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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The first airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Rationalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Since 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deregulation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deregulation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Bailout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Latin America and Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assets_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assets_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Assets and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assets_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airline_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airline_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Airline alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airline_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Largest airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>State support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Call signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Related lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Airline</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugredery" title="Lugredery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugredery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شركة طيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة طيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aereollinia" title="Aereollinia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aereollinia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиакомпания – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Авиакомпания" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviakompaniya" title="Aviakompaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aviakompaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বিমানসংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমানসংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Авіякампанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авіякампанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиокомпания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авиокомпания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADnia" title="Aerolínia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aerolínia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteck%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Letecká společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letecká společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyselskab" title="Flyselskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flyselskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluggesellschaft" title="Fluggesellschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fluggesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennufirma" title="Lennufirma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lennufirma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADnea" title="Aerolínea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aerolínea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugkompanio" title="Flugkompanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flugkompanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airelinea" title="Airelinea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Airelinea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شرکت هواپیمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت هواپیمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_a%C3%A9rienne" title="Compagnie aérienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compagnie aérienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftfeartmaatskippij" title="Loftfeartmaatskippij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loftfeartmaatskippij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerl%C3%ADne" title="Aerlíne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerlíne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroli%C3%B1a" title="Aeroliña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeroliña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2ng-kh%C3%BBng_K%C3%BBng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Hòng-khûng Kûng-sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hòng-khûng Kûng-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" title="항공사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="विमान सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विमान सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrakoplovna_tvrtka" title="Zrakoplovna tvrtka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zrakoplovna tvrtka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskapai_penerbangan" title="Maskapai penerbangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maskapai penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugf%C3%A9lag" title="Flugfélag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flugfélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_aerea" title="Compagnia aerea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagnia aerea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="חברת תעופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברת תעופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Әуе компания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әуе компания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_la_ndege" title="Shirika la ndege – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika la ndege" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ສາຍການບິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາຍການບິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsabiedr%C4%ABba" title="Lidsabiedrība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lidsabiedrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_linij%C5%B3_bendrov%C4%97" title="Oro linijų bendrovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro linijų bendrovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9git%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Légitársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légitársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="विमान वाहतूक कंपनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विमान वाहतूक कंपनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_penerbangan" title="Syarikat penerbangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syarikat penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvaartmaatschappij" title="Luchtvaartmaatschappij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtvaartmaatschappij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="वायुसेवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वायुसेवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="航空会社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyselskap" title="Flyselskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flyselskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyselskap" title="Flyselskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flyselskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhi%C3%A1_aeriana" title="Companhiá aeriana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Companhiá aeriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Авиакомпаний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Авиакомпаний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ہوائی کمپنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوائی کمپنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8D" title="ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linia_lotnicza" title="Linia lotnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linia lotnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linha_a%C3%A9rea" title="Linha aérea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linha aérea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vluchjesellschaff" title="Vluchjesellschaff – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vluchjesellschaff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_aerian%C4%83" title="Companie aeriană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Companie aeriană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиакомпания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авиакомпания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline" title="Airline – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Airline" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteck%C3%BD_dopravca" title="Letecký dopravca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letecký dopravca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letalska_dru%C5%BEba" title="Letalska družba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letalska družba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ھێڵی ئاسمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێڵی ئاسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Авио-компанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Авио-компанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avio-kompanija" title="Avio-kompanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avio-kompanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskap%C3%A9_penerbangan" title="Maskapé penerbangan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Maskapé penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentoyhti%C3%B6" title="Lentoyhtiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentoyhtiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygbolag" title="Flygbolag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flygbolag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompanyang_panghimpapawid" title="Kompanyang panghimpapawid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kompanyang panghimpapawid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வான்வழிப் போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வான்வழிப் போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สายการบิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สายการบิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Ширкати ҳавопаймоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ширкати ҳавопаймоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havayolu" title="Havayolu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havayolu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиакомпания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Авиакомпания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Авіалінії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіалінії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ایئرلائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایئرلائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A3ng_h%C3%A0ng_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Hãng hàng không – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hãng hàng không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="航空公司 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Company that provides air transport services for passengers and freight</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Airline_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Airline (disambiguation)">Airline (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_(19482266291).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg/220px-Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg/330px-Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg/440px-Europe_to_South_American_in_3_Days_Poster_%2819482266291%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>1930s German poster advertising a weekly <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a> service from <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa" title="Deutsche Luft Hansa">Deutsche Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndicato_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicato Condor">Syndicato Condor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Zeppelin_Reederei" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei">Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>airline</b> is a company that provides <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">air transport services</a> for traveling <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passengers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a>. Airlines use <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> to supply these services and may form <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a> or <a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">alliances</a> with other airlines for <a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeshare agreements">codeshare agreements</a>, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an <a href="/wiki/Air_operator%27s_certificate" title="Air operator's certificate">air operating certificate</a> or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">charter</a> operators. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundation_date" title="List of airlines by foundation date">first airline</a> was the German <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> company <a href="/wiki/DELAG" title="DELAG">DELAG</a>, founded on November 16, 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> (1919),<sup id="cite_ref-OldCNN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldCNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a> (1919),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia's <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> (1920)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> (1923).<sup id="cite_ref-OldCNN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldCNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and back to large-scale <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> following the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, there has been a trend of major airline <a href="/wiki/Mergers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mergers">mergers</a> and the formation of airline alliances. The largest alliances are <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a>. Airline alliances coordinate their passenger service programs (such as <a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">lounges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequent-flyer programs">frequent-flyer programs</a>), offer special <a href="/wiki/Interlining" title="Interlining">interline</a> tickets and often engage in extensive codesharing (sometimes systemwide). