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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_of_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Crossing of Greenland </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crossing_of_Greenland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crossing of Greenland subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crossing_of_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Expedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interlude and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fram_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fram_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fram expedition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fram_expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fram expedition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fram_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_the_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Into the ice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dash_for_the_pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dash_for_the_pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dash for the pole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dash_for_the_pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_and_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_and_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Rescue and return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_and_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 National figure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_figure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National figure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientist_and_polar_oracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientist_and_polar_oracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Scientist and polar oracle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientist_and_polar_oracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politician_and_diplomat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politician_and_diplomat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Politician and diplomat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politician_and_diplomat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanographer_and_traveller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographer_and_traveller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Oceanographer and traveller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographer_and_traveller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statesman_and_humanitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statesman_and_humanitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Statesman and humanitarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statesman_and_humanitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 League of Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nansen_Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nansen_Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Nansen Mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nansen_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Russian famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Turkish_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Turkish_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Greco-Turkish resettlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Turkish_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Armenian genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Orders and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Inline citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_referenced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_referenced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources referenced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_referenced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fridtjof Nansen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فريتيوف نانسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريتيوف نانسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%86_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆրիտիոֆ Նանսեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրիտիոֆ Նանսեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frityof_Nansen" title="Frityof Nansen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frityof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্রিদতিয়ফ নানসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিদতিয়ফ নানসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фрыцьёф Нансен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыцьёф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Фрыт’яф Нансэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрыт’яф Нансэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%86_%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Φρίντγιοφ Νάνσεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρίντγιοφ Νάνσεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="فریتیوف نانسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریتیوف نانسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%84_%EB%82%9C%EC%84%BC" title="프리티오프 난센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리티오프 난센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%86_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆրիտյոֆ Նանսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիտյոֆ Նանսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रिडचॉफ नानसेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रिडचॉफ नानसेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Wedel-Jarlsberg_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="פריטיוף ננסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריטיוף ננסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრიტიოფ ნანსენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიტიოფ ნანსენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritjofs_Nansens" title="Fritjofs Nansens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fritjofs Nansens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритјоф Нансен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фритјоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രിഡ്ചോഫ് നാൻസെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രിഡ്ചോഫ് നാൻസെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فريتيوف نانسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريتيوف نانسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="フリチョフ・ナンセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリチョフ・ナンセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਰਿਜ਼ਾਫ ਨਾਨਸੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਿਜ਼ਾਫ ਨਾਨਸੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="فرڈتجوف نانسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرڈتجوف نانسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فريدجوف نانسين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فريدجوف نانسين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритьоф Нансен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фритьоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Нансен, Фритьоф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нансен, Фритьоф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Нансен Фритьоф – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нансен Фритьоф" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fridtjof Nansen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фритјоф Нансен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фритјоф Нансен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian polar explorer (1861–1930)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nansen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nansen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nansen (disambiguation)">Nansen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fridtjof Nansen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders portrait of Fridtjof Nansen, facing half-right. He has close-cropped hair, a wide, fair moustache and is wearing a heavy fur coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg/220px-Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg/330px-Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg/440px-Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="4960" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Nansen in 1890</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1861-10-10)10 October 1861 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Store Frøen, <a href="/wiki/Christiania,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiania, Norway">Christiania, Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1930(1930-05-13) (aged 68) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Polh%C3%B8gda" title="Polhøgda">Polhøgda</a>, Lysaker, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Frederick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Frederick University">Royal Frederick University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Scientist</li><li>explorer</li><li>diplomat</li><li>humanitarian</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_water" title="Dead water">Dead water</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_bottle" title="Nansen bottle">Nansen bottle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_Ice_Sheet" title="Nansen Ice Sheet">Nansen Ice Sheet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_meteorology" title="Polar meteorology">Polar meteorology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Nansen" title="Eva Nansen">Eva Sars</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1889; died 1907)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sigrun Munthe</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nansen" title="Odd Nansen">Odd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sars" title="Ernst Sars">Ernst Sars</a> (brother-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ossian_Sars" title="Georg Ossian Sars">Georg Ossian Sars</a> (brother-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Revold" title="Axel Revold">Axel Revold</a> (son-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Marit_Greve" title="Marit Greve">Marit Greve</a> (granddaughter)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eigil_Nansen" title="Eigil Nansen">Eigil Nansen</a> (grandson)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dagny_Hald" title="Dagny Hald">Dagny Hald</a> (granddaughter)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Medal">Constantine Medal</a> (1907)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a> (1897)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gold_Medal_of_Exploration_and_Journeys_of_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery">Great Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery</a> (1897)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a> (1891)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Society_for_Anthropology_and_Geography" title="Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography">Vega Medal</a> (1889)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg/150px-Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg/225px-Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg/300px-Fridtjof_Nansen_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="101" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Norwegian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈfrɪ̂tːjɔf ˈnɑ̀nsn̩]</a>; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate. He gained prominence at various points in his life as an explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)" title="Fatherland League (Norway)">Fatherland League</a>. He led the team that made the first crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> interior in 1888, traversing the island on <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-country ski">cross-country skis</a>. He won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his <a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Fram expedition</a> of 1893–1896. Although he retired from exploration after his return to Norway, his techniques of polar travel and his innovations in equipment and clothing influenced a generation of subsequent <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> expeditions. He was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Nansen studied <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frederick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Frederick University">Royal Frederick University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christiania,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiania, Norway">Christiania</a> and later worked as a curator at the <a href="/wiki/University_Museum_of_Bergen" title="University Museum of Bergen">University Museum of Bergen</a> where his research on the central nervous system of lower marine creatures earned him a doctorate and helped establish <a href="/wiki/Neuron_doctrine" title="Neuron doctrine">neuron doctrine</a>. Later, neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> won the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> for his research on the same subject.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> After 1896 his main scientific interest switched to <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>; in the course of his research he made many scientific cruises, mainly in the North Atlantic, and contributed to the development of modern oceanographic equipment. As one of his country's leading citizens, in 1905 Nansen spoke out for <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">ending</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway%27s_union_with_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway's union with Sweden">Norway's union with Sweden</a>, and was instrumental in persuading <a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl of Denmark">Prince Carl of Denmark</a> to accept the throne of the newly independent Norway. Between 1906 and 1908, he served as the Norwegian representative in London, where he helped negotiate the Integrity Treaty that guaranteed Norway's independent status. In the final decade of his life, Nansen devoted himself primarily to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, following his appointment in 1921 as the League's <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Refugees">High Commissioner for Refugees</a>. In 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of the displaced victims of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and related conflicts. Among the initiatives he introduced was the "<a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a>" for stateless persons, a certificate that used to be recognized by more than 50 countries. He worked on behalf of refugees alongside <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> until his sudden death in 1930, after which the League established the <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a> to ensure that his work continued. This office received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. His name is commemorated in numerous geographical features, particularly in the polar regions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background_and_childhood">Family background and childhood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background and childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansen-aged4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an unsmiling fair-haired child stands upright, his left hand resting on a stool, in front of an ornate fireplace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nansen-aged4.jpg/170px-Nansen-aged4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nansen-aged4.jpg/255px-Nansen-aged4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nansen-aged4.jpg/340px-Nansen-aged4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Nansen in 1865 (age 4)</figcaption></figure> The Nansen family originated from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nansen" title="Hans Nansen">Hans Nansen</a> (1598–1667), a trader, was an early explorer of the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> region of the Arctic Ocean. In later life he settled in Copenhagen, becoming the city's <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">borgmester</a> in 1654. Later generations of the family lived in Copenhagen until the mid-18th century, when Ancher Antoni Nansen moved to Norway (then in <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">a union with Denmark</a>). His son, Hans Leierdahl Nansen (1764–1821), was a magistrate first in the <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> district, later in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6ren" title="Jæren">Jæren</a>. After Norway's separation from Denmark in 1814, he entered national political life as the representative for <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a>, and became a strong advocate of union with Sweden. After suffering a paralytic stroke in 1821 Hans Leierdahl Nansen died, leaving a four-year-old son, Baldur Fridtjof Nansen, the explorer's father.