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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Planned+Parenthood" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Planned+Parenthood" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1940s–1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1960s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_breaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_breaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Data breaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_breaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Margaret_Sanger_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margaret_Sanger_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Margaret Sanger Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margaret_Sanger_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Worldwide availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political advocacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political advocacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_U.S._Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_U.S._Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Before 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opposition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debate_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Margaret_Sanger_and_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margaret_Sanger_and_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Margaret Sanger and eugenics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margaret_Sanger_and_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undercover_videos_by_anti-abortion_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undercover_videos_by_anti-abortion_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Undercover videos by anti-abortion activists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undercover_videos_by_anti-abortion_activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live_Action_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_Action_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1.1 Live Action videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_Action_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_Medical_Progress_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_Medical_Progress_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1.2 Center for Medical Progress videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Medical_Progress_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_by_anti-abortion_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_by_anti-abortion_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Violence by anti-abortion activists </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية تنظيم الأسرة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية تنظيم الأسرة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فرزندپروری تنظیم‌شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرزندپروری تنظیم‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%ED%8E%98%EB%9F%B0%ED%8A%B8%ED%9B%84%EB%93%9C" title="플랜드페런트후드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랜드페런트후드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="הורות מתוכננת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורות מתוכננת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="プランド・ペアレントフッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プランド・ペアレントフッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Paternidade_Planejada_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Federação de Paternidade Planejada da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federação de Paternidade Planejada da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planned Parenthood" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_America" title="Planned Parenthood of America – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planned Parenthood of America" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_k%E1%BA%BF_ho%E1%BA%A1ch_h%C3%B3a_gia_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tổ chức kế hoạch hóa gia đình Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổ chức kế hoạch hóa gia đình Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="美国计划生育联合会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国计划生育联合会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2553262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US nonprofit reproductive health services organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Planned Parenthood</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Planned_Parenthood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Planned_Parenthood.svg/220px-Planned_Parenthood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Planned_Parenthood.svg/330px-Planned_Parenthood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Planned_Parenthood.svg/440px-Planned_Parenthood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="65" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">PPFA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League" title="American Birth Control League">American Birth Control League</a>, Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, Birth Control Federation of America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">October 16, 1916; 108 years ago (1916-10-16)<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a><a href="#cite_note-legalstatus-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">Reproductive health</a> and education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States, and worldwide through Planned Parenthood Global and <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">IPPF</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">600+ clinic locations<a href="#cite_note-PP_ataglance-4">[3]</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Approximation">≈</abbr>58 medical or related affiliates</li> <li><abbr title="Approximation">≈</abbr>101 non-medical affiliates<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_McGill_Johnson" title="Alexis McGill Johnson">Alexis McGill Johnson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553262#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a><a href="#cite_note-legalstatus-2">[1]</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">reproductive and sexual healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual education">sexual education</a> in the United States and globally. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a> (IPPF). PPFA has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, where <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> opened the first <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> clinic in the United States, in 1916. Sanger founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League" title="American Birth Control League">American Birth Control League</a> in 1921,<a href="#cite_note-ABCL_1921-6">[5]</a> and 14 years after her exit as its president, ABCL's successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942. Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medical affiliates, which operate over 600 health clinics in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-PP_ataglance-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally.<a href="#cite_note-PP_ataglance-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[7]</a> PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo.com-13">[12]</a> In their 2014 Annual Report, PPFA reported seeing over 2.5 million patients in over 4 million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9.5 million discrete services including 324,000 abortions.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Its combined annual revenue is <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.3 billion, including approximately $530 million in government funding such as <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> reimbursements.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRWP-15">[14]</a> Throughout its history, PPFA, and its member clinics have experienced support, controversy, protests,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and violent attacks.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg/220px-MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg/330px-MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg/440px-MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> (1922), the first president and founder of Planned Parenthood</figcaption></figure> The origins of Planned Parenthood date to October 16, 1916, when <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>, her sister <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Byrne" title="Ethel Byrne">Ethel Byrne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fania_Mindell" title="Fania Mindell">Fania Mindell</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/First_birth_control_clinic_in_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="First birth control clinic in the U.S.">first birth control clinic in the U.S.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> borough of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldberg_2012-19">[18]</a> They distributed birth control, birth control advice, and birth control information. All three women were arrested<a href="#cite_note-arrest_1916-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and jailed for violating provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240402-23">[22]</a> accused of distributing obscene materials at the clinic. The so-called Brownsville trials brought national attention and support to their cause. Sanger and her co-defendants were convicted on <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> charges, which they appealed through two subsequent appeals courts. While the convictions were not overturned,<a href="#cite_note-people_v_sanger-24">[23]</a> the judge who issued the final ruling also modified the law to permit physician-prescribed birth control. The women's campaign led to major changes in the laws governing birth control and sex education in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-socprobs-25">[24]</a> In 1921, the clinic was organized into the <a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League" title="American Birth Control League">American Birth Control League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ABCL_1921-6">[5]</a> the core of the only national birth-control organization in the U.S. until the 1960s. By 1941, it was operating 222 centers and had served 49,000 clients.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a> In 1923, Sanger opened the Birth Control <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Research_Bureau" title="Clinical Research Bureau">Clinical Research Bureau</a> (BCCRB) for dispensing contraceptives under the supervision of licensed physicians and studying their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> Some found the ABCL's title offensive and "against families", so the League began discussions for a new name.<a href="#cite_note-moralprop-28">[27]</a> In 1938, a group of private citizens organized the Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood to aid the American Birth Control League in spreading scientific knowledge about birth control to the general public. The BCCRB merged with the ABCL in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA). In 1942 the name of the BCFA was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s">1940s–1960s</h3></div> Under the leadership of the National Director <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Kenneth_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Kenneth Rose (page does not exist)">D. Kenneth Rose</a>, the PPFA expanded its programs and services through the 1940s, adding affiliate organizations throughout the country. By the end of World War II, the Federation was no longer solely a center for birth control services or a clearing house for contraceptive information but had emerged as a major national health organization. PPFA's programs included a full range of family planning services including marriage education and counseling, and infertility services. The leadership of the PPFA, largely consisting of businessmen and male physicians, endeavored to incorporate its contraceptive services unofficially into regional and national public health programs by emphasizing less politicized aspects such as child spacing.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> During the 1950s, the Federation further adjusted its programs and message to appeal to a family-centered, more conservative post-war populace, while continuing to function, through its affiliated clinics, as the more reliable source of contraceptives in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> From 1942 to 1962, PPFA concentrated its efforts on strengthening its ties to affiliates, expanding public education programs, and improving its medical and research work. By 1960, visitors to PPFA centers across the nation numbered over 300,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> Largely relying on a volunteer workforce, by 1960 the Federation had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across the country.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a> Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a> when it was launched at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> (now Mumbai), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-malthus-29">[28]</a> In 1961, the population crisis debate, along with funding shortages, convinced PPFA to merge with the World Population Emergency Campaign, a citizens' fund-raising organization to become PPFA-World Population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[26]</a> Both Planned Parenthood and Margaret Sanger are strongly associated with the abortion issue today.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-31">[30]</a> For much of the organization's history, however, and throughout Sanger's life, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion was illegal</a> in the U.S., and discussions of the issue were often censored.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan-32">[31]</a> During this period, Sanger – like other American advocates of birth control – publicly condemned abortion, arguing that it would not be needed if every woman had access to birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–present">1960s–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg/220px-Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg/330px-Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg/440px-Planned_parenthood_supporters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Planned Parenthood supporter participates in a demonstration in support of the organization</figcaption></figure> Following Margaret Sanger, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Frank_Guttmacher" title="Alan Frank Guttmacher">Alan Frank Guttmacher</a> became president of Planned Parenthood, serving from 1962 until 1974.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher_1974-33">[32]</a> During his tenure, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved the sale of the original <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a>, giving rise to new attitudes towards women's <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive freedom">reproductive freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a> Also during his presidency, Planned Parenthood lobbied the federal government to support reproductive health, culminating with President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s signing of <a href="/wiki/Title_X" title="Title X">Title X</a> to provide government subsidies for low-income women to access family planning services.<a href="#cite_note-new-yorker-2011-34">[33]</a> The Center for Family Planning Program Development was also founded as a semi-autonomous division during this time.