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url(https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/header_celtiadur.gif)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/" rel="home">Celtiadur</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Exploring connections between Celtic languages</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-3550"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/welcome/">About Celtiadur</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-3566"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/about-celtic-languages/">About Celtic languages</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/about/">About me</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1061"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/contact/">Contact</a></li> 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tag-language tag-malt tag-manx tag-scottish-gaelic tag-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/04/03/malt/" rel="bookmark">Malt</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/04/03/malt/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-04-03T15:11:34+01:00">3rd April 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-04-03T15:14:26+01:00">3rd April 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> Words for malt and related things in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/133769706@N02/28487137940/in/photolist-Kpj2CG-2o35tyS-fr5Jui-9d8PSx-c4ourW-9d8Pgx-t9VtRy-55oGS-YgAoWw-2eFBZ9D-5CvcrY-3Tibf-cQKdUU-299GHCK-7fjCL-7Ti85x-99TNBU-2i14z-cQKitL-cQKgTA-4s6pj2-62KNF2-4Ha11v-2kjanzZ-6yxWUx-apxf2s-cQKfR7-ncek7U-6yxWDR-5fSvUs-6yC4ch-6YewMf-6zVwV7-9S8Xyu-2eTYne-6eX8x-5sZdy5-4qZaAq-dnLPLx-5JsXwU-7L4hHH-5sUPyR-dW24AA-6w68e6-5JoGai-9CZ8rs-aFmKJ9-28dYXXN-2eFBXCT-5sUPtT" title="Malt"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8565/28487137940_d1acb2bfd0_z.jpg" width="640" height="403" alt="Malt"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*mrakis = malt</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td>bracis = malt (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>mraich = malt braichles = wort</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>braich = malt, malt liquor braichles = mash, wort</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>braich = malt braicheadh = malting braicheadóir = malster braichleann = malt liquor braichlis = wort</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>braich [braç] = malt, fermented grain brach [brax] = ferment!, malt!, fill with pus!, gather! mac na bracha/braiche = single malt whisky</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>bry, braih = malt braghee = malted, malty braghey = to ferment, malt, malted, fermentation</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*brag = malt (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec)</th> <td>brac, brag = malt, barley grain bragio, bragv = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>brag [ˈɛu̯.ɪn] = malt, barley grain, alcoholic drink produced by fermentation of malt, ale; a brewing, fermentation; brewery brag(i)af, bragu, brag(i)o = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot braglyn = malt liquor bragodyn = germ, sprout bragwr, bragydd = brewer, maltster brecâf, brecáu = to mash (malt in brewing) bracty, bragdy = brewery, malthouse</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td>brag = malt</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>brag, brâg = malt</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>brag = malt</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton</th> <td>braguez = (germ of) grain</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>bragez [ˈbrɑːɡes] = (germ of) grain</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ke/o / *morko, from *merk- (to be soaked, be weak). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish bracem and Old French bracier (to brew), include brasser (to brew, intermingle), brasserie (brewery, brasserie, beer parlour), and brasseur (brewer) in French, brasserie in English. Words from the same PIE roots include marcire (to rot, fester, go bad) in Italian, marchito (wilted, faded) in Spanish, marcir (to wilt) in Catalan, and mer̃kti (to wet, moisten, soak) in Lithuanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brasser#French">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="https://geriafurch.bzh/fr">Geriafurch</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <a rel="sponsored" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic/" rel="category tag">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/spanish-espanol/" rel="category tag">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/cymraeg-welsh/" rel="category tag">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/barley/" rel="tag">barley</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/breton/" rel="tag">Breton</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/celtic/" rel="tag">Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/cognates/" rel="tag">cognates</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/cornish/" rel="tag">Cornish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/gaelic/" rel="tag">Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/gaulish/" rel="tag">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/irish/" rel="tag">Irish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/language/" rel="tag">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/malt/" rel="tag">malt</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/manx/" rel="tag">Manx</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/scottish-gaelic/" rel="tag">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/welsh/" rel="tag">Welsh</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/04/03/malt/#comments">2 Comments</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8730" class="post-8730 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian category-breton category-bulgarian- category-kernewek-cornish category-english category-etymology category-french category-galician category-gaulish category-german category-gaeilge-irish category-italian-italiano category-language category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-cornish category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-old-irish-goidelc category-portuguese-portugues category-proto-brythonic category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-swedish-svenska category-cymraeg-welsh tag-break-wind tag-breton tag-celtic tag-cornish tag-fart tag-flatulence tag-gaelic tag-gaulish tag-irish tag-language tag-manx tag-scottish-gaelic tag-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/29/breaking-the-wind/" rel="bookmark">Breaking the Wind</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/29/breaking-the-wind/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-29T15:14:52+00:00">29th March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-29T16:10:45+00:00">29th