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<span>Resignation and uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinstatement_and_emergency_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinstatement_and_emergency_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reinstatement and emergency powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinstatement_and_emergency_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_of_Mosaddegh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_of_Mosaddegh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overthrow of Mosaddegh</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overthrow_of_Mosaddegh-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Post-overthrow_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-overthrow life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-overthrow_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Mosaddegh_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaddegh_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mosaddegh in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaddegh_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Mosaddegh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_M%C3%BCs%C9%99ddiq" title="Məhəmməd Müsəddiq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Müsəddiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="মোহাম্মদ মোসাদ্দেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোহাম্মদ মোসাদ্দেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadeq" title="Mohammed Mossadeq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohammed Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mosaddek" title="Muhammad Mosaddek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhammad Mosaddek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadeq" title="Mohammed Mossadeq – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mohammed Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BA" title="Μοχάμεντ Μοσαντέκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοχάμεντ Μοσαντέκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeq" title="Mohammad Mosaddeq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddeq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mosadek" title="Mohamed Mosadek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohamed Mosadek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%98%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8D%B0%EA%B7%B8" title="모하마드 모사데그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모하마드 모사데그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Մոհամմադ Մոսադեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոհամմադ Մոսադեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="मोहम्मद मोसादेग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोहम्मद मोसादेग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Mosadek" title="Mohamad Mosadek – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mohamad Mosadek" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAhame%C3%B0_Mossadek" title="Múhameð Mossadek – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múhameð Mossadek" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq" title="Mohammad Mossadeq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mohammad Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A7" title="מוחמד מוסאדק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד מוסאדק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="მოჰამედ მოსადეყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოჰამედ მოსადეყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhemmed_Museddiq" title="Muhemmed Museddiq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muhemmed Museddiq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus_Mossadeq" title="Mahometus Mossadeq – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammads_Mosadeks" title="Mohammads Mosadeks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mohammads Mosadeks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosadegh" title="Mohammad Mosadegh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mohammad Mosadegh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="മൊഹമ്മദ് മൊസാഡെഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊഹമ്മദ് മൊസാഡെഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="मोहम्मद मोसादेक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोहम्मद मोसादेक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="მოჰამედ მოსადეყი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოჰამედ მოსადეყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq" title="Mohammad Mossadeq – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammad Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%AF" title="モハンマド・モサッデク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モハンマド・モサッデク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Mossadegh" title="Muhammed Mossadegh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammed Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" title="Mohammad Mossadegh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mohammad Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Musaddiq" title="Muhammad Musaddiq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Musaddiq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਮੁਸੱਦਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਮੁਸੱਦਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadegh" title="Mohammed Mossadegh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mohammed Mossadegh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мосаддык, Мохаммед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мосаддык, Мохаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mosadek" title="Mohamed Mosadek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohamed Mosadek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%82" title="محەممەد موسەددیق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەد موسەددیق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мохамед Мосадик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мохамед Мосадик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_Mosadek" title="Muhamed Mosadek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muhamed Mosadek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq" title="Mohammad Mossadeq – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mohammad Mossadeq" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Musadd%C4%B1k" title="Muhammed Musaddık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Musaddık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мохаммед Мосаддик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мохаммед Мосаддик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82" title="محمد مصدق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد مصدق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mohammad Mosaddegh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%8F%B0" title="穆罕默德·摩萨台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·摩萨台" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123037#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mohammad Mosaddegh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="fa"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">محمد مصدق</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Mohammad_Mosaddeq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr_Mohammad_Mosaddeq.jpg/220px-Dr_Mohammad_Mosaddeq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Dr_Mohammad_Mosaddeq.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mosaddegh in 1951</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">30th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 July 1952 – 19 August 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 April 1951 – 16 July 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Ala%27" title="Hossein Ala'">Hossein Ala'</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (Iran)">Minister of National Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 July 1952 – 19 August 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mostafa Yazdanpanah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Hedayat" title="Abdollah Hedayat">Abdollah Hedayat</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Iran">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 May 1923 – 23 September 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Foroughi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Ali Foroughi">Mohammad-Ali Foroughi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Foroughi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Ali Foroughi">Mohammad-Ali Foroughi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 September 1921 – 8 October 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hassan_Khan_Esfandiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Hassan Khan Esfandiary">Hassan Esfandiari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Assadollah Ghadimi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">Vali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan Province</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 February 1922 – 12 July 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Jahanbani" title="Amanullah Jahanbani">Amanullah Jahanbani</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 November 1921 – 7 January 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">Vali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 October 1920 – 22 March 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Iran">Member of the Parliament of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 April 1950 – 27 April 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr">Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">30,738 (ranked 1st)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 March 1944 – 12 March 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr">Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Ranked 1st</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 July 1926 – 13 August 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr">Tehran</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 February 1924 – 11 February 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr">Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Ranked 3rd</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><i>Unable to assume office in 1906</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_(electoral_district)" title="Isfahan (electoral district)">Isfahan Hasnain</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mirza Mohammad-Khan Mossadegh-ol-Saltaneh</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-06-16</span>)</span>16 June 1882<br />Ahmedabad, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Guarded Domains of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">5 March 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-03-05)</span> (aged 84)</span><br /><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87" class="extiw" title="fa:بیمارستان نجمیه">Najmieh Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadabad-e_Mosaddeq" title="Ahmadabad-e Mosaddeq">Ahmadabad-e Mosaddeq Castle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Socialists%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Socialists' Party">Moderate Socialists' Party</a> (1914–1918)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Anti-Reorganization Democrat</a> (1918–1919)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1919–1949)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> (1949–1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Zahra Khanum </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1901; died 1965)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:میرزا هدایت‌الله وزیر دفتر">Mirza Hedayatollah</a> (father)</li><li><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%87" class="extiw" title="fa:نجم‌السلطنه">Najm-ol-Saltaneh</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma" title="Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma">Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma</a> (uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> (great-grandfather)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="University of Neuchâtel">University of Neuchâtel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg/128px-Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg/192px-Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg/256px-Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Mosaddegh%27s_speech,_December_1952.oga" title="File:Mohammad Mosaddegh's speech, December 1952.oga"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Mohammad Mosaddegh's voice</div></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1181" data-mwtitle="Mohammad_Mosaddegh's_speech,_December_1952.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Mohammad_Mosaddegh%27s_speech%2C_December_1952.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Mohammad_Mosaddegh%27s_speech%2C_December_1952.oga/Mohammad_Mosaddegh%27s_speech%2C_December_1952.