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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stone sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wood carving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stucco_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stucco_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stucco modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stucco_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mural_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mural_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mural painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mural_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_bookmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_bookmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing and bookmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_bookmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics_and_'ceramic_codex'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics_and_'ceramic_codex'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ceramics and 'ceramic codex'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics_and_'ceramic_codex'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precious_stone_and_other_sculpted_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precious_stone_and_other_sculpted_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Precious stone and other sculpted materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precious_stone_and_other_sculpted_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_arts_and_body_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_arts_and_body_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Applied arts and body decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_arts_and_body_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Museum collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya_performative_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya_performative_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Maya performative arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya_performative_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayya_inc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99ti" title="Mayya incəsənəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mayya incəsənəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_maya" title="Arte maya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte maya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaa_arto" title="Majaa arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majaa arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_maya" title="Art maya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art maya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_maya" title="Arte maya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte maya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_Maj%C3%B3w" title="Sztuka Majów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka Majów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_maya%C8%99%C4%83_antic%C4%83" title="Arta mayașă antică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arta mayașă antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Искусство майя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусство майя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Мистецтво мая – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мистецтво мая" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/520px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ancient Maya art</b> comprises the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, an eastern and south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> culture made up of a great number of small kingdoms in what is now Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Many regional artistic traditions existed side by side, usually coinciding with the changing boundaries of Maya polities. This civilization took shape in the course of the later Preclassic Period (from c. 750 BC to 100 BC), when the first cities and monumental architecture started to develop and the hieroglyphic script came into being. Its greatest artistic flowering occurred during the seven centuries of the Classic Period (c. 250 to 950 CE). </p><p>Maya art forms tend to be more stiffly organized during the Early Classic (250-550 CE) and to become more expressive during the Late Classic phase (550-950 CE). In the course of history, influences of various other Mesoamerican cultures were absorbed. In the late Preclassic, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> style is still discernible (as in the <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a> murals), whereas in the Early Classic, the style of central Mexican <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> made itself felt, just as that of the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> in the Postclassic. </p><p>After the demise of the Classic kingdoms of the central lowlands, ancient Maya art went through an extended Postclassic phase (950-1550 CE) centered on the Yucatan peninsula, before the upheavals of the sixteenth century destroyed courtly culture and put an end to the Maya artistic tradition. Traditional art forms mainly survived in weaving, pottery, and the design of peasant houses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maya_art_history">Maya art history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Maya art history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century publications on Maya art and archaeology by <a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">Stephens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Catherwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Maudslay" title="Alfred Maudslay">Maudslay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teoberto_Maler" title="Teoberto Maler">Maler</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Charnay" title="Désiré Charnay">Charnay</a> for the first time made available reliable drawings and photographs of major Classic Maya monuments.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IzamalHeadCatherwoodEngraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IzamalHeadCatherwoodEngraving.jpg/220px-IzamalHeadCatherwoodEngraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/IzamalHeadCatherwoodEngraving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Studying a ruin at <a href="/wiki/Izamal" title="Izamal">Izamal</a>, Catherwood engraving</figcaption></figure><p> Following this initial phase, the 1913 publication of Herbert Spinden's 'A Study of Maya Art' laid the foundation for all later developments of Maya art history (including iconography).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book gives an analytical treatment of themes and motifs, particularly the ubiquitous serpent and dragon motifs, and a review of the 'material arts', such as the composition of temple facades, roof combs and mask panels. Spinden's chronological treatment of Maya art was later (1950) refined by the motif analysis of the architect and specialist in archaeological drawing, <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Proskouriakoff" title="Tatiana Proskouriakoff">Tatiana Proskouriakoff</a>, in her book 'A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">Kubler's</a> 1969 inventory of Maya iconography, containing a site-by-site treatment of 'commemorative' images and a topical treatment of ritual and mythical images (such as the 'triadic sign'), concluded a period of gradual increase of knowledge that was soon to be overshadowed by new developments. </p><p>Starting in the early 1970s, the historiography of the Maya kingdoms – first of all, Palenque – came to occupy the forefront. Art-historical interpretation joined the historical approach pioneered by Proskouriakoff as well as the mythological approach initiated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">M.D. Coe</a>, with a professor of art, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Linda Schele</a>, serving as a driving force. Schele's seminal interpretations of Maya art are found throughout her work, especially in <i>The Blood of Kings</i>, written together with art historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">M. Miller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maya art history was also spurred by the enormous increase in sculptural and ceramic imagery, due to extensive archaeological excavations, as well as to organized looting on an unprecedented scale. From 1973 onwards, M.D. Coe published a series of books offering pictures and interpretations of unknown Maya vases, with the Popol Vuh Twin myth for an explanatory model.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Robicsek and Hales added an inventory and classification of Maya vases painted in codex style,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby revealing even more of a hitherto barely known spiritual world. </p><p>As to subsequent developments, important issues in Schele's iconographic work have been elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Taube" title="Karl Taube">Karl Taube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New approaches to Maya art include studies of ancient Maya ceramic workshops,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the representation of bodily experience and the senses in Maya art,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of hieroglyphs considered as iconographic units.