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Baldur was a lawyer without ambitions for public life, who became Reporter to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Supreme Court of Norway</a>. He married twice, the second time to Adelaide Johanne Thekla Isidore Bølling Wedel-Jarlsberg from <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum" title="Bærum">Bærum</a>, a niece of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Caspar_Herman_Wedel-Jarlsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg">Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg</a> who had helped frame the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norwegian constitution of 1814</a> and was later the Swedish king's Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of Norway">Viceroy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Baldur and Adelaide settled at Store Frøen, an estate at Aker, a few kilometres north of Norway's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> (since renamed Oslo). The couple had three children; the first died in infancy, the second, born 10 October 1861, was Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds11-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huntford7-6">[6]</a> Store Frøen's rural surroundings shaped the nature of Nansen's childhood. In the short summers the main activities were swimming and fishing, while in the autumn the chief pastime was hunting for game in the forests. The long winter months were devoted mainly to skiing, which Nansen began to practice at the age of two, on improvised skis.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford7-6">[6]</a> At the age of 10 he defied his parents and attempted the ski jump at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Husebyrennet" title="Husebyrennet">Huseby</a> installation. This exploit had near-disastrous consequences, as on landing the skis dug deep into the snow, pitching the boy forward: "I, head first, described a fine arc in the air ... [W]hen I came down again I bored into the snow up to my waist. The boys thought I had broken my neck, but as soon as they saw there was life in me ... a shout of mocking laughter went up."<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds11-5">[5]</a> Nansen's enthusiasm for skiing was undiminished, though as he records, his efforts were overshadowed by those of the skiers from the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">new style of skiing</a> was being developed. "I saw this was the only way", wrote Nansen later.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> At school, Nansen worked adequately without showing any particular aptitude.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford7-6">[6]</a> Studies took second place to sports, or to expeditions into the forests where he would live "like <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a>" for weeks at a time.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Through such experiences Nansen developed a marked degree of self-reliance. He became an accomplished skier and a highly proficient <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">skater</a>. Life was disrupted when, in the summer of 1877, Adelaide Nansen died suddenly. Distressed, Baldur Nansen sold the Store Frøen property and moved with his two sons to Christiania.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Nansen's sporting prowess continued to develop; at 18 he broke the world one-mile (1.6 km) skating record, and in the following year won the national cross-country skiing championship, a feat he would repeat on 11 subsequent occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_and_adventurer">Student and adventurer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Student and adventurer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg/170px-Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg/255px-Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg/340px-Fridtjof_Nansen_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Nansen as a student in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> (1880, age 19)</figcaption></figure> In 1880 Nansen passed his university entrance examination, the <a href="/wiki/Examen_artium" title="Examen artium">examen artium</a>. He decided to study <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, claiming later that he chose the subject because he thought it offered the chance of a life in the open air. He began his studies at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frederick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Frederick University">Royal Frederick University</a> in Christiania early in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Early in 1882 Nansen took "...the first fatal step that led me astray from the quiet life of science."<a href="#cite_note-Scott15-12">[12]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Collett" title="Robert Collett">Robert Collett</a> of the university's zoology department proposed that Nansen take a sea voyage, to study Arctic zoology at first hand. Nansen was enthusiastic, and made arrangements through a recent acquaintance, Captain Axel Krefting, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealer</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Viking" title="SS Viking">Viking</a>. The voyage began on 11 March 1882 and extended over the following five months. In the weeks before sealing started, Nansen was able to concentrate on scientific studies.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford21-13">[13]</a> From water samples he showed that, contrary to previous assumption, sea ice forms on the surface of the water rather than below. His readings also demonstrated that the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> flows beneath a cold layer of surface water.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Through the spring and early summer Viking roamed between Greenland and <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Spitsbergen</a> in search of seal herds. Nansen became an expert marksman, and on one day proudly recorded that his team had shot 200 seals. In July, Viking became trapped in the ice close to an unexplored section of the Greenland coast; Nansen longed to go ashore, but this was impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford21-13">[13]</a> However, he began to develop the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland icecap</a> might be explored, or even crossed.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> On 17 July the ship broke free from the ice, and early in August was back in Norwegian waters.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford21-13">[13]</a> Nansen did not resume formal studies at the university. Instead, on Collett's recommendation, he accepted a post as curator in the zoological department of the <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Museum">Bergen Museum</a>. He was to spend the next six years of his life there—apart from a six-month <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> tour of Europe—working and studying with leading figures such as <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen" title="Gerhard Armauer Hansen">Gerhard Armauer Hansen</a>, the discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> bacillus,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cornelius_Danielssen" title="Daniel Cornelius Danielssen">Daniel Cornelius Danielssen</a>, the museum's director who had turned it from a backwater collection into a centre of scientific research and education.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Nansen's chosen area of study was the then relatively unexplored field of <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomy</a>, specifically the central nervous system of lower marine creatures. Before leaving for his sabbatical in February 1886 he published a paper summarising his research to date, in which he stated that "anastomoses or unions between the different ganglion cells" could not be demonstrated with certainty. This unorthodox view was confirmed by the simultaneous research of the embryologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_His,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm His, Sr.">Wilhelm His</a> and the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/August_Forel" class="mw-redirect" title="August Forel">August Forel</a>. Nansen is considered the first Norwegian defender of the neuron theory, originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a>. His subsequent paper, The Structure and Combination of Histological Elements of the Central Nervous System, published in 1887, became his doctoral thesis.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crossing_of_Greenland">Crossing of Greenland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crossing of Greenland">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_E_Nordenskiold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders portrait of a middle-aged man, facing half-left. He has dark, neatly brushed hair, a heavy moustache, and is wearing a dark, formal jacket." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_E_Nordenskiold.jpg/260px-A_E_Nordenskiold.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/A_E_Nordenskiold.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a>, whose 1883 expedition had penetrated 160 kilometres (100 mi; 90 nmi) into the <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">icecap</a></figcaption></figure> The idea of an expedition across the Greenland icecap grew in Nansen's mind throughout his Bergen years. In 1887, after the submission of his <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a>, he finally began organising this project. Before then, the two most significant penetrations of the Greenland interior had been those of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a> in 1883, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> in 1886. Both had set out from <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a> on the western coast, and had travelled about 160 kilometres (100 mi) eastward before turning back.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> By contrast, Nansen proposed to travel from east to west, ending rather than beginning his trek at Disko Bay. A party setting out from the inhabited west coast would, he reasoned, have to make a return trip, as no ship could be certain of reaching the dangerous east coast and picking them up.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> By starting from the east—assuming that a landing could be made there—Nansen's would be a one-way journey towards a populated area. The party would have no line of retreat to a safe base; the only way to go would be forward, a situation that fitted Nansen's philosophy completely.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Nansen rejected the complex organisation and heavy manpower of other Arctic ventures, and instead planned his expedition for a small party of six. Supplies would be <a href="/wiki/Manhauling" title="Manhauling">manhauled</a> on specially designed lightweight sledges. Much of the equipment, including sleeping bags, clothing and cooking stoves, also needed to be designed from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> These plans received a generally poor reception in the press;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> one critic had no doubt that "if [the] scheme be attempted in its present form ... the chances are ten to one that he will ... uselessly throw his own and perhaps others' lives away".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Norwegian parliament refused to provide financial support, believing that such a potentially risky undertaking should not be encouraged. The project was eventually launched with a donation from a Danish businessman, Augustin Gamél; the rest came mainly from small contributions from Nansen's countrymen, through a fundraising effort organised by students at the university.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Despite the adverse publicity, Nansen received numerous applications from would-be adventurers. He wanted expert skiers, and attempted to recruit from the skiers of the Telemark region, but his approaches were rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Nordenskiöld had advised Nansen that <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, from Finnmark in the far north of Norway, were expert snow travellers, so Nansen recruited a pair, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Balto" title="Samuel Balto">Samuel Balto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ole_Nielsen_Ravna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Nielsen Ravna">Ole Nielsen Ravna</a>. The remaining places went to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Otto Sverdrup</a>, a former sea-captain who had more recently worked as a forester; <a href="/wiki/Oluf_Christian_Dietrichson" title="Oluf Christian Dietrichson">Oluf Christian Dietrichson</a>, an army officer, and <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Kristiansen_(explorer)" title="Kristian Kristiansen (explorer)">Kristian Kristiansen</a>, an acquaintance of Sverdrup's. All had experience of outdoor life in extreme conditions, and were experienced skiers.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford87-26">[26]</a> Just before the party's departure, Nansen attended a formal examination at the university, which had agreed to receive his doctoral thesis. In accordance with custom, he was required to defend his work before appointed examiners acting as <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">"devil's advocates"</a>. He left before knowing the outcome of this process.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford87-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition">Expedition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expedition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Southern Greenland with traced lines that signify expedition routes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png/310px-Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png/465px-Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png/620px-Nansen_Greenland_Crossing_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Greenland expedition, July–October 1888<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Planned route from <a href="/wiki/Sermilik" title="Sermilik">Sermilik</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianhaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianhaab">Christianhaab</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Approach and landing on 29 July</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Actual route to <a href="/wiki/Godthaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Godthaab">Godthaab</a>, 15 August – 3 October</div></figcaption></figure> The sealer <a href="/wiki/Jason_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (ship)">Jason</a> picked up Nansen's party on 3 June 1888 from the Icelandic port of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ísafjörður">Ísafjörður</a>. They sighted the Greenland coast a week later, but thick <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">pack ice</a> hindered progress. With the coast still 20 kilometres (12 mi) away, Nansen decided to launch the small boats. They were within sight of <a href="/wiki/Sermilik" title="Sermilik">Sermilik Fjord</a> on 17 July; Nansen believed it would offer a route up the icecap.