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Mosaddegh%27s_speech,_December_1952.oga" title="File:Mohammad Mosaddegh's speech, December 1952.oga">Recorded in the National Consultative Assembly</a> from the Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament</div></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohammad Mosaddegh</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">محمد مصدق</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[mohæmˈmæd(-e)<span class="wrap"> </span>mosædˈdeɢ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Fa-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82.ogg\/Fa-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fa-\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fa-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82.ogg/Fa-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82.ogg" title="File:Fa-مصدق.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 30th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a> from 1951 to 1953, elected by the <a href="/wiki/1950_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1950 Iranian legislative election">16th Majlis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Iranian parliament</a> from <a href="/wiki/1923_Persian_legislative_election" title="1923 Persian legislative election">1923</a>, and served through a contentious <a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1952 Iranian legislative election">1952 election</a> into the <a href="/wiki/17th_Iranian_Majlis" title="17th Iranian Majlis">17th Iranian Majlis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-evolving_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolving-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until his government was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Iranian coup d'etat">1953 Iranian coup d'etat</a> aided by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) and the United States (<a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> was suppressed from the <a href="/wiki/1954_Iranian_general_election" title="1954 Iranian general election">1954 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before its removal from power, his administration introduced a range of social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes including the introduction of taxation on the rent of land. His government's most significant policy was the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">nationalisation of the Iranian oil industry</a>, which had been built by the British on Persian lands since 1913 through the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (APOC/<abbr title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">AIOC</abbr>), later known as <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum</a> (BP).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the overthrow, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> returned to power, and negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Consortium_Agreement_of_1954" title="Consortium Agreement of 1954">Consortium Agreement of 1954</a> with the British, which gave split ownership of Iranian oil production between Iran and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">western companies</a> until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-1953coup_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1953coup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> until his death and was buried in his own home so as to prevent a political furor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_19.8.2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_19.8.2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the US government formally acknowledged its role in the coup as being a part of its foreign policy initiatives, including paying protestors and bribing officials.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA19532013admission_cnn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA19532013admission_cnn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education_and_early_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education_and_early_career"></span>Early life, education and early career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmanfarma1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Farmanfarma1.jpg/220px-Farmanfarma1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Farmanfarma1.jpg/330px-Farmanfarma1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Farmanfarma1.jpg/440px-Farmanfarma1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mosaddegh's uncle <a href="/wiki/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma" title="Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma">Abdol-hossein Mirza Farman farma</a> and mother Princess <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Saltaneh" title="Najm al-Saltaneh">Malek Taj Najm-al-Saltaneh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossadegh_childhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mossadegh_childhood.jpg/220px-Mossadegh_childhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mossadegh_childhood.jpg/330px-Mossadegh_childhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Mossadegh_childhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Young Mosaddegh</figcaption></figure> <p>Mosaddegh was born to a prominent Persian family of high officials in Ahmedabad, near <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 16 June 1882; his father, Mirza Hideyatu'llah Ashtiani, was the finance minister under the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, and his mother, Princess Malek Taj Najm-es-Saltaneh, was the granddaughter of the reformist Qajar prince <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a>, and a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiba19864_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiba19864-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfkhami2009110_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfkhami2009110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankel1992_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mosaddegh's father died in 1892, his uncle was appointed the tax collector of the <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan province</a> and was bestowed with the title of Mosaddegh-os-Saltaneh by <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh himself later bore the same title, by which he was still known to some long after titles were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery1965273_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery1965273-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, Mosaddegh married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahra_Emami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahra Emami (page does not exist)">Zahra Emami</a> (1879–1965), a granddaughter of Naser al-Din Shah through her mother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zi%27a_es-Saltaneh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zi'a es-Saltaneh (page does not exist)">Zi'a es-Saltaneh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>In 1909, Mosaddegh pursued education abroad in Paris, France, where he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Paris">Institut d'études politiques de Paris</a> (Sciences Po). He studied there for two years, returning to Iran because of illness in 1911. After two months, Mosaddegh returned to Europe to study a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Laws">Doctorate of Laws</a> (<i>doctorate en Droit</i>) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="University of Neuchâtel">University of Neuchâtel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1913, Mosaddegh received his doctorate and in doing so became the first Iranian to receive a PhD in law from a European university.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaddegh taught at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_School_of_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran School of Political Science">Tehran School of Political Science</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> before beginning his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian201233_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian201233-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3></div> <p>Mosaddegh started his political career with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a> of 1905–07. At the age of 24, he was elected from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> to the newly inaugurated Persian Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis of Iran</a>. However, he was unable to assume his seat, because he had not reached the legal age of 30.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period he also served as deputy leader of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Humanity" title="Society of Humanity">Society of Humanity</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iransoc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iransoc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In protest at the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Persian Agreement">Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1919</a>, he relocated to Switzerland, from where he returned the following year after being invited by the new Iranian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</a> (Moshir-ed-Dowleh), to become his minister of justice. While en route to Tehran, he was asked by the people of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> to become the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>. He was later appointed <a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">finance minister</a>, in the government of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a> (Qavam os-Saltaneh) in 1921, and then <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> in the government of Moshir-ed-Dowleh in June 1923. He then became governor of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan Province</a>. In 1923, he was re-elected to the Majlis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011297_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011297-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Khan">Reza Khan</a> in the Majlis proposed legislation to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> and appoint Reza Khan the new Shah. Mossadegh voted against such a move, arguing that such an act was a subversion of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">1906 Iranian constitution</a>. He gave a speech in the Majlis, praising Reza Khan's achievements as prime minister while encouraging him to respect the constitution and stay as the prime minister. On 12 December 1925, the Majlis deposed the young Shah <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia, and the first Shah of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiba198641_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiba198641-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh then retired from politics, due to disagreements with the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsallshahsmenameri00kinzpage60_60]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsallshahsmenameri00kinzpage60_60]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> was forced by the British to abdicate in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. In 1944, Mosaddegh was once again elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of <i>Jebhe Melli</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front of Iran">National Front of Iran</a>, created in 1949), an organisation he had founded with nineteen others such as <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Fatemi" title="Hossein Fatemi">Hossein Fatemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zirakzadeh" title="Ahmad Zirakzadeh">Ahmad Zirakzadeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shayegan" title="Ali Shayegan">Ali Shayegan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a>, aiming to establish democracy and end the foreign presence in Iranian politics, especially by nationalising the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a>'s (AIOC) operations in Iran. In 1947 Mossadegh once again announced retirement, after an electoral-reform bill he had proposed failed to pass through Majlis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsallshahsmenameri00kinzpage135_135-136]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsallshahsmenameri00kinzpage135_135-136]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh">Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossadeghmohammad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mossadeghmohammad.jpg/220px-Mossadeghmohammad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Mossadeghmohammad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Mosaddegh as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 April 1951, the Shah confirmed Mosaddegh as Prime Minister after the Majlis (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Parliament