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_airlines">The first airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The first airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DELAG" title="DELAG">DELAG</a>, <i>Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft I</i> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundation_date" title="List of airlines by foundation date">world's first airline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded on November 16, 1909, with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin Corporation</a>. Its headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-wing">fixed-wing</a> scheduled airline was started on January 1, 1914. The flight was piloted by Tony Jannus<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flew from <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg%E2%80%93Tampa_Airboat_Line" title="St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line">St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klm-poster-1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Klm-poster-1919.jpg/170px-Klm-poster-1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Klm-poster-1919.jpg/255px-Klm-poster-1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Klm-poster-1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A 1919 advertisement for the Dutch airline <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, founded on October 7, 1919, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundation_date" title="List of airlines by foundation date">oldest running airline still operating under its original name</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg/220px-Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg/330px-Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg/440px-Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_W" title="Handley Page Type W">Handley Page W.8b</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Transport" title="Handley Page Transport">Handley Page Transport</a>, an early British airline established in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Transport_and_Travel" title="Aircraft Transport and Travel">Aircraft Transport and Travel</a>, formed by <a href="/wiki/George_Holt_Thomas" title="George Holt Thomas">George Holt Thomas</a> in 1916; via a series of takeovers and mergers, this company is an ancestor of modern-day <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>. Using a fleet of former military <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">Airco DH.4</a>A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, it operated relief flights between <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, Belgium. On July 15, 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, despite a lack of support from the British government. Flown by Lt. H Shaw in an <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">Airco DH.9</a> between <a href="/wiki/RAF_Hendon" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Hendon">RAF Hendon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris_%E2%80%93_Le_Bourget_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris – Le Bourget Airport">Paris – Le Bourget Airport</a>, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. </p><p>On August 25, 1919, the company used <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.16" title="Airco DH.16">DH.16s</a> to pioneer a regular service from <a href="/wiki/Hounslow_Heath_Aerodrome" title="Hounslow Heath Aerodrome">Hounslow Heath Aerodrome</a> to Paris's <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Le Bourget</a>, the first regular international service in the world. The airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather, and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a> contract. Six <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9A" title="Airco DH.9A">Airco DH.9A</a> aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between <a href="/wiki/Hawkinge" title="Hawkinge">Hawkinge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other British competitors were quick to follow – <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Transport" title="Handley Page Transport">Handley Page Transport</a> was established in 1919 and used the company's converted <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">wartime</a> <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">Type O/400</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> with a capacity for 12 passengers,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to run a <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> passenger service.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first French airline was <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(aviation)" title="Aéropostale (aviation)">Société des lignes Latécoère</a>, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Transports_A%C3%A9riens" title="Société Générale des Transports Aériens">Société Générale des Transports Aériens</a> was created in late 1919, by the <a href="/wiki/Farman" class="mw-redirect" title="Farman">Farman</a> brothers and the <a href="/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath" title="Farman F.60 Goliath">Farman F.60 Goliath</a> plane flew scheduled services from <a href="/wiki/Toussus-le-Noble" title="Toussus-le-Noble">Toussus-le-Noble</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kenley" title="Kenley">Kenley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, England. Another early French airline was the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Messageries_A%C3%A9riennes" title="Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes">Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes</a>, established in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_Breguet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Charles Breguet">Louis-Charles Breguet</a>, offering a mail and freight service between <a href="/wiki/Paris_%E2%80%93_Le_Bourget_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris – Le Bourget Airport">Le Bourget Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesquin_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesquin Airport">Lesquin Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007,_Berlin,_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00007%2C_Berlin%2C_Start_eines_Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F.13" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers F.13">Junkers F.13</a> <i>D-190</i> of <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Luftverkehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers Luftverkehr">Junkers Luftverkehr</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft-Reederei" title="Deutsche Luft-Reederei">Deutsche Luft-Reederei</a> established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919. In its first year, the D.L.R. operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a combined length of nearly 1000 miles. By 1921 the D.L.R. network was more than 3000 km (1865 miles) long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics. Another important German airline was <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Luftverkehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers Luftverkehr">Junkers Luftverkehr</a>, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a>, which became a separate company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> airline <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator <a href="/wiki/Albert_Plesman" title="Albert Plesman">Albert Plesman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was immediately awarded a "Royal" predicate from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first flight was from <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Airport" title="Croydon Airport">Croydon Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, using a leased <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Transport_and_Travel" title="Aircraft Transport and Travel">Aircraft Transport and Travel</a> <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.16" title="Airco DH.16">DH-16</a>, and carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>) was signed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> on 12 September 1923. <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F.13" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers F.13">Junkers F.13</a> D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on 14 March 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week later.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet was established in 1921. One of its first acts was to help found Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. (Deruluft), a German-Russian joint venture to provide air transport from Russia to the West. Domestic air service began around the same time, when Dobrolyot started operations on 15 July 1923 between Moscow and Nizhni Novgorod. Since 1932 all operations had been carried under the name <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early European airlines tended to favor comfort – the passenger cabins were often spacious with luxurious interiors – over speed and efficiency. The relatively basic navigational capabilities of pilots at the time also meant that delays due to the weather were commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationalization">Rationalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rationalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg/150px-National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg/225px-National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg/300px-National_Audit_Office_-_Victoria_-_London_-_020504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> Empire Terminal, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_London" title="Victoria, London">Victoria, London</a>. Trains ran from here to <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Airport" title="Croydon Airport">Croydon Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards increased rationalization and consolidation. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> was formed from the merger of <a href="/wiki/Instone_Air_Line" title="Instone Air Line">Instone Air Line Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Air_Navigation_Co_Ltd" title="British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd">British Marine Air Navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Airway" title="Daimler Airway">Daimler Airway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Transport" title="Handley Page Transport">Handley Page Transport</a>, to allow British airlines to compete with stiff competition from French and German airlines that were enjoying heavy government subsidies. The airline was a pioneer in surveying and opening up air routes across the world to serve far-flung parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and to enhance trade and integration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first new airliner ordered by Imperial Airways, was the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_W8f" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley Page W8f">Handley Page W8f</a> <i>City of Washington</i>, delivered on 3 November 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year of operation the company carried 11,395 passengers and 212,380 letters. In April 1925, the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)" title="The Lost World (1925 film)">The Lost World</a></i> became the first film to be screened for passengers on a scheduled airliner flight when it was shown on the London-Paris route. </p><p>Two French airlines also merged to form <a href="/wiki/Air_Union" title="Air Union">Air Union</a> on 1 January 1923. This later merged with four other French airlines to become <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>, the country's flagship carrier to this day, on 17 May 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany's <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Lufthansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Lufthansa">Deutsche Lufthansa</a> was created in 1926 by merger of two airlines, one of them <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Luftverkehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers Luftverkehr">Junkers Luftverkehr</a>. Lufthansa, due to the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Junkers</a> heritage and unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to <a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">Varig</a> and Avianca. German airliners built by <a href="/wiki/Junkers_(Aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers (Aircraft)">Junkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier GmbH">Dornier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fokker" title="Fokker">Fokker</a> were among the most advanced in the world at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cobham" title="Alan Cobham">Alan Cobham</a> surveyed a flight route from the UK to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, following this up with another proving flight to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Other routes to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> were also charted and demonstrated at this time. Regular services to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> began in 1927 and were extended to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in 1929. The London-<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> service was inaugurated in 1932 with the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley Page HP 42">Handley Page HP 42</a> airliners. Further services were opened up to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> passengers departed London on 14 March 1936 following the establishment of a branch from Penang to Hong Kong.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg/220px-Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg/330px-Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg/440px-Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>April 1935 map showing <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a>' routes from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure><p>France began an air mail service to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(aviation)" title="Aéropostale (aviation)">Aéropostale</a>, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankrupt</a>, was nationalized and merged into <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Germany lacked colonies, it also began expanding its services globally. In 1931, the airship <a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">Graf Zeppelin</a> began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America, usually every two weeks, which continued until 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, the airship <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before crashing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 6 May 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, a weekly air service from Berlin to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, started operating.