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_and_Zender_2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone_and_Zender_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the number of monographs devoted to the monumental art of specific courts is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good impression of present Mexican and North American art historical scholarship can be gathered from the exhibition catalog 'Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya' (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copan_T11-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Copan_T11-2.jpg/220px-Copan_T11-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Copan_T11-2.jpg/330px-Copan_T11-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Copan_T11-2.jpg/440px-Copan_T11-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4798" data-file-height="3099" /></a><figcaption>Copan, 'Reviewing Stand' with simian musicians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg/220px-Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg/330px-Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg/440px-Labna-Palace-Vaulted-Passage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Labna, Palace, vaulted passage</figcaption></figure> <p>The layout of the Maya towns and <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">cities</a>, and more particularly of the ceremonial centers where the royal families and courtiers resided, is characterized by the rhythm of immense horizontal stucco floors of plazas often located at various levels, connected by broad and often steep stairs, and surmounted by temple pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under successive reigns, the main buildings were enlarged by adding new layers of fill and stucco coating. Irrigation channels, reservoirs, and drains made up the hydraulic infrastructure. Outside the ceremonial center (especially in the southern area sometimes resembling an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>) were the structures of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines, surrounded by the wards of the commoners. Dam-like causeways (<a href="/wiki/Sacbe" title="Sacbe">sacbeob</a>) spread from the 'ceremonial centers' to other nuclei of habitation. Fitting in with the concept of a '<a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">theatre state</a>', more attention appears to have been given to aesthetics than to solidity of construction. Careful attention, however, was placed on directional orientation. </p><p>Among the various types of stone structures should be mentioned: </p> <ul><li>Ceremonial platforms (usually less than 4 meters in height)</li> <li>Courtyards and palaces</li> <li>Other residential buildings, such as a writers' house<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a possible council house in Copan</li> <li>Temples and temple pyramids, the latter often containing burials and burial chambers in their base or fill, with sanctuaries on top; outstanding example are the many clustered dynastic burial temples of Tikal <a href="/wiki/North_Acropolis,_Tikal" title="North Acropolis, Tikal">North Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ball_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican ball court">Ball courts</a></li> <li>Sweat baths, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a>, the latter one with remains of stucco decoration.</li></ul> <p>Among the structural ensembles are: </p> <ul><li>'<a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramids</a>' consisting of a dominant structure flanked by two smaller inward-facing buildings, all mounted upon a single basal platform;</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-groups</a>' consisting of a square platform with a low four-stepped pyramid on the west side and an elongated structure, or, alternatively, three small structures, on the eastern side;</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Twin_pyramid_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin pyramid complex">Twin pyramid complexes</a>', with identical four-stepped pyramids on the east and west sides of a small plaza; a building with nine doorways on the south side; and a small enclosure on the north side housing a sculpted stela with its altar and commemorating the king's performance of a <a href="/wiki/K%27atun" class="mw-redirect" title="K'atun">k'atun</a>-ending ceremony.</li></ul> <p>In the palaces and temple rooms, the '<a href="/wiki/Corbelled_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbelled vault">corbelled vault</a>' was often applied. Though not an effective means to increase interior space, as it required thick stone walls to support the high ceiling, some temples utilized repeated arches, or a corbelled vault, to construct an inner sanctuary (e.g., that of the Temple of the Cross at Palenque). </p><p>The northern Maya area (Campeche and Yucatan) shows architectural characteristics of its own. Its Classic regional styles, <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a> ('Hills'), Chenes ('Sources'), and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Bec">Rio Bec</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are characterized by mosaic facades in stone; geometrical reduction of realistic decoration; stacking of rain god snouts to build facades; use of portals shaped like serpent mouths; and, in the southernmost or Rio Bec area, the use of solid pseudo temple-pyramids. The most important Puuc site is <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, dominating Yucatán from the Late Classic to well into the Post-Classic, features Classic buildings in Chenes and Puuc style as well as Post-Classic building types of Mexican derivation, such as the radial four-staircase pyramid, the colonnaded hall, and the circular temple. The latter features were inherited by the succeeding kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a>. </p><p>Far to the South, the Guatemalan Highlands had their own longstanding building traditions. However, by the Classic period, settlements did by and large not participate in the great artistic traditions of the Lowland area. In the Postclassic period, the architecture of relatively young hilltop sites, such as the Quiché capital <a href="/wiki/Q%27umarkaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Q'umarkaj">Q'umarkaj</a>, shows strong Toltec influences, not unlike the architecture of Chichén Itzá and Mayapán to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No significant murals or sculptures have been preserved from the Postclassic Highlands. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MayaHouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza, traditional Maya house"><img alt="Chichen Itza, traditional Maya house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MayaHouse.JPG/170px-MayaHouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MayaHouse.JPG/255px-MayaHouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MayaHouse.JPG/340px-MayaHouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chichen Itza, traditional Maya house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0150_Palenque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palenque, Temple of the Inscriptions, Late Classic"><img alt="Palenque, Temple of the Inscriptions, Late Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0150_Palenque.JPG/170px-0150_Palenque.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0150_Palenque.JPG/255px-0150_Palenque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0150_Palenque.JPG/340px-0150_Palenque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palenque, Temple of the Inscriptions, Late Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikal_Temple_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tikal Temple II, Late Classic"><img alt="Tikal Temple II, Late Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tikal_Temple_II.jpg/170px-Tikal_Temple_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tikal_Temple_II.jpg/255px-Tikal_Temple_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tikal_Temple_II.jpg/340px-Tikal_Temple_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tikal Temple II, Late Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayil_Palacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multistoried palace, Sayil, Yucatan, Late Classic"><img alt="Multistoried palace, Sayil, Yucatan, Late Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sayil_Palacio.jpg/170px-Sayil_Palacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sayil_Palacio.jpg/255px-Sayil_Palacio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sayil_Palacio.jpg/340px-Sayil_Palacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multistoried palace, Sayil, Yucatan, Late Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uxmal, Nunnery building, frieze with stacked rain god snouts at corner, Late Classic"><img alt="Uxmal, Nunnery building, frieze with stacked rain god snouts at corner, Late Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Uxmal_-_Nunnery_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uxmal, <i>Nunnery</i> building, frieze with stacked rain god snouts at corner, Late Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball court, Copan, Late Classic"><img alt="Ball court, Copan, Late Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg/170px-Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg/255px-Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg/340px-Cop%C3%A1n_Ballcourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ball court, Copan, Late Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza, radial pyramid El Castillo, Postclassic"><img alt="Chichen Itza, radial pyramid El Castillo, Postclassic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/170px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/255px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/340px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9771" data-file-height="5197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chichen Itza, radial pyramid <i><a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo</a></i>, Postclassic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_sculpture">Stone sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stone sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Maya stelae</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancuenpanel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/300px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/450px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/600px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cancuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancuen">Cancuen</a>, panel 3, seated king with two subordinates. Second half 8th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg/180px-Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg/270px-Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg/360px-Stela_A_Copan_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Copan stela A, Maudslay cast</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Preclassic sculptural style from the Maya area is that of <a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a>, a large site on the Pacific coast where many stelas and (frog-shaped) altars were found showing motifs also present in <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stelas, mostly without inscriptions, often show mythological and narrative subjects, some of which appear to relate to the Twin myth of the <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>. However, next to nothing is known about the settlement's former ethnic composition. Artistically, Izapa