<a href="#cite_note-gihistory-35">[34]</a> The center became an independent organization and was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-gihistory-35">[34]</a> Planned Parenthood began to advocate abortion law reform beginning in 1955, when the organization's medical director, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Calderone</a>, convened a national conference of medical professionals on the issue. The conference was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws which criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan-32">[31]</a> Focusing, at first, on legalizing <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic abortion">therapeutic abortion</a>, Planned Parenthood became an increasingly vocal proponent of liberalized abortion laws during the 1960s, culminating in its call for the repeal of all anti-abortion laws in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2010-36">[35]</a> In the years that followed, the organization played a key role in landmark abortion rights cases such as <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v Wade</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v Casey</a> (1992).<a href="#cite_note-Wayne-31">[30]</a> Once abortion was legalized during the early 1970s, Planned Parenthood also began acting as an abortion provider. <a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978. Wattleton, who was also the youngest president in Planned Parenthood's history, served in this role until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-black_history-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During her term, Planned Parenthood grew to become the seventh largest charity in the country, providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates, whose activities were spread across 50 states.<a href="#cite_note-faye_wattleton_2002-39">[38]</a> From 1996 to 2006, Planned Parenthood was led by <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Feldt" title="Gloria Feldt">Gloria Feldt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gloria_feldt_1996-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF), the organization's <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>, launching what was the most far-reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history.<a href="#cite_note-lewin_1996-42">[41]</a> The PPAF serves as the nonpartisan political advocacy arm of PPFA.<a href="#cite_note-personalities_2015-43">[42]</a> It engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassroots organizing">grassroots organizing</a> to promote the PPFA mission. Feldt also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda, a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">unwanted pregnancies</a>, improve the quality of reproductive care, and ensure access to safe and legal abortions.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a> Another initiative was the commencement of a "Global Partnership Program", to build a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-26">[25]</a> On February 15, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Cecile_Richards" title="Cecile Richards">Cecile Richards</a>, the daughter of former Texas governor <a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a>, and formerly the deputy chief of staff to the U.S. Rep. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> (the Democratic Leader in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>), became president of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-cecile_richards_2006-44">[43]</a> In 2012, Richards was voted one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine's</a> <a href="/wiki/100_Most_Influential_People_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Most Influential People in the World">100 Most Influential People in the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time's_100-45">[44]</a> Richards' tenure as president of the organization ended on April 30, 2018. Current Planned Parenthood board member <a href="/wiki/Joe_Solmonese" title="Joe Solmonese">Joe Solmonese</a> was appointed as transition chair to temporarily oversee the day-to-day operations of Planned Parenthood after Richards' departure.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg/220px-Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg/330px-Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg/440px-Leana_Wen_2017_04_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leana_Wen" title="Leana Wen">Leana Wen</a> in April 2017</figcaption></figure> On September 12, 2018, the organization announced that <a href="/wiki/Leana_Wen" title="Leana Wen">Leana Wen</a> would take over as president, effective November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Wen was removed as president of Planned Parenthood by the organization's board of directors on July 16, 2019. <a href="/wiki/Alexis_McGill_Johnson" title="Alexis McGill Johnson">Alexis McGill Johnson</a>, a board member and former chairwoman, became the organization's acting president.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_breaches">Data breaches</h4></div> In October 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hacker</a> gained access to the data network of the Los Angeles branch of Planned Parenthood and obtained the personal information of approximately 400,000 patients. On December 1, 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that the breach was a <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a> attack. The organization did not say if they paid the ransom or if the perpetrators made any demands. There was no indication as to who was responsible for the hack. The Metropolitan Washington branch of Planned Parenthood was also hacked in 2020 with donor and patient information compromised, including dates of birth, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">social security numbers</a>, financial information, and medical data.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margaret_Sanger_Awards">Margaret Sanger Awards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger_Awards" title="Margaret Sanger Awards">Margaret Sanger Awards</a></div> In 1966, PPFA began awarding the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor, in their words, "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." In the first year, it was awarded to four men: Carl G. Hartman, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">William Henry Draper Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-sanger_prize-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-population_planner-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-LBJ_birth_policy-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-mrs_king-53">[52]</a> Later recipients have included <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rockefeller_3d-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-fondabusfile-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-clinton_defends-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2></div> The services provided by PPFA affiliates vary by location, with just over half of all Planned Parenthood affiliates in the U.S. performing abortions.<a href="#cite_note-is_a_symbol-57">[56]</a> Services provided by PPFA include <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">long-acting reversible contraception</a>;<a href="#cite_note-growing_demand-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency contraception</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clinical_breast_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical breast examination">clinical breast examinations</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Cervical_screening" title="Cervical screening">screening</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy testing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_options_counseling" title="Pregnancy options counseling">pregnancy options counseling</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">prenatal care</a>; testing and treatment for <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomies</a>; <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> services; and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-gay_PPD-60">[59]</a> Contrary to the assumption of some, Planned Parenthood conducts cancer screenings but does not provide <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammograms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[61]</a> although Planned Parenthood physicians do refer their patients to other outside clinics where they can get mammograms.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 2013, PPFA reported seeing 2.7 million patients in 4.6 million clinical visits.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_Annual_2014-14">[13]</a> Roughly 16 percent of its clients are teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-PP_ataglance-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-childrens_rights-64">[63]</a> According to PPFA, in 2014 the organization provided 3.6 million contraceptive services, 4.5 million sexually transmitted infection services, about one million cancer related services, over one million pregnancy tests and prenatal services, over 324,000 abortion services,<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_no_more_donations-65">[64]</a> and over 100,000 other services, for a total of 9.5 million discrete services.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_Annual_2014-14">[13]</a> PPFA is well known for providing services to <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> and to poor people;<a href="#cite_note-pastors-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-eckholm-67">[66]</a> according to PPFA, approximately four out of five of their clients have incomes at or below 150 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-louisiana_lays_bare-68">[67]</a> Services for <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">men's health</a> include STI testing and treatment, vasectomy procedures, and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Education is available regarding male birth control and lowering the risk of sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Planned Parenthood won the 2020 Webby Award for Machine Learning and Bots for their Sex Education chatbot.<a href="#cite_note-Kastrenakes-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston,_Texas_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg/220px-Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg/330px-Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg/440px-Planned_Parenthood_in_Houston%2C_Texas_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Location in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas</figcaption></figure> PPFA has two national offices in the United States: one in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. It has three international offices, including a hub office in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, England</a>. It has 68 medical and related affiliates and 101 other affiliates including 34 political action committees.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> These affiliates together operate more than 700 health centers in all 50 states in the U.S. plus the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PP_ataglance-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-njclinic#-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-clergy_alliances-73">[72]</a> PPFA owns about $54 million in property, including real estate. In addition, PPFA spends a little over $1 million per year for rented space.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> The largest facility, a $26 million, 78,000-square-foot (7,200-square-meter) structure, was completed in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, in May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Park-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_availability">Worldwide availability</h2></div> PPFA's international outreach and other activities are performed by Planned Parenthood Global, a division of PPFA,<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PPG_disc-75">[74]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a> (IPPF) which now consists of more than 149 Member Associations working in more than 189 countries.<a href="#cite_note-IPPF-76">[75]</a> The IPPF is further associated with International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-world_of_possibilities-77">[76]</a> and IPPF European Network,<a href="#cite_note-ippf_2016-78">[77]</a> as well as other organizations like <a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Queensland" title="Family Planning Queensland">Family Planning Queensland</a>, Pro Familia (Germany) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Familia_(Deutschland)" class="extiw" title="de:Pro Familia (Deutschland)">de</a>) and mouvement français pour le planning familial (French Movement for Family Planning) (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_fran%C3%A7ais_pour_le_planning_familial" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouvement français pour le planning familial">fr</a>). Offices are located in New York, NY; Washington, D.C.; Miami, FL; Guatemala City, Guatemala; Abuja, Nigeria; and Nairobi, Kenya. The organization's focus countries are <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_Global_brochure-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Philanthropies" title="Bloomberg Philanthropies">Bloomberg Philanthropies</a> donated $50 million for Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive health and family planning efforts in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, Senegal and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-bush_role-80">[79]</a> Among specific countries and territories serviced by Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive planning outreach are <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, Guatemala, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, Peru, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PPG_disc-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPPF-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2></div> Planned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970, when President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Services_and_Population_Research_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Planning Services and Population Research Act">Family Planning Services and Population Research Act</a>, amending the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a>. <a href="/wiki/Title_X" title="Title X">Title X</a> of that law provides funding for family planning services, including contraception and family planning information. The law had support from both <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-love_affair-81">[80]</a> Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that "no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition."<a href="#cite_note-halloran-82">[81]</a> Donors to Planned Parenthood have included the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buffett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffett Foundation">Buffett Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Turner Foundation">Turner Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cullman" title="Dorothy Cullman">Cullmans</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-bwdonations-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-with_us_always-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-turner_funding-86">[85]</a> The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions.<a href="#cite_note-bwdonations-83">[82]</a> Some donors, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services.<a href="#cite_note-bwdonations-83">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">Anti-abortion groups</a> have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood.<a href="#cite_note-urges_boycott-87">[86]</a> Corporate donors include <a href="/wiki/CREDO_Mobile" title="CREDO Mobile">CREDO Mobile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-not_deterring-88">[87]</a> In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2014, total revenue was $1.3 billion: non-government health services revenue was $305 million, government revenue (such as Medicaid reimbursements) was $528 million, private contributions totaled $392 million, and $78 million came from other operating revenue.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_2014-89">[88]</a> According to Planned Parenthood, 59 percent of the group's revenue is put towards the provision of health services, while non-medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 15 percent; management expenses, fundraising, and international family planning programs account for about 16 percent, and 10 percent of the revenue in 2013–2014 was not spent.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_2014-89">[88]</a> Planned Parenthood receives over a third of its money in government grants and contracts (about $528 million in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-thorn-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annual_2014-89">[88]</a> By law (<a href="/wiki/Hyde_Amendment" title="Hyde Amendment">Hyde Amendment</a>), federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions (except in rare cases),<a href="#cite_note-politico-91">[90]</a> but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for the provision of other medical services allows other funds to be reallocated for abortions.<a href="#cite_note-eckholm-67">[66]</a> A coalition of national and local anti-abortion groups have lobbied federal and state governments to stop funding Planned Parenthood. As a result, federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce funding levels.<a href="#cite_note-politico-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-latest_proposal-92">[91]</a> Eight states‍—‌Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Utah‍—‌have enacted such proposals.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In some cases, the courts have overturned such actions, citing conflict with federal or state laws; in others the federal executive branch has provided funding in lieu of the states.<a href="#cite_note-NashuaTelegraph-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-KS_PP-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiana-nyt-102">[101]</a> In some states, Planned Parenthood was completely or partially defunded.<a href="#cite_note-tennessee_defunding-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-104">[103]</a> In August 2015, Louisiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> attempted to end Louisiana's contract with Planned Parenthood to treat <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> patients at a time when there was an epidemic of sexually transmitted infections in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-louisiana_lays_bare-68">[67]</a> Planned Parenthood and three patients sued the state of Louisiana, with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> siding with Planned Parenthood.<a href="#cite_note-sides_with-105">[104]</a> On February 2, 2016, the U.S. House failed to override President Obama's veto of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3762">H.R. 3762</a> (Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015) which would have prohibited Planned Parenthood from receiving any federal Medicaid funds for one year.<a href="#cite_note-ovveride_3762-106">[105]</a> Late in 2016, the Obama administration issued a rule effective in January 2017 banning U.S. states from withholding federal family-planning funds from health clinics that give abortions, including Planned Parenthood affiliates; this rule mandates that local and state governments give federal funds for services related to sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy care, fertility, contraception, and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers whether or not they give abortions.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> However, this rule was blocked by a federal judge the day before it would have taken effect.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 2017, it was overturned by new legislation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The proposed <a href="/wiki/American_Health_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Health Care Act">American Health Care Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1628">H.R. 1628</a>), announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017, would have made Planned Parenthood "ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants."<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On August 19, 2019, Planned Parenthood voluntarily withdrew from Title X funding due to a regulatory gag order stating that medical institutions that receive Title X funding cannot refer patients for abortions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_advocacy">Political advocacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg/220px-Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg/330px-Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg/440px-Kamala_Harris_with_Planned_Parenthood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Planned Parenthood activists meeting with then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> Planned Parenthood is an advocate for the legal and political protection of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debate_abortion-112">[111]</a> This advocacy includes helping to sponsor abortion rights and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-on_the_march-113">[112]</a> The Federation opposes restrictions on women's reproductive health services, including parental consent laws for minors.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> To justify this position, Planned Parenthood has cited the case of <a href="/wiki/Becky_Bell" title="Becky Bell">Becky Bell</a>, who died following an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal abortion">illegal abortion</a> rather than seek parental consent for a legal one.<a href="#cite_note-bell-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-old_enough?-117">[116]</a> Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an <a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">abortion can be performed on a minor</a> are unconstitutional on privacy grounds.<a href="#cite_note-parent_notification-118">[117]</a> The organization opposes laws requiring <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasounds</a> before abortions, stating that their only purpose is to make abortions more difficult to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-general_onefile-119">[118]</a> Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions,<a href="#cite_note-proposition_85-120">[119]</a> and bans on late-term abortions including <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">intact dilation and extraction</a>, which has been illegal in the U.S. since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-opposes_ban_legislation-121">[120]</a> Planned Parenthood supports the wide availability of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency contraception</a> such as the Plan B pill.<a href="#cite_note-free_pill-122">[121]</a> It opposes <a href="/wiki/Conscience_Clause_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Clause (medical)">conscience clauses</a>, which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-files_complaint-123">[122]</a> Planned Parenthood has been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to emergency contraception for <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> victims.<a href="#cite_note-hospital_law-124">[123]</a> Citing the need for medically accurate information in <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>, Planned Parenthood opposes <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">abstinence-only education</a> in public schools. Instead, Planned Parenthood is a provider of, and endorses, <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">comprehensive sex education</a>, which includes a discussion of both abstinence and birth control.<a href="#cite_note-require_sex_ed-125">[124]</a> Planned Parenthood's advocacy activities are executed by the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, which is registered as a <a href="/wiki/501(c)#501(c)(4)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)(4)</a> charity, and files financial information jointly with PPFA.<a href="#cite_note-PPFA_audited_financial-5">[4]</a> The committee was founded in 1996, by then-president Gloria Feldt, to maintain supportive health rights and supporting political candidates of the same mindset. In the 2012 election cycle, the committee gained prominence based on its effectiveness in spending on candidates.<a href="#cite_note-outside_spenders-126">[125]</a> Although the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) shares some leadership with the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, the president of PPAF, <a href="/wiki/Cecile_Richards" title="Cecile Richards">Cecile Richards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PPAF_Richards-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards_Statement-128">[127]</a> testified before Congress in September 2015 that she did not manage the organization.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Richards-129">[128]</a> The Planned Parenthood Action Fund has 58 active, separately incorporated chapters in 41 states<a href="#cite_note-involved_locally-130">[129]</a> and maintains national headquarters in New York and Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-action_fund_contact-131">[130]</a> Planned Parenthood has received grants from the Obama administration to help promote the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, or ObamaCare.<a href="#cite_note-obamacare_grants-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_spending">Political spending</h3></div> Planned Parenthood spends money on politics and elections through the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (its federal <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>), through its Super PAC, and through a variety of related 501(c)(4) entities.<a href="#cite_note-politifact-133">[132]</a> Planned Parenthood endorsed Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-endorses_obama-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-obama_ad_buy-135">[134]</a> In the 2014 election cycle, Planned Parenthood spent $6,587,100 on contributions to candidates and political parties (overwhelmingly to Democrats) and on independent expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-politifact-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenSecrets-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_U.S._Supreme_Court">Before the U.S. Supreme Court</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roevwade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Roevwade.jpg/220px-Roevwade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Roevwade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Former Planned Parenthood President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Feldt" title="Gloria Feldt">Gloria Feldt</a> with Congressman <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wynn" title="Albert Wynn">Albert Wynn</a> in front of the U.S. Supreme Court</figcaption></figure> Planned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in the American courts. Several cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. Notable among these cases is the 1992 case <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard. In this case, "Planned Parenthood" was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter, and "Casey" was <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Casey">Robert Casey</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. The ultimate ruling was split, and <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions. The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions, but found no "undue burden"—an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>, which tests the allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution—from the other statutory requirements. Dissenting were <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>. Blackmun, Rehnquist, and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the Supreme Court to rule on this case, and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on the original decision that legalized abortion.<a href="#cite_note-penn_v_casey-137">[136]</a> Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v. Wade in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-casey_505-138">[137]</a> Planned Parenthood v. Casey, along with Roe v. Wade, was eventually overturned by <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[138]</a> Other related cases include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Central_Missouri_v._Danforth" title="Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth">Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth</a> (1976). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, spousal consent, clinic bookkeeping, and allowed abortion methods. Portions of the challenged law were held to be constitutional, others not.<a href="#cite_note-pp_vs_danforth-140">[139]</a> The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).<a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[138]</a></li> <li>Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft (1983). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, clinic record keeping, and hospitalization requirements. Most of the challenged law was held to be constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-pp_vs_ashcroft-141">[140]</a> The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).<a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Columbia/Willamette_v._American_Coalition_of_Life_Activists" title="Planned Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette v. American Coalition of Life Activists">Planned Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette v. American Coalition of Life Activists</a> (2002). The <a href="/wiki/American_Coalition_of_Life_Activists" title="American Coalition of Life Activists">American Coalition of Life Activists</a> (ACLA) released a flier and <a href="/wiki/Wanted_poster" title="Wanted poster">"Wanted" posters</a> with complete personal information about doctors who performed abortions. A civil jury and the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> both found that the materials were "<a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">true threats</a>" and not <a href="/wiki/Protected_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected speech">protected speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp_vs_acola-142">[141]</a> ACLA appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Planned_Parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood">Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood</a> (2003). Planned Parenthood sued <a href="/wiki/U.S._attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. attorney general">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> for an injunction against the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003</a>. Planned Parenthood argued the act was unconstitutional because it violated the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>, namely in that it was overly vague, violated women's constitutional right to have access to abortion, and did not include language for exceptions for the health of the mother. Both the district court and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed,<a href="#cite_note-gonzales_v_pp-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> but that decision was overturned in a 5–4 ruling by the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-harder_stance-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Northern_New_England" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England</a> (2006). Planned Parenthood et al. challenged the constitutionality of a <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> parental notification law related to access to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-01144qp-147">[146]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>'s final decision before retirement, the Supreme Court sent the case back to lower courts with instructions to seek a remedy short of wholesale invalidation of the statute. New Hampshire ended up repealing the statute via the legislative process.