of Iran</a>) elected Mosaddegh by a vote of 79–12. After a period of assassinations by <a href="/wiki/Fada%27iyan-e_Islam" title="Fada'iyan-e Islam">Fada'iyan-e Islam</a> and political unrest by the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, the Shah was aware of Mosaddegh's rising popularity and political power. Demonstrations erupted in Tehran after Mosaddegh was elected, with crowds further invigorated by the speeches of members from the National Front. There was a special focus on the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the heavy involvement of foreign actors and influences in Iranian affairs. Although Iran was not officially a colony or a protectorate, it was still heavily controlled by foreign powers beginning with concessions provided by the Qajar Shahs and leading up to the oil agreement signed by <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleveland2008289-290_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2008289-290-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new administration introduced a wide range of social reforms: unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labour in their landlords' estates. In 1952, Mosaddegh passed the Land Reform Act, which forced landlords to place 20% of their revenue into a development fund. This development fund paid for various projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 May, Mosaddegh nationalised the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a>, cancelling its oil concession, which was otherwise set to expire in 1993, and <a href="/wiki/Expropriating" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriating">expropriating</a> its assets. Mosaddegh saw the AIOC as an arm of the British government controlling much of the oil in Iran, pushing him to seize what the British had built in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleveland2008291_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2008291-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh justified his nationalisation policy by claiming Iran was "the rightful owner..." of all the oil in Iran. He also pointed out that Iran could use the money in a 21 June 1951 speech: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our long years of negotiations with foreign countries... have yielded no results thus far. With the oil revenues, we could meet our entire budget and combat poverty, disease, and backwardness among our people. Another important consideration is that by the elimination of the power of the British company, we would also eliminate corruption and intrigue, by means of which the internal affairs of our country have been influenced. Once this tutelage has ceased, Iran will have achieved its economic and political independence. The Iranian state prefers to take over the production of petroleum itself. The company should do nothing else but return its property to the rightful owners. The nationalization law provides that 25% of the net profits on oil be set aside to meet all the legitimate claims of the company for compensation. It has been asserted abroad that Iran intends to expel the foreign oil experts from the country and then shut down oil installations. Not only is this allegation absurd; it is utter invention.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The confrontation between Iran and Britain escalated as Mosaddegh's government refused to allow the British any involvement in their former enterprise. Britain made sure Iran could sell the oil, which it considered stolen. In July, Mosaddegh broke off negotiations with AIOC after it threatened to "pull out its employees" and told owners of oil tanker ships that "receipts from the Iranian government would not be accepted on the world market." Two months later, the AIOC evacuated its technicians and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalised management, many refineries lacked the trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> blockade and embargo, reinforced its naval force in the Persian Gulf, and lodged complaints against Iran before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, on 15 October 1951, Mosaddegh declared that "the petroleum industry has contributed nothing to well-being of the people or to the technological progress or industrial development of my country."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg/220px-Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg/330px-Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg/440px-Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mosaddegh shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Reza Shah">Mohammad Reza Shah</a> in their first meeting after Mosaddegh's election as Prime Minister</figcaption></figure><p>The British government also threatened legal action against purchasers of oil produced in the Iranian refineries and obtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not to fill the void left by the AIOC. The entire Iranian oil industry came to a virtual standstill, with oil production dropping almost 96% from 664,000 barrels (105,600 m<sup>3</sup>) in 1950 to 27,000 barrels (4,300 m<sup>3</sup>) in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Abadan_Crisis" title="Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis</a> reduced Iran's oil income to almost nothing, putting a severe strain on the implementation of Mosaddegh's promised domestic reforms. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramco" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramco">Aramco</a> doubled their production in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq to make up for lost production in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still enormously popular in late 1951, Mosaddegh called elections and introduced a modified version of his 1944 electoral reform bill. As his base of support was in urban areas and not in the provinces, the proposed reform no longer barred illiterate voters, but it placed them into a separate category from literate voters and increased the representation of the urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-269_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-269-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition defeated the bill on the grounds that it would "unjustly discriminate patriots who had been voting for the last forty years", thus leaving the National Front to compete against conservatives, royalists, and tribal leaders alike in the upcoming election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982269_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982269-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf/page1-220px-Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf/page1-330px-Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf/page1-440px-Tehran_Mosavvar_13301013-438.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tehran_Mosavvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tehran Mosavvar (page does not exist)">Tehran Mosavvar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:تهران مصور">fa</a>]</span></i> issue of<br />4 January 1952: <i>"Dr. Mosaddegh facing political problems"</i></figcaption></figure> <p>His government came under scrutiny for ending the <a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1952 Iranian legislative election">1952 election</a> before rural votes could be fully counted.<sup id="cite_ref-evolving_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolving-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a>: "Realizing that the opposition would take the vast majority of the provincial seats, Mosaddegh stopped the voting as soon as 79 deputies—just enough to form a parliamentary quorum—had been elected."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982269_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982269-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative account is offered by journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>: Beginning in the early 1950s under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">C.M. Woodhouse</a>, chief of the British intelligence station in Tehran, Britain's covert operations network had funnelled roughly £10,000 per month to the Rashidian brothers (two of Iran's most influential royalists) in the hope of buying off, according to CIA estimates, "the armed forces, the Majlis (Iranian parliament), religious leaders, the press, street gangs, politicians and other influential figures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/150_150-151]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/150_150-151]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in his statement asserting electoral manipulation by "foreign agents", Mosaddegh suspended the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier2017101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2017101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His National Front party had made up 30 of the 79 deputies elected. Yet none of those present vetoed the statement, and completion of the elections was postponed indefinitely. The 17th Majlis convened in April 1952, with the minimum required<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 136 seats filled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier2017102_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2017102-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evolving_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolving-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his career, Mosaddegh strove to increase the power parliament held versus the expansion of the crown's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But tension soon began to escalate in the Majlis. Conservative, pro-Shah, and pro-British opponents refused to grant Mosaddegh special powers to deal with the economic crisis caused by the sharp drop in revenue and voiced regional grievances against the capital Tehran, while the National Front waged "a propaganda war against the landed upper class".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-270_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982268-270-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_and_uprising">Resignation and uprising</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_Uprising" title="1952 Iranian Uprising">1952 Iranian Uprising</a></div> <p>On the 16th of July 1952, during the royal approval of his new <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>, Mosaddegh insisted on the constitutional prerogative of the Prime Minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done up to that point. The Shah refused, seeing it as a means for Mosaddegh to consolidate his power over the government at the expense of the monarchy. In response, Mosaddegh announced his resignation, appealing directly to the public for support, pronouncing that "in the present situation, the struggle started by the Iranian people cannot be brought to a victorious conclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982270-271_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982270-271-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veteran politician <a href="/wiki/Ghavam_os-Saltaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghavam os-Saltaneh">Ahmad Qavam</a> (also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh) was appointed as Iran's new Prime Minister. On the day of his appointment, he announced his intention to resume negotiations with the British to end the oil dispute, a reversal of Mosaddegh's policy. The National Front—along with various Nationalist, Islamist, and socialist parties and groups<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—including Tudeh—responded by calling for protests, assassinations of the Shah and other royalists, strikes, and mass demonstrations in favour of Mosaddegh. Major strikes broke out in all of Iran's major towns, with the Bazaar closing down in Tehran. Over 250 demonstrators in Tehran, Hamadan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah were killed or suffered serious injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982271_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982271-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the fourth day of mass demonstrations, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani</a> called on the people to wage a "holy war" against Qavam. On the following day, <i>Si-ye Tir</i> (the 30th of Tir on the Iranian calendar), military commanders ordered their troops back to barracks, fearful of over-straining the enlisted men's loyalty, and left Tehran in the hands of the protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982272_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982272-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frightened by the unrest, the Shah asked for Qavam's resignation and re-appointed Mosaddegh to form a government, granting him control over the Ministry of War he had previously demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier2017108_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2017108-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shah asked whether he should step down as monarch, but Mosaddegh declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003141_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003141-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinstatement_and_emergency_powers">Reinstatement and emergency powers</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TehranMosavar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TehranMosavar.png/200px-TehranMosavar.