is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Kaminaljuy%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminaljuyú">Kaminaljuyú</a>, a huge and almost completely destroyed site once dominating the Guatemalan Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its scattered remains are highlights of Late Preclassic sculpture, such as an altar with an intricate figural relief accompanied by a long inscription (Monument 10). </p><p>For the Classic Period of the central Maya area, the following major classes of stone sculpture (usually executed in limestone) may be distinguished. </p> <ul><li><b>Stelas</b>. These are large, elongated stone slabs usually covered with carvings and inscriptions, and often accompanied by round altars. Typical of the Classical period, most of them depict the rulers of the cities they were located in, often disguised as gods. Although the rulers' faces, particularly during the later Classic Period, are naturalistic in style, they usually do not show individual traits; but there are notable exceptions to this rule (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a>, stela 35). The most famous stelas are from <a href="/wiki/Copan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copan">Copan</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Quirigua" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirigua">Quirigua</a>. These are outstanding for their intricateness of detail, those of Quirigua also for sheer height (stela E measuring over 7 metres above ground level and 3 below). Both the Copan and <a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Tonina</a> stelas approach sculptures in the round. From <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, otherwise a true Maya capital of the arts, no significant stelae have been preserved.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lintel_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintel (architecture)">Lintels</a></b>, spanning doorways or jambs. Particularly <a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a> is renowned for its long series of lintels in deep relief, some of the most famous of which show meetings with <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">ancestors</a> or, perhaps, local deities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Panels and tablets</b>, set in the walls and piers of buildings and the sides of platforms. This category is particularly well represented at <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, with the large tablets adorning the inner sanctuaries of the Cross Group temples, and with refined masterworks such as the 'Palace Tablet', the 'Tablet of the Slaves', and the multi-figure panels of the temple XIX and XXI platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakal">Pakal</a>'s carved sarcophagus lid—without equal in other Maya kingdoms—might also be included here.</li> <li><b>Relief columns</b> flanking doorways in public buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a> region (northwestern Yucatan) and similar in decoration to stelas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Altars</b>, rounded or rectangular, sometimes resting on three or four boulder-like legs. They may be wholly or partly figurative (e.g., Copan turtle altar) or have a relief image on top, sometimes consisting of a single <i><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ahau</a></i> day sign (Caracol, Tonina).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Zoomorphs</b>, or large boulders sculpted to resemble supernatural creatures and covered with highly complicated figurative relief ornamentation. These seem to be restricted to the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Quirigua" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirigua">Quirigua</a> during the Late Classic period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ball court markers</b>, or relief roundels placed in the central axis of the floors of ball courts (such as those of Copan, <a href="/wiki/Chinkultic" title="Chinkultic">Chinkultic</a>, Tonina), and usually showing royal ball game scenes.</li> <li><b>Monumental stairs</b>, most famously the giant hieroglyphic stairway of Copan. The hewn stone blocks of hieroglyphic stairways together constitute an extensive text. Stairways can also be decorated with a great variety of scenes (<a href="/wiki/La_Corona" title="La Corona">La Corona</a>), particularly the ball game. Sometimes, the ball game becomes the stairs' chief theme (<a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a>), with a captive depicted inside the ball, or, elsewhere (<a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Tonina</a>), a full-figure captive stretched out along the step.</li> <li><b>Thrones and benches</b>, the thrones with a broad, square seat, and a back sometimes iconically shaped like the wall of a cave and worked open to show human figures. Benches, covered with relief on the front, tend to be incorporated into the surrounding architecture; they are more elongated, and lack a back support. Examples from Palenque and Copan have supports showing cosmological carriers (<a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaak">Chaaks</a>).</li> <li><b>Stone sculpture in the round</b> is especially known from Copan and Toniná. It is represented by statuary, such as a seated Copan scribe as well as captive figures and small stelas from Toniná; by certain figurative architectural elements, such as the twenty maize deities from the façade of Copan Temple 22;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by giant sculptures such as the symmetrically-positioned jaguars and simian musicians of Copán, that were integral parts of architectural design.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaxchilan lintel 24, king holding torch and queen letting blood, 723–726 CE (British Museum)"><img alt="Yaxchilan lintel 24, king holding torch and queen letting blood, 723–726 CE (British Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/125px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/188px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/250px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a> lintel 24, king holding torch and queen letting blood, 723–726 CE (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaxchilan lintel, war chief presenting captives to the king, 783 CE (Kimbell Art Museum)"><img alt="Yaxchilan lintel, war chief presenting captives to the king, 783 CE (Kimbell Art Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg/139px-Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg/208px-Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg/278px-Maya_Presentation_of_Captives_Kimbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yaxchilan lintel, war chief presenting captives to the king, 783 CE (<a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Column,_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief column, Late Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Relief column, Late Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg/121px-Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg/182px-Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg/243px-Column%2C_Costumed_Figure_MET_DP250922-Gallery358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief column, Late Classic (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piedras Negras throne 1, with heads restored, Late Classic (Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala)"><img alt="Piedras Negras throne 1, with heads restored, Late Classic (Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg/170px-Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg/255px-Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg/340px-Piedrasnegrastrono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Piedras Negras throne 1, with heads restored, Late Classic (Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Back of throne, Late Classic (Museo Amparo)"><img alt="Back of throne, Late Classic (Museo Amparo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/170px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/255px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/340px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Back of throne, Late Classic (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Amparo" title="Museo Amparo">Museo Amparo</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_151_de_Tonina,_prisonnier,_exposition_%22Mayas%22,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonina monument 151, bound prisoner, Classic"><img alt="Tonina monument 151, bound prisoner, Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg/124px-Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg/187px-Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg/249px-Monument_151_de_Tonina%2C_prisonnier%2C_exposition_%22Mayas%22%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Tonina</a> monument 151, bound prisoner, Classic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wood_carving">Wood carving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wood carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg/250px-Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg/375px-Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg/500px-Mirror-Bearer_MET_DT1254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Possible mirror bearer; 6th century (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is believed that carvings in wood were once extremely common, but only a few examples have survived. Most 16th-century wood carvings, considered objects of idolatry, were destroyed by the Spanish colonial authorities. The most important Classic examples consist of intricately worked lintels, mostly from the main <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> pyramid sanctuaries,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one specimen from nearby <a href="/wiki/El_Zotz" title="El Zotz">El Zotz</a>. The Tikal wood reliefs, each consisting of several beams, and dating to the 8th century, show a king on his seat with a protector figure looming large behind, in the form of a Teotihuacan-style 'war serpent' (Temple I lintel 2), a jaguar (Temple I lintel 3), or a human impersonator of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">jaguar god of terrestrial fire</a> (Temple IV lintel 2). Other Tikal lintels depict an obese king wearing a jaguar dress and standing in front of his seat (Temple III lintel 2); and most famously, a victorious king, dressed as an astral death god, and standing on a palanquin underneath an arching feathered serpent (<a href="/wiki/Tikal_Temple_IV" title="Tikal