March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rvoegtli/49945038336/in/photolist-2j6tnQC-TkvJpN-2qBD4dY-2mCX9R8-WjQ8Lf-2kwWwr3-5fqiU1-2efLQGJ-2m31bh4-2bRnYGS-D3oEqZ-My2Kjp-7fPNP5-R3p3Ch-EtKVRj-2qnZHs7-Q1oxGV-2pZGqL8-29gojS-2pmVfkh-FFSFjk-218Xngd-2ksmMoz-NBNAcJ-2ffacVs-2nq8sLU-XNtjT3-25YLeM9-VNhuSx-HoPhLK-2koucRN-25y3ebu-2fjCFVY-4VqwcV-mJVCr-5BUxBn-2ksncZK-N62kA9-KaNnsa-2gWBS5T-tXK6rf-2pPtTG8-2ipwzHE-2k1LjiY-2pUZfHF-2iscNWP-wn7opj-phb2P1-2dUVXa6-2q1VvVG" title="rising wind"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49945038336_6ea19fa006_z.jpg" width="640" height="452" alt="rising wind"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*bragyeti = to fart, flatulate *braxsman = fart *brag-(y)o- = to fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td>*bragiū = to fart (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart broimm = fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>braigid = to fart broimm, broim = fart(ing)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart broimneach = (act of) farting broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose broimseán = windiness, rudeness broimseánaí = windbag, rude person broimseánta = rude bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise) braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise) bramag [bramag] = small fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>breim = fart, raspberry breimeragh = to fart, farting breimmey = to fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*bramm = fart (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>bram = fart bramme = to fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>bramm, brabm = fart bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks! bramma, brabma = to fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>bram = fart brammet = to fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>bramm [brãmː] = fart brammadenn = fireball brammañ, brammat = to fart brammellat = to backfire brammer = farter</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bragyeti">source</a>]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Latin/bragio">source</a>]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2022/07/19/rotten-fragrance/">Rotten Fragrance</a> for more details [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/b%CA%B0reHg-">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>tútt = smell</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>tút(t), túth = smell, stench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>tuth = odour, stench, funk tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart) tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: unknown <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*rrex = fart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>rech, rhêch = fart rhechain = to fart rechyaỽc = farting</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart rhechu = to fart rhechiog = farting rhechwr = farter dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhech#Welsh">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/perd-">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="https://geriafurch.bzh/fr">Geriafurch</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> 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type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-adjectives category-breton category-kernewek-cornish category-french category-german category-gaeilge-irish category-italian-italiano category-language category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-cornish category-middle-french-francois category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-irish-goidelc category-portuguese-portugues category-proto-brythonic category-proto-hellenic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-spanish-espanol category-verbs category-cymraeg-welsh category-words tag-breton tag-celtic tag-cornish tag-disciple tag-gaelic tag-irish tag-language tag-manx tag-pupil tag-scottish-gaelic tag-student tag-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/27/scholarly-pupil/" rel="bookmark">Scholarly Pupils</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/27/scholarly-pupil/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-27T15:33:34+00:00">27th March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-27T15:34:15+00:00">27th March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/36436240446/in/album-72157684665806711" title="Clàrsach class 2017"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4414/36436240446_78a32c942a_z.jpg" width="640" height="360" alt="Clàrsach class 2017"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction disgyblaethu = to discipline disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>dyskybel = disciple dyskybeleth = discipline</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple disquebles = disciple (female)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil diskiblezh = discipline</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disgybl#Welsh">source</a>]. Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/discipulus#Latin">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil daltas = cadetship</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate doltaghey = foster, fostering doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage doltanagh = initiate dolteynys = adoption, wardship dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language/D">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>myfyriwr = student, one who meditates</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myfyriwr">source</a>]. The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meabhair#Irish">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/memoria#Latin">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>scol = school scolaige = scholar, student scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>scol = school scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>scoil = school scolaíoch = scholastic scolaíocht = schooling, school education scoláire = scholar, learned person scoláireacht = scholarship, learning scolártha = scholarly</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>sgoil = school sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al) sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>scoill, schoill = school scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar schoillar = scholar, student scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*ɨskol = school</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition (y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar prifysgol = university</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>scol = school scolheic = scholar</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>skol [skoːl] = school skoler = scholar skolheygel = scholarly, erudite skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student skolheygieth = scholarship skolji = schoolhouse pennskol, pednskol = university</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>scol = school scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school skol-veur = university skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student skoliañ = to instruct, teach</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schola#Latin">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scoil">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>mac léinn = student</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>mac-léighinn = student (archaic)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/l%C3%A9ann#Irish">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>studeyr = student</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>(a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>studhyer, studhyores = student</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>studier = student</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/staid%C3%A9ar#Irish">source</a>]. Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oileanach">source</a>]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [<a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/oile%c3%a1nach">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="https://geriafurch.bzh/fr">Geriafurch</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <a rel="sponsored" href="https://preply.sjv.io/c/1242341/2037648/24422" target="_top" id="2037648"> <img loading="lazy" 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category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-cornish category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-breton category-old-cornish category-old-irish-goidelc category-old-welsh category-portuguese-portugues category-proto-brythonic category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-spanish-espanol category-swedish-svenska category-time category-verbs category-cymraeg-welsh category-words tag-breton tag-celitc tag-cornish tag-etymology tag-evening tag-gaelic tag-gaulish tag-irish tag-language tag-manx tag-night tag-scottish-gaelic tag-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/20/nights/" rel="bookmark">Nights</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/20/nights/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-20T15:31:29+00:00">20th March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/31581791165/in/photolist-2pPY6hs-2pPZa8o-2qKLKrb-CqE4Wg-CRWzP1-CZVaap-G2ouX8-G2oAgK-HGgZMK-LmecEU-Z1aYR6-ZP4P41-ZR5wou-ZTL2Ez-21iazpr-21iazBR-21iaAw6-21iaBTV-21qmkV4-21GSw5m-21MVV1R-22AmrRf-22Amtkh-25Dit5S-26rNHYP-26HCTxw-27JVcD3-27JVhvN-GVi84H-NEQmHz-PJ1aPx-PJ1bua-Q6on6J-Q7mvn9-Q7LVTi-Q7LWdM-Q9a4SH-Q9a57k-QJsHGa-RFozsm-RFozuf-RHfPyn-RR3G4b-RU4v6h-RUcB6R-S53RNL-SbQiBn-TcWHvu-WWmXjw-WWmY8W" title="Beach Road, Bangor at night"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/582/31581791165_0d241deda6_z.jpg" width="640" height="360" alt="Beach Road, Bangor at night"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve anoíche = late hour of night meánoíche = midnight oíchí = nocturnal, nightly Oíche Shamhna = Halloween Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening oieagh = nocturnal oieoil = nightly Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*exuɨð = night (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>ewhe = evening</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest ehoazaff = to day a midday rest</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest ec’hoaziad = siesta ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adaig#Old_Irish">source</a>], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ater#Latin">source</a>]. Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82eh%E2%82%81ter-">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*noxt-stu- = night (?) *sindai noxtē = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td>nox = night (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>nocht = night innocht = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>nocht = night innocht = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>noght = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*hanoɨθ = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)</th> <td>nos = night henoid = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>nos = night nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night) nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night heno = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night) nosaidd = nightlike nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly noson = evening, night noswaith = evening, night heno = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td>nos = night</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>nos, nôs = night haneth = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>nos = night nosweyth = night-time, at night noswiker = smuggler haneth = tonight</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)</th> <td>nos = night</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>nos = night fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight antronoz all = the day after tomorrow</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>noz [ˈnoːs] = night noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night nozik = a little dark henoazh = tonight eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nos#Welsh">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/n%C3%B3k%CA%B7ts">source</a>] <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="https://geriafurch.bzh/fr">Geriafurch</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> 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rel="tag">Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/gaulish/" rel="tag">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/irish/" rel="tag">Irish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/language/" rel="tag">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/manx/" rel="tag">Manx</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/night/" rel="tag">night</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/scottish-gaelic/" rel="tag">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/welsh/" rel="tag">Welsh</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/20/nights/#respond">Leave a comment</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8709" class="post-8709 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-language"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/15/soot/" rel="bookmark">Soot</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/15/soot/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-15T14:18:29+00:00">15th March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> A post about words for soot and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/armitage77/5356972070/in/photolist-2iHDf2L-2iQcxU7-21maFdT-GaScN-kVykS6-eKtitJ-9anTaq-avVxp2-7JzXF-DJ6NN-bWK7A7-8hFR6X-r6Cmhm-GGbMK6-4m7pk-2h58FSM-tZAfdX-xgXTPf-9GUGCw-9mkQe1-9tJFgU-9tvdzg-zz8Cax-eJxKp-2imff1j-dT9WL-77Stub-4Q3r3j-PZ5LRR-jPPRB-sEhgXM-77NyZ4-77StuA-77StuL-yL2Pu1-2mUbZ4o-2mnUicv-6M8WUm-2ZcdZX-ipoqT3-wKN4dX-anDeNQ-2jFH65g-jTuHw5-B6Wh-2fcfZbq-2mKbbxH-2oAi1u3" title="sooted"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/5244/5356972070_6e8a82b949_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="sooted"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*sūdyā = soot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td>*sūdiā = soot (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>súide = soot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>suide, suithe = soot suigemail = sooty</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>súiche [ˈsˠuːçɪ] = soot súicheach = sooty, dirty súicheacht = sootiness, dirtiness</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>sùith [suːj] = soot sùitheach [suːjəx] = sooty, full of soot sùitheadh [suːjəɣ] = (act of) blackening with soot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>sooie = smut, soot sooieagh = sooty</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>huddygl, hudigyl, huddigl, hiddygyl, hiddigl = soot hudyglyt, hiddyglyd, huddyglud, hyddyglyd, hiddyglud = sooty, reeky, fuliginous</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>huddygl [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = soot huddyglo, hyddyglu = to blacken with soot, smut huddyglaidd = soot-like, sooty huddyglfag = soot-forming, gathering soot huddyglyd = sooty, reeky, fuliginous</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>filgeth, filgedh = soot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>hudhygel = soot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>huzel, huzil, hudel, huzeyl = soot huzelyaff, huzeylet = to blacken (with soot)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>huzil [ˈhyː(z)il] = soot huzilañ = to blacken (with soot)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *suh₃d- , from *sh₃ud-, or from *sed- (to sit) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huddygl#Welsh">source</a>]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root (via Gaulish) include sutge (soot) in Catalan, and suie (soot) in French, and maybe sadza (soot) in Polish and Slovak, сажа (saža – soot) in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarussian, and saze (soot) in Czech, although they may come from the PIE root *sed- [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/s%C5%ABdy%C4%81">source</a>]. Other words from soot in Welsh include mwca (soot, black thing), parddu (soot, smut, carbon, grime, blackness), smwt (soot, smut, smudge), swt (soot), tropas, tropos (soot, drops), and fflacs (soot blown down a chimney on a windy day) [<a href="https://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="https://geriafurch.bzh/fr">Geriafurch</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <a rel="sponsored" href="https://preply.sjv.io/c/1242341/2037648/24422" target="_top" id="2037648"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="//a.impactradius-go.com/display-ad/24422-2037648" border="0" alt="" width="728" height="90"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" height="0" width="0" src="https://imp.pxf.io/i/1242341/2037648/24422" style="position:absolute;visibility:hidden;" border="0" /> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/" rel="category tag">Language</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/15/soot/#respond">Leave a comment</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8701" class="post-8701 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-kernewek-cornish category-dutch-nederlands category-english category-french category-german category-gaeilge-irish category-italian-italiano category-language category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-cornish category-middle-english-englisch category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-cornish category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-irish-goidelc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-spanish-espanol category-swedish-svenska category-cymraeg-welsh category-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/11/benches/" rel="bookmark">Benches</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/11/benches/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-11T16:38:52+00:00">11th March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> Words for bench and related things in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/47515486@N05/54377390626/in/photolist-2qR9kKG-2qR9Ccw-2qQLbo3-2qQAwHd-2qQNxJX-2qQtM3n-2qQtM3N-2qQtM3s-2qQrHVW-2qQdUwX-2qQcGLp-2qQ4CdC-2qQ4fQe-2qPSjDe-2qPSmHj-2qPSo6z-2qPSqtp-2qPSs3r-2qPLJ1Q-2qPThdX-2qQ1jcd-2qPVQut-2qPKJwo-2qR3VpM-2qQ1trD-2qQkooa-2qQ1tQE-2qQ2tqW-2qPNvCY-2qPPw9d-2qNZRKh-2qQAmTA-2qNioWM-2qNenTw-2qPN995-2qMA5hv-2qLzmYG-2qR63Gs-2qMxdyK-2qNxYo2-2qMjNpu-2qMkKZu-2qMiuXA-2qMkV7Z-2qMDpYN-2qLFrhq-2qLRois-2qLyHM5" title="Penmaenpool"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54377390626_1c8bf47ebd_z.jpg" width="640" height="305" alt="Penmaenpool"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>beinnse, beinse, béinse, beindsi = bench, table, the Judicial Bench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>binse [ˈbʲiːnʲʃə] = bench, seat, the Bench, bank, ledge binseoir = bencher binsín = little bench, little bunch of rushes binse breithimh = judge’s bench, tribunal</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>being [beiŋʲgʲ] = bench, form being-aghaidh = front bench being-chùil = back bench being-dhùbhlain = opposition bench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>bink = bench, base bink obbree = workbench bink saaue = sawbench bink ny bingey = jury box</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>bainc, meink, meinc = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>mainc, maing, bainc, baing [mai̯ŋk, mai̯ŋg, bai̯ŋk, bai̯ŋg] = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench; seat of judge or justice, court of law, bench of judges or magistrates, throne mainc flaen = front bench (in parliament) mainciau cefn = back benches (in parliament) meinciwr cefn = back-bencher meincia(i)d = benchful, bank (of oars) meincnod = bench-mark</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>benc, vync = bench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>bynk, benk = bench, platform, workbench</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>menk [mɛɲk] = stone bench</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology (Irish): from Middle English bench (bench), from Old English benċ, bænc [bentʃ] (bench), from Proto-West-Germanic *banki (bench), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz [ˈbɑŋ.kiz] (a raised surface, bulge, hillock, slope, bench) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (to bend, curve, arch) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binse">source</a>]. The Scottish Gaelic word comes from Scots bink (bench, bank, hob), from Middle English bench, etc. The Manx word possibly comes from the same roots [<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language/B">source</a>]. The Welsh words come directly from Old English benċ [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainc">source</a>]. Words from the same PIE root include back, bank and bench in English, banc (bench, bank, shoal) in French, bank (bench, couch, sofa) in Dutch, Bank (bench, workbench, bank) in German, and bänk (bench, workbench, desk, worktop) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/b%CA%B0eg-#Root_2">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>sceimel = rampart, protective covering</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>sceimel, sgeimheal = cover, protective roof covering, roof, wall, rampart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>sceimheal = eaves, projecting rim, flange, outer, encircling wall, rampart</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>sgibheal = eaves (of a roof)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>yscauelh, ysgavell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>(y)sgafell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td>scamell = bench, stool</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>scavel = bench, stool</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>skavel = stool skavel droos = footstool skavel gronek = mushroom, toadstool</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>scabell, scabel, scabeu = stool</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>skaoñ, skabell [ˈskoːãn / ˈskɑː.bɛl] = stool, stepladder skabeller = chair maker</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Latin scabellum (footstool, a kind of percussion instrument played by the foot,), from scamnum (stool, step, bench, stool, ridge), from *scabnum, from Proto-Italic *skaβnom, from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ-no-m, from *skabʰ- (to hold up, support). [<a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/314/mode/2up">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include sgabello (stool, footstool) in Italian, escabel (footrest, footstool) in Spanish, escabeau (step ladder) in French, shamble(s) in English, and Schemel (footstool, stool) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scabellum#Latin">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <a rel="sponsored" href="https://preply.sjv.io/c/1242341/2037648/24422" target="_top" id="2037648"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="//a.impactradius-go.com/display-ad/24422-2037648" border="0" alt="" width="728" height="90"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" height="0" width="0" src="https://imp.pxf.io/i/1242341/2037648/24422" style="position:absolute;visibility:hidden;" border="0" /> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/breton/" rel="category tag">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/kernewek-cornish/" rel="category tag">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/dutch-nederlands/" rel="category tag">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/english/" rel="category tag">English</a>, <a 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/" rel="category tag">Words</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/11/benches/#respond">Leave a comment</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8697" class="post-8697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-adjectives category-breton category-kernewek-cornish category-dutch-nederlands category-english category-etymology category-german category-icelandic-islenska category-gaeilge-irish category-language category-gaelg-manx category-middle-cornish category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-breton category-old-irish-goidelc category-old-welsh category-proto-brythonic category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-verbs category-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/03/satisfying-pleasure/" rel="bookmark">Satisfying Pleasure</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/03/satisfying-pleasure/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-03T14:25:02+00:00">3rd March 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> Words for satisfaction, pleasure, gratitude and related things in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/limestonevet/3608137492/in/photolist-6uQDz7-2H78yf-mW5iS-bZYUpQ-kPwRY-28ci1Dv-5TG5zt-2p8KWpv-7uJKDe-4F63e7-2kfmRZv-2kz9Q35-QEuibF-FzwfW-6aPtWa-AP6dyB-4DNGts-2piKTmV-2gTrRS1-875tuZ-MyMtQZ-7x3cGL-28MoLph-8YQdA-2a9Xxtn-28Mp2MS-2arYiB9-2arXZmw-2bxuKjR-2a9YaUP-2arY989-2btcFUd-2a9Y8i6-2arX97E-28Mp413-28Mpf8J-PpC7aN-MMEkcP-28Mp5iJ-2btd31q-2arYjQS-2a9XXse-MMWMZV-28MEWGu-2by4bxx-MMVXgT-2bttgYW-MMWiRv-k3uHNK-2aawwND" title="Satisfaction"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3626/3608137492_46132c74fe_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Satisfaction"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td>*bodyā = satisfaction, pleasure</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>buide [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>buide, buidhe = good-will, favour, gratification, gratitude, thanks, grateful, gratified, glad buidech, buidheach = well-disposed, pleased, satisfied, sated, grateful, thankful, pleasing, gratifying, pleasant buidechus, buidheachas = ripeness, thanks</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>buí [bˠiː/bˠiə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality buíoch = thankful, pleased, satisfied buíochas = thanks, gratitude buíochasaigh = to thank</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>buidhe [bujə] = gratitude, gratification, thanks, glad, grateful, fortunate, lucky buaidheach [bujəx] = grateful, thankful, satisfied, content, sated, fed up buaidheachas [bujəxəs] = gratitude, thanks, thanksgiving, acknowledgement (of an achievement) buaidheach = victorious, effective</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>booise = gratitude, thanks, to content, please bwooisagh = thankful bwooisal = gratitude, pleasing, thankful booisal = acceptable, obliged, pleasing, thankful cur bwooise da = to thank</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*boð = (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)</th> <td>bódláún = contented, satisfied, pleased</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>bod, bot, bodd = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure bodhgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant boddhan = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented botlaỽn, bodlavn, bodlawn = contented, satisfied, pleased</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>bodd [boːð] = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure, wish, desire, will, goodwill, approval, consent, permission boddgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, enticing, easily satisfied or pleased, contented boddgarwch = pleasure, agreeableness, delight, easiness to satisfy or please, contentment boddhad = satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, enjoyment, agreeableness, delight, atonement, willingness, complacency boddhadau = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented boddio = to satisfy, please, make contented, be satisfied bodlon [ˈbɔdlɔn] = contented, satisfied, pleased</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>bodh, bôdh = will, good pleasure</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>bodh = consent, will, wish bodhegi = to volunteer bodhek, bodheges = volunteer, voluntary, willing bodhel = consensual</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Breton</th> <td>bod = satisfaction, contentment</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>boz = satisfaction, contentment (rare) bozek = satisfied bozleun = satisfied, full of satisfaction</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (to improve, make better), or from PIE *bʰewdʰ- (to be awake, to be