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TehranMosavar.png/300px-TehranMosavar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TehranMosavar.png/400px-TehranMosavar.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>25 July 1952 issue of the <i>Tehran Mosavvar</i>: "Iran has won", featuring Mosaddegh and <a href="/wiki/Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill">Churchill</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>More popular than ever, a greatly strengthened Mosaddegh introduced a single-clause bill to parliament to grant him emergency "dictatorial decree" powers for six months to pass "any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial, and educational reforms"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982273_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982273-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to implement his nine-point reform program and to bypass the stalled negotiations of the nationalisation of the oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-efimenco_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efimenco-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 3rd of August 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a> voted in approval and elected Ayatollah Kashani as House Speaker. Kashani's Islamic scholars, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a>, proved to be two of Mosaddegh's key political allies, although relations with both were often strained.<sup id="cite_ref-dos198_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos198-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the reform program, which intended to make changes to a broad region of laws covering elections, financial institutions, employment, the judiciary, the press, education, health, and communications services,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier2017108_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2017108-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh tried to limit the monarchy's powers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cut the Shah's personal budget, forbade his direct communications with foreign diplomats, and transferred royal lands back to the state. He also expelled the Shah's politically active sister, <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Pahlavi" title="Ashraf Pahlavi">Ashraf Pahlavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982272_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982272-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, six months proved not long enough, so Mosaddegh asked for an extension in January 1953, successfully pressing Parliament to extend his emergency powers for another 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-efimenco_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efimenco-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Shah had only initiated land reforms in January 1951, where all territory inherited by the Crown was sold to peasants at 20% of the assessed value over a payment period of 25 years,<sup id="cite_ref-chaudhri_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaudhri-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh decreed a new land reform law to supersede it, establishing village councils and increasing the peasants' share of production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982273_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982273-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weakened the landed aristocracy by imposing a 20% tax on their income, of which 20% was diverted back to the crop-sharing tenants and their rural banks. It also weakened them by levying heavy fines for compelling peasants to work without wages.<sup id="cite_ref-chaudhri_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaudhri-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh attempted to abolish Iran's centuries-old feudal agriculture sector by replacing it with a system of collective farming and government land ownership, which also centralised power in his government. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Lambton" title="Ann Lambton">Ann Lambton</a> indicates that Mosaddegh saw this as a means of checking the power of the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a>, who had been agitating the peasants by criticising his lack of significant land reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-lambton_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lambton-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these accomplishments, Iranians were "becoming poorer and unhappier by the day", in large part due to the British-led boycott. As Mosaddegh's political coalition began to fray, his enemies increased in number.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/135_135-136]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/135_135-136]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partly through the efforts of Iranians sympathising with the British, and partly in fear of the growing dictatorial powers of the Prime Minister, several former members of Mosaddegh's coalition turned against him, fearing arrest. They included <a href="/wiki/Mozzafar_Baghai" title="Mozzafar Baghai">Mozzafar Baghai</a>, head of the worker-based Toilers party; <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Makki" title="Hossein Makki">Hossein Makki</a>, who had helped lead the takeover of the Abadan refinery and was at one point considered Mosaddegh's successor; and most outspokenly, Ayatollah Kashani, who damned Mosaddegh with the "vitriol he had once reserved for the British".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/159_159]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/159_159]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for difference of opinion among Makki and Mosaddegh was the sharp response of Mosaddegh to Kashani, who he saw as a largely inoffensive scholar who attracted public support. Hossein Makki strongly opposed the dissolution of the majlis by Mossadegh and evaluated that, because of its closure, the right to dismiss the Prime minister is reserved for the Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overthrow_of_Mosaddegh">Overthrow of Mosaddegh</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iran_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Iran coup">1953 Iran coup</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plot_to_depose_Mosaddegh">Plot to depose Mosaddegh</h3></div> <p>The British government had grown increasingly distressed over Mosaddegh's policies and were especially bitter over the loss of their control of the Iranian oil industry. Repeated attempts to reach a settlement had failed, and, in October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy and cut all diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> had the exclusive rights to Iranian oil. Earlier in 1914, the British government had purchased 51% of its shares and became the majority shareholder. After the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> converted its ships to use oil as fuel, the corporation was considered vital to British national security, and the company's profits partially alleviated Britain's budget deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engulfed in a variety of problems following World War II, Britain was unable to resolve the issue single-handedly and looked towards the United States to settle the matter. Initially, the US had opposed British policies. After mediation had failed several times to bring about a settlement, American Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> concluded that the British were "destructive, and determined on a rule-or-ruin policy in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American position shifted in late 1952 when <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was elected president. In November and December, British intelligence officials suggested to American intelligence that the Iranian prime minister should be ousted. British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> suggested to the incoming Eisenhower administration that Mosaddegh, despite the latter's open dislike of communism, would become reliant on the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElm1994276-278_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElm1994276-278-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in Iran "increasingly turning towards <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>" and towards the Soviet sphere at a time of high <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> fears.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though his suggestion was rebuffed by Eisenhower as "paternalistic", Churchill's government had already begun "Operation Boot", and simply waited for the next opportunity to press the Americans. On 28 February 1953, rumours spread by British-backed Iranians that Mosaddegh was trying to exile the Shah from the country gave the Eisenhower administration the impetus to join the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003157]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003157]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and the United Kingdom agreed to work together toward Mosaddegh's removal and began to publicly denounce Mosaddegh's policies for Iran as harmful to the country. In the meantime, the already precarious alliance between Mosaddegh and Kashani was severed in January 1953, when Kashani opposed Mosaddegh's demand that his increased powers be extended for a period of one year. Finally, to end Mossadegh's destabilising influence that threatened the supply of oil to the West and could potentially pave the way for a communist takeover of the country, the US made an attempt to depose him.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Ajax">Operation Ajax</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran_at_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_WWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Mosaddegh at the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a> in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, 1951</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat#Execution_of_Operation_Ajax" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état § Execution of Operation Ajax</a></div> <p>In March 1953, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, which was headed by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, to draft plans to overthrow Mossadegh.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 April 1953, Dulles approved $1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddegh". Soon the CIA's Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign against Mossadegh. Finally, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, in early June, American and British intelligence officials met again, this time in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and put the finishing touches on the strategy. Soon afterward, according to his later published accounts, the chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.</a> the grandson of US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, arrived in Tehran to direct it.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <i>The New York Times</i> made partial publication of a leaked CIA document titled <i>Clandestine Service History – Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran – November 1952 – August 1953</i>. </p><p>The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered on convincing Iran's monarch to issue a decree to dismiss Mosaddegh from office, as he had attempted some months earlier. But the Shah was terrified to attempt such a dangerously unpopular and risky move against Mosaddegh. It would take much persuasion and many US-funded meetings, which included bribing his sister Ashraf with a mink coat and money, to successfully change his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/7_7]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/7_7]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaddegh became aware of the plots against him and grew increasingly wary of conspirators acting within his government.