Temple IV">Temple IV lintel 3</a>). A rare utility object is a tiny lidded box from <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a> with hieroglyphic text all around. Free sculpture in wood, dating back to the 6th century, is represented by a dignified seated man possibly functioning as a mirror bearer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stucco_modeling">Stucco modeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stucco modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg/400px-PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg/600px-PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Stucco mask panels, Early Classic, Kohunlich</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/120px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/180px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/240px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Stucco portrait of K'inich Janaab Pakal I, 615–683 CE (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>At least since Late Preclassic times, modeled and painted stucco plaster covered the floors and buildings of the town centers and provided the setting for their stone sculptures. Often, large mask panels with the plastered heads of deities in high relief (particularly those of sun, rain, and earth) are found attached to the sloping retaining walls of temple platforms flanking stairs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kohunlich" title="Kohunlich">Kohunlich</a>). Stucco modeling and relief work can also cover the entire building, as shown by Temple 16 of <a href="/wiki/Copan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copan">Copan</a>, in its 6th-century form (known as 'Rosalila'). Dedicated to the first king, <a href="/wiki/Yax_K%27uk%27_Mo%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Yax K'uk' Mo'">Yax K'uk' Mo'</a>, this early temple has preserved plastered and painted facades. The stuccoed friezes, walls, piers, and roof combs of the Late Preclassic and Classic periods show varying and sometimes symbolically complicated decorative programs. </p><p>Several solutions for dividing up and ordering the stuccoed surfaces of buildings were applied, serialization being one of them. The Early Classic walls of the 'Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods#The_Jaguar_God_of_Terrestrial_Fire_and_War_('Night_Sun')" title="Maya jaguar gods">Night Sun</a>' in <a href="/wiki/El_Zotz" title="El Zotz">El Zotz</a> consist of a series of subtly varied deity mask panels, whereas the frieze of a <a href="/wiki/Balamku" title="Balamku">Balamku</a> palace, also from the Early Classic, originally had a series of four rulers enthroned above the open ophidian mouths of four different animals (a toad among them) associated with symbolic mountains. Conversely, friezes may be centered on a single ruler again sitting on a symbolic (maize) mountain, such as a frieze from <a href="/wiki/Holmul" title="Holmul">Holmul</a>, with two feathered serpents emanating from below the ruler's seat, and another one from <a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a>, on which the ruler carries a large ceremonial bar with emerging jaguar-like figures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Early-Classic temple frieze from Placeres, Quintana Roo, has the large mask panel of a young lord or deity in the middle, with two lateral <a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">'Grandfather'</a> deities extending their arms. </p><p>Often, a frieze is divided into compartments. Late Preclassic friezes of <a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a>, for example, show the intervening spaces of an undulating serpent's body filled out with aquatic birds, and the sections of an aquatic band with swimming figures.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a Classic palace frieze in <a href="/wiki/Acanceh" title="Acanceh">Acanceh</a> is divided into panels holding different animal figures<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Wayob" title="Wayob">wayob</a>, while a wall in <a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Tonina</a> has lozenge-shaped fields suggesting a scaffold and presenting continuous narrative scenes that relate to human sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plastered roof combs are similar to some of the friezes above in that they usually show large representations of rulers, who may again be seated on a symbolic mountain, and also, as on Palenque's Temple of the Sun, set within a cosmological framework. Further examples of Classic stucco modeling include the piers of the Palenque Palace, embellished with a series of lords and ladies in ritual dress, and the 'baroque', Late-Classic <a href="/wiki/Chenes" title="Chenes">Chenes</a>-style stucco entrance, beset with naturalistic human figures, on the Acropolis (Str. 1) of <a href="/wiki/Ek%27_Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek' Balam">Ek' Balam</a>. </p><p>Unique in Mesoamerica, Classic Period stucco modeling includes realistic portraiture of a quality equalling that of Roman ancestral portraits, with the lofty stucco heads of Palenque rulers and portraits of dignitaries from <a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Tonina</a> as outstanding examples. The modeling recalls that of certain Jaina ceramic statuettes. Some, but not all, of these portrait heads were once part of life-size stucco figures adorning temple crests.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same way, one finds stucco glyphs that were once a part of stuccoed texts. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fries_von_Balamk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balamku, part of a frieze, toad seated on mountain icon and belging forth king, Classic"><img alt="Balamku, part of a frieze, toad seated on mountain icon and belging forth king, Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fries_von_Balamk.JPG/127px-Fries_von_Balamk.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fries_von_Balamk.JPG/191px-Fries_von_Balamk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fries_von_Balamk.JPG/255px-Fries_von_Balamk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balamku, part of a frieze, toad seated on mountain icon and belging forth king, Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palenque Palace, House D, detail of stucco relief showing water lilies, long-nosed deity head and legs of seated figure, Classic"><img alt="Palenque Palace, House D, detail of stucco relief showing water lilies, long-nosed deity head and legs of seated figure, Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG/114px-DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG/171px-DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG/227px-DetailPalacioPalenque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palenque Palace, House D, detail of stucco relief showing water lilies, long-nosed deity head and legs of seated figure, Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyphes_calendaires,_temple_oubli%C3%A9,_Palenque,_Mexique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palenque Templo Olvidado, calendrical glyphs detached from stucco text on pillar, Classic"><img alt="Palenque Templo Olvidado, calendrical glyphs detached from stucco text on pillar, Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg/170px-Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg/255px-Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg/340px-Glyphes_calendaires%2C_temple_oubli%C3%A9%2C_Palenque%2C_Mexique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3654" data-file-height="2951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palenque <i>Templo Olvidado</i>, calendrical glyphs detached from stucco text on pillar, Classic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero,_Late_Classic_(600-800_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hormiguero, stucco head ("Maya Akhenaten"), Late Classic (Museo arqueológico Fuerte de S. Miguel, Campeche)"><img alt="Hormiguero, stucco head ("Maya Akhenaten"), Late Classic (Museo arqueológico Fuerte de S. Miguel, Campeche)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg/71px-Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg/106px-Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg/142px-Stuc_Figure_with_Headdress_..._Hormiguero%2C_Late_Classic_%28600-800_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="5261" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hormiguero,_Mexico" title="Hormiguero, Mexico">Hormiguero</a>, stucco head ("Maya <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>"), Late Classic (Museo arqueológico Fuerte de S. Miguel, Campeche)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mural_painting">Mural painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mural painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonampak,_Temple_of_the_Murals,_musicians_(14179847567).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg/400px-Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg/600px-Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg/800px-Bonampak%2C_Temple_of_the_Murals%2C_musicians_%2814179847567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bonampak mural, room 1, east wall: Musicians</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBmural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SBmural.jpg/200px-SBmural.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/SBmural.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>San Bartolo mural: The king as Hunahpu</figcaption></figure> <p>Although, due to the humid climate of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, relatively few Maya paintings have survived to the present day integrally, important remnants have been found in nearly all major court residences. This is especially the case in substructures, hidden under later architectural additions. Mural paintings may show more or less repetitive motifs, such as the subtly varied flower symbols on walls of House E of the Palenque Palace; scenes of daily life, as in one of the buildings surrounding the central square of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> and in a palace of Chilonche; or ritual scenes involving deities, as in the Post-Classic temple murals of Yucatán's and Belize's east coast (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tancah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tancah (page does not exist)">Tancah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a>, Santa Rita).