<a href="#cite_note-nh_repeal-148">[147]</a> The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).<a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_court_cases">Other court cases</h2></div> Some <a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">state attorneys general</a> have <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenaed</a> medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records, citing <a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">medical privacy</a> and concerns about the motivation for seeking the records.<a href="#cite_note-kansas-ag-149">[148]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Attorney_General" title="Kansas Attorney General">Kansas Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Phill_Kline" title="Phill Kline">Phill Kline</a>, a Republican, released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public. His actions were described as "troubling" by the state Supreme Court, but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved.<a href="#cite_note-kansas-ag-149">[148]</a> In 2007 Kline's successor, <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Morrison" title="Paul J. Morrison">Paul J. Morrison</a>, a Democrat, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation, as "an objective, unbiased and thorough examination" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General's office.<a href="#cite_note-kansas_probe-150">[149]</a> In 2012, a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>-area Planned Parenthood clinic was "within accepted practices in the medical community" and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges. In all, the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors, all of which were ultimately dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-da_drops-151">[150]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Court_of_Appeals" title="Indiana Court of Appeals">Indiana Court of Appeals</a> ruled that Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records in an investigation of possible child abuse.<a href="#cite_note-pp_v_carter-152">[151]</a> In 2005, Planned Parenthood Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota was fined $50,000 for violating a Minnesota state <a href="/wiki/Parental_consent" title="Parental consent">parental consent</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-st_paul_lawsuit-153">[152]</a> In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Texas_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas judiciary">Texas state court</a> judge, Gary Harger, denied Planned Parenthood's request for a temporary restraining order against the <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">State of Texas</a>, concluding that the State may exclude otherwise qualified doctors and clinics from receiving state funding if the doctors or clinics advocate for abortion rights.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In 2022, Nicole Moore, a Black woman who was the director of Planned Parenthood's multicultural brand engagement from January 2020 to November 2021, filed a lawsuit alleging that she faced months of racial discrimination while working at Planned Parenthood.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> A 2020 study found that closure of Planned Parenthood clinics resulted in increases in the maternal mortality rate: "Planned Parenthood clinic closures negatively impacted all women, increasing mortality by 6–15% across racial/ethnic groups."<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[7]</a> A 2016 study found that the exclusion of Planned Parenthood-affiliated clinics from Texas's Medicaid fee-for-service family-planning program was linked to reductions in the provision of contraception and an increase in child-bearing for women who used injectable contraceptives and who were covered by Medicaid.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_and_opposition">Debate and opposition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margaret_Sanger_and_eugenics">Margaret Sanger and eugenics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger#Eugenics" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger § Eugenics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></div> In the 1920s, various theories of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> were popular among intellectuals in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-sacred_work-157">[156]</a> In her campaign to promote birth control, Sanger teamed with eugenics organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">American Eugenics Society</a>, although she argued against many of their positions.<a href="#cite_note-woman_of_valor-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-selected_papers-159">[158]</a> Scholars describe Sanger as believing that birth control and sterilization should be voluntary, and not based on race.<a href="#cite_note-foes_of_abortion-160">[159]</a> Sanger advocated for "voluntary motherhood"—the right to choose when to be pregnant—for all women, as an important element of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bc_politics-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> As part of her efforts to promote birth control, however, Sanger found common cause with proponents of eugenics, believing that she and they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit".<a href="#cite_note-engelman_2010-163">[162]</a> Critics of Planned Parenthood often refer to Sanger's connection with supporters of eugenics to discredit the organization by associating it, and birth control, with the more negative modern view of eugenics.<a href="#cite_note-a_racist-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomberger_again-165">[164]</a> Planned Parenthood has responded to this criticism directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable, disabling, or hereditary conditions, and limits on the immigration of the diseased. The leaflet also states that Planned Parenthood "finds these views objectionable and outmoded" but says that it was compelled to discuss the topic because "anti-family planning activists continue to attack Sanger [...] because she is an easier target" than Planned Parenthood.<a href="#cite_note-opposition_claims-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3></div> Planned Parenthood has occupied a central position in the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">abortion debate</a> in the U.S. and has been among the most prominent targets of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">U.S. anti-abortion movement</a> for decades. Some members of Congress, overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, have attempted since the 1980s to end federal funding of the organization,<a href="#cite_note-thorn-90">[89]</a> nearly leading to a government shutdown over the issue in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-budget_shutdown-167">[166]</a> Planned Parenthood has consistently maintained that federal money received by Planned Parenthood is not used to fund abortion services, but anti-abortion activists have argued that the federal funding frees up other resources that are, in turn, used to provide abortions.<a href="#cite_note-thorn-90">[89]</a> Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of abortions in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-yahoo.com-13">[12]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">pro-choice</a> advocates have argued that the organization's family planning services reduce the need for abortions; in the words of Megan Crepeau of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, Planned Parenthood could be "characterized as America's largest abortion preventer".<a href="#cite_note-bait_and_switch-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-texas_says-169">[168]</a> Anti-abortion activists dispute the evidence that greater access to contraceptives reduces abortion frequency.<a href="#cite_note-step_up_attacks-170">[169]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Undercover_videos_by_anti-abortion_activists">Undercover videos by anti-abortion activists</h4></div> Periodically, anti-abortion advocates have tried to demonstrate that Planned Parenthood does not follow applicable state or federal laws. The groups called or visited Planned Parenthood health centers posing as victims of <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>,<a href="#cite_note-undercover_sting_2002-171">[170]</a> minors who by law need parental notification before an abortion,<a href="#cite_note-tactics-172">[171]</a> racist donors seeking to earmark donations to reduce the African American population,<a href="#cite_note-pastors-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_serious_mistake-173">[172]</a> or pimps seeking abortions for underage prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-Crary-174">[173]</a> As a result of some of these videos, several Planned Parenthood workers have been disciplined or fired.<a href="#cite_note-A_serious_mistake-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crary-174">[173]</a> An article in <a href="/wiki/Salon_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (magazine)">Salon</a> stated that a 2005 inspection by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration's</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> "yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse, child molestation, sexual abuse, rape or incest".<a href="#cite_note-tactics-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Live_Action_videos">Live Action videos</h5></div> Beginning in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Live_Action_(organization)" title="Live Action (organization)">Live Action</a> released several series of undercover videos filmed in Planned Parenthood centers. Live Action said one series showed Planned Parenthood employees at many affiliates actively assisting or being complicit in aiding a prostitution ring,<a href="#cite_note-the_assault-175">[174]</a> advising patients on how to procure sex-selective abortions,<a href="#cite_note-sting_caught-176">[175]</a> while one who said they would immerse a child born alive after a botched abortion in a chemical solution to make it stop moving and breathing.<a href="#cite_note-live_action_releases-177">[176]</a> No criminal convictions resulted,<a href="#cite_note-no_prosecution-178">[177]</a> but some Planned Parenthood employees and volunteers were fired for not following procedure, and the organization committed to retraining its staff.<a href="#cite_note-retrain_staff-179">[178]</a> Additionally, one center was placed on probation.<a href="#cite_note-birmingham_clinic-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Center_for_Medical_Progress_videos">Center for Medical Progress videos</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This entire section is <a href="/wiki/Transcluded" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcluded">transcluded</a> from the lead of the <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_2015_undercover_videos_controversy" title="Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy">Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy</a> article.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></div> In 2015, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> organization named the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medical_Progress" title="Center for Medical Progress">Center for Medical Progress</a> (CMP) released several videos that had been <a href="/wiki/Hidden_camera" title="Hidden camera">secretly recorded</a>. Members of the CMP posed as representatives of a <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> company in order to gain access to both meetings with abortion providers and abortion facilities. The videos showed how abortion providers made fetal <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> available to researchers, although no problems were found with the legality of the process. All of the videos were found to be altered, according to analysis by <a href="/wiki/Fusion_GPS" title="Fusion GPS">Fusion GPS</a> and its co-founder <a href="/wiki/Glenn_R._Simpson" title="Glenn R. Simpson">Glenn R. Simpson</a>, a former investigative reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. The CMP disputed this finding, attributing the alterations to the editing out of "bathroom breaks and waiting periods". CMP had represented a longer version of the tapes as being "complete", as well as a shorter, edited version. The analysis by Fusion GPS concluded that the longer version was also edited, with skips and missing footage.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Nonetheless, the videos attracted widespread media coverage; after the release of the first video, conservative lawmakers in Congress singled out <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planned Parenthood</a> and began to push bills that would strip the organization of federal <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> funding. No such attempts by Congress to cut federal family planning money from Planned Parenthood have become law. Conservative politicians in several states have also used this as an opportunity to cut or attempt to cut family planning funding at the state level. Officials in twelve states initiated investigations into claims made by the videos, but none found Planned Parenthood clinics to have sold tissue for profit as alleged by CMP and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">anti-abortion groups</a>. An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/House_Oversight_and_Government_Reform_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Oversight and Government Reform Committee">Oversight and Government Reform Committee</a> found no evidence of wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood. A <a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">select committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce_Select_Investigative_Panel_on_Planned_Parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce Select Investigative Panel on Planned Parenthood">U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Select Investigative Panel on Planned Parenthood</a>, was formed to further investigate Planned Parenthood. The Republican-controlled Select Investigative Panel released its final report on December 30, 2016, recommending that Planned Parenthood be defunded. The report was heavily criticized as <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisan</a> and inaccurate by Democratic members of the committee, Planned Parenthood, and some news media. In January 2016, a Texas grand jury chartered to investigate Planned Parenthood found no wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood but instead <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indicted</a> CMP founder <a href="/wiki/David_Daleiden" title="David Daleiden">David Daleiden</a> and member Sandra Merritt for creating and using false government IDs and attempting to purchase fetal tissue. The charges against Daleiden and Merritt in Texas were dismissed six months later on the grounds that the grand jury's indictment authority had extended only to Planned Parenthood. In March 2017, Daleiden and Merritt were charged with 15 felonies in the State of California – one for each of the people whom they had <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">filmed without consent</a>, and one for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">criminal conspiracy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">invade privacy</a>. In June 2017, all the invasion of privacy charges (but not that of conspiracy) were dismissed with <a href="/wiki/Motion_for_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion for leave">leave</a> to <a href="/wiki/Amend_(motion)" title="Amend (motion)">amend</a>, but in July 2017, the State of California re-filed amended charges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_by_anti-abortion_activists">Violence by anti-abortion activists</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></div> In the U.S., abortion providers have been threatened with death, and facilities that provide abortions have been attacked or vandalized.