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford97-27">[27]</a> The expedition left Jason "in good spirits and with the highest hopes of a fortunate result."<a href="#cite_note-Huntford97-27">[27]</a> Days of extreme frustration followed as they drifted south. Weather and sea conditions prevented them from reaching the shore. They spent most time camping on the ice itself—it was too dangerous to launch the boats. By 29 July, they found themselves 380 kilometres (240 mi) south of the point where they left the ship. That day they finally reached land but were too far south to begin the crossing. Nansen ordered the team back into the boats after a brief rest and to begin rowing north.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The party battled northward along the coast through the ice floes for the next 12 days. They encountered a large Inuit encampment on the first day, near Cape Steen Bille.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Occasional contacts with the nomadic native population continued as the journey progressed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NansenBoatsGreenland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NansenBoatsGreenland.png/240px-NansenBoatsGreenland.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NansenBoatsGreenland.png/360px-NansenBoatsGreenland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NansenBoatsGreenland.png/480px-NansenBoatsGreenland.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Boats and supplies were stored on Greenland's east coast</figcaption></figure> The party reached <a href="/wiki/Umivik_Bay" title="Umivik Bay">Umivik Bay</a> on 11 August, after covering 200 kilometres (120 mi). Nansen decided they needed to begin the crossing. Although they were still far south of his intended starting place, the season was becoming too advanced.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After they landed at Umivik, they spent the next four days preparing for their journey. They set out on the evening of 15 August, heading north-west towards <a href="/wiki/Christianhaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianhaab">Christianhaab</a> on the western shore of Disko Bay—600 kilometres (370 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Over the next few days, the party struggled to ascend. The inland ice had a treacherous surface with many hidden <a href="/wiki/Crevasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Crevasses">crevasses</a> and the weather was bad. Progress stopped for three days because of violent storms and continuous rain one time.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The last ship was due to leave Christianhaab by mid-September. They would not be able to reach it in time, Nansen concluded on 26 August. He ordered a change of course due west, towards <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Godthaab</a>, a shorter journey by at least 150 kilometres (93 mi). The rest of the party, according to Nansen, "hailed the change of plan with acclamation."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> They continued climbing until 11 September and reached a height of 2,719 metres (8,921 ft) above sea level. Temperatures on the summit of the icecap dropped to −45 °C (−49 °F) at night. From then on, the downward slope made travelling easier. Yet, the terrain was rugged and the weather remained hostile.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Progress was slow: fresh snowfalls made dragging the sledges like pulling them through sand. On 26 September, they battled their way down the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a> westward towards Godthaab. Sverdrup constructed a makeshift boat out of parts of the sledges, willows, and their tent. Three days later, Nansen and Sverdrup began the last stage of the journey, rowing down the fjord.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On 3 October, they reached <a href="/wiki/Godthaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Godthaab">Godthaab</a>, where the Danish town representative greeted them. He first informed Nansen that he had secured his doctorate, a matter that "could not have been more remote from [Nansen's] thoughts at that moment."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The team accomplished their crossing in 49 days. Throughout the journey, they maintained meteorological and geographical and other records relating to the previously unexplored interior.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> The rest of the team arrived in Godthaab on 12 October. Nansen soon learned no ship was likely to call at Godthaab until the following spring. Still, they were able to send letters back to Norway via a boat leaving <a href="/wiki/Ivigtut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivigtut">Ivigtut</a> at the end of October. He and his party spent the next seven months in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On 15 April 1889, the Danish ship Hvidbjørnen finally entered the harbour. Nansen recorded: "It was not without sorrow that we left this place and these people, among whom we had enjoyed ourselves so well."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interlude_and_marriage">Interlude and marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interlude and marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg/270px-FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg/405px-FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg/540px-FridtjofNansenEvaSars1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fridtjof Nansen and Eva Nansen in autumn 1889</figcaption></figure> Hvidbjørnen reached Copenhagen on 21 May 1889. News of the crossing had preceded its arrival, and Nansen and his companions were feted as heroes. This welcome, however, was dwarfed by the reception in Christiania a week later, when crowds of between thirty and forty thousand—a third of the city's population—thronged the streets as the party made its way to the first of a series of receptions. The interest and enthusiasm generated by the expedition's achievement led directly to the formation that year of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Geographical_Society" title="Norwegian Geographical Society">Norwegian Geographical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford156-39">[39]</a> Nansen accepted the position of curator of the Royal Frederick University's zoology collection, a post which carried a salary but involved no duties; the university was satisfied by the association with the explorer's name.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford156-39">[39]</a> Nansen's main task in the following weeks was writing his account of the expedition, but he found time late in June to visit London, where he met <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">the Prince of Wales</a> (the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>), and addressed a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> (RGS).<a href="#cite_note-Huntford156-39">[39]</a> The RGS president, Sir <a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone_Grant_Duff" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff">Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff</a>, said that Nansen had claimed "the foremost place amongst northern travellers", and later awarded him the Society's prestigious <a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a>. This was one of many honours Nansen received from institutions all over Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds71-40">[40]</a> He was invited by a group of Australians to lead an expedition to Antarctica, but declined, believing that Norway's interests would be better served by a North Pole conquest.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On 11 August 1889 Nansen announced his engagement to <a href="/wiki/Eva_Sars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Sars">Eva Sars</a>, celebrated <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> singer, a pioneer of women's <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sars" title="Michael Sars">Michael Sars</a>, a theologian and zoology professor who had died when Eva was 11 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford168-42">[42]</a> The couple had met some years previously, at the skiing resort of <a href="/wiki/Frognerseteren" title="Frognerseteren">Frognerseteren</a>, where Nansen recalled seeing "two feet sticking out of the snow".<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds71-40">[40]</a> Eva was three years older than Nansen, and despite the evidence of this first meeting, was an accomplished skier. She was also a celebrated classical singer who had been coached in Berlin by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_Art%C3%B4t" title="Désirée Artôt">Désirée Artôt</a>, one-time paramour of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>. The engagement surprised many; since Nansen had previously expressed himself forcefully against the institution of marriage, Otto Sverdrup assumed he had read the message wrongly. The wedding took place on 6 September 1889, less than a month after the engagement.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford168-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fram_expedition">Fram expedition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fram expedition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning_2">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No-nb_bldsa_1a012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a stern and determined looking man with arms crossed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-No-nb_bldsa_1a012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4054" data-file-height="6066" /></a><figcaption>Nansen in 1889</figcaption></figure> Nansen first began to consider the possibility of reaching the North Pole after reading meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Mohn" title="Henrik Mohn">Henrik Mohn</a>'s theory on <a href="/wiki/Transpolar_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpolar drift">transpolar drift</a> in 1884. Artefacts found on the coast of Greenland were identified to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeannette Expedition">Jeannette expedition</a>. In June 1881, <a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a> was crushed and sunk off the Siberian coast—the opposite side of the Arctic Ocean. Mohn surmised the location of the artefacts indicated the existence of an ocean current from east to west, all the way across the polar sea and possibly over the pole itself.<a href="#cite_note-Nansen14-43">[43]</a> The idea remained fixated in Nansen's mind for the next couple of years.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming240-44">[44]</a> He developed a detailed plan for a polar venture after his triumphant return from Greenland. He made his idea public in February 1890, at a meeting of the newly formed Norwegian Geographical Society. Previous expeditions, he argued, approached the North Pole from the west and failed because they were working against the prevailing east–west current; the secret was to work with the current. A workable plan would require a sturdy and manoeuvrable small ship, capable of carrying fuel and provisions for twelve men for five years. This ship would enter the ice pack close to the approximate location of Jeannette's sinking, drifting west with the current towards the pole and beyond it—eventually reaching the sea between Greenland and Spitsbergen.<a href="#cite_note-Nansen14-43">[43]</a> Experienced polar explorers were dismissive: <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Adolphus Greely</a> called the idea "an illogical scheme of self-destruction".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Equally dismissive were <a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Sir Allen Young</a>, a veteran of the searches for <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, who had sailed to the Antarctic on the <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berton492-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Nansen still managed to secure a grant from the Norwegian parliament after an impassioned speech. Additional funding was secured through a national appeal for private donations.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming240-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations">Preparations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> Nansen chose the Norwegian naval engineer <a href="/wiki/Colin_Archer" title="Colin Archer">Colin Archer</a> to design and build a ship. Archer designed an extraordinarily sturdy vessel with an intricate system of crossbeams and braces of the toughest oak timbers. Its rounded hull was designed to push the ship upwards when beset by pack ice. Speed and manoeuvrability were to be secondary to its ability as a safe and warm shelter during their predicted confinement.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming240-44">[44]</a> The length-to-beam ratio—39-metre-long (128 ft) and 11-metre-wide (36 ft)—gave it a stubby appearance,<a href="#cite_note-Huntford192-49">[49]</a> justified by Archer: "A ship that is built with exclusive regard to its suitability for [Nansen's] object must differ essentially from any known vessel."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It was christened <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> and launched on 6 October 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford192-49">[49]</a> Nansen selected a party of twelve from thousands of applicants. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Otto Sverdrup</a>, who took part in Nansen's earlier Greenland expedition was appointed as the expedition's second-in-command.<a href="#cite_note-Nansen78-51">[51]</a> Competition was so fierce that army lieutenant and dog-driving expert <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Hjalmar Johansen</a> signed on as ship's stoker, the only position still available.<a href="#cite_note-Nansen78-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huntford222-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Into_the_ice">Into the ice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Into the ice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansen_Fram_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the sea and island archipelagos north of Siberia. Five colored lines indicate the ship's and Nansen's individual routes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nansen_Fram_Map.png/350px-Nansen_Fram_Map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nansen_Fram_Map.png/525px-Nansen_Fram_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nansen_Fram_Map.png/700px-Nansen_Fram_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Expedition routes, July 1893 – August 1896: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fram's route into the pack ice, July–September 1893</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fram's three-year drift to Spitsbergen</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nansen's marches, March 1895 – June 1896</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nansen's return to Vardø, August 1896</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fram's return to Tromsø, August 1896</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> left <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> on 24 June 1893, cheered on by thousands of well-wishers.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> After a slow journey around the coast, the final port of call was <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_(town)" title="Vardø (town)">Vardø</a>, in the far north-east of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford222-52">[52]</a> Fram left Vardø on 21 July, following the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Passage" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East Passage">North-East Passage</a> route pioneered by Nordenskiöld in 1878–1879, along the northern coast of Siberia. Progress was impeded by fog and ice conditions in the mainly uncharted seas.