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From February 1934 until World War II began in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa" title="Deutsche Luft Hansa">Deutsche Lufthansa</a> operated an airmail service from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> via <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and West Africa to <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. This was the first time an airline flew across an ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graue&Duggan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graue&Duggan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> had become the world's largest airline, employing more than 4,000 pilots and 60,000 other service personnel and operating around 3,000 aircraft (of which 75% were considered obsolete by its own standards). During the Soviet era Aeroflot was synonymous with Russian civil aviation, as it was the only air carrier. It became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104" title="Tupolev Tu-104">Tupolev Tu-104</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deregulation">Deregulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deregulation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on the structure of the industry there. The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such as <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> have often grown at the expense of the traditional national airlines. </p><p>There has also been a trend for these national airlines themselves to be privatized such as has occurred for <a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>. Other national airlines, including Italy's <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a>, suffered – particularly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>, the largest airline of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, had no fatal or hull-loss accidents since 1963, and is recognized for its safety.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_transportation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Air transportation in the United States">Air transportation in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_development">Early development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWA_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TWA_1940.jpg/220px-TWA_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TWA_1940.jpg/330px-TWA_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TWA_1940.jpg/440px-TWA_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TWA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWA">TWA</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> in 1940. The DC-3, often regarded as one of the most influential aircraft in the history of commercial aviation, revolutionized air travel.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tony_Jannus" title="Tony Jannus">Tony Jannus</a> conducted the United States' first scheduled commercial airline flight on January 1, 1914, for the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg-Tampa_Airboat_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line">St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 23-minute flight traveled between <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, passing some 50 feet (15 m) above Tampa Bay in Jannus' <a href="/wiki/Benoist_XIV" title="Benoist XIV">Benoist XIV</a> wood and muslin biplane flying boat. His passenger was a former mayor of St. Petersburg, who paid $400 for the privilege of sitting on a wooden bench in the open cockpit. The Airboat line operated for about four months, carrying more than 1,200 passengers who paid $5 each.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlines" title="Chalk's International Airlines">Chalk's International Airlines</a> began service between Miami and Bimini in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> in February 1919. Based in <a href="/wiki/Ft._Lauderdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Lauderdale">Ft. Lauderdale</a>, Chalk's claimed to be the oldest continuously operating airline in the United States until its closure in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the United States found itself swamped with aviators. Many decided to take their war-surplus aircraft on barnstorming campaigns, performing aerobatic maneuvers to woo crowds. In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> won the financial backing of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to begin experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a> service, initially using <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Jenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss Jenny">Curtiss Jenny</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aircraft that had been procured by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">United States Army Air Service</a>. Private operators were the first to fly the mail but due to numerous accidents the US Army was tasked with mail delivery. During the Army's involvement they proved to be too unreliable and lost their air mail duties.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1920s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">Postal Service</a> had developed its own air mail network, based on a transcontinental backbone between <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supplement this service, they offered twelve contracts for spur routes to independent bidders. Some of the carriers that won these routes would, through time and mergers, evolve into <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braniff_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Braniff Airways">Braniff Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> (originally a division of <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a>. </p><p>Service during the early 1920s was sporadic: most airlines at the time were focused on <a href="/wiki/Airmail#History" title="Airmail">carrying bags of mail</a>. In 1925, however, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> bought out the <a href="/wiki/William_Bushnell_Stout" title="William Bushnell Stout">Stout Aircraft Company</a> and began construction of the all-metal <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a>, which became the first successful American airliner. With a 12-passenger capacity, the Trimotor made passenger service potentially profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air service was seen as a supplement to <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a> service in the American transportation network. </p><p>At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a> began a crusade to create an air network that would link America to the world, and he achieved this goal through his airline, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a>, with a fleet of flying boats that linked <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which began flights to Canada in the 1920s) were the only U.S. airlines to go international before the 1940s. </p><p>With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">Boeing 247</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> in the 1930s, the U.S. airline industry was generally profitable, even during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. This trend continued until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_1945">Since 1945</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Since 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol,_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg/220px-Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg/330px-Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg/440px-Stratocruiser_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-5913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 377">Boeing 377</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Export_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Export Airlines">American Export Airlines</a>, the first airline to offer landplane flights across the North Atlantic in October 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>World War II, like World War I, brought new life to the airline industry. Many airlines in the Allied countries were flush from lease contracts to the military, and foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. They were eager to invest in the newly emerging flagships of air travel such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Stratocruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Stratocruiser">Boeing Stratocruiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a>. Most of these new aircraft were based on American bombers such as the <a href="/wiki/B-29" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29">B-29</a>, which had spearheaded research into new technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Pressurization" title="Pressurization">pressurization</a>. Most offered increased efficiency from both added speed and greater payload.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">De Havilland Comet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation Caravelle</a> became the first flagships of the Jet Age in the West, while the Eastern bloc had <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104" title="Tupolev Tu-104">Tupolev Tu-104</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124" title="Tupolev Tu-124">Tupolev Tu-124</a> in the fleets of state-owned carriers such as Czechoslovak <a href="/wiki/Czech_Airlines" title="Czech Airlines">ČSA</a>, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> and East-German <a href="/wiki/Interflug" title="Interflug">Interflug</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> inaugurated turboprop transport. </p><p>On 4 October 1958, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> started <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic flights</a> between <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York-Idlewild_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New York-Idlewild Airport">New York Idlewild</a> with a Comet 4, and <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a> followed on 26 October with a Boeing 707 service between New York and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011">Lockheed L-1011</a> inaugurated <a href="/wiki/Widebody" class="mw-redirect" title="Widebody">widebody</a> ("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a> and its Western counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>, made supersonic travel a reality.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concorde first flew in 1969 and operated through 2003. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range. Airbus also features modern electronic cockpits that were common across their aircraft to enable pilots to fly multiple models with minimal cross-training.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deregulation_2">Deregulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> <i>Clipper Neptune's Car</i> in 1985. The deregulation of the American airline industry increased the financial troubles of the airline which ultimately filed for bankruptcy in December 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1978 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Airline_deregulation_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline deregulation act">airline industry deregulation</a> lowered federally controlled barriers for new airlines just as a downturn in the nation's economy occurred. New start-ups entered during the downturn, during which time they found aircraft and funding, contracted hangar and maintenance services, trained new employees, and recruited laid-off staff from other airlines. </p><p>Major airlines dominated their routes through aggressive pricing and additional capacity offerings, often swamping new start-ups. In the place of high barriers to entry imposed by regulation, the major airlines implemented an equally high barrier called <a href="/wiki/Loss_leader" title="Loss leader">loss leader</a> pricing.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_R._Thomas_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_R._Thomas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this strategy an already established and dominant airline stomps out its competition by lowering airfares on specific routes, below the cost of operating on it, choking out any chance a start-up airline may have. The industry side effect is an overall drop in revenue and service quality.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since deregulation in 1978 the average domestic ticket price has dropped by 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So has airline employee pay. By incurring massive losses, the airlines of the USA now rely upon a scourge of cyclical Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings to continue doing business.