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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nupedia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيوبيديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوبيديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নুপিডিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নুপিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupediya" title="Nupediya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nupediya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নুপিডিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নুপিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нупедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нупедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нупэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нупэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्यूपीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="न्यूपीडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нупедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нупедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нупеди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нупеди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیوپدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوپدیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ન્યુપીડિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ન્યુપીડિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%ED%94%BC%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="누피디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누피디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նուպեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուպեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्यूपीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूपीडिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedija" title="Nupedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nupedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="נופדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נופדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нупедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нупедия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedija" title="Nupedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nupedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nup%C3%A9dia" title="Nupédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nupédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ന്യൂപീഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂപീഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्युपिडिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्युपिडिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ヌーペディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌーペディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨੁਪੀਡੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੁਪੀਡੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيوپېډيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيوپېډيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нупедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нупедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Ноупєдїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ноупєдїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нупедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нупедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நுபீடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுபீடியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นูพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นูพีเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нупедия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нупедия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нупедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нупедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیو پیڈیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو پیڈیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Nupedia" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nup%C3%A9di" title="Nupédi – Betawi" lang="bew" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multi-language online encyclopedia (2000–2003)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the predecessor of Wikipedia. For the online encyclopedia originally known as GNUpedia, see <a href="/wiki/GNE_(encyclopedia)" title="GNE (encyclopedia)">GNE (encyclopedia)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nupedia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nupedia.svg/250px-Nupedia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nupedia.svg/330px-Nupedia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nupedia.svg/440px-Nupedia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_20030808_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nupedia_20030808_screenshot.png/250px-Nupedia_20030808_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nupedia_20030808_screenshot.png/500px-Nupedia_20030808_screenshot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="857" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot from the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">Online encyclopedia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>English</li><li>German</li><li>Spanish</li><li>French</li><li>Italian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(law)" title="Dissolution (law)">Dissolved</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> (formerly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nupedia.org/">nupedia.org</a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030808013826/http://nupedia.com/">www.nupedia.com</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 8 August 2003)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000407072702/http://www.nupedia.com/">www.nupedia.com</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 7 April 2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 2000<span class="noprint">; 25 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000-03-09</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_logos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nupedia_logos.png/250px-Nupedia_logos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nupedia_logos.png/330px-Nupedia_logos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nupedia_logos.png/500px-Nupedia_logos.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>All three logos used by Nupedia. The first logo was used from March to August 2000, the second from August 2000 to February 2001, and the third from February 2001 to September 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nupedia</b> was a multi-language <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> whose articles were written by volunteer contributors with relevant subject matter expertise, reviewed by expert editors before publication, and licensed as <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and underwritten by <a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> as editor-in-chief. Nupedia operated from March 2000<sup id="cite_ref-hive_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hive-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until September 2003. It is best known today as the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>-based updating. Nupedia was designed by a committee of experts who predefined the rules. It had only 21 articles in its first year,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with Wikipedia having 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.<sup id="cite_ref-SangerMemoir_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>; it was instead characterized by an extensive <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-review</a> process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars (ideally with PhDs) to volunteer content.<sup id="cite_ref-thewikipediarevolution38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewikipediarevolution38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced 24 approved articles<sup id="cite_ref-elisecraig_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elisecraig-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ayers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kensmyers_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kensmyers-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had completed its review process and another 150 articles were in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, while Sanger preferred the peer-reviewed approach used by Nupedia<sup id="cite_ref-SangerMemoir_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later founded <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> in 2006 as an expert-reviewed alternative to Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1999, Jimmy Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, in January 2000, hired Larry Sanger to oversee its development.<sup id="cite_ref-hive_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hive-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project officially went online on 9 March 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Liane_Gouthro_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liane_Gouthro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.<sup id="cite_ref-idg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its beginning, Nupedia was a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> encyclopedia,<sup id="cite_ref-Liane_Gouthro_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liane_Gouthro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.<sup id="cite_ref-idg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in January 2001, Nupedia started <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles before entering the peer review process.