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter murals betray a strong influence of the so-called 'Mixteca-Puebla style' once widely spread across Mesoamerica. </p><p>Murals may also evince a more narrative character, usually with hieroglyphic captions present. The colourful <a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a> murals, for example, dating from 790 AD, and extending over the walls and vaults of three adjacent rooms, show spectacular scenes of nobility, battle and sacrifice, as well as a group of ritual impersonators in the midst of a file of <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">musicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a>, murals dating from 100 BCE relate to the myths of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maya maize god</a> and the hero twin <a href="/wiki/Hunahpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunahpu">Hunahpu</a>, and depict a double inthronization; antedating the Classic Period by several centuries, the style is already fully developed, with colours being subtle and muted as compared to those of Bonampak or Calakmul.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the Maya area, in a ward of East-Central Mexican <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a>, murals painted in a predominantly Classic Maya style, with often stark colors, have been found, such as a savage battle scene extending over 20 meters; two figures of Maya lords standing on serpents; and an irrigated maize and cacao field visited by <a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">the Maya merchant deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wall painting also occurs on vault capstones, in tombs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Azul" title="Río Azul">Río Azul</a>), and in caves (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naj_Tunich" title="Naj Tunich">Naj Tunich</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually executed in black on a whitened surface, at times with the additional use of red paint. Yucatec vault capstones often show a depiction of the enthroned <a href="/wiki/God_K" class="mw-redirect" title="God K">lightning deity</a> as a god of agricultural plenty (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ek%27_Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek' Balam">Ek' Balam</a>). </p><p>A bright turquoise blue colour—'<a href="/wiki/Maya_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Blue">Maya Blue</a>'—has survived through the centuries due to its unique chemical characteristics; this color is present in <a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a>, Jaina, <a href="/wiki/El_Taj%C3%ADn" title="El Tajín">El Tajín</a>, and even in some Colonial convents. The use of Maya Blue survived until the 16th century, when the technique was finally lost.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_bookmaking">Writing and bookmaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing and bookmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG/220px-Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG/330px-Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG/440px-Mexico_-_Museo_de_antropologia_-_Livre_maya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Madrid Codex</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maya writing system consists of about 1000 distinct characters or hieroglyphs ('glyphs'), and like many ancient writing systems is a mixture of syllabic signs and <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>. This script was in use from the 3rd century BCE until shortly after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. As of now (2021), a considerable proportion of the characters has a reading, but their meaning and configuration as a text is not always understood. The books were folded and consisted of bark paper or leather leaves with an adhesive stucco layer on which to write; they were protected by jaguar skin covers and, perhaps, wooden boards.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since every diviner probably needed a book, there must have existed large numbers of them. </p><p>Today, three <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya hieroglyphic books</a>, all from the Post-Classic period, are still in existence: the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex">Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)">Madrid</a> codices. A fourth book, the <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Grolier Codex">Grolier</a>, is Maya-<a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> rather than Maya and lacks hieroglyphic texts; fragmentary and of very poor draughtsmanship, it shows many anomalies, reason for which its authenticity has long remained in doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books are largely of a divinatory and priestly nature, containing almanacs, astrological tables, and ritual programs, the Paris Codex also <a href="/wiki/Katun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katun (Maya calendar)">katun</a>-prophecies. Great attention was paid to a harmonious balance of texts and (partly coloured) illustrations. </p><p>Besides the codical glyphs, there existed a cursive script of an often dynamic character, found in wall-paintings and on ceramics, and imitated in stone on panels from Palenque (such as the 'Tablet of the 96 glyphs'). Often, written captions are enclosed in square 'boxes' of various shapes within the representation. Wall paintings may also entirely consist of texts (<a href="/wiki/Ek%27_Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek' Balam">Ek' Balam</a> 'Mural of the 96 glyphs', <a href="/wiki/Naj_Tunich" title="Naj Tunich">Naj Tunich</a> cave), or, more rarely, contain astrological computations (<a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a>); sometimes, written on a white stuccoed surface, and executed with particular care and elegance, these texts are like enlargements of book pages. </p><p>Hieroglyphs are ubiquitous and were written on every available surface, including the human body. The glyphs themselves are highly detailed, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> are deceivingly realistic. As a matter of fact, from an art-historical point of view, they should also be viewed as art motifs, and <i>vice versa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_and_Zender_2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone_and_Zender_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculptors at Copan and Quirigua have consequently felt free to convert hieroglyphic elements and calendrical signs into animated, dramatic miniature scenes ('full figure glyphs').<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceramics_and_'ceramic_codex'"><span id="Ceramics_and_.27ceramic_codex.27"></span>Ceramics and 'ceramic codex'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceramics and 'ceramic codex'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Maya ceramics</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/200px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/300px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/400px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Codex style cylinder vessel, presentation to the king of a baby with jaguar ear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy,%22_Jaina_Island,_Campeche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg/200px-Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg/300px-Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg/400px-Maya_Classic_Clay_Figurine_Called_%22The_Cowboy%2C%22_Jaina_Island%2C_Campeche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Jaina, nobleman</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike utility ceramics found in such large numbers among the debris of archaeological sites, most of the decorated pottery (cylinder vessels, lidded dishes, tripod plates, vases, bowls) once was '<a href="/wiki/Social_currency" title="Social currency">social currency</a>' among the Maya nobility, and, preserved as heirlooms, also accompanied the nobles into their graves.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aristocratic tradition of gift-giving feasts<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ceremonial visits, and the emulation that inevitably went with these exchanges, goes a long way towards explaining the high level of artistry reached in Classical times. </p><p>Made without a potter's wheel, decorated pottery was delicately painted, carved into relief, incised, or - chiefly during the Early Classic period - made with the Teotihuacan <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> technique of applying paint to a wet clay surface. The precious objects were manufactured in numerous workshops distributed over the Maya kingdoms, some of the most famous being associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chama_(Maya_site)" title="Chama (Maya site)">'Chama-style'</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holmul#Holmul-style" title="Holmul">'Holmul-style'</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Motul_de_San_Jose#Ik_style_ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Motul de San Jose">'Ik-style'</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, for carved pottery, the 'Chochola-style.'<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vase decoration shows great variation, including palace scenes, courtly ritual, mythology, divinatory glyphs, and even dynastical texts taken from chronicles, and plays a major role in reconstructing Classical Maya life and beliefs. Ceramic scenes and texts painted in black and red on a white underground, the equivalents of pages from the lost folding books, are referred to as being in '<a href="/wiki/Codex_Style" title="Codex Style">Codex Style</a>' (e.g., the so-called <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Vase">Princeton Vase</a>). The overlap with the three extant hieroglyphic books is (at least up to now) relatively small. </p><p>Sculptural ceramic art includes the lids of Early Classic bowls mounted by human or animal figures; some of these bowls, burnished black, are among the most distinguished Maya works of art ever created. </p><p>Ceramic sculpture also includes <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">incense burners</a> and burial urns. Best known are the profusely decorated Classic burners from the kingdom of Palenque, which have the modeled face of a deity or of a king attached to an elongated hollow tube. The deity most frequently depicted, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">jaguar deity of terrestrial fire</a>, is cognate with the jaguar deity often adorning large Classic burial urns from the Guatemalan department of El Quiché.