<a href="#cite_note-wp-booth-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huffp_bomb-185">[184]</a> Planned Parenthood clinics have been the target of many instances of <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">violence</a> by anti-abortion activists, including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> and attacks with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weaponry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/John_Salvi" title="John Salvi">John Salvi</a> entered a <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a> Planned Parenthood clinic and opened fire, murdering receptionist Shannon Elizabeth Lowney and wounding three others. He fled to another Planned Parenthood clinic where he murdered Leane Nichols and wounded two others.<a href="#cite_note-understood_risk-198">[197]</a> In 2012, a Grand Chute, Wisconsin, Planned Parenthood clinic was subject to a bombing perpetrated by an unknown individual.<a href="#cite_note-Huffp_bomb-185">[184]</a> In 2015, a Planned Parenthood clinic in <a href="/wiki/Pullman,_Washington" title="Pullman, Washington">Pullman, Washington</a> was heavily damaged by arson.<a href="#cite_note-washpost2-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-montereyherald2-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_shooting">2015 shooting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Planned_Parenthood_shooting" title="Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting">Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting</a></div> On November 27, 2015, a gunman shot and killed two civilians and a police officer during a five-hour gun battle at the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a> clinic.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2711-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn2711-203">[202]</a> The 57-year-old gunman,<a href="#cite_note-DP2711-204">[203]</a> Robert Dear, surrendered to police and was taken into custody. During his arrest, he gave a "rambling" interview<a href="#cite_note-robert_dear-205">[204]</a> in which, at one point, he said "no more baby parts", echoing language used in the news media about the clinic following the Center for Medical Progress videos.<a href="#cite_note-no_more_baby_parts-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-suspect_in_attack-208">[207]</a> Dear was declared <a href="/wiki/Incompetent_to_stand_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Incompetent to stand trial">incompetent to stand trial</a> for the shooting, citing experts' finding that he has "delusional disorder, persecutory type" and is now confined indefinitely to a state mental hospital.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Komen_for_the_Cure#Relationship_with_Planned_Parenthood" title="Susan G. Komen for the Cure">Susan G. Komen for the Cure § Relationship with Planned Parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_abortion-rights_movement" title="United States abortion-rights movement">United States abortion-rights movement</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Planned Parenthood dates its beginnings to 1916 when Margaret Sanger opened her first birth control center in Brooklyn. The <a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League" title="American Birth Control League">American Birth Control League</a> was founded by Sanger in 1921. Its successor organization was formed in 1939 and adopted the name Planned Parenthood in 1942. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-legalstatus-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legalstatus_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legalstatus_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/7413/9620/1089/AR-FY13_111213_vF_rev3_ISSUU.pdf">Planned Parenthood Annual Report 2012–2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110041317/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/7413/9620/1089/AR-FY13_111213_vF_rev3_ISSUU.pdf">Archived</a> January 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Pradhan, Rachana (August 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/jeb-bush-role-in-michael-bloomberg-charity-planned-parenthood-121168">"Bush role in Bloomberg charity gets attention: The billionaire's philanthropy partnered with Planned Parenthood on women's health"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101012530/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/jeb-bush-role-in-michael-bloomberg-charity-planned-parenthood-121168">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2015. 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Retrieved: August 22, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-PPFA_Annual_2014-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRWP-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-abortion-idUSKBN0F21QE20140627">"Massachusetts abortion clinics boost security, lawmakers seek fix"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. June 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+abortion+clinics+boost+security%2C+lawmakers+seek+fix&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-court-abortion-idUSKBN0F21QE20140627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-komen-funding-idUSBRE82M17Y20120324">"Breast cancer fundraising lags after abortion dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. March 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Breast+cancer+fundraising+lags+after+abortion+dispute&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-komen-funding-idUSBRE82M17Y20120324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-texas-idUSBRE9600EK20130701">"Opponents of Texas abortion restrictions rally at Capitol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. July 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Opponents+of+Texas+abortion+restrictions+rally+at+Capitol&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-abortion-texas-idUSBRE9600EK20130701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-protests-idUSKCN0QR0UG20150822">"Anti-abortion protesters rally at Planned Parenthood sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. August 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Anti-abortion+protesters+rally+at+Planned+Parenthood+sites&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-abortion-protests-idUSKCN0QR0UG20150822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-socialmedia-idUSTRE81303T20120204">"Social media at forefront of social protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. February 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Social+media+at+forefront+of+social+protest&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-socialmedia-idUSTRE81303T20120204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <ul><li>For violence, see §<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Violence_by_anti-abortion_activists">Violence by anti-abortion activists</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldberg_2012-19"><a href="#cite_ref-goldberg_2012_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Michelle (February 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/awakenings-margaret-sanger/">"Awakenings: On Margaret Sanger"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019052546/http://www.thenation.com/article/awakenings-margaret-sanger/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Awakenings%3A+On+Margaret+Sanger&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fawakenings-margaret-sanger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arrest_1916-20"><a href="#cite_ref-arrest_1916_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_Katz_(poster)2012" class="citation web cs1">Esther Katz (poster) (October 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2012/10/26/anniversry-of-the-brownsville-clinic-raid/">"Anniversary of the Brownsville Clinic Raid"</a>. Margaret Sanger Papers Project~Research Annex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225022623/https://sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2012/10/26/anniversry-of-the-brownsville-clinic-raid/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Margaret+Sanger+Papers+Project~Research+Annex&rft.atitle=Anniversary+of+the+Brownsville+Clinic+Raid&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.au=Esther+Katz+%28poster%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsangerpapers.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F10%2F26%2Fanniversry-of-the-brownsville-clinic-raid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Engelman, Peter C. (2011), A History of the Birth Control Movement in America, ABC-CLIO, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36509-6">978-0-313-36509-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Chesler, Ellen (1992), Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America, Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-60088-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-60088-5">0-671-60088-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20240402-23"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20240402_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Smith, Tina</a> (April 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/opinion/comstock-act-abortion-repeal.html">"I Hope to Repeal an Arcane Law That Could Be Misused to Ban Abortion Nationwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240402124934/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/opinion/comstock-act-abortion-repeal.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I+Hope+to+Repeal+an+Arcane+Law+That+Could+Be+Misused+to+Ban+Abortion+Nationwide&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fcomstock-act-abortion-repeal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-people_v_sanger-24"><a href="#cite_ref-people_v_sanger_24-0">^</a> "People v. Sanger", 179 App. Div. 939, 166 N.Y.S. 1107 (1917) </li> <li id="cite_note-socprobs-25"><a href="#cite_ref-socprobs_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeighLoreen2004" class="citation cs2">McVeigh, Frank; Loreen, Wolfer (2004), Brief history of social problems: a critical thinking approach (Illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2831-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2831-1"><bdi>0-7618-2831-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+social+problems%3A+a+critical+thinking+approach&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7618-2831-1&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Loreen%2C+Wolfer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2000" class="citation cs2">Balter, Lawrence (2000), Parenthood in America: an encyclopedia, vol. 1st (Illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-213-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-213-4"><bdi>1-57607-213-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parenthood+in+America%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57607-213-4&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/465">"Collection: Planned Parenthood Federation of America records (PPFA I) | Smith College Finding Aids"</a>. findingaids.smith.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911234600/https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/465">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=findingaids.smith.edu&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+Planned+Parenthood+Federation+of+America+records+%28PPFA+I%29+%7C+Smith+College+Finding+Aids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.smith.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a> This article incorporates text available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-moralprop-28"><a href="#cite_ref-moralprop_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Gordon" title="Linda Gordon">Gordon, Linda</a> (2002), The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02764-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02764-7"><bdi>0-252-02764-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+moral+property+of+women%3A+a+history+of+birth+control+politics+in+America&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-252-02764-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malthus-29"><a href="#cite_ref-malthus_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Weydner" class="citation web cs1">Sara Weydner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28816392">""The Hour of Malthus Has Struck": The Foundation of the International Planned Parenthood Federation and Discourses of International Family Planning"</a>. academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923052609/https://www.academia.edu/28816392">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=%22The+Hour+of+Malthus+Has+Struck%22%3A+The+Foundation+of+the+International+Planned+Parenthood+Federation+and+Discourses+of+International+Family+Planning&rft.au=Sara+Weydner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28816392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/protect-womens-health/">"Political Attacks on Planned Parenthood Are a Threat to Women's Health"</a>. Scientific American. 306 (6): 12. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0612-12">10.1038/scientificamerican0612-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649979">22649979</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143657/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/protect-womens-health/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. 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October 25, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1999/b3652114.arc.htm">the original</a> on April 13, 2011. 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Retrieved February 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gonzales+v.+Planned+Parenthood+Federation+of+America%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=Duke+Law%2C+Supreme+Court+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.duke.edu%2Fpubliclaw%2Fsupremecourtonline%2Fcertgrants%2F2006%2Fgonvpla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harder_stance-146"><a href="#cite_ref-harder_stance_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupic2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Biskupic" title="Joan Biskupic">Biskupic, Joan</a> (April 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-04-18-partial-birth-ruling_N.htm">"Court takes harder stance on abortion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203413/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-04-18-partial-birth-ruling_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. 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Retrieved September 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kansas%27+Top+Court+Limits+Abortion+Record+Search&rft.date=2006-02-04&rft.aulast=Rudoren&rft.aufirst=Jori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F04%2Fnational%2F04kansas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kansas_probe-150"><a href="#cite_ref-kansas_probe_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/27/AR2007062702312.html">"Planned Parenthood Clinic Is Cleared in Kansas Probe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. June 28, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111234706/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/27/AR2007062702312.