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wilber" title="Donald Wilber">Donald Wilber</a>, who was involved in the plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, Iranian CIA operatives pretending to be socialists and nationalists threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh", thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent earlier than planned, and stirring anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_parliamentary_dissolution_referendum" title="1953 Iranian parliamentary dissolution referendum">referendum to dissolve parliament</a> and give the prime minister power to make law was submitted to voters, and it passed with 99 per cent approval, 2,043,300 votes to 1300 votes against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982274_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982274-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Mark Gasiorowski, "There were separate polling stations for yes and no votes, producing sharp criticism of Mosaddeq" and that the "controversial referendum...gave the CIA's precoup propaganda campaign to show up Mosaddeq as an anti-democratic dictator an easy target".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On or around 16 August, Parliament was suspended indefinitely, and Mosaddeq's emergency powers were extended. </p><p>Declassified documents released by the CIA in 2017 revealed that—after the Shah had fled to Italy—CIA headquarters believed the coup to have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-ignore_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignore-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the initial failed coup by the foreign-backed General Fazlollah Zahedi, the CIA sent Roosevelt a telegram on 18 August 1953 telling him to flee Iran immediately, but Roosevelt ignored it and began work on the second coup, circulating a false account that Mossadegh attempted to seize the throne and bribed Iranian agents.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1953coup_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1953coup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaban_jafari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Shaban_jafari.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Tehran strongman <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Jafari" title="Shaban Jafari">Shaban Jafari</a> played a major role in Mosaddegh's overthrow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon, massive popular protests, aided by Roosevelt's team, took place across the city and elsewhere with tribesmen at the ready to assist the coup, with anti- and pro-monarchy protesters, both being paid by Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By paying mobs to demonstrate, tricking Mossadegh into urging his supporters to stay home, and bribing and mobilising officers against Mossadegh, he was able to force a military confrontation outside Mossadegh's home.<sup id="cite_ref-1953coup_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1953coup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protests turned increasingly violent, leaving almost 300 dead, at which point the pro-monarchy leadership, led by retired army General and former Minister of Interior in Mosaddegh's cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a>, interceded, joined with underground figures such as the Rashidian brothers and local <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (political)">strongman</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Jafari" title="Shaban Jafari">Shaban Jafari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital and bombarded the prime minister's official residence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With loyalist troops overwhelmed, Mossadegh was taken into hiding by his aides, narrowly escaping the mob that set in to ransack his house. The following day, he surrendered himself at the Officers' Club,<sup id="cite_ref-1953coup_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1953coup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where General Zahedi had been set up with makeshift headquarters by the CIA. Zahedi announced an order for his arrest on the radio, and Mosaddegh was transferred to a military jail shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT3_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shah finally agreed to Mossadegh's overthrow after Roosevelt said that the United States would proceed with or without him,<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formally dismissed the prime minister in a written decree, an act that had been made part of the constitution during the Constitutional Assembly of 1949, convened under martial law, at which time the power of the monarchy was increased in various ways by the Shah himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011449_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011449-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a precautionary measure, he flew to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and from there hid safely in Rome. He actually signed two decrees, one dismissing Mosaddegh and the other nominating the CIA's choice, General Zahedi, as Prime Minister. These decrees, called <i><a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">Farmāns</a></i>, played a major role in giving legitimacy to the coup, and were further spread by CIA officials.<sup id="cite_ref-dos307_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos307-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 August, the Shah returned from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zahedi's new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oil companies to form a consortium and "restore the flow of Iranian oil to world markets in substantial quantities", giving the United States and Great Britain the lion's share of the restored British holdings. In return, the US massively funded the Shah's resulting government, until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Shah's overthrow in 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as the coup succeeded, many of Mosaddegh's former associates and supporters were tried, imprisoned, and tortured. Some were sentenced to death and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minister of foreign affairs and the closest associate of Mosaddegh, <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Fatemi" title="Hossein Fatemi">Hossein Fatemi</a>, was executed by order of the Shah's military court. The order was carried out by firing squad on 10 November 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-overthrow_life">Post-overthrow life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Mosaddeq,_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg/170px-Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg/255px-Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg/340px-Mohammad_Mosaddeq%2C_Ahmadabad_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Mossadegh under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in Ahmadabad in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 December 1953, Mosaddegh was sentenced to three years' solitary confinement in a military prison, well short of the death sentence requested by prosecutors. After hearing the sentence, Mossadegh was reported to have said with a calm voice of sarcasm: "The verdict of this court has increased my historical glories. I am extremely grateful you convicted me. Truly tonight the Iranian nation understood the meaning of constitutionalism."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaddegh was kept under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Ahmadabad-e_Mosaddeq" title="Ahmadabad-e Mosaddeq">Ahmadabad</a> residence, until his death on 5 March 1967. He was denied a funeral and was buried in his living room, despite his request to be buried in the public graveyard, beside the victims of the political violence on 30 Tir 1331 (21 July 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982280_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982280-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT4_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Election</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>%</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1906_Persian_legislative_election" title="1906 Persian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Won but did not take seat</span><sup id="cite_ref-SK_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1923_Persian_legislative_election" title="1923 Persian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td>3rd<sup id="cite_ref-ie_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1926_Persian_legislative_election" title="1926 Persian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won<sup id="cite_ref-ie_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_Persian_legislative_election" title="1928 Persian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1943%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1943–1944">Parliament</a></td> <td>≈15,000<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td>1st<sup id="cite_ref-ie_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1947_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1947 Iranian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1950_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1950 Iranian legislative election">Parliament</a></td> <td>30,738<sup id="cite_ref-ie_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown</td> <td>1st<sup id="cite_ref-ie_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg/150px-Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg/225px-Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Mosaddegh_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Stamp commemorating Mossadegh's birth, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Mosaddegh was never directly elected as Prime Minister, he enjoyed massive popularity throughout most of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite beginning to fall out of favour during the later stages of the Abadan Crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-dos337_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos337-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the secret U.S. overthrow of Mosaddegh served as a rallying point in anti-US protests during the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, and to this day he is one of the most popular figures in Iranian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Noreena_Hertz_2003,_Page_88_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noreena_Hertz_2003,_Page_88-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The withdrawal of support for Mosaddegh by the powerful Shia clergy has been regarded as having been motivated by their fear of a communist takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_124_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_124-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that while many elements of Mosaddegh's coalition abandoned him, it was the loss of support from <a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani</a> and another cleric that was fatal to his cause,<sup id="cite_ref-dos337_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos337-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflective of the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a> in Iranian society and a portent of the Islamic Revolution to come. The loss of the political clerics effectively cut Mosaddegh's connections with the lower middle classes and the Iranian masses which are crucial to any popular movement in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 5 March 1979, not even a month after the Shah was deposed, hundreds of thousands of Iranians marked the 12th anniversary of Mossadegh's death. In Ahmadabad, where he was buried, Iranian leaders and politicians eulogized him in a way that would've been unthinkable before the Shah's removal. It was estimated that the crowd in size was over one million.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was described as:</p><blockquote><p>For sixty solid miles, the highway from Tehran to Mossadeq's burial site...transformed into a massive, unbroken daisy chain of cars...In the final seven or eight miles approaching the village, traffic became so gridlocked that mourners were forced to...complete the journey on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S.">U.S.</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF/lossy-page1-330px-President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF/lossy-page1-440px-President_Truman_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammad_Mossadegh_of_Iran.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2391" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Mosaddegh with US <a href="/wiki/President_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="President Truman">President Truman</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. role in Mosaddegh's overthrow was not formally acknowledged for many years,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Eisenhower administration vehemently opposed Mossadegh's policies. President Eisenhower wrote angrily about Mosaddegh in his memoirs, describing him as impractical and naive.