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The crew also experienced the <a href="/wiki/Dead_water" title="Dead water">dead water</a> phenomenon, where a ship's forward progress is impeded by friction caused by a layer of fresh water lying on top of heavier salt water.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chelyuskin" title="Cape Chelyuskin">Cape Chelyuskin</a>, the most northerly point of the Eurasian continental mass, was passed on 10 September. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">pack ice</a> was sighted ten days later at around latitude 78°N, as Fram approached the area in which <a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a> was crushed. Nansen followed the line of the pack northwards to a position recorded as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fridtjof_Nansen&params=78_49_N_132_53_E_">78°49′N 132°53′E / 78.817°N 132.883°E / 78.817; 132.883</a>, before ordering engines stopped and the rudder raised. From this point Fram's drift began.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The first weeks in the ice were frustrating, as the drift moved unpredictably; sometimes north, sometimes south. By 19 November, Fram's latitude was south of that at which she had entered the ice.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Only after the turn of the year, in January 1894, did the northerly direction become generally settled; the 80°N mark was finally passed on 22 March.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Nansen calculated that, at this rate, it might take the ship five years to reach the pole.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford257-59">[59]</a> As the ship's northerly progress continued at a rate rarely above a kilometre and a half per day, Nansen began privately to consider a new plan—a <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sledge</a> journey towards the pole.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford257-59">[59]</a> With this in mind, he began to practice dog-driving, making many experimental journeys over the ice. In November, Nansen announced his plan: when the ship passed latitude 83°N, he and Hjalmar Johansen would leave the ship with the dogs and make for the pole while Fram, under Sverdrup, continued its drift until it emerged from the ice in the North Atlantic. After reaching the pole, Nansen and Johansen would make for the nearest known land, the recently discovered and sketchily mapped <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a>. They would then cross to <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Spitzbergen</a> where they would find a ship to take them home.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The crew spent the rest of the winter of 1894 preparing clothing and equipment for the forthcoming sledge journey. <a href="/wiki/Kayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayaks">Kayaks</a> were built, to be carried on the sledges until needed for the crossing of open water.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Preparations were interrupted early in January when violent tremors shook the ship. The crew disembarked, fearing the vessel would be crushed, but Fram proved herself equal to the danger. On 8 January 1895, the ship's position was 83°34′N, above Greely's <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">previous record</a> of 83°24′N.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[n 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dash_for_the_pole">Dash for the pole</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dash for the pole">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men pose on the ice with dogs and sledges, with a ship's outline visible in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg/290px-Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg/435px-Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg/580px-Nansen_Johansen_depart_14_March_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Preparations for Nansen and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a>'s polar trek, 14 March 1895</figcaption></figure> With the ship's latitude at 84°4′N and after two false starts,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Nansen and Johansen began their journey on 14 March 1895.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Nansen allowed 50 days to cover the 356 nautical miles (660 km; 410 mi) to the pole, an average daily journey of seven nautical miles (13 km; 8 mi). After a week of travel, a <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> observation indicated they averaged nine nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) per day, which put them ahead of schedule.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> However, uneven surfaces made skiing more difficult, and their speeds slowed. They also realised they were marching against a southerly drift, and that distances travelled did not necessarily equate to distance progressed.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming248-68">[67]</a> On 3 April, Nansen began to doubt whether the pole was attainable. Unless their speed improved, their food would not last them to the pole and back to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming248-68">[67]</a> He confided in his diary: "I have become more and more convinced we ought to turn before time."<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Four days later, after making camp, he observed the way ahead was "... a veritable chaos of iceblocks stretching as far as the horizon." Nansen recorded their latitude as 86°13′6″N—almost three degrees beyond the previous record—and decided to turn around and head back south.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat">Retreat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retreat">edit</a>]</div> At first Nansen and Johansen made good progress south, but suffered a serious setback on 13 April, when in his eagerness to break camp, they had forgotten to wind their <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometers</a>, which made it impossible to calculate their longitude and accurately navigate to Franz Josef Land. They restarted the watches based on Nansen's guess they were at 86°E. From then on they were uncertain of their true position.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The tracks of an <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> were observed towards the end of April. It was the first trace of a living creature other than their dogs since they left Fram.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> They soon saw bear tracks and by the end of May saw evidence of nearby seals, gulls and whales. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinterHutFJL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's impression: A full moon in a dark sky; on the ground a mound of snow with a small square opening indicates the hut, with an upturned sledge standing outside. The surrounding area is all desolate snow and ice fields." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WinterHutFJL.jpg/260px-WinterHutFJL.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WinterHutFJL.jpg/390px-WinterHutFJL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WinterHutFJL.jpg/520px-WinterHutFJL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Nansen and Johansen's winter hut of 1895 on <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a></figcaption></figure> On 31 May, Nansen calculated they were only 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fligely" title="Cape Fligely">Cape Fligely</a>, Franz Josef Land's northernmost point.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Travel conditions worsened as increasingly warmer weather caused the ice to break up. On 22 June, the pair decided to rest on a stable <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">ice floe</a> while they repaired their equipment and gathered strength for the next stage of their journey. They remained on the floe for a month.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The day after leaving this camp, Nansen recorded: "At last the marvel has come to pass—land, land, and after we had almost given up our belief in it!"<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Whether this still-distant land was Franz Josef Land or a new discovery they did not know—they had only a rough sketch map to guide them.<a href="#cite_note-77">[n 2]</a> The edge of the pack ice was reached on 6 August and they shot the last of their dogs—the weakest of which they killed regularly to feed the others since 24 April. The two kayaks were lashed together, a sail was raised, and they made for the land.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> It soon became clear this land was part of an archipelago. As they moved southwards, Nansen tentatively identified a headland as Cape Felder on the western edge of Franz Josef Land. Towards the end of August, as the weather grew colder and travel became increasingly difficult, Nansen decided to camp for the winter.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In a sheltered cove, with stones and moss for building materials, the pair erected a hut which was to be their home for the next eight months.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> With ready supplies of bear, walrus and seal to keep their larder stocked, their principal enemy was not hunger but inactivity.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> After muted Christmas and New Year celebrations, in slowly improving weather, they began to prepare to leave their refuge, but it was 19 May 1896 before they were able to resume their journey.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_and_return">Rescue and return</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rescue and return">edit</a>]</div> On 17 June, during a stop for repairs after the kayaks had been attacked by a <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, Nansen thought he heard a dog barking as well as human voices. He went to investigate, and a few minutes later saw the figure of a man approaching.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming261-83">[81]</a> It was the British explorer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Jackson" title="Frederick George Jackson">Frederick Jackson</a>, who was leading an expedition to Franz Josef Land and was camped at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Flora">Cape Flora</a> on nearby <a href="/wiki/Northbrook_Island" title="Northbrook Island">Northbrook Island</a>. The two were equally astonished by their encounter; after some awkward hesitation Jackson asked: "You are Nansen, aren't you?", and received the reply "Yes, I am Nansen."<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Johansen was picked up and the pair were taken to Cape Flora where, during the following weeks, they recuperated from their ordeal. Nansen later wrote that he could "still scarcely grasp" their sudden change of fortune;<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> had it not been for the walrus attack that caused the delay, the two parties might have been unaware of each other's existence.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming261-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapeFloraMeeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men shake hands in the midst of a snowfield, with a dog sitting nearby. Dark hills are shown in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CapeFloraMeeting.jpg/290px-CapeFloraMeeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CapeFloraMeeting.jpg/435px-CapeFloraMeeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CapeFloraMeeting.jpg/580px-CapeFloraMeeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Staged photo of the Nansen–Jackson meeting near <a href="/wiki/Northbrook_Island" title="Northbrook Island">Cape Flora</a>, 17 June 1896</figcaption></figure> On 7 August, Nansen and Johansen boarded Jackson's supply ship Windward, and sailed for Vardø where they arrived on the 13th. They were greeted by Hans Mohn, the originator of the polar drift theory, who was in the town by chance.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The world was quickly informed by telegram of Nansen's safe return,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> but as yet there was no news of Fram. Taking the weekly mail steamer south, Nansen and Johansen reached <a href="/wiki/Hammerfest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerfest">Hammerfest</a> on 18 August, where they learned that Fram had been sighted. She had emerged from the ice north and west of Spitsbergen, as Nansen had predicted, and was now on her way to Tromsø. She had not passed over the pole, nor exceeded Nansen's northern mark.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Without delay Nansen and Johansen sailed for Tromsø, where they were reunited with their comrades.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming264-89">[87]</a> The homeward voyage to Christiania was a series of triumphant receptions at every port. On 9 September, Fram was escorted into Christiania's harbour and welcomed by the largest crowds the city had ever seen.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The crew were received by King Oscar, and Nansen, reunited with family, remained at the palace for several days as special guests. Tributes arrived from all over the world; typical was that from the British mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Edward Whymper</a>, who wrote that Nansen had made "almost as great an advance as has been accomplished by all other voyages in the nineteenth century put together".<a href="#cite_note-Fleming264-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_figure">National figure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National figure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientist_and_polar_oracle">Scientist and polar oracle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scientist and polar oracle">edit</a>]</div> Nansen's first task on his return was to write his account of the voyage. This he did remarkably quickly, producing 300,000 words of Norwegian text by November 1896; the English translation, titled Farthest North, was ready in January 1897. The book was an instant success, and secured Nansen's long-term financial future.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Nansen included without comment the one significant adverse criticism of his conduct, that of Greely, who had written in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> on Nansen's decision to leave Fram and strike for the pole: "It passes comprehension how Nansen could have thus deviated from the most sacred duty devolving on the commander of a naval expedition."<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> During the 20 years following his return from the Arctic, Nansen devoted most of his energies to scientific work. In 1897 he accepted a professorship in zoology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">Royal Frederick University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> which gave him a base from which he could tackle the major task of editing the reports of the scientific results of the Fram expedition. This was a much more arduous task than writing the expedition narrative. The results were eventually published in six volumes, and according to a later polar scientist, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neal_Rudmose-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Neal Rudmose-Brown">Robert Rudmose-Brown</a>, "were to Arctic oceanography what the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> results had been to the oceanography of other oceans."