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+Clinic+Is+Cleared+in+Kansas+Probe&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F06%2F27%2FAR2007062702312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-da_drops-151"><a href="#cite_ref-da_drops_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kansas-da-drops-all-criminal-charges-against-planned-parenthood-clinic/">"Kansas DA drops all criminal charges against Planned Parenthood clinic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Retrieved November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kansas+DA+drops+all+criminal+charges+against+Planned+Parenthood+clinic&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkansas-da-drops-all-criminal-charges-against-planned-parenthood-clinic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp_v_carter-152"><a href="#cite_ref-pp_v_carter_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8816463008226382805">"Planned Parenthood of Indiana v. Carter, 854 N.E.2d 853 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313093723/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8816463008226382805&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+of+Indiana+v.+Carter%2C+854+N.E.2d+853+%28Ind.+Ct.+App.+2006%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D8816463008226382805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-st_paul_lawsuit-153"><a href="#cite_ref-st_paul_lawsuit_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrather2005" class="citation news cs1">Prather (October 13, 2005). 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Cardona, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2012/12/judge-allows-texas-to-ban-state-funding-to-planned-parenthood.html/">Judge allows Texas to ban state funding to Planned Parenthood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425112045/http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2012/12/judge-allows-texas-to-ban-state-funding-to-planned-parenthood.html/">Archived</a> April 25, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dallas Morning News (December 31, 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchie2022" class="citation news cs1">Archie, Ayana (October 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/10/20/1130133440/planned-parenthood-racism-lawsuit">"A former employee sues Planned Parenthood, claiming she faced months of racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021011328/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/20/1130133440/planned-parenthood-racism-lawsuit">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. 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Retrieved August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Court+Blacks%2C+Foes+of+Abortion+Make+Racial+Case&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft.aulast=Daiwan&rft.aufirst=Shaila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F27%2Fus%2F27race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc_politics-161"><a href="#cite_ref-bc_politics_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_McCann" title="Carole McCann">McCann, Carole R.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it1LHbLKVpkC&pg=PA10">Birth Control, Politics in the United States, 1916–1945</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8612-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8612-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004141108/https://books.google.com/books?id=it1LHbLKVpkC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015. 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Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 751. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6083-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-6083-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518190310/https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC&pg=PA751">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015. 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Planned Parenthood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170308150847/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/8013/9611/6937/Opposition_Claims_About_Margaret_Sanger.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opposition+Claims+About+Margaret+Sanger&rft.pub=Planned+Parenthood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Ffiles%2F8013%2F9611%2F6937%2FOpposition_Claims_About_Margaret_Sanger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-budget_shutdown-167"><a href="#cite_ref-budget_shutdown_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2011" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer, Devin (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/planned-parenthood-center-budget-shutdown-threat/story?id=13328750">"Planned Parenthood at Center of Budget Shutdown Threat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306195029/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/planned-parenthood-center-budget-shutdown-threat/story?id=13328750">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+at+Center+of+Budget+Shutdown+Threat&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fplanned-parenthood-center-budget-shutdown-threat%2Fstory%3Fid%3D13328750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bait_and_switch-168"><a href="#cite_ref-bait_and_switch_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrepeau2011" class="citation news cs1">Crepeau, Megan (April 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/04/04/the-great-republican-bait-and-switch/">"The great Republican bait-and-switch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514154846/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-04-04/news/ct-oped-0404-reproduction-20110404_1_fiscal-responsibility-cervical-cancer-screenings-planned-parenthood">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+great+Republican+bait-and-switch&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.aulast=Crepeau&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fthe-great-republican-bait-and-switch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas_says-169"><a href="#cite_ref-texas_says_169-0">^</a> * Finn, Robin, "Anti-Abortion Advocates? Bring 'Em On, Texan Says", The New York Times, March 10, 2006. Quote: "PLANNED PARENTHOOD serves five million Americans and concentrates 90 percent of its efforts on preventing unwanted pregnancies, Ms. Richards, says, not terminating them. 'No one does more to reduce the need for abortions in this country than Planned Parenthood.'"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/nyregion/10lives.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223024/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/nyregion/10lives.html">Archived</a> May 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li>Also, Emily Stewart, director of public policy for Planned Parenthood said: "Without a doubt, when women have access to birth control, it reduces unintended pregnancies" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vpr.net/npr/140156682/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402152415/http://www.vpr.net/npr/140156682/">Archived</a> April 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-step_up_attacks-170"><a href="#cite_ref-step_up_attacks_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovner2011" class="citation news cs1">Rovner, Julie (September 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/09/07/140156682/conservatives-step-up-attacks-on-public-funding-for-birth-control">"Conservatives Step Up Attacks On Public Funding For Birth Control"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919124229/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/09/07/140156682/conservatives-step-up-attacks-on-public-funding-for-birth-control">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. 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But who is really breaking the law?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215110818/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/11/04/parental_notification">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. <q>Suspected abuse can be reported either to the police or child protective services. And in 2005, a federal inspection conducted by the Office of the Inspector General of the Bush administration's Department of Health and Human Services found that that's exactly what happens when a child who may have been abused comes into a family planning clinic. The inquiry yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse, child molestation, sexual abuse, rape or incest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Abortion+foes%27+dirty+tactics%3A+Advocates+of+a+California+%22parental+notification%22+bill+accuse+Planned+Parenthood+of+protecting+sexual+predators+instead+of+teen+girls.+But+who+is+really+breaking+the+law%3F&rft.date=2006-11-04&rft.aulast=Mieszkowski&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2006%2F11%2F04%2Fparental_notification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_serious_mistake-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_serious_mistake_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_serious_mistake_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForester2008" class="citation news cs1">Forester, Sandra (February 28, 2008). 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March 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.foxnews.com/planned-parenthood/2011/03/01/holder-no-prosecution-connection-planned-parenthood-video-sting">the original</a> on March 4, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holder%3A+No+Prosecution+in+Connection+With+Planned+Parenthood+Video+Sting&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.foxnews.com%2Fplanned-parenthood%2F2011%2F03%2F01%2Fholder-no-prosecution-connection-planned-parenthood-video-sting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-retrain_staff-179"><a href="#cite_ref-retrain_staff_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckholm2011" class="citation news cs1">Eckholm, Erik (February 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/us/08parenthood.html">"Planned Parenthood to Retrain Public Staff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630174131/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/us/08parenthood.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+to+Retrain+Public+Staff&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.aulast=Eckholm&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F08%2Fus%2F08parenthood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birmingham_clinic-180"><a href="#cite_ref-birmingham_clinic_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Desiree (February 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/10/ap-birmingham-abortion-clinic-put-on-probation/">"AP: Birmingham abortion clinic put on probation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200709/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/10/ap-birmingham-abortion-clinic-put-on-probation/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=AP%3A+Birmingham+abortion+clinic+put+on+probation&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Desiree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fap-birmingham-abortion-clinic-put-on-probation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_2015_undercover_videos_controversy#References" title="Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy">Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy#References</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/8/28/9217323/planned-parenthood-tapes-edited">"I thought I saw all the Planned Parenthood sting footage. Turns out the tapes were edited"</a>. www.vox.com. August 28, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+thought+I+saw+all+the+Planned+Parenthood+sting+footage.+Turns+out+the+tapes+were+edited.&rft.pub=www.vox.com&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F8%2F28%2F9217323%2Fplanned-parenthood-tapes-edited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2015/09/29/house-gop-democrats-spar-planned-parenthood/73041092/">"House GOP, Democrats spar on Planned Parenthood"</a>. www.detroitnews.com. September 29, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+GOP%2C+Democrats+spar+on+Planned+Parenthood&rft.pub=www.detroitnews.com&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2Fhouse-gop-democrats-spar-planned-parenthood%2F73041092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-booth-184"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-booth_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1993" class="citation news cs1">Booth, William (March 11, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/abortviolence/stories/gunn.htm">"Doctor Killed During Abortion Protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720141851/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/abortviolence/stories/gunn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Doctor+Killed+During+Abortion+Protest&rft.date=1993-03-11&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fabortviolence%2Fstories%2Fgunn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffp_bomb-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffp_bomb_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffp_bomb_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/planned-parenthood-bomb-wisconsin_n_1396665.html">"Small Bomb Explodes Outside Planned Parenthood Clinic In Wisconsin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. April 2, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221759/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/planned-parenthood-bomb-wisconsin_n_1396665.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Small+Bomb+Explodes+Outside+Planned+Parenthood+Clinic+In+Wisconsin&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2Fplanned-parenthood-bomb-wisconsin_n_1396665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-not_attacked-186"><a href="#cite_ref-not_attacked_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/planned-parenthood-deserves-to-be-supported-not-attacked/2015/07/16/373c8f58-2bba-11e5-a5ea-cf74396e59ec_story.html">"Planned Parenthood deserves to be supported not attacked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811025457/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/planned-parenthood-deserves-to-be-supported-not-attacked/2015/07/16/373c8f58-2bba-11e5-a5ea-cf74396e59ec_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+deserves+to+be+supported+not+attacked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fplanned-parenthood-deserves-to-be-supported-not-attacked%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2F373c8f58-2bba-11e5-a5ea-cf74396e59ec_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religious_violence-187"><a href="#cite_ref-religious_violence_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardPrewitt1993" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Dallas A.; Prewitt, Terry James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousviolenc0000blan">Religious violence and abortion: the Gideon Project</a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1193-6"><bdi>978-0-8130-1193-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+violence+and+abortion%3A+the+Gideon+Project&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1193-6&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Dallas+A.