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elaborate Post-Classic, mold-made effigy incense burners especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a> represent standing deities (or priestly deity impersonators) often carrying offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, figurines, often mold-made,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of an amazing liveliness and realism, constitute a minor but highly informative genre. Apart from deities, <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion#Animal_persons" title="Maya religion">animal persons</a>, rulers and dwarfs, they show many other characters as well as scenes taken from daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these figurines are ocarinas and may have been used in rituals. The most impressive examples stem from <a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina Island</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Codex-style vase with mythological scene, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Codex-style vase with mythological scene, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg/127px-Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg/190px-Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg/253px-Codex-Style_Vase_with_Mythological_Scene_MET_DP-579-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Codex-style vase with mythological scene, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel,_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vessel with throne scene, Chamá style, late 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Vessel with throne scene, Chamá style, late 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg/136px-Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg/204px-Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg/272px-Vessel%2C_Throne_Scene_MET_DT4514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vessel with throne scene, Chamá style, late 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief vase with head of aquatic serpent, Chocholá style, Yucatan, Late Classic (Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin)"><img alt="Relief vase with head of aquatic serpent, Chocholá style, Yucatan, Late Classic (Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG/170px-Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG/255px-Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG/340px-Vase_-_Classic_Maya_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC00742.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="3067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief vase with head of aquatic serpent, Chocholá style, Yucatan, Late Classic (Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au,_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lidded basal flange bowl, El Peru, Guatemala, Early Classic (Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología de Guatemala)"><img alt="Lidded basal flange bowl, El Peru, Guatemala, Early Classic (Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología de Guatemala)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg/170px-Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg/255px-Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg/340px-Recipient_amb_tapa_amb_el_d%C3%A9u_Itzamnaaj_com_a_au%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia_de_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lidded basal flange bowl, <a href="/wiki/El_Peru,_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="El Peru, Guatemala">El Peru, Guatemala</a>, Early Classic (Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología de Guatemala)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tripod bowl with heron lid, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Tripod bowl with heron lid, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg/136px-Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg/204px-Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg/272px-Tripod_Bird_Bowl_MET_DT4867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tripod bowl with heron lid, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_-_Incensario_(Incense_Burner)_-_Walters_482770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower part of incense burner, Palenque style, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)"><img alt="Lower part of incense burner, Palenque style, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg/138px-Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg/207px-Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg/275px-Mayan_-_Incensario_%28Incense_Burner%29_-_Walters_482770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lower part of incense burner, Palenque style, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urn with jaguar deity lid, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)"><img alt="Urn with jaguar deity lid, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg/143px-Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg/214px-Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg/285px-Mayan_-_Maya_Polychrome_Lidded_Urn_with_Seated_Figure_-_Walters_482793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urn with jaguar deity lid, Late Classic (Walters Art Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Costumed figure, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Costumed figure, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg/113px-Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg/170px-Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg/226px-Costumed_Figure_MET_1979.206.953_a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Costumed figure, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young nobleman as a flower, Jaina style, 8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Young nobleman as a flower, Jaina style, 8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg/136px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg/204px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg/272px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young nobleman as a flower, Jaina style, 8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precious_stone_and_other_sculpted_materials">Precious stone and other sculpted materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precious stone and other sculpted materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg/190px-Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg/285px-Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg/380px-Palenque_-_Pakal_-_Grabbeigabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Marble belt assemblage with celt pendants, from the tomb of king <a href="/wiki/Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakal">Pakal</a>, Palenque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_de_jade,_Nebaj,_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia,_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg/350px-Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg/525px-Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg/700px-Placa_de_jade%2C_Nebaj%2C_museu_Nacional_d%27Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2C_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Jade plaque from Nebaj, showing king flanked by '<a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods#The_Jaguar_Patron_of_the_War_Month_of_Pax" title="Maya jaguar gods">Pax</a> trees' with maize foliage</figcaption></figure> <p>It is remarkable that the Maya, who had no metal tools, created many objects from a very thick and dense material, jade (<a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">jadeite</a>), particularly all sorts of (royal) dress elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_belt_plaques" title="Maya belt plaques">belt plaques</a> - or celts - ear spools, pendants, and also masks. Celts (i.e., flat, celt-shaped ornaments) were sometimes engraved with a stela-like representation of the king (e.g., the Early-Classic <a href="/wiki/Leyden_plaque" title="Leyden plaque">'Leyden Plate'</a>). The best-known example of a mask is probably the death mask of the Palenque king <a href="/wiki/Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakal">Pakal</a>, covered with irregularly-shaped marble plaques and having eyes made from <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</a> and obsidian; another death mask, belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Red_Queen" title="Tomb of the Red Queen">Palenque queen</a>, consists of malachite plaques. Similarly, certain cylindrical vases from Tikal have an outer layer of square jade discs. Many stone carvings had jade inlays. </p><p>Among other sculpted and engraved materials are <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, shell, and bone, often found in caches and burials. The so-called '<a href="/wiki/Eccentric_flint" title="Eccentric flint">eccentric flints</a>' are ceremonial objects of uncertain use, in their most elaborate forms of elongated shape with usually various heads extending on one or both sides, sometimes those of the <a href="/wiki/God_K" class="mw-redirect" title="God K">lightning deity</a>, but more often of an anthropomorphic lightning probably representing the <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Tonsured Maize God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shell was worked into disks and other decorative elements showing human, possibly ancestral heads and deities; <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> trumpets were similarly decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human and animal bones were decorated with incised symbols and scenes. A collection of small and modified, tubular bones from an 8th-century royal burial under <a href="/wiki/Tikal_Temple_I" title="Tikal Temple I">Tikal Temple I</a> contains some of the most subtle engravings known from the Maya, including several scenes with the <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Tonsured maize god</a> in a canoe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower-shaped jadeite earflares, Late Classic (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)"><img alt="Flower-shaped jadeite earflares, Late Classic (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg/170px-Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg/255px-Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg/340px-Flower-Shaped_Earflares_LACMA_M.2007.85.1-.