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/America_West_Airlines" title="America West Airlines">America West Airlines</a> (which has since merged with US Airways) remained a significant survivor from this new entrant era, as dozens, even hundreds, have gone under. </p><p>In many ways, the biggest winner in the deregulated environment was the air passenger. Although not exclusively attributable to deregulation, indeed the U.S. witnessed an explosive growth in demand for air travel. Many millions who had never or rarely flown before became regular fliers, even joining <a href="/wiki/Frequent_flyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequent flyer">frequent flyer</a> loyalty programs and receiving free flights and other benefits from their flying. New services and higher frequencies meant that business fliers could fly to another city, do business, and return the same day, from almost any point in the country. Air travel's advantages put long-distance intercity <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> travel and bus lines under pressure, with most of the latter having withered away, whilst the former is still protected under <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> through the continuing existence of <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>. </p><p>By the 1980s, almost half of the total flying in the world took place in the U.S., and today the domestic industry operates over 10,000 daily departures nationwide. </p><p>Toward the end of the century, a new style of <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low cost airline</a> emerged, offering a no-frills product at a lower price. <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a>, <a href="/wiki/AirTran_Airways" title="AirTran Airways">AirTran Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skybus_Airlines" title="Skybus Airlines">Skybus Airlines</a> and other low-cost carriers began to represent a serious challenge to the so-called "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in many other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their commercial viability represented a serious competitive threat to the legacy carriers. However, of these, <a href="/wiki/ATA_Airlines" title="ATA Airlines">ATA</a> and Skybus have since ceased operations. </p><p>Increasingly since 1978, US airlines have been reincorporated and <a href="/wiki/Off_spin" title="Off spin">spun off</a> by newly created and internally led management companies, and thus becoming nothing more than operating units and subsidiaries with limited financially decisive control. Among some of these <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">parent companies</a> which are relatively well known, are the <a href="/wiki/UAL_Corporation" title="UAL Corporation">UAL Corporation</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/AMR_Corporation" title="AMR Corporation">AMR Corporation</a>, among a long <a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">list of airline holding companies</a> sometime recognized worldwide. Less recognized are the <a href="/wiki/Private-equity_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity firm">private-equity firms</a> which often seize managerial, financial, and <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> control of distressed airline companies by temporarily investing large sums of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">capital</a> in air carriers, to rescheme an airlines assets into a profitable organization or <a href="/wiki/Liquidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidate">liquidating</a> an air carrier of their profitable and worthwhile routes and business operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus the last 50 years of the airline industry have varied from reasonably profitable, to devastatingly depressed. As the first major market to deregulate the industry in 1978, U.S. airlines have experienced more turbulence than almost any other country or region. In fact, no U.S. <a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">legacy carrier</a> survived bankruptcy-free. Among the outspoken critics of deregulation, former CEO of American Airlines, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crandall" title="Robert Crandall">Robert Crandall</a> has publicly stated: "Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing shows airline industry deregulation was a mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bailout">Bailout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bailout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress passed the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/2926">Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act</a> (P.L. 107–42) in response to a severe liquidity crisis facing the already-troubled airline industry in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transportation_Stabilization_Board" title="Air Transportation Stabilization Board">ATSB</a> Congress sought to provide cash infusions to carriers for both the cost of the four-day federal shutdown of the airlines and the incremental losses incurred through December 31, 2001, as a result of the terrorist attacks. This resulted in the first government bailout of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2000 and 2005 US airlines lost $30 billion with wage cuts of over $15 billion and 100,000 employees laid off.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamber,_G.J.,_Gittell,_J.H.,_Kochan,_T.A._&_von_Nordenflytch,_A._2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamber,_G.J.,_Gittell,_J.H.,_Kochan,_T.A._&_von_Nordenflytch,_A._2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recognition of the essential national economic role of a healthy aviation system, Congress authorized partial compensation of up to $5 billion in cash subject to review by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> and up to $10 billion in loan guarantees subject to review by a newly created <a href="/wiki/Air_Transportation_Stabilization_Board" title="Air Transportation Stabilization Board">Air Transportation Stabilization Board</a> (ATSB). The applications to DOT for reimbursements were subjected to rigorous multi-year reviews not only by DOT program personnel but also by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the DOT Inspector General.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the federal government provided $4.6 billion in one-time, subject-to-income-tax cash payments to 427 U.S. air carriers, with no provision for repayment, essentially a gift from the taxpayers. (Passenger carriers operating scheduled service received approximately $4 billion, subject to tax.)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the ATSB approved loan guarantees to six airlines totaling approximately $1.6 billion. Data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury Department</a> show that the government recouped the $1.6 billion and a profit of $339 million from the fees, interest and purchase of discounted airline stock associated with loan guarantees.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three largest <a href="/wiki/Major_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Major carrier">major carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> control 70% of the U.S. passenger market.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14May2018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14May2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image,_Summer_1935_(interior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg/220px-Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg/330px-Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg/440px-Tata_Sons%27_Airline_Timetable_Image%2C_Summer_1935_%28interior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>1935 Timetable of <a href="/wiki/Tata_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Airlines">Tata Airlines</a>, founded in 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a> (PAL) was officially founded on February 26, 1941, its license to operate as an airliner was derived from merged Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO) established by mining magnate Emmanuel N. Bachrach on 3 December 1930, making it Asia's oldest scheduled carrier still in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial air service commenced three weeks later from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, making it Asia's first airline route. Bachrach's death in 1937 paved the way for its eventual merger with Philippine Airlines in March 1941 and made it Asia's oldest airline. It is also the oldest airline in Asia still operating under its current name.<sup id="cite_ref-PAL_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAL-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bachrach's majority share in PATCO was bought by beer magnate Andres R. Soriano in 1939 upon the advice of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and later merged with newly formed Philippine Airlines with PAL as the surviving entity. Soriano has controlling interest in both airlines before the merger. PAL restarted service on 15 March 1941, with a single <a href="/wiki/Beech_Model_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech Model 18">Beech Model 18</a> NPC-54 aircraft, which started its daily services between <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Nielson_Field" title="Nielson Field">Nielson Field</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, later to expand with larger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> was one of the first airlines to be launched among the other Asian countries in 1946 along with <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a>, which later joined in 1988. The license to operate as an airliner was granted by the federal government body after reviewing the necessity at the national assembly. The <a href="/wiki/Hanjin" title="Hanjin">Hanjin</a> occupies the largest ownership of Korean Air as well as few low-budget airlines as of now. Korean Air is one of the four founders of <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a>, which was established in 2000. Asiana Airlines joined <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> in 2003. Korean Air and Asiana Airlines comprise one of the largest combined airline miles and number of passenger served at the regional market of Asian airline industry </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was also one of the first countries to embrace civil aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first Asian airline companies was <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a>, which was founded as <a href="/wiki/Tata_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Airlines">Tata Airlines</a> in 1932, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata Group</a>). The airline was founded by India's leading industrialist, <a href="/wiki/JRD_Tata" class="mw-redirect" title="JRD Tata">JRD Tata</a>. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata himself flew a single engined <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth" title="De Havilland Puss Moth">De Havilland Puss Moth</a> carrying air mail (postal mail of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>. The aircraft continued to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> via Bellary piloted by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Vintcent" title="Nevill Vintcent">Nevill Vintcent</a>. Tata Airlines was also one of the world's first major airlines which began its operations without any support from the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of World War II, the airline presence in Asia came to a relative halt, with many new flag carriers donating their aircraft for military aid and other uses. Following the end of the war in 1945, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on 29 July 1946, under the name Air India. After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence of India</a>, 49% of the airline was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name <a href="/wiki/Air_India_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Air India International">Air India International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines (PAL) <a href="/wiki/DC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-4">DC-4</a> ferried 40 American servicemen to <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, from Nielson Airport in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> with stops in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. A regular service between <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> was started in December. It was during this year that the airline was designated as the flag carrier of Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, newly born Asian countries started to embrace air transport. Among the first Asian carriers during the era were <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (founded in September 1946), <a href="/wiki/Orient_Airways" title="Orient Airways">Orient Airways</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a>; founded in October 1946), <a href="/wiki/Air_Ceylon" title="Air Ceylon">Air Ceylon</a> (later <a href="/wiki/SriLankan_Airlines" title="SriLankan Airlines">SriLankan Airlines</a>; founded in 1947), <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Airways Limited">Malayan Airways Limited</a> in 1947 (later <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines" title="Malaysia Airlines">Malaysia Airlines</a>), <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways</a> in 1960, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Airlines" title="Korean National Airlines">Korean National Airlines</a> in 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> had won quality awards.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America_and_Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin America and Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg/220px-Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg/330px-Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg/440px-Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines" title="LATAM Airlines">LATAM Airlines</a> is the largest airline in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in terms of number of annual passengers flown.