&rft.au=Prewitt%2C+Terry+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousviolenc0000blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-political_violence-188"><a href="#cite_ref-political_violence_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Christopher (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgM1s1Kk0GwC">Political violence and terrorism in modern America: a chronology</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33418-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33418-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430092825/https://books.google.com/books?id=MgM1s1Kk0GwC">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+violence+and+terrorism+in+modern+America%3A+a+chronology&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33418-4&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgM1s1Kk0GwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-man_charged-189"><a href="#cite_ref-man_charged_189-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/local/stpaul/38230064.html?elr=KArksi8cyaiUjc7YUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUU">Man charged with driving into Planned Parenthood facility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215151115/http://www.startribune.com/local/stpaul/38230064.html?elr=KArksi8cyaiUjc7YUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUU">Archived</a> February 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (January 23, 2009). "Minneapolis Star-Tribune." Retrieved January 27, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-threats_prompt-190"><a href="#cite_ref-threats_prompt_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FB&p_theme=fb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE8893D169D5CD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D">"Threats Prompt More Security: Fresno Planned Parenthood Office is Walling Up Windows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Fresno_Bee" title="The Fresno Bee">The Fresno Bee</a>. August 3, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024214416/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FB&p_theme=fb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE8893D169D5CD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fresno+Bee&rft.atitle=Threats+Prompt+More+Security%3A+Fresno+Planned+Parenthood+Office+is+Walling+Up+Windows&rft.date=1995-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DFB%26p_theme%3Dfb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EAE8893D169D5CD%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wattleton_assails-191"><a href="#cite_ref-wattleton_assails_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11">"Wattleton Assails Rash of Planned Parenthood Center Bombings, Arson"</a>. Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. March 18, 1985. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430125152/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Wattleton+Assails+Rash+of+Planned+Parenthood+Center+Bombings%2C+Arson&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1985-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a_day_after-192"><a href="#cite_ref-a_day_after_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdum1987" class="citation news cs1">Purdum, Todd S. 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Retrieved April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+Bombed+In+Wisconsin&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2Fplanned-parenthood-bomb-wisconsin_n_1396665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruled_arson-196"><a href="#cite_ref-ruled_arson_196-0">^</a> Victoria Cavaliere and Ryan Woo (September 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-washington-arson-idUSKCN0R504Q20150905">Fire at Washington state Planned Parenthood ruled arson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127025929/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/05/us-usa-washington-arson-idUSKCN0R504Q20150905">Archived</a> November 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved September 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Item&rft.atitle=Shooting+victim+understood+risks%2C+but+loved+her+job&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DoIEiAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1655%2C10020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washpost2-199"><a href="#cite_ref-washpost2_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fire-at-planned-parenthood-in-washington-state-was-arson/2015/09/04/6b296bf2-5364-11e5-b225-90edbd49f362_story.html">"Arson was cause of Planned Parenthood fire in Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. September 4, 2015. 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Retrieved September 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=montereyherald.com&rft.atitle=Arson+was+cause+of+Planned+Parenthood+fire+in+Washington&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montereyherald.com%2Fgeneral-news%2F20150904%2Ffire-at-planned-parenthood-in-washington-state-was-arson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2711-201"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2711_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkewitzHealy2015" class="citation news cs1">Turkewitz, Julie; Healy, Jack (November 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/28/us/colorado-planned-parenthood-shooting.html">"3 Are Dead in Colorado Springs Shootout at Planned Parenthood Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128112332/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/28/us/colorado-planned-parenthood-shooting.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_29172660/colorado-springs-firefighters-respond-active-shooter-at-planned">the original</a> on November 27, 2015. 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November 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210155112/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/us/robert-dear-suspect-in-colorado-killings-preferred-to-be-left-alone.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Dear%2C+Suspect+in+Colorado+Killings%2C+%27Preferred+to+Be+Left+Alone%27&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Fus%2Frobert-dear-suspect-in-colorado-killings-preferred-to-be-left-alone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-no_more_baby_parts-206"><a href="#cite_ref-no_more_baby_parts_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colorado-shooter-idUSKBN0TH05O20151129">"Colorado shooting suspect said 'no more baby parts': reports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. November 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202001211/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/29/us-colorado-shooter-iduskbn0th05o20151129">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Colorado+shooting+suspect+said+%27no+more+baby+parts%27%3A+reports&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-colorado-shooter-idUSKBN0TH05O20151129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34954474">"Planned Parenthood shooting: Suspect said 'no more baby parts'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. November 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720080247/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34954474">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. 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Planned Parenthood clinic told official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129033831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/no-more-baby-parts-suspect-in-attack-at-colo-planned-parenthood-clinic-told-official/2015/11/28/e842b2cc-961e-11e5-8aa0-5d0946560a97_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27No+more+baby+parts%27%2C+suspect+in+attack+at+Colo.+Planned+Parenthood+clinic+told+official&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.au=Wesley+Lowery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fno-more-baby-parts-suspect-in-attack-at-colo-planned-parenthood-clinic-told-official%2F2015%2F11%2F28%2Fe842b2cc-961e-11e5-8aa0-5d0946560a97_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Trevor (May 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/05/11/planned-parenthood-shooting-suspect-found-not-competent-stand-trial/84243964/">"Planned Parenthood shooting suspect found incompetent to stand trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511214808/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/05/11/planned-parenthood-shooting-suspect-found-not-competent-stand-trial/84243964/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Planned+Parenthood+shooting+suspect+found+incompetent+to+stand+trial&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2016%2F05%2F11%2Fplanned-parenthood-shooting-suspect-found-not-competent-stand-trial%2F84243964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2013" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Manon (2013). Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media and Family Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcasting+Birth+Control%3A+Mass+Media+and+Family+Planning&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Manon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+Parenthood" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Planned Parenthood at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/family_planning" class="extiw" title="wikt:family planning">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planned_Parenthood" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Planned Parenthood">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Planned_Parenthood" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Planned Parenthood">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Planned_Parenthood" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Planned Parenthood">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Planned_Parenthood" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Planned Parenthood">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553262" class="extiw" title="d:Q2553262">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plannedparenthoodaction.org/">Planned Parenthood Action Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/planned_parenthood_federation_of_america/index.html">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/465">Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 1918–1974</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection" title="Sophia Smith Collection">Sophia Smith Collection</a>, Smith College Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/487">Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 1928–2009</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection" title="Sophia Smith Collection">Sophia Smith Collection</a>, Smith College Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00314617">Planned Parenthood at OpenSecrets.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/about/">United Nations: Every Woman Every Child</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814213328/http://www.everywomaneverychild.org/about/">Archived</a> August 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="Template:International Planned Parenthood Federation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="Template talk:International Planned Parenthood Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Planned Parenthood Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association" title="Family Planning Association">Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Planning_Association_of_Hong_Kong" title="The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong">The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association_of_India" title="Family Planning Association of India">Family Planning Association of India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planned Parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Family_Planning_Association" title="Japan Family Planning Association">Japan Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Association_for_Sexuality_Education" title="Swedish Association for Sexuality Education">Swedish Association for Sexuality Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_Museum_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_Museum_of_California" title="Template:Women's Museum of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_Museum_of_California" title="Template talk:Women's Museum of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_Museum_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's Museum of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_Museum_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Museum_of_California" title="Women's Museum of California">Women's Museum of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madge_Bradley" title="Madge Bradley">Madge Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemi_Daba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemi Daba (page does not exist)">Alemi Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Dumas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Dumas (page does not exist)">Jane Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Killea" title="Lucy Killea">Lucy Killea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracia_Molina_de_Pick" title="Gracia Molina de Pick">Gracia Molina de Pick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Barnes_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Barnes (activist) (page does not exist)">Alice Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Johnson_(activist)" title="Gloria Johnson (activist)">Gloria Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardelia_McClure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardelia McClure (page does not exist)">Ardelia McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilia_Moreno_de_Lopez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilia Moreno de Lopez (page does not exist)">Lilia Moreno de Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midge_Neff-LeClair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midge Neff-LeClair (page does not exist)">Midge Neff-LeClair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Reeves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Reeves (page does not exist)">Nancy Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Yip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beverly Yip (page does not exist)">Beverly Yip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rulette_Armstead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rulette Armstead (page does not exist)">Rulette Armstead</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herminia_Enrique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herminia Enrique (page does not exist)">Herminia Enrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Howell" title="Doris Howell">Doris Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Kroc" title="Joan Kroc">Joan Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Maschal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Maschal (page does not exist)">Mary Maschal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloria_McClellan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloria McClellan (page does not exist)">Gloria McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Stern_(librarian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Stern (librarian) (page does not exist)">Jean Stern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn Clarke (page does not exist)">Evelyn Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alyce_Smith-Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alyce Smith-Cooper (page does not exist)">Alyce Smith-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Ewing" title="Anne Ewing">Anne Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_S._Hawkins" title="Helen S. Hawkins">Helen S. Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Heifetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Heifetz (page does not exist)">Ruth Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hohlmayer" title="Alice Hohlmayer">Alice Hohlmayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nona_Canon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nona Canon (page does not exist)">Nona Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeri_Dilno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeri Dilno (page does not exist)">Jeri Dilno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Gonzales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy Gonzales (page does not exist)">Lucy Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deborah_Lindholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deborah Lindholm (page does not exist)">Deborah Lindholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sessions" title="Kate Sessions">Kate Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashley_Walker_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashley Walker (activist) (page does not exist)">Ashley Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Benchley" title="Belle Benchley">Belle Benchley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Breed" title="Clara Breed">Clara Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Embery" title="Joan Embery">Joan Embery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Scripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Scripps">Ellen Scripps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Shaffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Shaffer (page does not exist)">Patricia Shaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_Vasquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara Vasquez (page does not exist)">Sara Vasquez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanja_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanja Winter (page does not exist)">Tanja Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Dumanis" title="Bonnie Dumanis">Bonnie Dumanis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Hampton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia Hampton (page does not exist)">Sylvia Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_McDonald" title="Marianne McDonald">Marianne McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Munk" title="Judith Munk">Judith Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Riggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Riggs (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Riggs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Vigneault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Vigneault (page does not exist)">Karen Vigneault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Baker" title="Charlotte Johnson Baker">Charlotte Johnson Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li-Rong_Cheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li-Rong Cheng (page does not exist)">Li-Rong Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Craigwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Craigwell (page does not exist)">Joan Craigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Dabbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Dabbs (page does not exist)">Edith Dabbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Henderson" title="Monique Henderson">Monique Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marisa_Ugarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marisa Ugarte (page does not exist)">Marisa Ugarte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kate_Yavenditti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kate Yavenditti (page does not exist)">Kate Yavenditti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloria Harris (page does not exist)">Gloria Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_McConnell_(justice)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith McConnell (justice) (page does not exist)">Judith McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivian_Reznik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivian Reznik (page does not exist)">Vivian Reznik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Rodriguez_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Rodriguez (activist) (page does not exist)">Laura Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Prieto_Sandoval" title="Anna Prieto Sandoval">Anna Sandoval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midge_Costanza" title="Midge Costanza">Midge Costanza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judy_Forman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judy Forman (page does not exist)">Judy Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Frye" title="Donna Frye">Donna Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_M._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clara M. Harris (page does not exist)">Clara M. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Longenecker" title="Martha Longenecker">Martha Longenecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Sanchez" title="Rita Sanchez">Rita Sanchez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Booth_(archivist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Booth (archivist) (page does not exist)">Jane Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bry" title="Barbara Bry">Barbara Bry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makeda_Dread_Cheatom" class="mw-redirect" title="Makeda Dread Cheatom">Makeda Dread Cheatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Croce" title="Ingrid Croce">Ingrid Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Hoiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Hoiberg (page does not exist)">Anne Hoiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Schenk" title="Lynn Schenk">Lynn Schenk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_Evans_Boone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty Evans Boone (page does not exist)">Betty Evans Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_M._Carroll" title="Constance M. Carroll">Constance Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Castro (page does not exist)">Irma Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Soriano_Cudal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora Soriano Cudal (page does not exist)">Aurora Soriano Cudal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Hom (page does not exist)">Dorothy Hom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dianne_Aker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dianne Aker (page does not exist)">Dee Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine_Boyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorraine Boyce (page does not exist)">Lorraine Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Lopez_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonia Lopez (academic) (page does not exist)">Sonia Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachael_Ortiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachael Ortiz (page does not exist)">Rachael Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Szekely" title="Deborah Szekely">Deborah Szekely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Walker" title="Bree Walker">Bree Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viviana_Enrique_Acosta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viviana Enrique Acosta (page does not exist)">Viviana Enrique Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Figueredo" title="Anita Figueredo">Anita Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Josefowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natasha Josefowitz (page does not exist)">Natasha Josefowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Ann_Kim" title="Lee Ann Kim">Lee Ann Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starla_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starla Lewis (page does not exist)">Starla Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Moser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Moser (page does not exist)">Sarah Moser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Wong_Avery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Wong Avery (page does not exist)">Sally Wong Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Garcia_(activist)" title="Maria Garcia (activist)">Maria Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kehoe" title="Christine Kehoe">Christine Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Lou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Lou (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evonne_Seron_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evonne Seron Schulze (page does not exist)">Evonne Seron Schulze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilkhwaz_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilkhwaz Ahmed (page does not exist)">Dilkhwaz Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Rowell_Council" title="Carol Rowell Council">Carol Rowell Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darlene Davies (page does not exist)">Darlene Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Elsa_Gonzalez" title="Irma Elsa Gonzalez">Irma Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joyce_Nower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyce Nower (page does not exist)">Joyce Nower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilia_Velasquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilia Velasquez (page does not exist)">Lilia Velasquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dede_Alpert" title="Dede Alpert">Dede Alpert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellie Andrade (page does not exist)">Nellie Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahari_Jeffers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahari Jeffers (page does not exist)">Fahari Jeffers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerrilyn_Malana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerrilyn Malana (page does not exist)">Jerrilyn Malana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Jahnkow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Jahnkow (page does not exist)">Carol Jahnkow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janice_Martinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janice Martinelli (page does not exist)">Janice Martinelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilia_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilia Garcia (page does not exist)">Lilia Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colleen_O%27Harra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colleen O'Harra (page does not exist)">Colleen O'Harra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Goldschmiedova_Sax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Goldschmiedova Sax (page does not exist)">Ruth Goldschmiedova Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Smith_(educator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Smith (educator) (page does not exist)">Dorothy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Wilson_(attorney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridget Wilson (attorney) (page does not exist)">Bridget Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathi_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathi Anderson (page does not exist)">Kathi Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupe_Buell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupe Buell (page does not exist)">Lupe Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nola_Butler_Byrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nola Butler Byrd (page does not exist)">Nola Butler Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Davis_(politician)" title="Susan Davis (politician)">Susan Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Engstrand" title="Iris Engstrand">Iris Engstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sue_Gonda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sue Gonda (page does not exist)">Sue Gonda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Puentes_Reynolds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivia Puentes Reynolds (page does not exist)">Olivia Puentes Reynolds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Jester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Jester (page does not exist)">Susan Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Iwanaga_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Iwanaga Penrose (page does not exist)">Margaret Iwanaga Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalie_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosalie Schwartz (page does not exist)">Rosalie Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randa_Trapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randa Trapp (page does not exist)">Randa Trapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A9ve_Jones-Wright" title="Geneviéve Jones-Wright">Geneviéve Jones-Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamila_Ipema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamila Ipema (page does not exist)">Tamila Ipema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_M._Herney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie M. Herney (page does not exist)">Marie M. Herney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalia_Salinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosalia Salinas (page does not exist)">Rosalia Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Talamantez" title="Josephine Talamantez">Josephine Talamantez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francine_Foster_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francine Foster Williams (page does not exist)">Francine Foster Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huma_Ahmed-Ghosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huma Ahmed-Ghosh (page does not exist)">Huma Ahmed-Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Chavez-Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Chavez-Peterson (page does not exist)">Norma Chavez-Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amy_Forsythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amy Forsythe (page does not exist)">Amy Forsythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Wrightington" title="Juana Wrightington">Juana Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_A._McQuater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia A. McQuater (page does not exist)">Patricia A. McQuater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planned Parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Salas" title="Mary Salas">Mary Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Smithson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Smithson (page does not exist)">Holly Smithson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_S._Bautista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne S. Bautista (page does not exist)">Anne S. Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raye_Clendening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raye Clendening (page does not exist)">Raye Clendening</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Diaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Diaz (page does not exist)">Olga Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L. Evans (page does not exist)">Anne L. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DJ_Kuttin_Kandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJ Kuttin Kandi (page does not exist)">DJ Kuttin Kandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_L%C3%B3pez" title="Yolanda López">Yolanda López</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Naversen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Naversen (page does not exist)">Andrea Naversen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419368737">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153042718">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/211141-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50075375">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35668753">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007396884&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3059689">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000740422&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668219005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585585205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/13197694X">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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