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower-shaped jadeite earflares, Late Classic (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jadeite deity face pendant, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Jadeite deity face pendant, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg/127px-Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg/191px-Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg/255px-Deity_Face_Pendant_MET_DP148420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jadeite deity face pendant, 7th–8th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jadeite rain deity with arms in royal posture, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Jadeite rain deity with arms in royal posture, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg/124px-Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg/186px-Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg/247px-Deity_Figure_MET_h2_1979.206.1069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jadeite rain deity with arms in royal posture, Early Classic (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Possibly_Guatemala,_Maya_Culture,_Early_Classic_period_(A.D._250%E2%80%93600)_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jade belt plaque with ruler, Early Classic (Kimbell Art Museum)"><img alt="Jade belt plaque with ruler, Early Classic (Kimbell Art Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/93px-Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/140px-Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/187px-Possibly_Guatemala%2C_Maya_Culture%2C_Early_Classic_period_%28A.D._250%E2%80%93600%29_-_Royal_Belt_Ornament_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="2167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jade belt plaque with ruler, Early Classic (Kimbell Art Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Funerary mask of a Palenque queen covered with pieces of malachite, 7th century (site museum)"><img alt="Funerary mask of a Palenque queen covered with pieces of malachite, 7th century (site museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg/127px-Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg/191px-Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg/255px-Palenque_-_Rote_K%C3%B6nigin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funerary mask of a Palenque queen covered with pieces of <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, 7th century (site museum)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applied_arts_and_body_decoration">Applied arts and body decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applied arts and body decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya textiles</a></div> <p>Textiles from the Classic period, made of cotton, have not survived, but Maya art provides detailed information about their appearance and, to a lesser extent, their social function.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include delicate fabrics used as wrappings, curtains and canopies furnishing palaces, and garments. Among the dyeing techniques may have been <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a>. Daily costume depended on social standing. Noblewomen usually wore long dresses, noblemen girdles and breechcloths, leaving legs and upper body more or less bare, unless jackets or mantles were worn. Both men and women could wear turbans. Costumes worn on ceremonial occasions and during the many festivities were highly expressive and exuberant; animal headdresses were common. The most elaborate costume was the formal apparel of the king, as depicted on the royal stelae, with numerous elements of symbolic meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wickerwork, only known from incidental depictions in sculptural and ceramic art,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> must once have been ubiquitous; the well-known <i>pop</i> ('mat') motif testifies to its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Body decorations often consisted of painted patterns on face and body, but could also be of a permanent character marking status and age differences. The latter type included artificial deformation of the skull, filing and incrustation of the teeth, and tattooing of the face.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum_collections">Museum collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Museum collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie,_Guatemala-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg/220px-Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg/330px-Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg/440px-Nationalmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Arch%C3%A4ologie_und_Ethnologie%2C_Guatemala-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa_y_Etnolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología">Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artifacts in their collections. The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Mesoamerican_Studies" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies">Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies</a> lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Association_of_Mayanists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Association of Mayanists (page does not exist)">European Association of Mayanists</a> lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">Museo Nacional de Antropología</a> contains an especially large selection of Maya artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p451_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p451-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of regional museums in Mexico hold important collections, including <a href="/wiki/Museo_Amparo" title="Museo Amparo">Museo Amparo</a> in Puebla, with its famous throne back from Chiapas; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_de_las_Estelas_%22Rom%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1a_Chan%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo de las Estelas "Román Piña Chan" (page does not exist)">Museo de las Estelas "Román Piña Chan"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campeche,_Campeche" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeche, Campeche">Campeche</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p450_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p450-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_Regional_de_Yucat%C3%A1n_%22Palacio_Cant%C3%B3n%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo Regional de Yucatán "Palacio Cantón" (page does not exist)">Museo Regional de Yucatán "Palacio Cantón"</a> and the "Gran Museo del mundo maya", both in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_Regional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_%22Carlos_Pellicer_Camera%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo Regional de Antropología "Carlos Pellicer Camera" (page does not exist)">Museo Regional de Antropología "Carlos Pellicer Camera"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">Villahermosa</a>, Tabasco.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p452-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Guatemala, the most important museum collections are those of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Popol_Vuh" title="Museo Popol Vuh">Museo Popol Vuh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa_y_Etnolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología">Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p451_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p451-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many smaller pieces on display in the "El Príncipe Maya" museum, <a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a>. The Ruta Maya Foundation regularly organizes exhibitions from its own collection of retrieved art objects. In Belize, Maya artefacts can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Belize" title="Museum of Belize">Museum of Belize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Institute" title="Bliss Institute">Bliss Institute</a>; in Honduras, in the Copan Sculpture Museum and in the Galería Nacional de Arte, <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>. </p><p>In the United States, almost every major art museum has a collection of Maya artifacts, often including stone monuments. Among the more important east coast collections are those of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> collection;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>, with its famous inaugural stela 14 of <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a>. On the west coast, the <a href="/wiki/De_Young_Museum" title="De Young Museum">De Young Museum</a> of San Francisco and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>, with its large collection of painted Maya ceramics, are important. Other notable collections include the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. </p><p>In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> exhibits a series of famous Yaxchilan lintels, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Cultures_(Basel)" title="Museum of Cultures (Basel)">Museum der Kulturen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, a number of wooden lintels from Tikal. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnologisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> holds a broad selection of Maya artifacts, including an incised Early-Classic vase showing a king lying in state and awaiting post-mortem transformation. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Americas_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Americas (Madrid)">Museo de América</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> hosts the Madrid Codex as well as a large selection of artifacts from Palenque.