aware) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buidhe">source</a>]. Words from the same PIE root include bet, better and boot in English, besser (better) in German, betur (better) in Icelandic, and baat (profit, advantage) in Dutch [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/booty#English">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif" width="468" height="60" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/adjectives/" rel="category tag">Adjectives</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/breton/" rel="category tag">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/kernewek-cornish/" rel="category tag">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/dutch-nederlands/" rel="category tag">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/english/" rel="category tag">English</a>, <a 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/middle-welsh-kymraec/" rel="category tag">Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/nouns/" rel="category tag">Nouns</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/old-breton/" rel="category tag">Old Breton (Brethonoc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/old-irish-goidelc/" rel="category tag">Old Irish (Goídelc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/old-welsh/" rel="category tag">Old Welsh (Kembraec)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/proto-brythonic/" rel="category tag">Proto-Brythonic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/proto-celtic/" rel="category tag">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/proto-indo-european/" rel="category tag">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic/" rel="category tag">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/verbs/" rel="category tag">Verbs</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/" rel="category tag">Words</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/03/satisfying-pleasure/#respond">Leave a comment</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8689" class="post-8689 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-adjectives category-albanian category-ancient-greek category-breton category-kernewek-cornish category-english category-etymology category-french category-gaeilge-irish category-italian-italiano category-language category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-cornish category-middle-english-englisch category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-cornish category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-irish-goidelc category-old-welsh category-portuguese-portugues category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-turkish-turkce category-verbs category-vulgar-latin-sermo-vulgaris category-cymraeg-welsh category-words tag-bishop tag-breton tag-celtic tag-cornish tag-episcopal tag-etymology tag-gaelic tag-irish tag-language tag-manx tag-origins tag-scottish-gaelic tag-welsh tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/26/bishops/" rel="bookmark">Bishops</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/26/bishops/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-02-26T21:52:57+00:00">26th February 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> A post about words for bishop in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ne0nicecream/4148026600/in/photolist-7jxHN1-8Eyuf-bAkm1g-bbPdaF-bbPfc8-6Z34od-bbPdqD-bbPeir-b5kuun-aNv6qZ-bbPdMM-5o3LaC-3uVMPY-5ShTw4-4p2sSm-seR5JV-fwKmPU-2h7XEgU-AMdwQR-y8XUV-6thVud-8UBAZG-Cjn1nh-662qy3-2h5yRHL-b5kuC6-4q4Lte-ezxgsQ-W3Um3Z-6hvpMs-2idHQfq-k2cJy-von2DN-2deKAjP-Fkw5Zg-tg4pfj-4taVpt-PtBHZv-2nBRxd3-5L6Qb8-5PWq5D-CtVKCa-QYuzF4-4h7k1U-2atfLn1-ginv9-rPz9qq-fcQmvF-2qxgK8G-drFx9n" title="bishops"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2512/4148026600_c27bd2029e_z.jpg" width="640" height="426" alt="bishops"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>epscop [ˈebskob] = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>epscop, espoc, escop = bishop, episcopus, overseer</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>easpag [ˈɑsˠpˠəɡ / ˈæsˠpˠəɡ / ˈɑsˠpˠək] = bishop easpagóideach = episcopal easpagóideacht = bishopric, episcopacy ardeaspag = archbishop ardeaspagóideacht = archbishopric</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>easbaig [esbɪgʲ] = bishop easbaigeach [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopal easbaigeachd [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopacy, bishop’s see, bishopric àrd-easbaig / prìomh-easbaig [aːr̪ˠd esbɪgʲ] = archbishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>aspick, aspit = bishop, prelate aspickagh = bishop, diocesan, Episcopalian aspickys = bishopric, diocese, see ard-aspick = archbishop, primate fo-aspick = suffragan</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*eskob = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)</th> <td>escop = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>esgob, escip, escyp, esgyb = bishop, prelate, overseer escobaeth, escopaeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate esgobaut, escobot, esgobot, esgobavt = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate escopty, esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese archescyp, archescop, archescyb, archesgyb, archescob = archbishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>esgob [ˈɛskɔb] = bishop esgob(i)aeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate esgobaethu = to perform the duties of a bishop esgob(i)aethol = pertaining to a bishopric, diocesan, containing a cathedral, episcopal, episcopalian esgobaidd = bishop-like, episcopal esgobawd, esgobod = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese archesgob = archbishop, primate, metropolitan</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td>escop = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>escop, epscop = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>epskop, epskobes = bishop epskobeth = bishopric arghepskop = archbishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>eskop = bishop</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>eskob [ˈeskop] = bishop, plough pin eskobaj = episcopate eskobel = episcopal eskobelezh = episcopacy eskopti [esˈkop.ti] = bishopric, diocese, episcopal palace arc’heskob [arˈɣeskop] = archbishop</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos – overseer), from ἐπί (epí – over) and σκοπός (skopós – watcher, lookout, guardian). Words from the same roots include episcopal in English, évêque (bishop) in French, episcopo (bishop) in Italian, epíscopo (bishop) in Portuguese, peshkop (bishop, bookworm) in Albanian, and piskopos (bishop) in Turkish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/episcopus#Latin">source</a>]. The English word bishop also comes from same roots, via Middle English bischop (bishop), Old English bisċop (bishop) from Proto-West-Germanic *biskop (bishop), from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus (bishop), from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), etc. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bishop#English">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif" width="468" height="60" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/adjectives/" rel="category tag">Adjectives</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/albanian/" rel="category tag">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/ancient-greek/" rel="category tag">Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνική)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/breton/" rel="category tag">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/kernewek-cornish/" rel="category tag">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a 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tag">Vulgar Latin (sermo vulgaris)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/cymraeg-welsh/" rel="category tag">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/" rel="category tag">Words</a>Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/bishop/" rel="tag">bishop</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/breton/" rel="tag">Breton</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/celtic/" rel="tag">Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/cornish/" rel="tag">Cornish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/episcopal/" rel="tag">episcopal</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/etymology/" rel="tag">etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/gaelic/" rel="tag">Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/irish/" rel="tag">Irish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/language/" rel="tag">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/manx/" rel="tag">Manx</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/origins/" rel="tag">origins</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/scottish-gaelic/" rel="tag">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/welsh/" rel="tag">Welsh</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/tag/words/" rel="tag">words</a><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/26/bishops/#respond">Leave a comment</a> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8682" class="post-8682 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-adjectives category-arabic- category-breton category-kernewek-cornish category-english category-french category-gaeilge-irish category-italian-italiano category-language category-latin category-gaelg-manx category-middle-breton category-middle-english-englisch category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-french-franceis category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-romanian-limba-romana category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-spanish-espanol category-verbs category-cymraeg-welsh category-words tag-bottle tag-breton tag-celitc tag-cornish tag-etymology tag-flagon tag-flask tag-gaelic tag-irish tag-jar tag-language tag-scottish-gaelic tag-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/19/bottles/" rel="bookmark">Bottles</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/19/bottles/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-19T18:22:26+00:00">19th February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-19T18:25:45+00:00">19th February 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> Words for bottle and related things in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fearless_craig/3997311986/in/photolist-8uJ1QB-76egAb-a5RAf9-9aoc5f-L4Gb43-iBo2-JrtWzz-ah7yL-daEN5U-Y7BWit-x7iA9-FyGx9h-QRyyhQ-PyztwT-6bpgcS-7HPUxf-da6Quu-B7mxRD-dFm7zA-9madTB-nfDeCS-bQZmR2-7GyBwA-4hbuBt-451sG-EqdHeu-abQ64w-9aRcMW-q7x442-KpH4Kq-7cDyp9-gARDT9-H9xR9Q-cwpf83-8die4x-nmxREh-dkH3BE-9cwfaG-5TLyRo-8C4nEz-6mRus-ETD96J-ahueS5-PsYRH-rk561C-6LKYFa-6HHTx2" title="Bottles"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2469/3997311986_d0ce238167_z.jpg" width="640" height="424" alt="Bottles"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>buidél, buidel = bottle</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>buidéal [bˠɪˈdʲeːl̪ˠ / ˈbˠʊdʲeːlˠ / ˈbˠɪdʲalˠ] = bottle buidéalaí = bottler buidéalaigh = to bottle</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>buideal [budʲəl̪ˠ] = bottle buidealair [budʲəl̪ʲɛrʲ] = butler buidealaireachd [budʲəl̪ʲɪrʲəxg] = occupation of a butler boicheal [bɔçəl̪ˠ] = bottle botal [bɔhdəl̪ˠ] = bottle botalaichte [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪçdʲə] = bottled botalaich [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪç] = bottle! </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>boteil = bottle boteilagh = to bottle, bottlelike boteilaghey = bottle, bottling</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>potel(l), botel(l) = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>potel [ˈpɔtal / ˈpɔtɛl] = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine potelaf, potelu = to bottle potelaid = bottleful potelog = characterized by the sound of clinking bottles, pertaining to bottles</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>botel = abbot botella, botla = to bottle botellas = bottleful boteller = butler</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>boutaill = bottle boutaillat = bottled, bottleful boutoiller = bottler, sommelier</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>boutailh [ˈbutːaʎ / ˈbutːalj] = bottle boutailhad [bu.ˈta.ʎ:at] = bottled, bottleful boutailher = bottler, sommelier boutailherezh = office of a sommelier</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology from Middle English botel (bottle), from Old French botele (bottle), from Late Latin butticula (bottle, flask), a diminutive of buttis (cask), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bew-(to swell) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbas#Latin">source</a>]. The Welsh and Cornish words come via Middle English, while the words in the other languages come directly from Old French [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbas#Latin">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include boot, butt (cask, barrel), and butler in English, botte (barrel, cask) in Italian, botte (boot, oppression) in French, botija (jug, vessel) in Spanish, butoi (barrel, cask) in Romanian, and buta (butt, cask, stock, stocky person) in Irish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buttis#Latin">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>putraic, potraic, puitric = a vessel or bottle for containing liquor</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>puitric† = bottle</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology maybe from Latin pōtiō (drinking, drink draught, potion), from pōtō (to drink), from Proto-Italic *pōtos (drunk), from Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós (having been drunk, having drunk), from *peh₃- (to drink) [<a href="https://dil.ie/search?q=putraic">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include beverage, bibacious, bibulous, imbibe, poison, potable, potion and symposium in English, boire (to drink) in French, potabile (drinkable, potable) in Italian, and beber (to drink, draw from) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peh%E2%82%83-">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>searróg = stone bottle (of hay or straw)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>searrag = bottle, flask, phial, stoup, cup, bundle of hay soireag [sɔrʲag] = small vessel, small flask/bottle, small vase, small sack</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>jar, jâr = jar, hot water bottle</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>jarrik = jar</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>jarl = (clay, earthenware) jar</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology possibly from English jar [<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language/S">source</a>], from Middle English jarre (jar), from Medieval Latin jarra (jar), or from Middle French jarre (liquid measure), or from Spanish jarra, jarro (jug, pitcher, mug, stein), all from Arabic جَرَّة (jarra – jar, amphora) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jar#English">source</a>]. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>costrayl = bottle, jar, leather bottle</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>costrel, kostrele = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg costreleit, costreled = bottleful, flagonful</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>costrel [ˈkʰɔstrɛl] = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg, measure of two quarts costrel win = wine bottle, wine flagon costrelau’r nefoedd = the bottles of heaven, the clouds costrelu, costrelo = to bottle, preserve, treasure costrelaid = bottleful, flagonful costrelan = phial, ampulla, flask costreliad = a bottling costrelig = small costrel, phial, flask costrelwr, costrelydd = one who carries wine or water in bottles, bottle-maker and seller</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology from Middle English costrel(le) (any small container or means of storage for liquids; a costrel), from Old French costerel (container for a liquid), from costeret, from costerez, from Latin costa (rib, side, wall), Proto-Italic *ko(n/r)stā- (rib), of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kost- [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/costerel#Old_French">source</a>]. The French word cotret (bundle of sticks, stick, rod) comes from the same roots [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cotret#French">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <div align="center"><a 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category-middle-irish category-middle-welsh-kymraec category-nouns category-old-irish-goidelc category-proto-afroasiatic category-proto-brythonic category-proto-semitic category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic category-spanish-espanol category-cymraeg-welsh category-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/14/abbots/" rel="bookmark">Abbots</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/02/14/abbots/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-14T17:55:48+00:00">14th February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-15T14:45:18+00:00">15th February 2025</time></a> By <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> Words for abbot and related things in Celtic languages. <a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/chilworthbenedictines/6940678616/in/photolist-bzjMWG-fUvU6c-2o2aA9x-bzjNmS-bzjN4L-f7T3sD-2nu7d1X-2kfdnfp-2pyGAW1-kmUCge-2kfdxJU-nzcYJZ-2jLEtfA-HK1scZ-RmpNtp-2nP8b1m-4M7f5P-9v7GM3-g7euG-uTPQ68-2essKXA-8t6qh2-2hwED68-2jjFshc-63kqnU-2oGzUxd-2kfdWmt-2pBeaoJ-Gtr1LE-2kfhAxh-2q1Fb3U-2jbvvwB-oHB6AN-8MDSEU-4M7gg6-GcxgbU-kXcB85-kXco37-2oWiJWe-2i6zJxS-p4D1kH-GVvFYj-bc8egX-kXbHt2-2kfbVvi-2jdjexZ-o6Knn-2qzJtSx-QfEMdL-ccBxV9" title="Abbot Bernard"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/5198/6940678616_ffdbb70c45_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Abbot Bernard"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> Words marked with a * are reconstructions. <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td>ap [ab] = abbot, leader, lord</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td>ap, abb, abbadh, apid = abbot, pope, lord apdaine = status or office of an abbot or pope</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td>ab [abˠ] = abbot banab, máthairab = abbess abdaine = abbacy</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td>aba [abə] = abbot ban-aba [ban abə] = abbes abachd [abəxg] = abbey abaid [abɪdʲ] = abbey, abbot abaideachd [abɪdʲəxg] = abbacy</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td>abb = abbot, abbey abb-voir, ben abb, moir abb = abbess abbaght = abbacy abban = abbey</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td>*abad = abbot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td>abad, abat = abbot abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty abadaidd = abbatial abades = abbess abbatyr = abbey demesne albate, abattia, abatty = abbey, monastry, priory</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td>âb [ab] = abbot abad [ˈabad] = abbot abadwr = abbot abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty abadaidd, abadol = abbatial abades = abbess abadesty = abbey for nuns, convent, nunnery abatir = abbey demesne abaty = abbey, monastry, priory</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td>abat, abbas = abbot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td>abas [ˈabas / ˈæbɐz] = abbot abasel = abbatial abases = abbess abatti = abbey</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td>abat, abbat = abbot abades = abbess</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td>abad [ˈɑː.bat] = abbot abadez = abbess abadiezh = abbot’s office abati [aˈbatː.i] = abbey abatiaj = the benefit of an abbey</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Etymology: from Ecclesiastical Latin abbās (abbot), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶ(ς) (abbâ(s) – father, abbot), from Aramaic אַבָּא (’abbā – father, ancestor, progenitor, teacher, chief, leader, author, originator), from Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (father), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab (?) – ultimately an onomatopoeic nursery word [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbas#Latin">source</a>]. Words from the same roots include abbot in English, abate (abbot) in Italian, abad (abbot) in Spanish, Abat (abbot) in German, opat (abbot) in Czech, ùbā (father, head, leader, patron) in Hausa, abbá (father, chief, director) in Afar, and אַבָּא (ába – dad, papa) in Hebrew [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/%CA%94abw-">source</a>]. <a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a> Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif" width="468" height="60" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/words/adjectives/" rel="category tag">Adjectives</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/afar-qafaraf/" rel="category tag">Afar (Qafaraf)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/ancient-greek/" rel="category tag">Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνική)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/category/language/aramaic-%dc%90%dc%aa%dc%a1%dc%9d%dc%90/" rel="category tag">Aramaic (ܐܪܡܝܐ)</a>, <a 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