<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 1900, Nansen became director of the Christiania-based International Laboratory for North Sea Research, and helped found the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Through his connection with the latter body, in the summer of 1900 Nansen embarked on his first visit to Arctic waters since the Fram expedition, a cruise to Iceland and Jan Mayen Land on the oceanographic research vessel Michael Sars, named after Eva's father.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Shortly after his return he learned that his Farthest North record had been passed, by members of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">the Duke of the Abruzzi</a>'s Italian expedition. They had reached 86°34′N on 24 April 1900, in an attempt to reach the North Pole from Franz Josef Land.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Nansen received the news philosophically: "What is the value of having goals for their own sake? They all vanish ... it is merely a question of time."<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A substantial building in pink stone or cladding, consisting of a three-storey square tower with two two-storey wings. The building stands, framed by trees, in a snow-covered garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg/260px-Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg/390px-Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg/520px-Polh%C3%B8gda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Institute" title="Fridtjof Nansen Institute">Fridtjof Nansen Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Polh%C3%B8gda" title="Polhøgda">Polhøgda</a></figcaption></figure> Nansen was now considered an oracle by all would-be explorers of the north and south polar regions. Abruzzi had consulted him, as had the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a>, each of whom took expeditions to the Antarctic.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Although Nansen refused to meet his own countryman and fellow-explorer <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a> (whom he considered a fraud),<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> he gave advice to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> on polar equipment and transport, prior to the 1901–04 <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery expedition</a>. At one point Nansen seriously considered leading a South Pole expedition himself, and asked Colin Archer to design two ships. However, these plans remained on the drawing board.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> By 1901 Nansen's family had expanded considerably. A daughter, Liv, had been born just before Fram set out; a son, Kåre was born in 1897 followed by a daughter, Irmelin, in 1900 and a second son <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nansen" title="Odd Nansen">Odd</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The family home, which Nansen had built in 1891 from the profits of his Greenland expedition book,<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> was now too small. Nansen acquired a plot of land in the <a href="/wiki/Lysaker" title="Lysaker">Lysaker</a> district and built, substantially to his own design, a large and imposing house which combined some of the characteristics of an English <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> with features from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Italian renaissance</a>. The house was ready for occupation by April 1902; Nansen called it <a href="/wiki/Polh%C3%B8gda" title="Polhøgda">Polhøgda</a> (in English "polar heights"), and it remained his home for the rest of his life. A fifth and final child, son Asmund, was born at Polhøgda in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politician_and_diplomat">Politician and diplomat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politician and diplomat">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_(Nationalmuseum,_38942).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elderly, bearded man in ornate robes, wearing a jewelled crown surmounted by a cross, looks straight out of the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png/200px-Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png/300px-Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png/400px-Oskar_II_by_Oscar_Bj%C3%B6rck_-_torso_small_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_38942%29.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">King Oscar II</a>, last king of the union of Sweden and Norway. He remained Sweden's king after Norway's independence in 1905.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">The union between Norway and Sweden</a>, imposed by the Great Powers in 1814, had been under considerable strain through the 1890s, the chief issue in question being Norway's rights to its own <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consular service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Union-105">[103]</a> Nansen, although not by inclination a politician, had spoken out on the issue on several occasions in defence of Norway's interests.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> As of 1898 Nansen was among the contributors of <a href="/wiki/Ringeren" title="Ringeren">Ringeren</a>, an anti-Union magazine established by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> It seemed, early in the 20th century that agreement between the two countries might be possible, but hopes were dashed when negotiations broke down in February 1905. The Norwegian government fell, and was replaced by one led by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Michelsen" title="Christian Michelsen">Christian Michelsen</a>, whose programme was one of separation from Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Union-105">[103]</a> In February and March Nansen published a series of newspaper articles which placed him firmly in the separatist camp. The new prime minister wanted Nansen in the cabinet, but Nansen had no political ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> However, at Michelsen's request he went to Berlin and then to London where, in a letter to The Times, he presented Norway's legal case for a separate consular service to the English-speaking world. On 17 May 1905, Norway's Constitution Day, Nansen addressed a large crowd in Christiania, saying: "Now have all ways of retreat been closed. Now remains only one path, the way forward, perhaps through difficulties and hardships, but forward for our country, to a free Norway".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> He also wrote a book, Norway and the Union with Sweden, to promote Norway's case abroad.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> On 23 May the Storting passed the Consulate Act establishing a separate consular service. King Oscar refused his assent; on 27 May the Norwegian cabinet resigned, but the king would not recognise this step. On 7 June the Storting unilaterally announced that the union with Sweden was dissolved. In a tense situation the Swedish government agreed to Norway's request that the dissolution should be put to a referendum of the Norwegian people.<a href="#cite_note-Union-105">[103]</a> This was held on 13 August 1905 and resulted in an overwhelming vote for independence, at which point King Oscar relinquished the crown of Norway while retaining the Swedish throne. A second referendum, held in November, determined that the new independent state should be a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> rather than a republic. In anticipation of this, Michelsen's government had been considering the suitability of various princes as candidates for the Norwegian throne. Faced with King Oscar's refusal to allow anyone from his own <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">House of Bernadotte</a> to accept the crown, the favoured choice was <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Prince Charles of Denmark</a>. In July 1905 Michelsen sent Nansen to Copenhagen on a secret mission to persuade Charles to accept the Norwegian throne.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Nansen was successful; shortly after the second referendum Charles was proclaimed king, taking the name Haakon VII. He and his wife, the British princess <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud</a>, were crowned in the <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> on 22 June 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Union-105">[103]</a> In April 1906 Nansen was appointed Norway's first <a href="/wiki/Minister_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister (diplomacy)">Minister</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-Scott202-112">[110]</a> His main task was to work with representatives of the major European powers on an Integrity Treaty which would guarantee Norway's position.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Nansen was popular in England, and got on well with King Edward, though he found court functions and diplomatic duties disagreeable; "frivolous and boring" was his description.<a href="#cite_note-Scott202-112">[110]</a> However, he was able to pursue his geographical and scientific interests through contacts with the Royal Geographical Society and other learned bodies. The Treaty was signed on 2 November 1907, and Nansen considered his task complete. Resisting the pleas of, among others, King Edward that he should remain in London, on 15 November Nansen resigned his post.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> A few weeks later, still in England as the king's guest at <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham</a>, Nansen received word that Eva was seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. On 8 December he set out for home, but before he reached Polhøgda he learned, from a telegram, that Eva had died.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographer_and_traveller">Oceanographer and traveller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oceanographer and traveller">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekman_water_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ekman_water_bottle.jpg/240px-Ekman_water_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ekman_water_bottle.jpg/360px-Ekman_water_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ekman_water_bottle.jpg/480px-Ekman_water_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nansen_bottle" title="Nansen bottle">Nansen bottle</a> was used to sample seawater temperature at specific depths</figcaption></figure> After a period of mourning, Nansen returned to London. He had been persuaded by his government to rescind his resignation until after King Edward's state visit to Norway in April 1908. His formal retirement from the diplomatic service was dated 1 May 1908, the same day on which his university professorship was changed from zoology to oceanography. This new designation reflected the general character of Nansen's more recent scientific interests.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In 1905, he had supplied the Swedish physicist <a href="/wiki/Walfrid_Ekman" class="mw-redirect" title="Walfrid Ekman">Walfrid Ekman</a> with the data which established the principle in oceanography known as the <a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a>. Based on Nansen's observations of ocean currents recorded during the Fram expedition, Ekman concluded that the effect of wind on the sea's surface produced currents which "formed something like a spiral staircase, down towards the depths".<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> In 1909 Nansen combined with <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Helland-Hansen" title="Bjørn Helland-Hansen">Bjørn Helland-Hansen</a> to publish an academic paper, The Norwegian Sea: its Physical Oceanography, based on the Michael Sars voyage of 1900.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Nansen had by now retired from polar exploration, the decisive step being his release of Fram to fellow Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, who was planning a North Pole expedition.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> When Amundsen made his controversial change of plan and <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">set out for the South Pole</a>, Nansen stood by him.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[n 3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen_detail,_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_(page_6_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/220px-Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/330px-Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/440px-Fridtjof_Nansen_detail%2C_from-_Nansen_F._-_Through_Siberia._The_Land_of_the_Future_-_1914_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Between 1910 and 1914, Nansen participated in several oceanographic voyages. In 1910, aboard the Norwegian naval vessel Fridtjof, he carried out researches in the northern Atlantic,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds179-123">[120]</a> and in 1912 he took his own yacht, Veslemøy, to <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island (Norway)">Bear Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>. The main objective of the Veslemøy cruise was the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in the North Polar Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds184-124">[121]</a> One of Nansen's lasting contributions to oceanography was his work designing instruments and equipment; the "<a href="/wiki/Nansen_bottle" title="Nansen bottle">Nansen bottle</a>" for taking deep water samples remained in use into the 21st century, in a version updated by <a href="/wiki/Shale_Niskin" title="Shale Niskin">Shale Niskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> At the request of the Royal Geographical Society, Nansen began work on a study of Arctic discoveries, which developed into a two-volume history of the exploration of the northern regions up to the beginning of the 16th century. This was published in 1911 as Nord i Tåkeheimen ("In Northern Mists").<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds179-123">[120]</a> That year he renewed an acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Scott" title="Kathleen Scott">Kathleen Scott</a>, wife of Robert Falcon Scott, whose <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a> had sailed for Antarctica in 1910. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Roland Huntford</a> has claimed that Nansen and Kathleen Scott had a brief affair.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Young" title="Louisa Young">Louisa Young</a>, in her biography of Lady Scott, rejects the claim.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Many women were attracted to Nansen, and he had a reputation as a womaniser.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> His personal life was troubled around this time; in January 1913 he received news of the suicide of <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Hjalmar Johansen</a>, who had returned in disgrace from Amundsen's successful South Pole expedition.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> In March 1913, Nansen's youngest son Asmund died after a long illness.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds184-124">[121]</a> In the summer of 1913, Nansen travelled to the Kara Sea, by the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lied" title="Jonas Lied">Jonas Lied</a>, as part of a delegation investigating a possible trade route between Western Europe and the Siberian interior. The party then took a steamer up the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, and travelled on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> before turning for home. Nansen published a report from the trip in Through Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The life and culture of the Russian peoples aroused in Nansen an interest and sympathy he would carry through to his later life.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Immediately before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Nansen joined Helland-Hansen in an oceanographical cruise in eastern Atlantic waters.