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8.351a1.312 1.312 0 0 1-1.146 1.954H1.33A1.313 1.313 0 0 1 .183 9.058ZM7 7V3H5v4Zm-1 3a1 1 0 1 0 0-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div data-target="query-builder.screenReaderFeedback" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></div> </query-builder></form> <div class="d-flex flex-row color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2"> Search syntax tips </a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" 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3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="feedback-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="code-search-feedback-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/feedback" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="q+hM7Br6L5JCVHUoeeAL+dw7j2IqyL18NnlKXhjfFFV2TsdrHKp3YaXoQZiJfSp8KjijjX9Of0BvUw7SsFbtMg==" /> <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> 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itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 267\nTitle: Optimized Access to Module Namespaces\nAuthor: Jeremy Hylton \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:jeremy@alum.mit.edu\"\u003ejeremy@alum.mit.edu\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Deferred\nType: Standards Track\nContent-Type: text/x-rst\nCreated: 23-May-2001\nPython-Version: 2.2\nPost-History:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-deferral\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDeferral\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-deferral\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Deferral\" href=\"#deferral\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhile this PEP is a nice idea, no-one has yet emerged to do the work of\nhashing out the differences between this PEP, \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0266\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 266\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0280\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 280\u003c/a\u003e.\nHence, it is being deferred.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes a new implementation of global module namespaces\nand the builtin namespace that speeds name resolution. The\nimplementation would use an array of object pointers for most\noperations in these namespaces. The compiler would assign indices\nfor global variables and module attributes at compile time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe current implementation represents these namespaces as\ndictionaries. A global name incurs a dictionary lookup each time\nit is used; a builtin name incurs two dictionary lookups, a failed\nlookup in the global namespace and a second lookup in the builtin\nnamespace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis implementation should speed Python code that uses\nmodule-level functions and variables. It should also eliminate\nawkward coding styles that have evolved to speed access to these\nnames.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation is complicated because the global and builtin\nnamespaces can be modified dynamically in ways that are impossible\nfor the compiler to detect. (Example: A module's namespace is\nmodified by a script after the module is imported.) As a result,\nthe implementation must maintain several auxiliary data structures\nto preserve these dynamic features.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-introduction\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes a new implementation of attribute access for\nmodule objects that optimizes access to module variables known at\ncompile time. The module will store these variables in an array\nand provide an interface to lookup attributes using array offsets.\nFor globals, builtins, and attributes of imported modules, the\ncompiler will generate code that uses the array offsets for fast\naccess.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[describe the key parts of the design: dlict, compiler support,\nstupid name trick workarounds, optimization of other module's\nglobals]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation will preserve existing semantics for module\nnamespaces, including the ability to modify module namespaces at\nruntime in ways that affect the visibility of builtin names.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-dlict-design\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDLict design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dlict-design\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: DLict design\" href=\"#dlict-design\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe namespaces are implemented using a data structure that has\nsometimes gone under the name \u003ccode\u003edlict\u003c/code\u003e. It is a dictionary that has\nnumbered slots for some dictionary entries. The type must be\nimplemented in C to achieve acceptable performance. The new\ntype-class unification work should make this fairly easy. The\n\u003ccode\u003eDLict\u003c/code\u003e will presumably be a subclass of dictionary with an\nalternate storage module for some keys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA Python implementation is included here to illustrate the basic\ndesign:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\"\"\"A dictionary-list hybrid\"\"\"\n\nimport types\n\nclass DLict:\n def __init__(self, names):\n assert isinstance(names, types.DictType)\n self.names = {}\n self.list = [None] * size\n self.empty = [1] * size\n self.dict = {}\n self.size = 0\n\n def __getitem__(self, name):\n i = self.names.get(name)\n if i is None:\n return self.dict[name]\n if self.empty[i] is not None:\n raise KeyError, name\n return self.list[i]\n\n def __setitem__(self, name, val):\n i = self.names.get(name)\n if i is None:\n self.dict[name] = val\n else:\n self.empty[i] = None\n self.list[i] = val\n self.size += 1\n\n def __delitem__(self, name):\n i = self.names.get(name)\n if i is None:\n del self.dict[name]\n else:\n if self.empty[i] is not None:\n raise KeyError, name\n self.empty[i] = 1\n self.list[i] = None\n self.size -= 1\n\n def keys(self):\n if self.dict:\n return self.names.keys() + self.dict.keys()\n else:\n return self.names.keys()\n\n def values(self):\n if self.dict:\n return self.names.values() + self.dict.values()\n else:\n return self.names.values()\n\n def items(self):\n if self.dict:\n return self.names.items()\n else:\n return self.names.items() + self.dict.items()\n\n def __len__(self):\n return self.size + len(self.dict)\n\n def __cmp__(self, dlict):\n c = cmp(self.names, dlict.names)\n if c != 0:\n return c\n c = cmp(self.size, dlict.size)\n if c != 0:\n return c\n for i in range(len(self.names)):\n c = cmp(self.empty[i], dlict.empty[i])\n if c != 0:\n return c\n if self.empty[i] is None:\n c = cmp(self.list[i], dlict.empty[i])\n if c != 0:\n return c\n return cmp(self.dict, dlict.dict)\n\n def clear(self):\n self.dict.clear()\n for i in range(len(self.names)):\n if self.empty[i] is None:\n self.empty[i] = 1\n self.list[i] = None\n\n def update(self):\n pass\n\n def load(self, index):\n \"\"\"dlict-special method to support indexed access\"\"\"\n if self.empty[index] is None:\n return self.list[index]\n else:\n raise KeyError, index # XXX might want reverse mapping\n\n def store(self, index, val):\n \"\"\"dlict-special method to support indexed access\"\"\"\n self.empty[index] = None\n self.list[index] = val\n\n def delete(self, index):\n \"\"\"dlict-special method to support indexed access\"\"\"\n self.empty[index] = 1\n self.list[index] = None\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-compiler-issues\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompiler issues\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compiler-issues\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compiler issues\" href=\"#compiler-issues\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe compiler currently collects the names of all global variables\nin a module. These are names bound at the module level or bound\nin a class or function body that declares them to be global.