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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Controlled vocabulary of bibliographic index terms</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings,_29th_edition_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Printed_Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings%2C_29th_edition_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Printed Library of Congress Subject Headings, 29th edition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Library of Congress Subject Headings</b> (<b>LCSH</b>) comprise a <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">thesaurus</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> sense, a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Subject_heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject heading">subject headings</a>, maintained by the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographic control">bibliographic control</a>, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize, and disseminate documents. It was first published in 1898, a year after the publication of <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> (1897). The last print edition was published in 2016. Access to the continuously revised vocabulary is now available via subscription and free services. </p><p>Subject headings are normally applied to every item within a library's collection and facilitate a user's access to items in the catalog that pertain to similar subject matter, in order to save time finding items of related subject matter. Only searching for items by 'title' or other descriptive fields, such as 'author' or 'publisher', would take more time and potentially miss locating many items because of the ineffective and inefficient search capability. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_art_and_a_science">An art and a science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: An art and a science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subject heading is a human and intellectual endeavor, by which trained professionals apply topic descriptions to items in their collections. Without a uniform standard, each library might choose to categorize the subject matter of their items differently. The widespread use and acceptance of the <i>Library of Congress Subject Headings</i> facilitates the uniform access to and retrieval of items in libraries across the world; users can use the same search strategy and LCSH <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesaurus</a>, if the correct headings have been applied to the item by the library. Some LCSH decisions are achieved by extensive debate and even controversy in the library community. </p><p>LCSH is the world's most widely used subject vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite LCSH's wide-ranging and comprehensive scope, libraries that deal with more specific types of collections or user communities may use other vocabularies; for example, many medical libraries in the United States use the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LCSH_policy_issues">LCSH policy issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: LCSH policy issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, given the complicated nature of the United States, its various ethnic groups, and changing society, numerous classification issues have been related to the terms used to identify <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> groups. The terms used to describe <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> have changed over time, especially during the 20th century. </p><p>Until the 1990s, the LCSH administrators had a strict policy of not changing terms for a subject category. This was enforced to tighten and eliminate the duplication or confusion that might arise if subject headings were changed. As a result, the term 'Afro-American' to describe African-American topics in LCSH was used long after it lost currency and acceptance in the population. In 1996 LCSH decided to allow some alteration of terms to better reflect the needs and access of library users. </p><p>But, many common terms, or 'natural language' terms, are not used in LCSH. This may limit the ability of users to locate items. Research has increased in <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Information_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library and Information Science">Library and Information Science</a> faculties related to identifying and understanding the cultural and gender biases that affect the terms used in LCSH; these may limit or deprive library users access to information stored and disseminated in collections. In 2016 LCSH was subject to national news coverage when the Library of Congress decided to revise the heading '<a href="/wiki/Illegal_aliens_(Library_of_Congress_Subject_Heading)" title="Illegal aliens (Library of Congress Subject Heading)">Illegal aliens</a>', an action opposed by congressional Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Berman" title="Sanford Berman">Sanford Berman</a>, a notable American science scholar on this subject, has noted the difficulty in finding material on certain topics, such as various <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialisms</a>, because the Library of Congress has not yet incorporated the natural language terms for them, for example, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denialism</a>, into LCSH.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As ideas about human sexuality have changed in the United States since the late 20th century, the LCSH has been criticized for biased organization and description of materials on sexuality. For instance, works about heterosexuality are scarcely labeled as such in LCSH; this suggests that heterosexuality is the norm and only queer sexuality needs a separate classification.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_access">Data access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Data access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Subject Headings were formerly published in large red volumes (currently ten), which are typically displayed in the reference sections of research libraries. They also may be accessed online in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classweb.org/">Library of Congress Classification Web</a>, a subscription service, or free of charge (as individual records) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorities.loc.gov/">Library of Congress Authorities</a>. The Library of Congress adds new headings and revisions to LCSH each month.