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds204-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statesman_and_humanitarian">Statesman and humanitarian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statesman and humanitarian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="League_of_Nations">League of Nations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: League of Nations">edit</a>]</div> On the outbreak of war in 1914, Norway declared its neutrality, alongside Sweden and Denmark. Nansen was appointed as the president of the Norwegian Union of Defence, but had few official duties, and continued with his professional work as far as circumstances permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds204-132">[129]</a> As the war progressed, the loss of Norway's overseas trade led to acute shortages of food in the country, which became critical in April 1917, when the United States entered the war and placed extra restrictions on international trade. Nansen was dispatched to Washington by the Norwegian government; after months of discussion, he secured food and other supplies in return for the introduction of a rationing system. When his government hesitated over the deal, he signed the agreement on his own initiative.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Within a few months of the war's end in November 1918, a draft agreement had been accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, as a means of resolving disputes between nations by peaceful means.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> The foundation of the League at this time was providential as far as Nansen was concerned, giving him a new outlet for his restless energy.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> He became president of the Norwegian League of Nations Society, and although the Scandinavian nations with their traditions of neutrality initially held themselves aloof, his advocacy helped to ensure that Norway became a full member of the League in 1920, and he became one of its three delegates to the League's General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In April 1920, at the League's request, Nansen began organising the repatriation of around half a million prisoners of war, stranded in various parts of the world. Of these, 300,000 were in Russia which, gripped by revolution and civil war, had little interest in their fate.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> Nansen was able to report to the Assembly in November 1920 that around 200,000 men had been returned to their homes. "Never in my life", he said, "have I been brought into touch with so formidable an amount of suffering."<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Nansen continued this work for a further two years until, in his final report to the Assembly in 1922, he was able to state that 427,886 prisoners had been repatriated to around 30 different countries. In paying tribute to his work, the responsible committee recorded that the story of his efforts "would contain tales of heroic endeavour worthy of those in the accounts of the crossing of Greenland and the great Arctic voyage."<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nansen_Mission">Nansen Mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nansen Mission">edit</a>]</div> The Nansen Mission is the colloquial term used by inhabitants of former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Socialist Republics</a> to describe the series of humanitarian initiatives undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and headed by Fridtjof Nansen.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> This international effort included the involvement of the Swiss, Swedish, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian and German branches of the Red Cross, the Swiss and Italian Children's Aids, the Seventh-day Adventist Society, as well as many other organisations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[137]</a> The mobilisation effort began in August 1921 and the first programmes in Russia began soon after, with the signing of an agreement of assistance between Nansen and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a>, which provided aid to mitigate starvation in Russia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_famine">Russian famine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russian famine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen,_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_(1922)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Fridtjof_Nansen%2C_Les_deux_%C3%A9tapes_de_la_faim_%281922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Nansen's photos on postcards were meant to raise awareness about the famine</figcaption></figure> Even before this work was complete, Nansen was involved in a further humanitarian effort. On 1 September 1921, prompted by the British delegate <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a>, he accepted the post of the League's High Commissioner for Refugees.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> His main brief was the resettlement of around two million Russian refugees displaced by the upheavals of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>. At the same time he tried to tackle the urgent problem of <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921">famine in Russia</a>; following a widespread failure of crops around 30 million people were threatened with starvation and death. Despite Nansen's pleas on behalf of the starving, Russia's revolutionary government was feared and distrusted internationally, and the League was reluctant to come to its peoples' aid.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Nansen had to rely largely on fundraising from private organisations, and his efforts met with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> Later he was to express himself bitterly on the matter: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"There was in various transatlantic countries such an abundance of maize, that the farmers had to burn it as fuel in their railway engines. At the same time, the ships in Europe were idle, for there were no cargoes. Simultaneously there were thousands, nay millions of unemployed. All this, while thirty million people in the Volga region—not far away and easily reached by our ships—were allowed to starve and die. The politicians of the world at large, except in the United States, were trying to find an excuse for doing nothing on the pretext that it was the Russians' own fault – a result of the Bolshevik system."<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansenpass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nansenpass.jpg/180px-Nansenpass.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nansenpass.jpg/270px-Nansenpass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nansenpass.jpg/360px-Nansenpass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>The Nansen passport allowed stateless persons to legally cross borders</figcaption></figure> A major problem impeding Nansen's work on behalf of refugees was that most of them lacked documentary proof of identity or nationality. Without legal status in their country of refuge, their lack of papers meant they were unable to go anywhere else. To overcome this, Nansen devised a document that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a>", a form of identity for <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless persons</a> that was in time recognised by more than 50 governments, and which allowed refugees to cross borders legally. Although the passport was created initially for refugees from Russia, it was extended to cover other groups.<a href="#cite_note-GibneyHarrison2005-146">[143]</a> While attending the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Conference of Lausanne</a> in November 1922, Nansen learned that he had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for 1922. The citation referred to "his work for the repatriation of the prisoners of war, his work for the Russian refugees, his work to bring succour to the millions of Russians afflicted by famine, and finally his present work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace".<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Nansen donated the prize money to international relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Turkish_resettlement">Greco-Turkish resettlement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Greco-Turkish resettlement">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922</a>, Nansen travelled to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to negotiate the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of refugees, mainly ethnic Greeks who had fled from Turkey after the defeat of the Greek Army. The impoverished Greek state was unable to take them in,<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> and so Nansen devised a scheme for a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a> whereby half a million Turks in Greece were returned to Turkey, with full financial compensation, while further loans facilitated the absorption of the refugee Greeks into their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Despite some controversy over the principle of a population exchange,<a href="#cite_note-GibneyHarrison2005-146">[143]</a> the plan was implemented successfully over a period of several years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_genocide">Armenian genocide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Armenian genocide">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg/290px-No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg/435px-No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg/580px-No-nb_bldsa_6d141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="4264" /></a><figcaption>Nansen in front of an Armenian orphanage, 25 June 1925</figcaption></figure> From 1925 onwards, Nansen devoted much time trying to help Armenian refugees, victims of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the First World War and further ill-treatment thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> His goal was the establishment of a national home for these refugees, within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a>. His main assistant in this endeavour was <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Nazi collaborator</a> and head of a <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norwegian puppet government</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford659-151">[148]</a> After visiting the region, Nansen presented the Assembly with a modest plan for the irrigation of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi) on which 15,000 refugees could be settled.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The plan ultimately failed, because even with Nansen's unremitting advocacy the money to finance the scheme was not forthcoming. Despite this failure, his reputation among the Armenian people remains high.<a href="#cite_note-Ryne-10">[10]</a> Nansen wrote Armenia and the Near East (1923) wherein he describes the plight of the Armenians in the wake of losing its independence to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The book was translated into many languages. After his visit to Armenia, Nansen wrote two additional books: Across Armenia (1927) and Through the Caucasus to the Volga (1930).<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Within the League's Assembly, Nansen spoke out on many issues besides those related to refugees. He believed that the Assembly gave the smaller countries such as Norway a "unique opportunity for speaking in the councils of the world."<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> He believed that the extent of the League's success in reducing armaments would be the greatest test of its credibility.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> He was a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">Slavery Convention</a> of 25 September 1926, which sought to outlaw the use of forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> He supported a settlement of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">post-war reparations</a> issue and championed Germany's membership of the League, which was granted in September 1926 after intensive preparatory work by Nansen.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford659-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772,_Fridjof_Nansen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nansen shown in later years with white, receding hair; characteristic drooping white mustache; and intensely focused eyes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09772%2C_Fridjof_Nansen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Nansen, photographed toward the end of his life (1930)</figcaption></figure> On 17 January 1919 Nansen married Sigrun Munthe, a long-time friend with whom he had had a love affair in 1905, while Eva was still alive. The marriage was resented by the Nansen children, and proved unhappy; an acquaintance writing of them in the 1920s said Nansen appeared unbearably miserable and Sigrun steeped in hate.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Nansen's League of Nations commitments through the 1920s meant that he was mostly absent from Norway, and was able to devote little time to scientific work. Nevertheless, he continued to publish occasional papers.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> He entertained the hope that he might travel to the North Pole by airship, but could not raise sufficient funding.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> In any event he was forestalled in this ambition by Amundsen, who flew over the pole in <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a>'s airship <a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> in May 1926.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Two years later Nansen broadcast a memorial oration to Amundsen, who had disappeared in the Arctic while organising a rescue party for Nobile whose airship had crashed during a second polar voyage. Nansen said of Amundsen: "He found an unknown grave under the clear sky of the icy world, with the whirring of the wings of eternity through space."<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> In 1926 Nansen was elected <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> in Scotland, the first foreigner to hold this largely honorary position. He used the occasion of his inaugural address to review his life and philosophy, and to deliver a call to the youth of the next generation. He ended: <blockquote>We all have a Land of Beyond to seek in our life—what more can we ask? Our part is to find the trail that leads to it. A long trail, a hard trail, maybe; but the call comes to us, and we have to go. Rooted deep in the nature of every one of us is the spirit of adventure, the call of the wild—vibrating under all our actions, making life deeper and higher and nobler.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></blockquote> Nansen largely avoided involvement in domestic Norwegian politics, but in 1924 he was persuaded by the long-retired former Prime Minister Christian Michelsen to take part in a new anti-communist political grouping, the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)" title="Fatherland League (Norway)">Fatherland League</a>. There were fears in Norway that should the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> gain power it would introduce a revolutionary programme. At the inaugural rally of the League in Oslo (as Christiania had now been renamed), Nansen declared: "To talk of the right of revolution in a society with full civil liberty, universal suffrage, equal treatment for everyone ... [is] idiotic nonsense."<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Following continued turmoil between the centre-right parties, there was even an independent petition in 1926 gaining some momentum that proposed for Nansen to head a centre-right <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> program, an idea he did not reject.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> He was the headline speaker at the single largest Fatherland League rally with 15,000 attendees in Tønsberg in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> In 1929 he went on his final tour for the League on the ship Stella Polaris, holding speeches from Bergen to Hammerfest.