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe compiler would assign indices for each global name and add the\nnames and indices of the globals to the module's code object.\nEach code object would then be bound irrevocably to the module it\nwas defined in. (Not sure if there are some subtle problems with\nthis.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor attributes of imported modules, the module will store an\nindirection record. Internally, the module will store a pointer\nto the defining module and the offset of the attribute in the\ndefining module's global variable array. The offset would be\ninitialized the first time the name is looked up.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-runtime-model\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRuntime model\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-runtime-model\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Runtime model\" href=\"#runtime-model\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PythonVM will be extended with new opcodes to access globals\nand module attributes via a module-level array.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA function object would need to point to the module that defined\nit in order to provide access to the module-level global array.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor module attributes stored in the \u003ccode\u003edlict\u003c/code\u003e (call them static\nattributes), the get/delattr implementation would need to track\naccess to these attributes using the old by-name interface. If a\nstatic attribute is updated dynamically, e.g.:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003emod.__dict__[\"foo\"] = 2\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation would need to update the array slot instead of\nthe backup dict.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBackwards compatibility\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Backwards compatibility\" href=\"#backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003edlict\u003c/code\u003e will need to maintain meta-information about whether a\nslot is currently used or not. It will also need to maintain a\npointer to the builtin namespace. When a name is not currently\nused in the global namespace, the lookup will have to fail over to\nthe builtin namespace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the reverse case, each module may need a special accessor\nfunction for the builtin namespace that checks to see if a global\nshadowing the builtin has been added dynamically. This check\nwould only occur if there was a dynamic change to the module's\n\u003ccode\u003edlict\u003c/code\u003e, i.e. when a name is bound that wasn't discovered at\ncompile-time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese mechanisms would have little if any cost for the common case\nwhether a module's global namespace is not modified in strange\nways at runtime. They would add overhead for modules that did\nunusual things with global names, but this is an uncommon practice\nand probably one worth discouraging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt may be desirable to disable dynamic additions to the global\nnamespace in some future version of Python. If so, the new\nimplementation could provide warnings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-related-peps\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRelated PEPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-related-peps\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Related PEPs\" href=\"#related-peps\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0266\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 266\u003c/a\u003e, Optimizing Global Variable/Attribute Access, proposes a\ndifferent mechanism for optimizing access to global variables as\nwell as attributes of objects. The mechanism uses two new opcodes\n\u003ccode\u003eTRACK_OBJECT\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eUNTRACK_OBJECT\u003c/code\u003e to create a slot in the local\nvariables array that aliases the global or object attribute. If\nthe object being aliases is rebound, the rebind operation is\nresponsible for updating the aliases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe objecting tracking approach applies to a wider range of\nobjects than just module. It may also have a higher runtime cost,\nbecause each function that uses a global or object attribute must\nexecute extra opcodes to register its interest in an object and\nunregister on exit; the cost of registration is unclear, but\npresumably involves a dynamically resizable data structure to hold\na list of callbacks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation proposed here avoids the need for registration,\nbecause it does not create aliases. Instead it allows functions\nthat reference a global variable or module attribute to retain a\npointer to the location where the original binding is stored. A\nsecond advantage is that the initial lookup is performed once per\nmodule rather than once per function call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis document has been placed in the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":8,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":"/python/.github/blob/5a0a7cb55767fb3667fe2391bcb66bda638edcb4/FUNDING.yml","showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":true,"symbols":[]}},"copilotInfo":null,"copilotAccessAllowed":false,"csrf_tokens":{"/python/peps/branches":{"post":"xODMAfSSH-4Cf7XhfC2cKhxDGMxcXQG1j3xPl-0JQn47Tiiym3qU2bhZXSXk8VlwNNfmd0HLGM28vBYgZHGqtQ"},"/repos/preferences":{"post":"yOj5wY3AV3VCONjrMFhMFA-3ZVLUWRvUWrVbxsDvs5I6DY_uFclRgJMtjDBj83rNzr98gQKxMXd5PIv31uq-CA"}}},"title":"peps/peps/pep-0267.rst at main · python/peps","appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-1583894afd38.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-67668e8c2caa.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"copilot_conversational_ux_embedding_update":false,"copilot_smell_icebreaker_ux":true,"copilot_workspace":false,"accessible_code_button":true}}}</script> <div data-target="react-app.reactRoot"></div> </react-app> </turbo-frame> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-shrink-0 mx-2"> <a aria-label="Homepage" title="GitHub" class="footer-octicon mr-2" 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