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href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Produzione_di_cationi_idrossonio:_sostanze_anfotere_e_acidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produzione_di_cationi_idrossonio:_sostanze_anfotere_e_acidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Produzione di cationi idrossonio: sostanze anfotere e acidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produzione_di_cationi_idrossonio:_sostanze_anfotere_e_acidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Idronio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" 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Disponibile in 40 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هيدرونيوم - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدرونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="هیدرونیوم - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدرونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হাইড্রোনিয়াম - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronij" title="Hidronij - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidronij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidani" title="Oxidani - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oxidani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ھایدرۆنیۆم - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydronium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hydronium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υδροξώνιο - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροξώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydronium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronio" title="Hidronio - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidronio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCdrooniumioon" title="Hüdrooniumioon - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüdrooniumioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronio_ioi" title="Hidronio ioi - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidronio ioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="هیدرونیوم - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدرونیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_hydronium" title="Ion hydronium - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ion hydronium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocs%C3%B3iniam" title="Ocsóiniam - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ocsóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronio" title="Hidronio - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidronio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הידרוניום - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%B3niumion" title="Oxóniumion - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxóniumion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հիդրոնիում - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronium" title="Hidronium - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidronium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ヒドロニウム - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒドロニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%8A%84_%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="하이드로늄 이온 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이드로늄 이온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хидрониум - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хидрониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹൈഡ്രോണിയം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronium" title="Hidronium - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidronium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxonium" title="Hydroxonium - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydroxonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_hydroniowy" title="Jon hydroniowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jon hydroniowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B4nio" title="Hidrônio - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroniu" title="Hidroniu - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гидроксоний - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроксоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronijum" title="Hidronijum - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidronijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronijum" title="Hidronijum - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hidronijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoniumjon" title="Oxoniumjon - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxoniumjon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரோனியம் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidronyum" title="Hidronyum - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidronyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гідроксоній - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідроксоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ہائڈرونیئم - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائڈرونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroni" title="Hydroni - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydroni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A2%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="水合氢离子 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水合氢离子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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legame)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="display:flex; align-items: center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydronium-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modello tridimensionale dello ione ossonio"><img alt="Modello tridimensionale dello ione ossonio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hydronium-3D-balls.png/130px-Hydronium-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hydronium-3D-balls.png/195px-Hydronium-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hydronium-3D-balls.png/260px-Hydronium-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Modello tridimensionale dello ione ossonio</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribuzione della carica all'interno del catione"><img alt="Distribuzione della carica all'interno del catione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png/130px-Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png/195px-Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png/260px-Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Distribuzione della carica all'interno del catione</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">Ossonio </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td>H<sub>3</sub>O⁺ </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>19.02 g/mol </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=13968-08-6">13968-08-6</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=123332">123332</a> e <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=44144404">44144404</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></th><td><div style="word-break: break-all;"><code style="background-color:transparent; border:none">[OH3+]</code></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849881" class="extiw" title="d:Q849881"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Idronio su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ione idronio</b> è il termine obsoleto<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilizzato in passato per indicare il <b><a href="/wiki/Catione" title="Catione">catione</a> ossonio</b>, detto anche senza ambiguità <b>idrossonio</b> (o impropriamente <i>idrogenione</i> o semplicemente <i>protone</i>), con formula bruta reale H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, in quanto l'ossigeno forma tre legami covalenti di uguale lunghezza ed angoli di 108°, mentre il quarto orbitale ibrido <i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> è riempito da una <a href="/wiki/Coppia_solitaria" title="Coppia solitaria">coppia elettronica libera</a> (<i>lone pair</i>, in inglese)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ciò rende il catione idrossonio un tipico acido di <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted-Lowry">Brønsted-Lowry</a>. </p><p>Il catione è responsabile del carattere acido di tutte le sostanze in ambiente acquoso e del relativo <a href="/wiki/Effetto_livellante" title="Effetto livellante">effetto livellante</a>. Esso consiste in un <a href="/wiki/Catione" title="Catione">catione</a> derivante direttamente dalla formazione di un legame covalente fra uno <a href="/wiki/Ione" title="Ione">ione</a> H<sup>+</sup> (denominato <a href="/wiki/Idrone" title="Idrone">idrone</a>, che in <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a> non può esistere allo stato libero) e una molecola di <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">H<sub>2</sub>O</a>. Si trova secondo la teoria di dissociazione di <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted-Lowry">Brønsted-Lowry</a> di sostanze <a href="/wiki/Anfotero" title="Anfotero">anfotere</a> e in tutti gli <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acidi</a> inorganici e organici, siano essi forti o deboli. </p><p>In conclusione, lo ione idrossonio ha una struttura <a href="/wiki/Tetraedro" title="Tetraedro">tetraedrica</a>; l'atomo di ossigeno <a href="/wiki/Ibridizzazione" title="Ibridizzazione">ibridato</a> <i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> è posto al centro del <a href="/wiki/Tetraedro" title="Tetraedro">tetraedro</a>, i tre atomi di idrogeno occupano i tre vertici della base triangolare, mentre il quarto orbitale <i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> è occupato da una coppia di elettroni di non legame, o "<a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone pair">lone pair</a>", che è responsabile della maggior parte delle proprietà chimico-fisiche del catione stesso. I tre <a href="/wiki/Angolo_di_legame" title="Angolo di legame">angoli di legame</a> H-O-H sono approssimativamente di 108°<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Esperimenti di marcatura radioisotopica con <a href="/wiki/Trizio" title="Trizio">trizio</a> hanno evidenziato che i tre atomi di idrogeno sono equivalenti, ovvero quando lo ione ossonio si dissocia per tornare a formare acqua, lo ione H<sup>+</sup> scambiato non è necessariamente quello acquisito in precedenza. In <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a> il catione idrossonio stabilisce <a href="/wiki/Legame_idrogeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Legame idrogeno">legami a idrogeno</a> solvatandosi con ulteriori tre molecole di acqua, assumendo la struttura più complessa (e maggiormente in accordo coi dati sperimentali) H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. L'originale <a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Grotthuss" title="Meccanismo di Grotthuss">meccanismo di Grotthuss</a> rende conto della peculiare dinamica e cinetica di trasferimento del protone in soluzione acquosa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produzione_di_cationi_idrossonio:_sostanze_anfotere_e_acidi">Produzione di cationi idrossonio: sostanze anfotere e acidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Produzione di cationi idrossonio: sostanze anfotere e acidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Produzione di cationi idrossonio: sostanze anfotere e acidi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il catione H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> è naturalmente presente nelle sostanze anfotere in soluzione acquosa, come ad esempio l'anione <a href="/wiki/Idrogenocarbonato" title="Idrogenocarbonato">idrogenocarbonato</a> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, l'anione <a href="/wiki/Solfato" title="Solfato">mono-idrogenosolfato</a> HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> e l'acqua stessa (vedi <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">autodissociazione</a> dell'acqua). Esso deriva dall'<a href="/wiki/Equilibrio_chimico" title="Equilibrio chimico">equilibrio</a> di <a href="/wiki/Autoionizzazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoionizzazione">autoprotolisi</a>, secondo il quale queste sostanze tendono a perdere un <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protone</a> tramutandosi nella propria <a href="/wiki/Base_coniugata" class="mw-redirect" title="Base coniugata">base coniugata</a> e liberando un protone H<sup>+</sup>; questo non può esistere libero in soluzione e, come detto in precedenza, si lega all'acqua formando un catione idrossonio.<br /> Alcuni esempi sono: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HSO4^- + H2O <=> SO4^2- + H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HSO4^- + H2O <=> SO4^2- + H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c28ff7dfa6752643f75b0ae093b2dfa240e32ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.839ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HSO4^- + H2O <=> SO4^2- + H3O+}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3- + H2O <=> CO3^2- + H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3- + H2O <=> CO3^2- + H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67c018effaf42bcaae5b59d95f389213bab322fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.61ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3- + H2O <=> CO3^2- + H3O+}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Inoltre, anche gli acidi in soluzione acquosa contengono ioni idrossonio a diverse concentrazioni; proprio da questo valore, esprimibile come [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>], dipende poi il <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> delle sostanze. Gli <a href="/wiki/Acido_forte" title="Acido forte">acidi forti</a> si ionizzano (dissociano) completamente se disciolti in acqua, e - poiché tutte le reazioni chimiche sono di equilibrio - la loro reazione di dissociazione è completamente spostata verso destra. Un esempio è la seguente: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl + H2O -> Cl- + H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl + H2O -> Cl- + H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/825c7a155f9c1ffce47fc2605412e62f57d7efd4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.402ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl + H2O -> Cl- + H3O+}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Gli acidi che invece sono definiti <a href="/wiki/Acido_debole" title="Acido debole">deboli</a> danno luogo a reazioni di equilibrio di dissociazione in soluzione acquosa con formazione di cationi idrossonio. Ciò è quanto per esempio accade all'<a href="/wiki/Aceto" title="Aceto">aceto</a>, che è essenzialmente una soluzione acquosa diluita di <a href="/wiki/Acido_acetico" title="Acido acetico">acido acetico</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH + H2O <=> CH3COO- + H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>COOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>COO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH + H2O <=> CH3COO- + H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/559d3b85e163b5760ef57508d618e9e401cced3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.844ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH + H2O <=> CH3COO- + H3O+}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Infine, il catione idrossonio è presente anche nelle soluzioni delle sostanze che non hanno carattere acido, le <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">basi</a>, ma in concentrazioni assolutamente trascurabili, in quanto dev'essere sempre rispettato il valore del <a href="/wiki/Prodotto_ionico" title="Prodotto ionico">prodotto ionico</a> dell'acqua K<sub>W</sub> = [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] [OH<sup>-</sup>] che è pari a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986100000000000000♠"></span>1,0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup></span> M<sup>2</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">condizioni standard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">secondo le raccomandazioni delle Divisioni di Chimica Inorganica, di Chimica Organica e di Nomenclatura della <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04378.html">IUPAC Gold Book, "oxonium ions"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Jian Tang and Takeshi Oka (1999). "Infrared spectroscopy of H3O+: the v1 fundamental band.". J. Mol. Spectrosc. 196 (1): 120. Bibcode 1999JMoSp.196..120T. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1999.7844. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10361062?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10361062</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ione_idrossido" class="mw-redirect" title="Ione idrossido">Ione idrossido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonazione" title="Protonazione">Protonazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoionizzazione_dell%27acqua" title="Autoionizzazione dell'acqua">Autoionizzazione dell'acqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Grotthuss" title="Meccanismo di Grotthuss">Meccanismo di Grotthuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimero_dell%27acqua_protonato" title="Dimero dell'acqua protonato">Dimero dell'acqua protonato</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/idronio" class="extiw" title="wikt:idronio">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Hydronium ion"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydronium_ion?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/idronio" class="extiw" title="wikt:idronio">idronio</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydronium_ion?uselang=it">idronio</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idronio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/hydronium-ion"><span style="font-style:italic;">hydronium ion</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849881#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b>: il portale della scienza della composizione, delle proprietà e delle trasformazioni della materia</div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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