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In between his various duties and responsibilities, Nansen had continued to take skiing holidays when he could. In February 1930, aged 68, he took a short break in the mountains with two old friends, who noted that Nansen was slower than usual and appeared to tire easily. On his return to Oslo he was laid up for several months, with <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a>, and was visited on his sickbed by <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">King Haakon VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Nansen was a close friend of a clergyman named Wilhelm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>] Nansen was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long icy mountain ridge with two peaks that rises from a flat snow plain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg/290px-MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg/435px-MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg/580px-MountFridtjofNansenAntarctica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fridtjof_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Fridtjof Nansen">Mount Fridtjof Nansen</a> in Antarctica, named and photographed by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></figcaption></figure> Nansen died of a heart attack on 13 May 1930. He was given a non-religious <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> before cremation, after which his ashes were laid under a tree at Polhøgda. Nansen's daughter Liv recorded that there were no speeches, just music: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and the Maiden Quartet">Death and the Maiden</a>, which Eva used to sing.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> In his lifetime and thereafter, Nansen received honours and recognition from many countries.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Among the many tributes paid to him subsequently was that of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Lord Robert Cecil</a>, a fellow League of Nations delegate, who spoke of the range of Nansen's work, done with no regard for his own interests or health: "Every good cause had his support. He was a fearless peacemaker, a friend of justice, an advocate always for the weak and suffering."<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Nansen was a pioneer and innovator in many fields. As a young man he embraced the revolution in skiing methods that transformed it from a means of winter travel to a universal sport, and quickly became one of Norway's leading skiers. He was later able to apply this expertise to the problems of polar travel, in both his Greenland and his Fram expeditions. He invented the "Nansen sledge" with broad, ski-like runners, the "Nansen cooker" to improve the heat efficiency of the standard spirit stoves then in use, and the layer principle in polar clothing, whereby the traditionally heavy, awkward garments were replaced by layers of lightweight material. In science, Nansen is recognised both as one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> and as a significant contributor to early oceanographical science, in particular for his work in establishing the Central Oceanographic Laboratory in Christiania.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Through his work on behalf of the League of Nations, Nansen helped to establish the principle of international responsibility for refugees.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Immediately after his death the League set up the <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a>, a semi-autonomous body under the League's authority, to continue his work. The Nansen Office faced great difficulties, in part arising from the large numbers of refugees from the European dictatorships during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-NobelOrg-Office-179">[176]</a> Nevertheless, it secured the agreement of 14 countries (including a reluctant Great Britain)<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> to the Refugee Convention of 1933. It also helped to repatriate 10,000 Armenians to <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a>, and to find homes for a further 40,000 in Syria and Lebanon. In 1938, the year in which it was superseded by a wider-ranging body, the Nansen Office was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.<a href="#cite_note-NobelOrg-Office-179">[176]</a> In 1954, the League's successor body, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organisation">United Nations</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Refugee_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen Refugee Award">Nansen Medal</a>, later named the <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Refugee_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen Refugee Award">Nansen Refugee Award</a>, given annually by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> to an individual, group or organisation "for outstanding work on behalf of the forcibly displaced".<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Numerous geographical features bear his name: the <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Basin" title="Nansen Basin">Nansen Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Nansen-Gakkel Ridge</a> in the Arctic Ocean;<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nansen_(Yukon)" title="Mount Nansen (Yukon)">Mount Nansen</a> in the Yukon region of Canada;<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nansen_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Nansen (Antarctica)">Mount Nansen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fridtjof_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Fridtjof Nansen">Mount Fridtjof Nansen</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Island" title="Nansen Island">Nansen Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> all in Antarctica; as well as <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Island_(Kara_Sea)" title="Nansen Island (Kara Sea)">Nansen Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Land" title="Nansen Land">Nansen Land</a> in Greenland and <a href="/wiki/Nansen_Island_(Franz_Josef_Land)" title="Nansen Island (Franz Josef Land)">Nansen Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a>; <a href="/wiki/853_Nansenia" title="853 Nansenia">853 Nansenia</a>, an asteroid;<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nansen_(lunar_crater)" title="Nansen (lunar crater)">Nansen</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> crater at the Moon's north pole and <a href="/wiki/Nansen_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen (Martian crater)">Nansen</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> crater on Mars. His <a href="/wiki/Polh%C3%B8gda" title="Polhøgda">Polhøgda</a> mansion is now home to the <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Institute" title="Fridtjof Nansen Institute">Fridtjof Nansen Institute</a>, an independent foundation which engages in research on environmental, energy and resource management politics.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> A 1968 Norwegian/Soviet biographical film <a href="/wiki/Just_a_life_%E2%80%93_the_story_of_Fridtjof_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Just a life – the story of Fridtjof Nansen">Just a Life: the Story of Fridtjof Nansen</a> was released with <a href="/wiki/Knut_Wigert" title="Knut Wigert">Knut Wigert</a> as Nansen.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a> portrayed Nansen in the 1985 television serial <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Place_on_Earth" title="The Last Place on Earth">The Last Place on Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trond_Espen_Seim" title="Trond Espen Seim">Trond Espen Seim</a> would portray him in the 2019 film <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_(film)" title="Amundsen (film)">Amundsen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a> launched the first of a series of five <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen-class_frigate" title="Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate">Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates</a> in 2004, with <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Fridtjof_Nansen_(F310)" title="HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310)">HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen</a> as its lead ship.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Cruise ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Fridtjof_Nansen" title="MS Fridtjof Nansen">MS Fridtjof Nansen</a> was launched in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_and_decorations">Orders and decorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Orders and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/21px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/32px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/41px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_Saint_Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav">Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav</a>, 25 May 1889;<a href="#cite_note-norges3-195">[192]</a> Grand Cross, 11 September 1896;<a href="#cite_note-norges1-196">[193]</a> with Collar, 7 September 1925<a href="#cite_note-norges4-197">[194]</a></li> <li>Fram Medal, 1896<a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a></li> <li>Coronation Medal of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, 1st Class (Silver), 1906<a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Society_for_Anthropology_and_Geography#Vega_Medal" title="Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography">Vega Medal</a>, 1889<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a>, 1898<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael_(Bavaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael (Bavaria)">Merit Order of Saint Michael</a><a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>:<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Denmark)" title="Medal of Merit (Denmark)">Medal of Merit</a>, in Gold and with Crown, 1897</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a>, 24 May 1889</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_M%C3%A9daille_d%27Or_des_Explorations" title="Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations">Grand Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery</a>, 1897<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a></li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of the Legion of Honour">National Order of the Legion of Honour</a><a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>:<a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a> <ul><li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Erdkunde_zu_Berlin" title="Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin">Carl-Ritter Medal</a> (Silver), 1889<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a></li> <li>1878 Alexander von Humboldt Medal (Gold), 1897<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society#Constantine_Medal" title="Russian Geographical Society">Constantine Medal</a>, 1907<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus</a>, 1st Class<a href="#cite_note-norges2-198">[195]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a>, 1891</li> <li>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a>, 13 November 1906<a href="#cite_note-LG-27968-7722-206">[203]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a>, 1897<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1890. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=The%20First%20Crossing%20of%20Greenland">The First Crossing of Greenland</a>, 1890. (Reviewed in The Scientific Results of Dr. Nansen’s Expedition by <a href="/wiki/James_Geikie" title="James Geikie">James Geikie</a> The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1891).<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a></li> <li>Eskimoliv. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1891. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Eskimo%20Life%20creator%3Anansen">Eskimo Life</a>, (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1893).<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a></li> <li>Fram over Polhavet. Den norske polarfærd 1893–1896. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1897. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Farthest%20North%20creator%3Anansen">Farthest North</a>, 1897.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=The%20Norwegian%20North%20Polar%20Expedition%2C%201893-1896">The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893–1896; Scientific Results</a> (6 volumes, 1901).</li> <li>Norge og foreningen med Sverige. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania 1905. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Norway%20and%20the%20Union%20With%20Sweden%20creator%3Anansen">Norway and the Union With Sweden</a>, 1905.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Northern%20Waters%3A%20Captain%20Roald%20Amundsen%27s%20Oceanographic%20Observations%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Seas%20in%201901">Northern Waters: Captain Roald Amundsen's Oceanographic Observations in the Arctic Seas in 1901.</a> Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1906.</li> <li>Nord i tåkeheimen. Utforskningen av jordens nordlige strøk i tidlige tider. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania 1911. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=In%20Northern%20Mists%3A%20Arctic%20Exploration%20in%20Early%20Times">In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times</a>, 1911.</li> <li>Gjennem Sibirien. Jacob Dybwads forlag, Kristiania, 1914. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Through%20Siberia%20the%20Land%20of%20the%20Future%20creator%3Anansen">Through Siberia the Land of the Future</a>, 1914.</li> <li>Frilufts-liv. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1916.</li> <li>En ferd til Spitsbergen. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1920.</li> <li>Rusland og freden. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1923.</li> <li>Blant sel og bjørn. Min første Ishavs-ferd. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1924.</li> <li>Gjennem Armenia. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Oslo, 1927.</li> <li>Gjennem Kaukasus til Volga. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Oslo, 1929. Tr. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=volga%20creator%3Anansen">Through The Caucasus To The Volga</a>, 1931.</li></ul> <dl><dt>English translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021571710/page/n9/mode/2up">Through Siberia, the Land of the Future</a>. London: William Heinemann. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Siberia%2C+the+Land+of+the+Future&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924021571710%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316092336/https://archives.webaram.com/dvdk_new/eng/armenia-and-the-near-east-1928_OCR.pdf">Armenia and the Near East</a>. Publisher: J.C. & A.L. Fawcett, Inc., New York, 1928.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers" title="List of polar explorers">List of polar explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_Ski_Club" title="Nansen Ski Club">Nansen Ski Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_Ski_Jump" title="Nansen Ski Jump">Nansen Ski Jump</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Members of Greely's 1881–1884 expedition had achieved this latitude travelling north from Greenland. Of the original party of 25, only Greely and six others survived the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> The Franz Josef archipelago had been discovered in 1873 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Payer" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Payer">Julius Payer</a>, and was only partially explored and mapped at this stage.