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the <a href="/wiki/GNE_(encyclopedia)" title="GNE (encyclopedia)">GNE encyclopedia</a>. As a result, GNE never really developed, and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief. </p><p>Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-hive_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hive-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sanger resigned from both projects shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. Nupedia's server crashed in September 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nupedia's encyclopedic content was assimilated into Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-johnkwaters_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnkwaters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editorial_process">Editorial process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editorial process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_article_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nupedia_article_example.png/250px-Nupedia_article_example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nupedia_article_example.png/330px-Nupedia_article_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nupedia_article_example.png/500px-Nupedia_article_example.png 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Example of a Nupedia article on the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical era of music</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of: </p> <ol><li>Assignment</li> <li>Finding a lead reviewer</li> <li>Lead review</li> <li>Open review</li> <li>Lead copyediting</li> <li>Open copyediting</li> <li>Final approval and markup</li></ol> <p>Authors were expected to have expert knowledge (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert <i>per se</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the editors approving articles for publication were expected "to be true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) [to] possess PhDs".<sup id="cite_ref-NupediaEditor_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NupediaEditor-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruth Ifcher was someone Sanger depended upon and worked closely with on Nupedia's early policies and procedures. Ifcher, holding several higher degrees, was a computer programmer and former copy editor and agreed to be volunteer chief copy editor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_development">Software development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Software development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nupedia was powered by NupeCode <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a>. NupeCode is <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> software (released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>) designed for large <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> projects. The code was available via Nupedia's <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> repository. One of the problems experienced by Nupedia during much of its existence was that the software lacked functionality. Much of the missing functionality had been mocked-up using underlined blocks of text which appeared to be hyperlinks, but actually were not.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing at <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>, but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace the original software.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nupedia_and_Wikipedia#Articles_copied_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia § Articles copied to Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nupedia_and_Wikipedia#Articles_copied_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia § Articles copied to Wikipedia</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hive-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hive_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hive_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hive_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoe2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Poe, Marshall (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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How an attempt to build an online encyclopedia touched off history's biggest experiment in collaborative knowledge"</a>. <i>The Hive</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026045223/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Aurum. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845134730" title="Special:BookSources/9781845134730"><bdi>9781845134730</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/280430641">280430641</a>. <q>His academic roots compelled Sanger to insist on one rigid requirement for his editors: a pedigree. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VatorNews&rft.atitle=When+Wikipedia+was+young%3A+the+early+years&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvator.tv%2Fnews%2F2017-06-13-when-wikipedia-was-young-the-early-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/">"Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112426/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+next+generation+of+online+encyclopedias&rft.date=2000-11-21&rft.aulast=Frauenfelder&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2000%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F11%2F21%2Fnet.gen.encyclopedias.idg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFjwales2001" class="citation web cs1">jwales (17 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603">"Re:GNUPedia = Nupedia?"</a>. <i>GNUPedia Project Starting</i>. 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Internet Archive. 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Bomis, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224171427/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-March/001603.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia-L&rft.atitle=My+Resignation&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2002-March%2F001603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc/chapter-1.html">"1 Nazis and Norms"</a>. <i>reagle.org</i>. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430193909/https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc/chapter-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reagle.org&rft.atitle=1+Nazis+and+Norms&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2010%2Fgfc%2Fchapter-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnkwaters-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnkwaters_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waters 2010, pp. 179–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010331211742/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml">"Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31)"</a>. <i>Nupedia</i>. 16 November 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml">the original</a> on 31 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>. <q>The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nupedia&rft.atitle=Nupedia.com+Editorial+Policy+Guidelines+%28Version+3.31%29&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nupedia.com%2Fpolicy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NupediaEditor-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NupediaEditor_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010410035607/http://www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml">"How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia"</a>. <i>Nupedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml">the original</a> on 10 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nupedia&rft.atitle=How+to+be+an+editor+or+peer+reviewer+for+Nupedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nupedia.com%2Fsteering.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLih2009" class="citation book cs1">Lih, Andrew (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wikipediarevolut00liha/page/37"><i>The Wikipedia Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: Hyperion. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wikipediarevolut00liha/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401303716" title="Special:BookSources/9781401303716"><bdi>9781401303716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781401303716&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwikipediarevolut00liha%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/nunupedia/">"NuNupedia"</a>. <i>SourceForge</i>. 22 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151555/https://sourceforge.net/projects/nunupedia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=NuNupedia&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fnunupedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANupedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Larry Sanger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9">The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95">Part 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>, April 2005.</li> <li>Larry Sanger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NupediaStatementOfEditorialPolicyversion2">"Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 2.1"</a>, Printable Version dated 10 May 2000.</li> <li>Larry Sanger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NupediaStatementOfEditorialPolicyversion3">"Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 3.2"</a>, Printable Version dated 23 June 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nupedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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aria-labelledby="Wikipedia439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview<br />(outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community<br />(Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_against_MENA_Wikimedians" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions against MENA Wikimedians">against MENA Wikimedians</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orangemoody" title="Operation Orangemoody">Operation Orangemoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate"><i>Star Trek Into Darkness</i> debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Weintraub%E2%80%93Wikipedia_controversy" title="Abraham Weintraub–Wikipedia controversy">Weintraub controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes" title="Zhemao hoaxes">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit hole">Wiki rabbit hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li> 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