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the CIA's involvement with the coup was exposed. This caused controversy within the organisation and the CIA congressional hearings of the 1970s. CIA supporters maintained that the coup was strategically necessary and praised the efficiency of the agents responsible. Critics say the scheme was paranoid, colonial, illegal, and immoral—and truly caused the "blowback" suggested in the pre-coup analysis. The extent of this "blowback", over time, was not completely clear to the CIA, as they had an inaccurate picture of the stability of the Shah's regime. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> of 1979 caught the CIA and the U.S. very much off guard (as CIA reporting a mere month earlier predicted no imminent insurrectionary turbulence whatsoever for the Shah's regime) and resulted in the overthrow of the Shah by a fundamentalist faction opposed to the U.S., headed by <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>. In retrospect, not only did the CIA and the U.S. underestimate the extent of popular discontent for the Shah, but much of that discontent historically stemmed from the removal of Mosaddegh and the subsequent clientelism of the Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2000, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> stated her regret that Mosaddegh was ousted: "The Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons. But the coup was clearly a setback for Iran's political development and it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to resent this intervention by America."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published a detailed report about the coup based on declassified CIA documents.<sup id="cite_ref-jrisen_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrisen-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3></div> <p>Mosaddegh's overthrow had a direct relationship with the creation of an Islamic revolution and the collapse of the Pahlavi government. America's close relationship with the Shah and the subsequent hostility of the United States to the Islamic Republic and Britain's profitable interventions caused pessimism for Iranians, stirring nationalism and suspicion of foreign interference.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaddegh_in_the_media">Mosaddegh in the media</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Mosaddegh&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Mosaddegh was named <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">man of the year</a> in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>. Others considered for that year's title included <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, General (and future President) <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times_moty_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times_moty-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The figure of Mosaddegh was an important element in the 2003 French TV production <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soraya_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soraya (film) (page does not exist)">Soraya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_(miniserie_televisiva)" class="extiw" title="it:Soraya (miniserie televisiva)">it</a>]</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which deals with the life of the Shah's second wife and former Queen of Iran, Princess <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Esfandiary_Bakhtiari" class="mw-redirect" title="Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari">Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari</a>. Mosaddegh's role was played by the French actor <a href="/wiki/Claude_Brasseur" title="Claude Brasseur">Claude Brasseur</a>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(2012_film)" title="Argo (2012 film)">Argo</a></i>, Malick (Victor McCay) references Mosaddegh and the coup as he and Bates (<a href="/wiki/Titus_Welliver" title="Titus Welliver">Titus Welliver</a>) try to deal with the situation at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A short 24-minute film titled <i>Mosaddegh</i>, directed by Roozbeh Dadvand, was released in 2011. The role of Mosaddegh was played by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a> actor <a href="/wiki/David_Diaan" title="David Diaan">David Diaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An independent video game called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_and_the_Coup" title="The Cat and the Coup">The Cat and the Coup</a></i> was released in 2011. It features the player playing as Mosaddegh's cat reversing Mosaddegh's life to the beginning.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, during debates, interviews, and speeches, repeatedly praised Mosaddegh's "secular, democratic government", while commenting on the 1953 CIA-backed coup, stating that it is a "bad example of U.S. foreign policy", resulting in "negative unintended consequences and dictatorships".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another candidate, Governor <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a>, said similar things.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_53" title="Coup 53">Coup 53</a></i>, a 2021 documentary, co-writers <a href="/wiki/Taghi_Amirani" title="Taghi Amirani">Taghi Amirani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murch" title="Walter Murch">Walter Murch</a> assess new archive material about the 1953 CIA-backed coup of Mossadegh. The documentary's primary contribution is to uncover the extent of MI6 involvement, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Darbyshire" title="Norman Darbyshire">Norman Darbyshire</a>, the operative who led MI6's involvement in the coup. According to the newly discovered archive material, Darbyshire was involved in the kidnapping, torture, and assassination of General Mahmoud Afshartous, Mosaddegh's chief of police, and the bribing of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Ashraf">Princess Ashraf</a>, the twin sister of Shah Reza Pahlavi, to obtain the Shah's approval for the coup. The British government has never admitted its involvement in the overthrow of Mosaddegh.</li> <li>In neighbouring Afghanistan, support and sympathy for Mosaddegh was evident in a 1953 article in the Kabul-based <i>Pamir</i> newspaper under the title "A friendly suggestion to the great nation of Iran", urging the authorities of the time to use best judgment during the trial regarding a man like Mosaddegh.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coup_53" title="Coup 53">Coup 53</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani" title="Mirza Husayn Tehrani">Mirza Husayn Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Mazandarani" title="Abdallah Mazandarani">Abdallah Mazandarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Aqa_Tabrizi" title="Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi">Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sayyed_Mohammad_Tabatabai" title="Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai">Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Abdollah_Behbahani" title="Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani">Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Islamic fundamentalism in Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His surname is also spelt <b>Mossadeq</b>, <b>Mosaddiq</b>, <b>Mossadegh</b>, <b>Mossaddeq</b>, <b>Mosadeck</b>, or <b>Musaddiq</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Iz%C4%81fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Izāfa">Izāfa</a>, which is a grammatical marker linking two words together. It is not indicated in writing, and is not part of the name itself, but is used when a first and last name are used together.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Older people still speak of Dr. Musaddiq as Musaddiqu's-Saltanah."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery1965273_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery1965273-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources differ, either 79, 81, or 88 seats (Collier 2017) were elected in 1952.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatini2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Matini" title="Jalal Matini">Matini, Jalal</a> (2009). <bdi lang="fa">نگاهی به کارنامه سیاسی دکتر محمد مصدق</bdi> [<i>A Glance at the Political Career of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq</i>] (in Persian). Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Co. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595842268" title="Special:BookSources/978-1595842268"><bdi>978-1595842268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Ketab+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1595842268&rft.aulast=Matini&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBani-Jamali2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bani-Jamali, Ahmad (2008). <bdi lang="fa">آشوب: مطالعه‌ای در زندگی و شخصیت دکتر محمد مصدق</bdi> [<i>Chaos: A Study on Life and Character of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq</i>] (in Persian). Tehran: Ney. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9643129705" title="Special:BookSources/978-9643129705"><bdi>978-9643129705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%3A+%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Ney&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9643129705&rft.aulast=Bani-Jamali&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouchang_E._Chehabi1990" class="citation book cs1">Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). <i>Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850431985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850431985"><bdi>978-1850431985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Politics+and+Religious+Modernism%3A+The+Liberation+Movement+of+Iran+Under+the+Shah+and+Khomeini&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1850431985&rft.au=Houchang+E.+Chehabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuade2017" class="citation web cs1">McQuade, Joseph (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-cia-toppled-iranian-democracy-81628">"How the CIA toppled Iranian democracy"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+the+CIA+toppled+Iranian+democracy&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=McQuade&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-the-cia-toppled-iranian-democracy-81628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski2019" class="citation web cs1">Gasiorowski, Roham Alvandi, Mark J. (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/30/the-united-states-overthrew-irans-last-democratic-leader/">"The United States Overthrew Iran's Last Democratic Leader"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Overthrew+Iran%27s+Last+Democratic+Leader&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Roham+Alvandi%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Fthe-united-states-overthrew-irans-last-democratic-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolving-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evolving_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evolving_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evolving_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieffer-Flanagan2013" class="citation book cs1">Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara Ann (2013). <i>Evolving Iran: An Introduction to Politics and Problems in the Islamic Republic</i>. Georgetown University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589019782" title="Special:BookSources/9781589019782"><bdi>9781589019782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Iran%3A+An+Introduction+to+Politics+and+Problems+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781589019782&rft.aulast=Rieffer-Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Risen2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">James Risen</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter3.html">"The C.I.A. in Iran: First Few Days Look Disastrous"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+C.I.A.+in+Iran%3A+First+Few+Days+Look+Disastrous&rft.date=2000&rft.au=James+Risen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fworld%2Fmideast%2F041600iran-cia-chapter3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2003_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinzer2003">Kinzer 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski1991" class="citation book cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark (1991). <i>U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran</i>. Cornell University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2412-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2412-7"><bdi>0-8014-2412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Shah%3A+Building+a+Client+State+in+Iran&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8014-2412-7&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a>, <i>The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439110126" title="Special:BookSources/9781439110126">9781439110126</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1953coup-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1953coup_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1953coup_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1953coup_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1953coup_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Mohammad+Mosaddegh%2C+Man+of+the+Year&rft.date=1951-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farchive%2Fstories%2F1951.