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America and the Caribbean were <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A%C3%A9reo_Boliviano" title="Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano">Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">Cubana de Aviación</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a> (the first airline established in the Americas), Argentina with <a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas">Aerolíneas Argentinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> with <a href="/wiki/LAN_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN Chile">LAN Chile</a> (today <a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines" title="LATAM Airlines">LATAM Airlines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> with <a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">Varig</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dominicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Dominicana de Aviación">Dominicana de Aviación</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Mexicana de Aviación">Mexicana de Aviación</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> with <a href="/wiki/BWIA_West_Indies_Airways" title="BWIA West Indies Airways">BWIA West Indies Airways</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Airlines" title="Caribbean Airlines">Caribbean Airlines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aeropostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeropostal">Aeropostal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aerovias_nacionales_de_puerto_rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerovias nacionales de puerto rico">Puertorriquena</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Grupo_TACA" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo TACA">TACA</a> based in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and representing several airlines of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Puerto Rican commercial airlines such as <a href="/wiki/Prinair" title="Prinair">Prinair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanair" title="Oceanair">Oceanair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fina_Air" title="Fina Air">Fina Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vieques_Air_Link" title="Vieques Air Link">Vieques Air Link</a> came much after the second world war, as did several others from other countries like Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Interjet" title="Interjet">Interjet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volaris" title="Volaris">Volaris</a>, Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Aserca_Airlines" title="Aserca Airlines">Aserca Airlines</a> and others. </p><p>The air travel market has evolved rapidly over recent years in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Some industry estimates indicated in 2011 that over 2,000 new aircraft will begin service over the next five years in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These airlines serve domestic flights within their countries, as well as connections within Latin America and also overseas flights to North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. </p><p>Only five airline groups – <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a>, Panama's <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa</a>, Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Volaris" title="Volaris">Volaris</a>, the Irelandia group and <a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines" title="LATAM Airlines">LATAM Airlines</a> – have international subsidiaries and cover many destinations within the Americas as well as major hubs in other continents. LATAM with <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> as the central operation along with <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and formerly with some operations in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Avianca_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Avianca Holdings">Avianca</a> group has its main operation in Colombia based around the hub in <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">Bogotá</a>, Colombia, as well as subsidiaries in various Latin American countries with hubs in <a href="/wiki/Monse%C3%B1or_%C3%93scar_Arnulfo_Romero_(airport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero (airport)">San Salvador</a>, El Salvador, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lima_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima International Airport">Lima</a>, Peru, with a smaller operation in Ecuador.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Copa has subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines_Colombia" title="Copa Airlines Colombia">Copa Airlines Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wingo_(airline)" title="Wingo (airline)">Wingo</a>, both in Colombia, while Volaris of Mexico has <a href="/wiki/Volaris_Costa_Rica" title="Volaris Costa Rica">Volaris Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volaris_El_Salvador" title="Volaris El Salvador">Volaris El Salvador</a>, and the Irelandia group formerly included <a href="/wiki/Viva_Aerobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva Aerobus">Viva Aerobus</a> of Mexico; it now includes <a href="/wiki/Viva_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva Colombia">Viva Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viva_Air_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva Air Peru">Viva Air Peru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Airline" title="Special:EditPage/Airline">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Airways_(27078321943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg/220px-British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg/330px-British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg/440px-British_Airways_%2827078321943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> tails of <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, UK's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries have <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">national airlines</a> that the government owns and operates. Fully private airlines are subject to much government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For instance, governments often intervene to halt airline labor actions to protect the free flow of people, communications, and goods between different regions without compromising safety. </p><p>The United States, Australia, and to a lesser extent Brazil, Mexico, India, the United Kingdom, and Japan have "deregulated" their airlines. In the past, these governments dictated airfares, route networks, and other operational requirements for each airline. Since deregulation, airlines have been largely free to negotiate their own operating arrangements with different airports, enter and exit routes easily, and to levy airfares and supply flights according to market demand. The entry barriers for new airlines are lower in a deregulated market, and so the U.S. has seen hundreds of airlines start up (sometimes for only a brief operating period). This has produced far greater competition than before deregulation in most markets. The added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that new entrants often take market share with highly reduced rates that, to a limited degree, full service airlines must match. This is a major constraint on profitability for established carriers, which tend to have a higher cost base. </p><p>As a result, profitability in a deregulated market is uneven for most airlines. These forces have caused some major airlines to go out of business, in addition to most of the poorly established new entrants. </p><p>In the United States, the airline industry is dominated by four large firms. Because of industry consolidation, after fuel prices dropped considerably in 2015, very little of the savings were passed on to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg/220px-La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg/330px-La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg/440px-La_Maison_de_l-OACI_-_11a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4301" data-file-height="3469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> establish worldwide standards for safety and other vital concerns. Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> between the US and UK following World War II, which designated airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the authority to nominate carriers to operate routes. </p><p>Bilateral agreements are based on the "<a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">freedoms of the air</a>", a group of generalized traffic rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a country to the freedom to provide domestic flights within a country (a very rarely granted right known as <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a>). Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their home country to designated airports in the other country: some also extend the freedom to provide continuing service to a third country, or to another destination in the other country while carrying passengers from overseas. </p><p>In the 1990s, "<a href="/wiki/Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">open skies</a>" agreements became more common. These agreements take many of these regulatory powers from state governments and open up international routes to further competition. Open skies agreements have met some criticism, particularly within the European Union, whose airlines would be at a comparative disadvantage with the United States' because of <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a> restrictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Airline" title="Special:EditPage/Airline">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2017, 4.1 billion passengers have been carried by airlines in 41.9 million commercial scheduled flights (an average payload of 98 passengers), for 7.75 trillion <a href="/wiki/Passenger_kilometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger kilometre">passenger kilometres</a> (an average trip of 1890 km) over 45,091 airline routes served globally. In 2016, air transport generated $704.4 billion of revenue in 2016, employed 10.2 million workers, supported 65.5 million jobs and $2.7 trillion of economic activity: 3.6% of the global <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATAGOct2018_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATAGOct2018-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, the total weekly airline capacity was 181.1 billion <a href="/wiki/Available_Seat_Kilometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Available Seat Kilometers">Available Seat Kilometers</a> (+6.9% compared to July 2015): 57.6bn in Asia-Pacific, 47.7bn in Europe, 46.2bn in North America, 12.2bn in Middle East, 12.0bn in Latin America and 5.4bn in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top 150 airline groups<sup id="cite_ref-WorldAirlineRankings2017_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAirlineRankings2017-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2016</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2008 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Revenue ($bn) </th> <td>694</td> <td>698</td> <td>704</td> <td>684</td> <td>663</td> <td>634</td> <td>560</td> <td>481</td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operating result ($bn) </th> <td>58.9</td> <td>65.0</td> <td>30.4</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>21.3</td> <td>32.4</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>−15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operating margin (%) </th> <td>8.5%</td> <td>9.3%</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>4.0%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>−2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Net result ($bn) </th> <td>34.2</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>15.3</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>19.0</td> <td>−5.7</td> <td>−32.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Net margin (%) </th> <td>4.9%</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>−1.2%</td> <td>−6.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg/220px-Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg/330px-Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg/440px-Virgin_atlantic_a340-600_g-vyou_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>-600 of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a>. In October 2008, Virgin Atlantic offered to combine its operations with <a href="/wiki/British_Midland_International" title="British Midland International">BMI</a> in an effort to reduce operating costs.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Airlines have substantial fixed and operating costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">aviation insurance</a> and other costs. Thus all but a small percentage of the income from ticket sales is paid out to a wide variety of external providers or internal cost centers. </p><p>Moreover, the industry is structured so that airlines often act as tax collectors. Airline fuel is untaxed because of a series of treaties existing between countries. Ticket prices include a number of fees, taxes and surcharges beyond the control of airlines. Airlines are also responsible for enforcing government regulations. If airlines carry passengers without proper documentation on an international flight, they are responsible for returning them back to the original country. </p><p>Analysis of the 1992–1996 period shows that every player in the air transport chain is far more profitable than the airlines, who collect and pass through fees and revenues to them from ticket sales. While airlines as a whole earned 6% return on capital employed (2–3.5% less than the cost of capital), airports earned 10%, catering companies 10–13%, handling companies 11–14%, aircraft lessors 15%, aircraft manufacturers 16%, and global distribution companies more than 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been continuing cost competition from <a href="/wiki/Low_cost_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Low cost airline">low cost airlines</a>. Many companies emulate <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> in various respects.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines between full-service and low-cost airlines have become blurred – e.g., with most "full service" airlines introducing baggage check fees despite Southwest not doing so. </p><p>Many airlines in the U.S. and elsewhere have experienced business difficulty. U.S. airlines that have declared <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11">Chapter 11</a> bankruptcy since 1990 have included <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> (twice), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a> (twice). </p><p>Where an airline has established an engineering base at an airport, then there may be considerable economic advantages in using that same airport as a preferred focus (or "hub") for its scheduled flights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fuel_hedging" title="Fuel hedging">Fuel hedging</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Contractual" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractual">contractual</a> tool used by transportation companies like airlines to reduce their exposure to volatile and potentially rising fuel costs. Several low-cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines adopt this practice. Southwest is credited with maintaining strong business profits between 1999 and the early 2000s due to its fuel hedging policy. Many other airlines are replicating Southwest's hedging policy to control their fuel costs.