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p452-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable European museums are the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Quai Branly">Musée du Quai Branly</a>, Paris; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>; the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Netherlands)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)">Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, second home to the <a href="/wiki/Leyden_plaque" title="Leyden plaque">Leyden Plate</a>; <sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p450_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p450-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rietberg_Museum" title="Rietberg Museum">Rietberg Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011p452-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maya_performative_arts">Maya performative arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maya performative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Maya dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya dance drama">Maya dance drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Maya music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Ancient Maya graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_Colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Painting in the Americas before Colonization">Painting in the Americas before Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinden 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proskouriakoff 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schele and Miller 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code 1973, 1975, 1978, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robicsek and Hales 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Miller and Taube 1993; Taube et al. 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reents-Budet 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston et al. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone_and_Zender_2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_and_Zender_2011_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_and_Zender_2011_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone and Zender 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tate 1992, Looper 2003, Simmons Clancy 2009, O'Neil 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Martin 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stierlin 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Kerr 1997: 100-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gendrop 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Houston 2015: 224-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guernsey 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Houston 2015: 73-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tate 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart and Stuart 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin and Grube 2000: 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Looper 2003: 172-178, 186-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwerin 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.R. Coe et al. 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">newmedia.ufm.edu/gsm/index.php/Saturnoxultun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doyle and Houston 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.E. Miller 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Yadeun 1993:108-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin and Grube 2000: 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1982; Gann 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.E. Miller 1986; M.E. Miller and Brittenham 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturno et al. 2005; Taube et al. 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozoff Brittenham and Uriarte 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reyes-Valerio 1993; Houston et al. 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Kerr 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Love 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston 2014: 108-117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reents-Budet 1994: 72ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tozzer 1941: 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Just 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tate 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCampbell 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson 1957; Milbrath 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Stone and Johnson 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halperin 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agurcia, Sheets, Taube 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finamore and Houston 2010: 124-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trik 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Looper 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Dillon and Christensen 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reents-Budet 1994: 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robicsek 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston et al. 2006: 18-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ros.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/resources-links/museums-collections/">"Museums & Collections - Wayeb"</a>. <i>wayeb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wayeb.org&rft.atitle=Museums+%26+Collections+-+Wayeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayeb.org%2Fresources-links%2Fmuseums-collections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Maya+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2011p451-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p451_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p451_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2011, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2011p450-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p450_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p450_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2011, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2011p452-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011p452_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2011, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pillsbury et al. 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgurcia_Fasquelle,_Ricardo,_Payson_Sheets,_and_Karl_Andreas_Taube2016" class="citation book cs1">Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo, Payson Sheets, and Karl Andreas Taube (2016). <i>Protecting Sacred Space. 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San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+Sacred+Space.+Rosalila%27s+Eccentric+Chert+Cache+at+Copan+and+Eccentrics+among+the+Classic+Maya&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.series=Monograph+2&rft.pub=Precolumbia+Mesoweb+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Agurcia+Fasquelle%2C+Ricardo%2C+Payson+Sheets%2C+and+Karl+Andreas+Taube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Maya+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Coe, Michael D., <i>The Maya Scribe and His World</i>. 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Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua</i>. Austin: U. of Texas Press 2003.</li> <li>Love, Bruce, 'Authenticity of the Grolier Codex remains in doubt'. <i>Mexicon</i> Vol. XXXIX Nr. 4 (2017): 88-95.</li> <li>Lozoff Brittenham, Claudia, and María Teresa Uriarte, <i>The Murals of Cacaxtla: The Power of Painting in Ancient Central Mexico.</i> Austin: U. of Texas Press 2015.</li> <li>Martin, Simon, and Nicolas Grube, <i>Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens</i>. Thames&Hudson 2000.</li> <li>Maudslay, A.P., <i>Biologia Centrali-Americana</i>. Text and 4 Vols. of Illustrations. London 1889-1902.*</li> <li>Mayer, Karl Herbert, <i>Classic Maya Relief Columns</i>. Acoma Books, Ramona, California 1981.</li> <li>McCampbell, Kathleen G., <i>Highland Maya Effigy Funerary Urns. 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Potsdam, Germany: Tandem Verlag GmbH. pp. 450–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6293-0"><bdi>978-3-8331-6293-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828120761">828120761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Una+Selecci%C3%B3n+de+Colecciones+y+Museos&rft.btitle=Los+Mayas%3A+Una+Civilizaci%C3%B3n+Milenaria&rft.place=Potsdam%2C+Germany&rft.pages=450-452&rft.pub=Tandem+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828120761&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Maya+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAYEB" class="citation web cs1">WAYEB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511132259/http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php">"Museums & Collections"</a>. European Association of Mayanists (WAYEB). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php">the original</a> on 2015-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+%26+Collections&rft.pub=European+Association+of+Mayanists+%28WAYEB%29&rft.au=WAYEB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayeb.org%2Fresourceslinks%2Fcollections.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Maya+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wren, Linnea, et al., eds. <i>Landscapes of the Itza: Archeology and Art History at Chichen Itza and Neighboring Sites</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2018.</li> <li>Yadeun, Juan, <i>Toniná</i>. Mexico: El Equilibrista / Madrid: Turner Libros 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Maya_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maya_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maya art">Maya art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larutamaya.com.gt/La">Ruta Maya Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=11">Maya art, National Museum of the American Indian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815194436/http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=11">Archived</a> 2016-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azulmaya.com">Azulmaya:Maya Blue Pigment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005004644/http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_art.htm">'Authentic Maya'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayavase.com/">Kerr Maya Vase Data Base & Precolumbian Portfolio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinturamural.esteticas.unam.mx">UNAM: Ancient Prehispanic Murals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_rituals" title="Maya death rituals">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626940#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maya art"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082411">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119483818">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119483818">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mayské umění"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122693&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arte maya"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX533074">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558274505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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