cravens, Richard H. (1998). <i>Health, Healing & Beyond : Yoga and the living tradition of Krishnamacharya</i>. Aperture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89381-941-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89381-941-7"><bdi>0-89381-941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health%2C+Healing+%26+Beyond+%3A+Yoga+and+the+living+tradition+of+Krishnamacharya&rft.pub=Aperture&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-89381-941-7&rft.aulast=Desikachar&rft.aufirst=T.+K.+V.&rft.au=Cravens%2C+Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Goldberg">Goldberg, Elliott</a> (2016). <i>The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice</i>. Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5"><bdi>978-1-62055-567-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926062252">926062252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+of+Modern+Yoga+%3A+the+history+of+an+embodied+spiritual+practice&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F926062252&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-567-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B.K.S._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.K.S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B.K.S.</a> (2000). <i>Astadala Yogamala</i>. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8177640465" title="Special:BookSources/978-8177640465"><bdi>978-8177640465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astadala+Yogamala&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8177640465&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (2006). <i>Light on Life: The Yoga Journey to Wholeness, Inner Peace, and Ultimate Freedom</i>. Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594865244" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594865244"><bdi>978-1594865244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Life%3A+The+Yoga+Journey+to+Wholeness%2C+Inner+Peace%2C+and+Ultimate+Freedom&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1594865244&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">Mohan, A. G.</a> (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya:_His_Life_and_Teachings" title="Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings">Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings</a></i>. Boston: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-800-4"><bdi>978-1-59030-800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishnamacharya%3A+His+Life+and+Teachings&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-800-4&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagés_Ruiz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pagés Ruiz, Fernando (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/history-of-yoga/krishnamacharya-s-legacy/">"Krishnamacharya's Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i> (May/June 2001).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Krishnamacharya%27s+Legacy&rft.issue=May%2FJune+2001&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pag%C3%A9s+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fyoga-101%2Fhistory-of-yoga%2Fkrishnamacharya-s-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body"><i>Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Posture+Practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539534-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonFraser2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a>; Fraser, Tara (2014). "4. T. Krishnamacharya, Father of Modern Yoga". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a>; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.). <i>Gurus of Modern Yoga</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1"><bdi>978-0-19-993871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+T.+Krishnamacharya%2C+Father+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.btitle=Gurus+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.pages=83-106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993871-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Sjoman, N.E.</a> (1999) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC"><i>The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</i></a> (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=N.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BU2WI8wMpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Frederick M.; White, Joan (2014). "6. Becoming an Icon: B. K. S. Iyengar as a Yoga Teacher and a Yoga Guru". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a>; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.). <i>Gurus of Modern Yoga</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1"><bdi>978-0-19-993871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Becoming+an+Icon%3A+B.+K.+S.+Iyengar+as+a+Yoga+Teacher+and+a+Yoga+Guru&rft.btitle=Gurus+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.pages=122-146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993871-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft.au=White%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Srivatsan, Mala (1997) <i>Śrī Krishnamacharya the pūrnācārya</i>. Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram. OCLC 39292632.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Dars, Jean-François (Director); Papillault, Anne (Director) (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videotheque.cnrs.fr/doc=604?langue=EN"><i>Hundred Years of Beatitude</i></a> (Documentary). CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hundred+Years+of+Beatitude&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Dars&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+%28Director%29&rft.au=Papillault%2C+Anne+%28Director%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideotheque.cnrs.fr%2Fdoc%3D604%3Flangue%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Wadiyar_IV" title="Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV">Wadiyar, Krishna Raja</a> (Sponsor) (1989) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214191915/http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/yoga/youtube.asp?id=krishnamacharya"><i>T. Krishnamacharya Asanas</i></a> (Film). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/yoga/youtube.asp?id=krishnamacharya">the original</a> on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+Krishnamacharya+Asanas&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asia.si.edu%2Fexplore%2Fyoga%2Fyoutube.asp%3Fid%3Dkrishnamacharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Schmidt-Garre, Jan (Director) (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a>: A Journey to the Origins of Modern Yoga</i> (Documentary). PARS Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breath+of+the+Gods%3A+A+Journey+to+the+Origins+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.pub=PARS+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Garre&rft.aufirst=Jan+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirumalai+Krishnamacharya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_yoga_gurus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Template:Modern yoga gurus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Template talk:Modern yoga gurus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern yoga gurus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_yoga_gurus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gurus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurumayi_Chidvilasananda" title="Gurumayi Chidvilasananda">Chidvilasananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh_Kaur_Khalsa" title="Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa">Gurmukh Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Bhajan" title="Yogi Bhajan">Harbhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktananda" title="Muktananda">Muktananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdev" title="Ramdev">Ramdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarananda_(Shiva_Yoga)" title="Shankarananda (Shiva Yoga)">Shankarananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Sundarraja Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Yogendra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga" title="Category:Yoga">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_culture" title="Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_culture" title="Template talk:Physical culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. 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