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Amundsen kept his South Pole intentions secret until Fram was beyond contact. He reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911, five weeks before Robert Falcon Scott, who died with his polar party on the return journey. In public Nansen praised Amundsen; in private, according to biographer Roland Huntford, he was "sick at heart".<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Inline citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Fridtjof+Nansen&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DFridtjof%2BNansen%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Edwards_&_R._Huntford1998" class="citation journal cs1">J. S. Edwards & R. Huntford (1998). 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Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantine+Medal+of+the+IRGS&rft.pub=Russian+Geographical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgo.ru%2Fen%2Fsociety%2Fawards%2Fconstantine-medal-irgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG-27968-7722-206"><a href="#cite_ref-LG-27968-7722_206-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27968/page/7722">The London Gazette</a>, issue 27968, p. 7722 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/cullum-geographical-medal/">American Geographical Society: Cullum Geographical Medal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Reproduced in Fragments of Earth Lore, by James Geikie (at XIII) page 382 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47119/47119-h/47119-h.htm">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47119/47119-h/47119-h.htm</a> Retrieved 26 August 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Robert1893" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Robert (4 November 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030236816;view=1up;seq=399">"Review of Eskimo Life by Fridtjof Nansen, translated by William Archer"</a>. The Academy. 44 (1122): 383–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Academy&rft.atitle=Review+of+Eskimo+Life+by+Fridtjof+Nansen%2C+translated+by+William+Archer&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1122&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=1893-11-04&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x030236816%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_referenced">Sources referenced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources referenced">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2001" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: an illustrated biographical history 1901–2001. Nantucket MA: Watson Publishing International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88135-388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88135-388-4"><bdi>0-88135-388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+and+the+Laureates%3A+an+illustrated+biographical+history+1901%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Nantucket+MA&rft.pub=Watson+Publishing+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88135-388-4&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen, Roald</a> (1912). The South Pole, Vol. II. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Pole%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Amundsen&rft.aufirst=Roald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (1988). The Arctic Grail. New York: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82491-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-82491-7"><bdi>0-670-82491-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arctic+Grail&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-670-82491-7&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Christofer_Br%C3%B8gger_(geologist)" title="Waldemar Christofer Brøgger (geologist)">Brøgger, Waldemar Christofer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordahl_Rolfsen" title="Nordahl Rolfsen">Rolfsen, Nordahl</a> (translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">William Archer</a> (1896)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fridtinansen00unkngoog#page/n11/mode/1up">Fridtiof Nansen 1861–1893</a>. New York. Longmans Green & Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2002" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Fergus (2002). Ninety Degrees North. London: Granta Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-535-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-535-2"><bdi>1-86207-535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninety+Degrees+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86207-535-2&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibneyHarrison2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibney, Matthew J.; Harrison, Randall (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt">Immigration and Asylum from 1900 to the Present: Volume 1</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077962" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077962"><bdi>9781576077962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Asylum+from+1900+to+the+Present%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781576077962&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimmigrationasylu00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Huntford, Roland</a> (2001). Nansen. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11492-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11492-7"><bdi>0-349-11492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nansen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-349-11492-7&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"> (First published in 1997 by Gerald Duckworth)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Jackson" title="Frederick George Jackson">Jackson, Frederick</a> (1935). The Lure of Unknown Lands. London: G. Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lure+of+Unknown+Lands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen1890" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjof (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcrossingofg00nansuoft">The First Crossing of Greenland</a>. Translated by Gepp, H.M. London: Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crossing+of+Greenland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcrossingofg00nansuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen1897" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjof (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farthestnorthbei01nansuoft">Farthest North, Volume I</a>. London: Archibald Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farthest+North%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarthestnorthbei01nansuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen1897" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjof (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farthestnorthbei02nansuoft">Farthest North, Volume II</a>. London: Archibald Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farthest+North%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarthestnorthbei02nansuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorland1973" class="citation book cs1">Norland, Andreas (1973). Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk. Oslo: Dreyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-20901-106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-20901-106-5"><bdi>978-8-20901-106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A5rde+tider%3A+Fedrelandslaget+i+norsk+politikk&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Dreyer&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-8-20901-106-5&rft.aulast=Norland&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"> (in Norwegian)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Pollock, Frederick</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leagueofnations00poll">The League of Nations</a>. London: Stevens & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Sons&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleagueofnations00poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1949" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, E.E. (1949). Nansen. Harmondsworth (UK): Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nansen&rft.place=Harmondsworth+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=E.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Maurice_Scott" title="James Maurice Scott">Scott, J.M.</a> (1971). Fridtjof Nansen. Sheridan, Oregon: Heron Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fridtjof+Nansen&rft.place=Sheridan%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Heron+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Spitz, Susan, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618455041">The American Heritage Science Dictionary</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-45504-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-45504-3"><bdi>0-618-45504-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Science+Dictionary&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-45504-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618455041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1999" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Ewan A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52162-248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52162-248-6"><bdi>978-0-52162-248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+and+Naming+the+Moon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-52162-248-6&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Ewan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFridtjof+Nansen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Jones, Max (1 March 2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/712637">Exploration, Celebrity, and the Making of a Transnational Hero: Fridtjof Nansen and the Fram Expedition</a>". The Journal of Modern History. 93 (1): 68–108.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2077">Works by Fridtjof Nansen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/289">Works by Fridtjof Nansen</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL139497A">Works by Fridtjof Nansen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34437">Works by Fridtjof Nansen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nansen%2C%20Fridtjof%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Fridtjof%20Nansen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nansen%2C%20Fridtjof%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fridtjof%20Nansen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nansen%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Fridtjof%20Nansen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nansen%2C%20Fridtjof%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fridtjof%20Nansen%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1930%22%20AND%20Nansen%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Fridtjof Nansen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/fridtjof-nansen/">Portrait of Fridtjof Nansen</a> published on ICRC Library and Archives blog <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/">CROSS-files</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012798">Newspaper clippings about Fridtjof Nansen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1112">Fridtjof Nansen Collection</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/487">Fridtjof Nansen</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture. 19 December 1922 The Suffering People of Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaltmuseum.org/37d98c32-e3cc-493c-ad49-051a407ff9f0,">4c1f9225-e0ff-4370-bfe8-494a6df026e1 Fridtjof Nansen</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dok.digitaltmuseum.org/en/about">DigitaltMuseum</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72292#P1248" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> 1928–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Grenfell" title="Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations364"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fridtjof Nansen</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Fritz Meyerhof</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1917 Nobel Prize winners">1917</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners">1918</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1919_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1919 Nobel Prize winners">1919</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1920 Nobel Prize winners">1920</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1921_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1921 Nobel Prize winners">1921</a></dd> <dd>1922 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1923_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1923 Nobel Prize winners">1923</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anstruther_baronets" title="Anstruther baronets">Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet">Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves,_Lord_Neaves" title="Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves">Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (scientist)">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">Sir J. M. Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell,_Lord_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munro_(physician)" title="David Munro (physician)">Sir David Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(civil_servant)" title="George Cunningham (civil servant)">Sir George Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_28th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein">Sir John Rothenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learie_Constantine" title="Learie Constantine">Learie Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Coren" title="Alan Coren">Alan Coren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Muir" title="Frank Muir">Frank Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(whistleblower)" title="Stanley Adams (whistleblower)">Stanley Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons" title="Nicholas Parsons">Nicholas Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Findlay" title="Donald Findlay">Donald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Sir Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pepper" title="Simon Pepper">Simon Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dunion" title="Kevin Dunion">Kevin Dunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srđa Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Hussein" title="Leyla Hussein">Leyla Hussein</a></li> <li>Stella Maris</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz23r3471dqsj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646510905606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/74530">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265704105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000076044">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528067606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02315975?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56836952700">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/fridtjof-nansen/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500490029">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/860ad66d-c58f-4334-b8c1-d1fac9aed350">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/37d98c32-e3cc-493c-ad49-051a407ff9f0">KulturNav</a><ul><li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029928753">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582424">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m90fnd">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=71294">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Fridtjof Nansen at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" class="extiw" title="c:Fridtjof Nansen">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" class="extiw" title="q:Fridtjof Nansen">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Fridtjof_Wedel-Jarlsberg_Nansen" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&oldid=1270012005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fridtjof_Nansen&oldid=1270012005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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