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348076/"><i>Soraya (2003) (TV)</i></a>, IMDb, 5 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soraya+%282003%29+%28TV%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2003-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0348076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scriptslug.com/assets/uploads/scripts/argo-2012.pdf"><i>Argo</i> Final Shooting Script</a> <i>Script Slug</i>. Retrieved 15 September 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802183705/http://www.clevelandfilm.org/festival/films/2012/mossadegh">"Mossadegh"</a>. <i>clevelandfilm.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandfilm.org/festival/films/2012/mossadegh">the original</a> on 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clevelandfilm.org&rft.atitle=Mossadegh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandfilm.org%2Ffestival%2Ffilms%2F2012%2Fmossadegh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VekYz8mwCnw">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611045719/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VekYz8mwCnw">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaz4512016" class="citation web cs1">Maz451 (12 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VekYz8mwCnw">"Bernie Sanders on Regime Change and Mossadegh"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernie+Sanders+on+Regime+Change+and+Mossadegh&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.au=Maz451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVekYz8mwCnw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2016" class="citation web cs1">Picard, Joe (29 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/270975-bernie-sanders-dr-mossadegh-and-us-foreign-policy/">"Bernie Sanders, Dr. Mossadegh, and US foreign policy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernie+Sanders%2C+Dr.+Mossadegh%2C+and+US+foreign+policy&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fcongress-blog%2Fforeign-policy%2F270975-bernie-sanders-dr-mossadegh-and-us-foreign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ggFitmOTSok">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160252/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggFitmOTSok">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Young_Turks2016" class="citation web cs1">The Young Turks (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggFitmOTSok">"Bernie Sanders – The Young Turks Interview (FULL)"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernie+Sanders+%E2%80%93+The+Young+Turks+Interview+%28FULL%29&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.au=The+Young+Turks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DggFitmOTSok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject" class="citation web cs1">Project, Mossadegh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohammadmossadegh.com/news/martin-omalley/">"Martin O'Malley: Imagine If Iran Had Continued on a Democratic Path"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+O%27Malley%3A+Imagine+If+Iran+Had+Continued+on+a+Democratic+Path&rft.aulast=Project&rft.aufirst=Mossadegh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohammadmossadegh.com%2Fnews%2Fmartin-omalley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hafizsahar.com/publications-and-honors">"Publications and Honors"</a>. <i>hafizsahar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hafizsahar.com&rft.atitle=Publications+and+Honors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhafizsahar.com%2Fpublications-and-honors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1fkgcnz">10.2307/j.ctv1fkgcnz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691101347" title="Special:BookSources/9780691101347"><bdi>9780691101347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1fkgcnz&rft.isbn=9780691101347&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewpress.com/books/coup"><i>The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations</i></a>. 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University of California Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25328-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25328-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25328-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+times+of+the+Shah&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25328-5&rft.aulast=Afkhami&rft.aufirst=Gholam+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTVSPmyvtkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2008" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William (2008). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i> (4 ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2017" class="citation book cs1">Collier, David R. (2017). "Mossadegh and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis". <i>Democracy and the Nature of American Influence in Iran, 1941-1979</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815635123" title="Special:BookSources/9780815635123"><bdi>9780815635123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mossadegh+and+the+Anglo-Iranian+Oil+Crisis&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Nature+of+American+Influence+in+Iran%2C+1941-1979&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780815635123&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Avery" title="Peter Avery">Avery, Peter</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3wfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Modern Iran</i></a>. 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Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471265177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471265177"><bdi>978-0471265177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Shah%27s+men%3A+an+American+coup+and+the+roots+of+Middle+East+terror&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0471265177&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallshahsmenameri00kinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiba1986" class="citation book cs1">Diba, Farhad (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1936093"><i>Mohammad Mossadegh: Political biography</i></a>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709945178" title="Special:BookSources/9780709945178"><bdi>9780709945178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Mossadegh%3A+Political+biography&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780709945178&rft.aulast=Diba&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F1936093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel1992" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, Benjamin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwFhmQEACAAJ"><i>The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World</i></a>. Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810389281" title="Special:BookSources/9780810389281"><bdi>9780810389281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931991%3A+Leaders+and+other+important+figures+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+China%2C+and+the+Third+World&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780810389281&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwFhmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElm1994" class="citation book cs1">Elm, Mostafa (1994). <i>Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath</i>. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2642-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2642-8"><bdi>0-8156-2642-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Power%2C+and+Principle%3A+Iran%27s+Oil+Nationalization+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Syracuse&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8156-2642-8&rft.aulast=Elm&rft.aufirst=Mostafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Yves Bomati et Houchang Nahavandi: <i>Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, le dernier shah – 1919–1980</i>. Editions Perrin, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2262035877" title="Special:BookSources/978-2262035877">978-2262035877</a></li> <li>Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>Khomeinism: essays on the Islamic Republic.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, c 1993. 0-520-08173-0</li> <li>Amir Taheri, <i>The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution</i>. Encounter Books, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-240-0">978-1-59403-240-0</a></li> <li>Farhad Diba, <i>Mohammad Mossadegh; A Political Biography</i>. London: Croom Helm, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-4517-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-4517-5">0-7099-4517-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzian2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Katouzian, Homa (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/musaddiq-muhammad-COM_40249?s.num=18&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Iran">"Muṣaddiq, Muḥammad"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B9%A3addiq%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fmusaddiq-muhammad-COM_40249%3Fs.num%3D18%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mark Gasiorowski, <i>U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran</i>, Cornell University Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2412-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2412-7">0-8014-2412-7</a></li> <li>Mary Ann Heiss, <i>Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954</i>, Columbia University Press,1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10819-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10819-2">0-231-10819-2</a></li> <li>Sattareh Farman Farmaian & Dona Munker, <i>Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem through the Islamic Revolution</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-33974-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-33974-2">0-307-33974-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men" title="All the Shah's Men">All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror</a></i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-26517-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-26517-9">0-471-26517-9</a></li> <li>Stephen Kinzer, <i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</a></i>, Times Books, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7861-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7861-4">0-8050-7861-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_R._Keddie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikki R. Keddie">Nikki R. Keddie</a>, <i>Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</i>, Yale University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09856-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09856-1">0-300-09856-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Homa Katouzian</a>, <i>Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran</i>, I B Tauris & Co, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-210-4">1-85043-210-4</a></li> <li><i>Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran</i>, edited by Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne. Translated into Persian as <i>Mosaddegh va Coup de Etat</i> by Ali Morshedizad, Ghasidehsara Pub. Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark J. (1987). "The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800056737">10.1017/S0020743800056737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163655">163655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154201459">154201459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1953+Coup+D%27etat+in+Iran&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154201459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163655%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800056737&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammad+Mosaddegh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tom Gabbay <i>The Tehran Conviction</i>. William Morrow, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-118860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-118860-2">978-0-06-118860-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Bellaigue" title="Christopher de Bellaigue">Christopher de Bellaigue</a>, <i>Patriot of Persia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-108-6">978-1-84792-108-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mohammad Mosaddegh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mohammad_Mosaddegh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mohammad Mosaddegh">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" class="extiw" title="q:Mohammad Mosaddegh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123037" class="extiw" title="d:Q123037">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/mmosaddeq/mohammad_mosaddeq.php">Mohammad Mosaddeq biography</a>, Iran Chamber Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/index.htm">Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran</a>—Book and declassified documents from the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, 22 June 2004</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Ala%27" title="Hossein Ala'">Hossein Ala'</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a> </b><br />1951–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a> </b><br />1952–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shah">Mohammad Reza Shah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces</a> </b><br />1952–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shah">Mohammad Reza Shah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Organization founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> </b><br />1949–1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allahyar_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahyar Saleh">Allahyar Saleh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Fraction founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_fraction" title="National Movement fraction">National Movement fraction</a> </b><br />1950–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b><div style="font-size:90%">Next known title holder:</div><b><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Razavi" title="Ahmad Razavi">Ahmad Razavi</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amini" title="Ali Amini">Ali Amini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First deputy of <a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr (electoral district)">Tehran</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1950 Iranian legislative election">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Makki" title="Hossein Makki">Hossein Makki</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Esfandiari" title="Hassan Esfandiari">Hassan Esfandiari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First deputy of <a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr (electoral district)">Tehran</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1943%E2%80%931944_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1943–1944 Iranian legislative election">1944</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amini" title="Ali Amini">Ali Amini</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="Template:Prime ministers of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Iran_(list)638" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime ministers of Iran</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="List of prime ministers of Iran">list</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1907–1925)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soltan-Ali_Vazir-e_Afkham" title="Soltan-Ali Vazir-e Afkham">Afkham</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Asghar_Khan_Amin_al-Soltan" title="Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan">Atabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Moshir_al-Saltaneh" title="Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh">Moshir al-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Naser_ol-Molk" title="Abolqasem Naser ol-Molk">Naser ol-Molk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein-Qoli_Nezam_al-Saltaneh_Mafi" title="Hossein-Qoli Nezam al-Saltaneh Mafi">Nezam as-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Moshir_al-Saltaneh" title="Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh">Moshir al-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Sa%27d_al-Dowleh" title="Javad Sa'd al-Dowleh">Sa'd al-Dowleh</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Vali_Khan_Khalatbari_Tonekaboni" title="Mohammad Vali Khan Khalatbari Tonekaboni">Tonekaboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Vali_Khan_Khalatbari_Tonekaboni" title="Mohammad Vali Khan Khalatbari Tonekaboni">Tonekaboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf-Qoli_Khan_Bakhtiari" title="Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari">Samsam al-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Ala_ol-Saltaneh" title="Mohammad-Ali Ala ol-Saltaneh">Ala ol-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Pirnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol_Majid_Mirza" title="Abdol Majid Mirza">Eyn-ed-Dowleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma" title="Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma">Farman Farma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Vali_Khan_Khalatbari_Tonekaboni" title="Mohammad Vali Khan Khalatbari Tonekaboni">Tonekaboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosugh_od-Dowleh" title="Vosugh od-Dowleh">Vosugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Ala_ol-Saltaneh" title="Mohammad-Ali Ala ol-Saltaneh">Ala ol-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol_Majid_Mirza" title="Abdol Majid Mirza">Eyn-ed-Dowleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf-Qoli_Khan_Bakhtiari" title="Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari">Samsam al-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosugh_od-Dowleh" title="Vosugh od-Dowleh">Vosugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Pirnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathollah_Khan_Akbar" title="Fathollah Khan Akbar">Fathollah Khan Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ol_Din_Tabatabaee" title="Zia ol Din Tabatabaee">Tabatabaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Qavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Pirnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Qavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Pirnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1925–1979)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Foroughi" title="Mohammad Ali Foroughi">Foroughi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Qoli_Hedayat" title="Mehdi Qoli Hedayat">Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Foroughi" title="Mohammad Ali Foroughi">Foroughi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Djam" title="Mahmoud Djam">Djam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Matin-Daftari" title="Ahmad Matin-Daftari">Matin-Daftari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mansur" title="Ali Mansur">A. Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Foroughi" title="Mohammad Ali Foroughi">Foroughi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Soheili" title="Ali Soheili">Soheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Qavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Soheili" title="Ali Soheili">Soheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sa%27ed" title="Mohammad Sa'ed">Sa'ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteza-Qoli_Bayat" title="Morteza-Qoli Bayat">Bayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hakimi" title="Ebrahim Hakimi">Hakimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Sadr" title="Mohsen Sadr">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hakimi" title="Ebrahim Hakimi">Hakimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Qavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Hekmat" title="Reza Hekmat">Hekmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hakimi" title="Ebrahim Hakimi">Hakimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Hazhir" title="Abdolhossein Hazhir">Hazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sa%27ed" title="Mohammad Sa'ed">Sa'ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mansur" title="Ali Mansur">A. Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Ali_Razmara" title="Haj Ali Razmara">Razmara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_Fahimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil Fahimi (page does not exist)">Fahimi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Ala%27" title="Hossein Ala'">Ala'</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Qavam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Ala%27" title="Hossein Ala'">Ala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Eghbal" title="Manouchehr Eghbal">Eghbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Sharif-Emami" title="Jafar Sharif-Emami">Sharif-Emami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amini" title="Ali Amini">Amini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Alam" title="Asadollah Alam">Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Mansur" title="Hassan Ali Mansur">H. Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Hoveyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Amouzegar" title="Jamshid Amouzegar">Amouzegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Sharif-Emami" title="Jafar Sharif-Emami">Sharif-Emami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam_Reza_Azhari" title="Gholam Reza Azhari">Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Bakhtiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government of Iran</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1979)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Bazargan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a><br /><span class="nobold">(since 1979)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Rajai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar" title="Mohammad-Javad Bahonar">Bahonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Mahdavi_Kani" title="Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani">Mahdavi Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mousavi</a></li> <li><i>Post abolished in 1989</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">*Acting</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces1120" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces1120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">Commanders-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ad-Din Shah</a> (1906–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> (1907–09)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Reza_Khan_Azod-ol-Molk" title="Ali Reza Khan Azod-ol-Molk">Ali Reza Khan</a></i> (1909–10)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Naser_ol-Molk" title="Abolqasem Naser ol-Molk">Abolqasem Khan</a></i> (1910–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah</a> (1914–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Khan</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> (1925–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah</a> (1941–52)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaddegh</a> (1952–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah</a> (1953–79)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Banisadr</a> (1980–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> (1981–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a> (1989–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate interim officeholder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV <i>Maersk Tigris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of <i>Suez Rajan</i> and <i>St Nikolas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_L._Afrasiabi" title="Kaveh L. Afrasiabi">Kaveh L. Afrasiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000386933348">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79091738">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/89792/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth89v3bbkcQxQfp3DQbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118785095">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82044752">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12322703t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12322703t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090701004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1799221">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070045267">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=181802">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bccrg0swn2zd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670779605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007576414805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118785095.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118785095">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032139330">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568764">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musaddik-muhammed">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Mosaddegh&oldid=1275265109">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Mosaddegh&oldid=1275265109</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mohammad_Mosaddegh" 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