<sup id="cite_ref-economist19jan2015_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist19jan2015-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operating costs for US <a href="/wiki/Major_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Major airline">major airlines</a> are primarily aircraft <a href="/wiki/Operating_expense" title="Operating expense">operating expense</a> including <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">aircraft maintenance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">aircrew</a> for 44%, servicing expense for 29% (traffic 11%, passenger 11% and aircraft 7%), 14% for reservations and sales and 13% for <a href="/wiki/Overheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Overheads">overheads</a> (administration 6% and advertising 2%). An average US major <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a>-200 flies 1,252 miles (2,015 km) stages 11.3 block hours per day and costs $2,550 per block hour: $923 of ownership, $590 of maintenance, $548 of fuel and $489 of crew; or $13.34 per 186 seats per block hour. For a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-500" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-500">Boeing 737-500</a>, a low-cost carrier like Southwest have lower operating costs at $1,526 than a full service one like United at $2,974, and higher <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> with 399,746 <a href="/wiki/Available_seat_miles" title="Available seat miles">ASM</a> per day against 264,284, resulting in a unit cost of 0.38 $cts/ASM against 1.13 $cts/ASM.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO20feb2017_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO20feb2017-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/McKinsey" class="mw-redirect" title="McKinsey">McKinsey</a> observes that "newer technology, larger aircraft, and increasingly efficient operations continually drive down the cost of running an airline", from nearly 40 US cents per <a href="/wiki/Available_seat_kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Available seat kilometer">ASK</a> at the beginning of the jet age, to just above 10 cents since 2000. Those improvements were passed onto the customer due to high competition: fares have been falling throughout the history of airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue">Revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg/330px-Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg/495px-Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Diagram_of_an_airline_Global_Distribution_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of an airline <a href="/wiki/Global_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Distribution System">Global Distribution System</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Airlines assign prices to their services in an attempt to maximize profitability. The pricing of airline tickets has become increasingly complicated over the years and is now largely determined by computerized <a href="/wiki/Yield_management" title="Yield management">yield management</a> systems. </p><p>Because of the complications in scheduling flights and maintaining profitability, airlines have many loopholes that can be used by the knowledgeable traveler. Many of these airfare secrets are becoming more and more known to the general public, so airlines are forced to make constant adjustments. </p><p>Most airlines use differentiated pricing, a form of <a href="/wiki/Price_discrimination" title="Price discrimination">price discrimination</a>, to sell air services at varying prices simultaneously to different segments. Factors influencing the price include the days remaining until departure, the booked load factor, the forecast of total demand by price point, competitive pricing in force, and variations by day of week of departure and by time of day. Carriers often accomplish this by dividing each cabin of the aircraft (first, business and economy) into a number of <a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">travel classes</a> for pricing purposes. </p><p>A complicating factor is that of origin-destination control ("O&D control"). Someone purchasing a ticket from Melbourne to Sydney (as an example) for A$200 is competing with someone else who wants to fly Melbourne to Los Angeles through Sydney on the same flight, and who is willing to pay A$1400. Should the airline prefer the $1400 passenger, or the $200 passenger plus a possible Sydney-Los Angeles passenger willing to pay $1300? Airlines have to make hundreds of thousands of similar pricing decisions daily. </p><p>The advent of advanced computerized reservations systems in the late 1970s, most notably <a href="/wiki/Sabre_(computer_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre (computer system)">Sabre</a>, allowed airlines to easily perform <a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">cost-benefit analyses</a> on different pricing structures, leading to almost perfect price discrimination in some cases (that is, filling each seat on an aircraft at the highest price that can be charged without driving the consumer elsewhere). </p><p>The intense nature of airfare pricing has led to the term "<a href="/wiki/Fare_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Fare war">fare war</a>" to describe efforts by airlines to undercut other airlines on competitive routes. Through computers, new airfares can be published quickly and efficiently to the airlines' sales channels. For this purpose the airlines use the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Tariff_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline Tariff Publishing Company">Airline Tariff Publishing Company</a> (ATPCO), who distribute latest fares for more than 500 airlines to <a href="/wiki/Computer_Reservation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Reservation System">Computer Reservation Systems</a> across the world. </p><p>The extent of these pricing phenomena is strongest in "legacy" carriers. In contrast, low fare carriers usually offer pre-announced and simplified price structure, and sometimes quote prices for each leg of a trip separately. </p><p>Computers also allow airlines to predict, with some accuracy, how many passengers will actually fly after making a reservation to fly. This allows airlines to overbook their flights enough to fill the aircraft while accounting for "no-shows", but not enough (in most cases) to force paying passengers off the aircraft for lack of seats, stimulative pricing for low demand flights coupled with <a href="/wiki/Overbooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Overbooking">overbooking</a> on high demand flights can help reduce this figure. This is especially crucial during tough economic times as airlines undertake massive cuts to ticket prices to retain demand.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over January/February 2018, the cheapest airline surveyed by price comparator <a href="/wiki/Rome2rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome2rio">rome2rio</a> was now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Tigerair_Australia" title="Tigerair Australia">Tigerair Australia</a> with $0.06/km followed by <a href="/wiki/AirAsia_X" title="AirAsia X">AirAsia X</a> with $0.07/km, while the most expensive was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charterlines,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charterlines, Inc. (page does not exist)">Charterlines, Inc.</a> with $1.26/km followed by <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Air" title="Buddha Air">Buddha Air</a> with $1.18/km.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>, the global airline industry <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> was $754 billion in 2017 for a $38.4 billion collective <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>, and should rise by 10.7% to $834 billion in 2018 for a $33.8 billion profit forecast, down by 12% due to rising <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">labor</a> costs.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for air transport will be less <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)" title="Elasticity (economics)">elastic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">longer flights</a> than for shorter flights, and more elastic for leisure travel than for <a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">business travel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airlines often have a strong <a href="/wiki/Seasonality" title="Seasonality">seasonality</a>, with traffic low in winter and peaking in summer. In Europe the most extreme market are the <a href="/wiki/Greek_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek islands">Greek islands</a> with July/August having more than ten times the winter traffic, as <a href="/wiki/Jet2" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet2">Jet2</a> is the most seasonal among <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a> with July having seven times the January traffic, whereas <a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">legacy carriers</a> are much less with only 85/115% variability.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assets_and_financing">Assets and financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Assets and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maslounge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maslounge.jpg/220px-Maslounge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maslounge.jpg/330px-Maslounge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maslounge.jpg/440px-Maslounge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The 'Golden Lounge' of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines" title="Malaysia Airlines">Malaysia Airlines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport" title="Kuala Lumpur International Airport">Kuala Lumpur International Airport</a> (KLIA).</figcaption></figure> <p>Airline financing is quite complex, since airlines are highly leveraged operations. Not only must they purchase (or lease) new airliner bodies and engines regularly, they must make major long-term fleet decisions with the goal of meeting the demands of their markets while producing a fleet that is relatively economical to operate and maintain; comparably Southwest Airlines and their reliance on a single airplane type (the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> and derivatives), with the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a> which operated 17 different aircraft types, each with varying pilot, engine, maintenance, and support needs. </p><p>A second financial issue is that of <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">hedging</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> purchases, which are usually second only to <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labor</a> in its relative cost to the company. However, with the current high fuel prices it has become the largest cost to an airline. Legacy airlines, compared with new entrants, have been hit harder by rising fuel prices partly due to the running of older, less fuel efficient aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamber,_G.J.,_Gittell,_J.H.,_Kochan,_T.A._&_von_Nordenflytch,_A._2009_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamber,_G.J.,_Gittell,_J.H.,_Kochan,_T.A._&_von_Nordenflytch,_A._2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While hedging instruments can be expensive, they can easily pay for themselves many times over in periods of increasing fuel costs, such as in the 2000–2005 period. </p><p>In view of the congestion apparent at many international <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, the ownership of slots at certain airports (the right to take-off or land an aircraft at a particular time of day or night) has become a significant tradable asset for many airlines. Clearly take-off slots at popular times of the day can be critical in attracting the more profitable business traveler to a given airline's flight and in establishing a competitive advantage against a competing airline. </p><p>If a particular city has two or more airports, market forces will tend to attract the less profitable routes, or those on which competition is weakest, to the less congested airport, where slots are likely to be more available and therefore cheaper. For example, <a href="/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan National Airport">Reagan National Airport</a> attracts profitable routes due partly to its congestion, leaving less-profitable routes to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington International Airport">Baltimore-Washington International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors, such as surface transport facilities and onward connections, will also affect the relative appeal of different airports and some long-distance flights may need to operate from the one with the longest runway. For example, <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a> is the preferred airport for most of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> due to its proximity, while long-distance routes must use <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>'s longer runways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airline_alliances">Airline alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Airline alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Airline alliance</a></div><p> The first <a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">airline alliance</a> was formed in the 1930s when Pan Am and its subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>, agreed to codeshare routes in Latin America when they overlapped with each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Do not add SimpleFlying source as it is unreliable per WP:SIMPLEFLYING (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png/440px-Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png/660px-Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png/880px-Major_airline_alliances_with_fleet_size.png 2x" data-file-width="7344" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>The 3 major airline alliances and the current fleet size of their home carriers (excluding subsidiaries, cargo and connecting partners) as of September 2024 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#525252; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2B8CBE; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9970AB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Codesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Codesharing">Codesharing</a> involves one airline selling tickets for another airline's flights under its own airline code. An early example of this was <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines' (JAL)</a> codesharing partnership with <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> in the 1960s on <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> flights; Aeroflot operated the flights using Aeroflot aircraft, but JAL sold tickets for the flights as if they were JAL flights. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Another example was the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a> partnership on the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>/JFK route during the late '60s, using a Sabena <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> with Austrian <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_livery" title="Aircraft livery">livery</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since airline reservation requests are often made by city-pair (such as "show me flights from Chicago to Düsseldorf"), an airline that can codeshare with another airline for a variety of routes might be able to be listed as indeed offering a Chicago–<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> flight. The passenger is advised however, that airline no. 1 operates the flight from say Chicago to Amsterdam (for example), and airline no. 2 operates the continuing flight (on a different airplane, sometimes from another terminal) to Düsseldorf. Thus the primary rationale for code sharing is to expand one's service offerings in city-pair terms to increase sales. </p><p>A more recent development is the <a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">airline alliance</a>, which became prevalent in the late 1990s. These alliances can act as virtual mergers to get around government restrictions. The largest are <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a>, and these accounted for over 60% of global commercial air traffic as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alliances of airlines coordinate their passenger service programs (such as <a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">lounges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent-flyer programs</a>), offer special <a href="/wiki/Interlining" title="Interlining">interline</a> tickets and often engage in extensive <a href="/wiki/Codesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Codesharing">codesharing</a> (sometimes systemwide). These are increasingly integrated business combinations—sometimes including cross-equity arrangements—in which products, service standards, schedules, and airport facilities are standardized and combined for higher efficiency. One of the first airlines to start an alliance with another airline was <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, who partnered with <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a>. Both airlines later entered the SkyTeam alliance after the <a href="/wiki/Air_France-KLM" class="mw-redirect" title="Air France-KLM">fusion of KLM and Air France</a> in 2004. </p><p>Often the companies combine <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> operations, or purchase fuel and aircraft as a bloc to achieve higher bargaining power. However, the alliances have been most successful at purchasing invisible supplies and services, such as fuel. Airlines usually prefer to purchase items visible to their passengers to differentiate themselves from local competitors. If an airline's main domestic competitor flies Boeing airliners, then the airline may prefer to use Airbus aircraft regardless of what the rest of the alliance chooses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_airlines">Largest airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Largest airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest airlines">World's largest airlines</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest airlines">world's largest airlines</a> can be defined in several ways. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Group" title="American Airlines Group">American Airlines Group</a> was the largest by fleet size, <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passengers</a> carried and <a href="/wiki/Revenue_passenger_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue passenger mile">revenue passenger mile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> was the largest by <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> value and <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lufthansa Group">Lufthansa Group</a> was the largest by number of <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a>, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a> by freight <a href="/wiki/Tonne-kilometres" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonne-kilometres">tonne-kilometres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> by number of countries served and <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a> by number of destinations served<sup id="cite_ref-:8_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (though <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> was the largest passenger airline by number of destinations served).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_support">State support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, air travel has survived largely through state support, whether in the form of equity or subsidies. The airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 100-year history.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One argument is that <a href="/wiki/Positive_externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive externalities">positive externalities</a>, such as higher growth due to global mobility, outweigh the microeconomic losses and justify continuing government intervention. A historically high level of government intervention in the airline industry can be seen as part of a wider political consensus on strategic forms of transport, such as <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world. Although many countries continue to operate state-owned or parastatal airlines, many large airlines today are privately owned and are therefore governed by microeconomic principles to maximize shareholder profit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1991, the collapse of Pan Am, an airline often credited for shaping the international airline industry, highlighted the financial complexities faced by major airline companies. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">1978 deregulation</a>, U.S. carriers did not manage to make an aggregate <a href="/wiki/Economic_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic profit">profit</a> for 12 years in 31, including four years where combined <a href="/wiki/Economic_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic loss">losses</a> amounted to $10 billion, but rebounded with eight consecutive years of profits since 2010, including its four with over $10 billion profits. They drop loss-making routes, avoid <a href="/wiki/Fare_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Fare war">fare wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> battles, limit <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">capacity</a> growth, add <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> feed with <a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jets</a> to increase their <a href="/wiki/Profitability" class="mw-redirect" title="Profitability">profitability</a>. They change <a href="/wiki/Schedule" title="Schedule">schedules</a> to create more connections, buy used aircraft, reduce international frequencies and leverage <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a> to optimize capacities and benefit from overseas connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14May2018_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14May2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrails_southeast_lrg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Contrails_southeast_lrg.png/220px-Contrails_southeast_lrg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Contrails_southeast_lrg.png/330px-Contrails_southeast_lrg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Contrails_southeast_lrg.png/440px-Contrails_southeast_lrg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> tracking of <a href="/wiki/Contrail" title="Contrail">contrails</a> generated by air traffic over the southeastern United States on 29 January 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aircraft engines emit <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, gases and particulate emissions, and contribute to <a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">global dimming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-contrails_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contrails-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth of the industry in recent years raised a number of ecological questions. </p><p>Domestic air transport grew in China at 15.5 percent annually from 2001 to 2006. The rate of air travel globally increased at 3.7 percent per year over the same time. In the EU <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it must be compared with the flights increase, only in UK, between 1990 and 2006 terminal passengers increased from 100 000 thousands to 250 000 thousands.,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to AEA reports every year, 750 million passengers travel by European airlines, which also share 40% of merchandise value in and out of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without even pressure from "green activists", targeting lower ticket prices, generally, airlines do what is possible to cut the fuel consumption (and gas emissions connected therewith). Further, according to some reports, it can be concluded that the last piston-powered aircraft were as fuel-efficient as the average jet in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite continuing efficiency improvements from the major aircraft manufacturers, the expanding demand for global air travel has resulted in growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum. North America accounts for nearly 40 percent of the world's GHG emissions from aviation fuel use.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions from the <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> burned per passenger on an average 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is about 353 kilograms (776 pounds).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of natural habitat potential associated with the jet fuel burned per passenger on a 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is estimated to be 250 square meters (2700 square feet).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of climate change and <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, there is a debate about possible <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total <a href="/wiki/External_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="External costs">external costs</a> of aviation are taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airline industry is responsible for about 11 percent of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> emitted by the U.S. transportation sector. <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> estimates that <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent. The solution would be blending algae fuels with existing jet fuel:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Boeing and <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> are collaborating with leading Brazilian biofuel maker <a href="/wiki/Tecbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecbio">Tecbio</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aquaflow_Bionomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaflow Bionomic">Aquaflow Bionomic</a> and other jet biofuel developers around the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Green_Fund" title="Virgin Green Fund">Virgin Green Fund</a> are looking into the technology as part of a biofuel initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> has made the first commercial flight with biofuel in 2009.</li></ul> <p>There are projects on <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a>, and some of which are fully operational as of 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Call_signs">Call signs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Call signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_call_signs" title="Aviation call signs">Aviation call signs</a></div> <p>Each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses an <a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">airline call sign</a> when communicating with airports or air traffic control. Most of these call-signs are derived from the airline's trade name, but for reasons of history, marketing, or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken English (so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions issued to a different aircraft), some airlines and air forces use call-signs less obviously connected with their trading name. For example, British Airways uses a <i>Speedbird</i> call-sign, named after the logo of one of its predecessors, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">BOAC</a>, while <a href="/wiki/SkyEurope" title="SkyEurope">SkyEurope</a> used <i>Relax</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_(10167536115).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg/220px-787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg/330px-787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg/440px-787_Dreamliner_cabin_crew_and_pilots_%2810167536115%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">aircrew</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The various types of airline personnel include <a href="/wiki/Flight_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight crew">flight crew</a>, responsible for the operation of the aircraft. Flight crew members include: <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">captain</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_officer_(civil_aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="First officer (civil aviation)">first officer</a>: some older aircraft also required a <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a> and/or a <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a>); <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendants</a> (led by a <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a> on larger aircraft); <a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">In-flight security personnel</a> on some airlines (most notably <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Groundcrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundcrew">Groundcrew</a>, responsible for operations at airports, include Aerospace and avionics engineers responsible for certifying the aircraft for flight and management of aircraft maintenance; <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> engineers, responsible for airframe, powerplant and electrical systems maintenance; <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a> engineers responsible for avionics and instruments maintenance; <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">powerplant</a> technicians; Electric System technicians, responsible for maintenance of electrical systems; <a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatchers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handlers</a>; Ramp Agents; Remote centralized weight and balancing;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gate_agent" title="Gate agent">Gate agents</a>; Ticket agents; Passenger service agents (such as <a href="/wiki/Airline_lounge" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline lounge">airline lounge</a> employees); Reservation agents, usually (but not always) at facilities outside the airport; Crew schedulers. </p><p>Airlines follow a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporate</a> structure where each broad area of operations (such as maintenance, flight operations (including flight safety), and passenger service) is supervised by a vice president. Larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline's hubs as well. Airlines employ <a href="/wiki/Lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a> to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-airline-routemap-2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/220px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/330px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/440px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Map of scheduled airline traffic in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport,_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines,_United_Airlines,_Thai_Airways.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG/220px-011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG/330px-011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG/440px-011_Aircraft_of_various_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan._Swiss_Air_Lines%2C_United_Airlines%2C_Thai_Airways.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft of various airlines parked side by side at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Tokyo Narita Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pattern of ownership has been privatized since the mid-1980s, that is, the ownership has gradually changed from governments to private and individual sectors or organizations. This occurs as regulators permit greater freedom and non-government ownership, in steps that are usually decades apart. This pattern is not seen for all airlines in all regions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many major airlines operating between the 1940s and 1980s were government-owned or government-established. However, most airlines from the earliest days of air travel in the 1920s and 1930s were personal businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. The U.S., Australia, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other markets exhibit this trend. The industry has been observed to be cyclical in its financial performance. Four or five years of poor earnings precede five or six years of improvement. But profitability even in the good years is generally low, in the range of 2–3% net profit after interest and tax. In times of profit, airlines lease new generations of airplanes and upgrade services in response to higher demand. Since 1980, the industry has not earned back the cost of capital during the best of times. Conversely, in bad times losses can be dramatically worse. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a> in 1999 said "the money that had been made since the dawn of aviation by all of this country's airline companies was zero. Absolutely zero."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in many mature industries, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements, <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Takeover" title="Takeover">takeovers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since governments often restrict ownership and merger between companies in different countries, most consolidation takes place within a country. In the U.S., over 200 airlines have merged, been taken over, or gone out of business since the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> in 1978. Many international airline managers are lobbying their governments to permit greater consolidation to achieve higher economy and efficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several types of passenger airlines, mainly </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (aeronautics)">Mainline airlines</a> operate flights by the airline's main operating unit, rather than by regional affiliates or subsidiaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airline" title="Regional airline">Regional airlines</a>, non-"mainline" airlines that operate <a href="/wiki/Regional_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional aircraft">regional aircraft</a>; regionals typically operate over shorter non-intercontinental distances, often as feeder services for legacy mainline networks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">Low-cost carriers</a>, giving a "basic", "no-frills" and perceived inexpensive service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class_airline" title="Business class airline">Business class airline</a>, an airline aimed at the business traveler, featuring all <a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">business class</a> seating and amenities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter airline">Charter airlines</a>, operating outside regular schedule intervals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a>, the historically nationally owned airlines that were considered representative of the country overseas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">Legacy carriers</a>, US carriers that predate the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline Deregulation Act of 1978">Airline Deregulation Act of 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Major airlines of the United States">Major airlines of the United States</a>, airlines with at least $1 billion in revenues</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">Air charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ferry" title="Air ferry">Air ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Airline alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_complaints" title="Airline complaints">Airline complaints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliners.net" title="Airliners.net">Airliners.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_of_Africa" title="Airlines of Africa">Airlines of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air#Beyond_rights" title="Freedoms of the air">Beyond rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_flight" title="Domestic flight">Domestic flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">Flight length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_planning" title="Flight planning">Flight planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlightAware" title="FlightAware">FlightAware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hyper-mobile travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_magazine" title="Inflight magazine">Inflight magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_flight" title="International flight">International flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">Legacy carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_airline_(economics)" title="Virtual airline (economics)">Virtual airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">Low-cost carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airline" title="Regional airline">Regional airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_passenger_air_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest passenger air routes">World's busiest passenger air routes</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_lists">Related lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Related lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_liveries_and_logos" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline liveries and logos">Airline liveries and logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airlines">List of airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">List of airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="List of airline mergers and acquisitions">List of airline mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines" title="List of defunct airlines">List of defunct airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_airlines" title="List of helicopter airlines">List of helicopter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hub_airports" title="List of hub airports">List of hub airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">List of low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">List of national airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">List of regional airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_bankruptcies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline bankruptcies in the United States">Airline bankruptcies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest airlines">World's largest airlines</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=10+oldest+airlines+in+the+world&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.au=Miquel+Ros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fworlds-oldest-airlines%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015094943/http://www.aviancaholdings.com/en/history">"History - Avianca Holdings S.A. - www.aviancaholdings.com"</a>. <i>www.aviancaholdings.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviancaholdings.com/en/history">the original</a> on October 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aviancaholdings.com&rft.atitle=History+-+Avianca+Holdings+S.A.+-+www.aviancaholdings.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviancaholdings.com%2Fen%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/history-founders/global/en">"Founders of Qantas | Qantas"</a>. <i>www.qantas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qantas.com&rft.atitle=Founders+of+Qantas+%7C+Qantas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantas.com%2Ftravel%2Fairlines%2Fhistory-founders%2Fglobal%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoganis2001" class="citation book cs1">Doganis, Rigas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xK4QxAVSd5gC&pg=PA185"><i>The Airline Business in the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20883-3"><bdi>978-0-415-20883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Airline+Business+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20883-3&rft.aulast=Doganis&rft.aufirst=Rigas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxK4QxAVSd5gC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirways2023" class="citation web cs1">Airways (August 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwaysmag.com/how-global-travel-took-off/">"The History of Commercial Flight: How Global Travel Took off"</a>. <i>Airways</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Money Sense. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiancapitalist.com/buffetts-spot-on-advice/">the original</a> on March 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buffett%27s+spot-on+advice&rft.pub=Money+Sense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiancapitalist.com%2Fbuffetts-spot-on-advice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation cs2">Kumar, B. Rajesh (2012), Kumar, B. Rajesh (ed.), "Mergers and Acquisitions in the Airline Industry", <i>Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries</i>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 226–230, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137005908_11">10.1057/9781137005908_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00590-8"><bdi>978-1-137-00590-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mega+Mergers+and+Acquisitions%3A+Case+Studies+from+Key+Industries&rft.atitle=Mergers+and+Acquisitions+in+the+Airline+Industry&rft.pages=226-230&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137005908_11&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00590-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=B.+Rajesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>"A history of the world's airlines", <a href="/wiki/R._E._G._Davies" title="R. E. G. Davies">R.E.G. Davies</a>, Oxford U.P, 1964</li> <li>"The airline encyclopedia, 1909–2000.” Myron J. Smith, Scarecrow Press, 2002</li> <li>"Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines," 3rd edition. Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2002.</li> <li>"The Airline Business in the 21st Century." Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2001.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Airlines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Airlines">Airlines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809141040/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/">"Chasing the Sun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/">the original</a> on August 9, 2013. <q>History of commercial aviation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chasing+the+Sun&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkcet%2Fchasingthesun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616175821/http://www.zinnov.com/presentation/Global_Aviation-Markets-An_Ananlysis.pdf">"Global Aviation Markets - Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinnov_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinnov LLC (page does not exist)">Zinnov LLC</a>. January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinnov.com/presentation/Global_Aviation-Markets-An_Ananlysis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Aviation+Markets+-+Analysis&rft.pub=Zinnov+LLC&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinnov.com%2Fpresentation%2FGlobal_Aviation-Markets-An_Ananlysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226013033/http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/airline_cost_performance.pdf">"Airline Cost Performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IATA. July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/airline_cost_performance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airline+Cost+Performance&rft.pub=IATA&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iata.org%2Fwhatwedo%2FDocuments%2Feconomics%2Fairline_cost_performance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/airline-industry">"Airline industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>. 2005.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a 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Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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