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A web service was set up by Ed Summers, a Library of Congress employee, circa April 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/SKOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SKOS">SKOS</a> to allow for simple browsing of the subject headings. lcsh.info was shut down by the Library of Congress's order on December 18, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library science and semantic web communities were dismayed, as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Spalding" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Spalding">Tim Spalding</a> of <a href="/wiki/LibraryThing" title="LibraryThing">LibraryThing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some delay, the Library set up its own web service for LCSH browsing at <a href="/wiki/Id.loc.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Id.loc.gov">id.loc.gov</a> in April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_LCSH">Using LCSH</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Using LCSH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timothy Binga, director of libraries at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>, notes issues that make it more difficult to use the standardized language of LCSH to find material. These include systems that allow patrons to informally tag materials in the catalog, book creators and publishers who do their own cataloging, and the incorrect application of LCSH to controversial material.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasingly, the use of <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a>, web-based Online Public Access Catalogues, or <a href="/wiki/OPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="OPAC">OPACs</a>, allow users to hyperlink to a list of similar items displayed by LCSH once one item of interest is located. But, because LCSH are not necessarily expressed in natural language, many users may choose to search OPACs by keywords. Moreover, users unfamiliar with OPAC searching and LCSH, may incorrectly assume their library has no items on their desired topic, if they chose to search by 'subject' field, and the terms they entered do not strictly conform to a LCSH. For example, 'body temperature regulation' is used in place of 'thermoregulation'. The easiest way to find and use LCSH is to start with a 'keyword' search and then look at the Subject Headings of a relevant item to locate other related material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_studies">Indigenous studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indigenous studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indigenous material classification under LCSH has been criticized by scholars in Indigenous studies and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a> for its inaccurate representation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous identities</a> and works.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LCSH has also been faulted for not recognizing <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous sovereignty</a> and segregating Indigenous materials in <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification:Class_E_--_History_of_America" title="Library of Congress Classification:Class E -- History of America">Class E</a>. The majority of Indigenous material are confined to 'E 99---Indian tribes and cultures', strictly separating Indigenous historical material from the rest of U.S History.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most materials on Indigenous art are placed under Class E instead of <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification:Class_N_--_Fine_Arts" title="Library of Congress Classification:Class N -- Fine Arts">Class N</a>, leading to the implications that Indigenous art is not serious art.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LCSH also fail to represent how Indigenous ways of learning focus heavily on spatial, social and cultural relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LCSH use the term "<a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy" title="Native American name controversy">Indian</a>" which is considered inappropriate for scholarly use outside of referencing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>, or similar historical legislature. The ambiguous nature of the word also perpetuates a cycle of miscataloguing. On <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>, the search terms "Indians – Food" give results on South Asian Cuisine, while "Indian cooking" does not yield any results relating to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cooking.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaica">Judaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compilation, Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies, does not have a separate list of generally applicable subdivisions or geographic headings, but the introduction notes that it does include "the generally applicable subdivisions for Jews, Judaism, Hebrew language, and Israel ' The compiler goes on to explain that "some of these subdivisions are based on the pattern headings for ethnic groups, religions, languages , and places " Subdivisions based on pattern headings are interfiled with generally applicable ones (e g Encyclopedias), so it is hard for the Judaica cataloger to identify the subdivisions of Israel that may be applied to Holocaust for example. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_in_Canada">Developments in Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Developments in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LCSH representatives worked with staff of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Canada">National Library of Canada</a> to create a complementary set of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Subject_Headings" title="Canadian Subject Headings">Canadian Subject Headings</a> (CSH) to express the topic content of documents on <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and Canadian topics. </p><p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Brian_Deer_Classification_System" title="Brian Deer Classification System">Brian Deer Classification System</a>, developed by librarian <a href="/wiki/A._Brian_Deer" title="A. Brian Deer">A. Brian Deer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawks">Mohawk</a>) for Aboriginal materials to express First Nations relationships, has been adapted for use in several First Nations libraries in Canada. It has been described as a valuable tool for "the decolonization of library collections created for and by Indigenous people,” as it allows for the "expression of indigenous world views."<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xwi7xwa_Library" title="Xwi7xwa Library">Xwi7xwa Library</a> at the Vancouver branch of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> use First Nations House of Learning (FNHL) Subject Headings, a local variant of Brian Deer's system. It is fully integrated with the main UBC Library.<sup id="cite_ref-doyle_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doyle-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Linked_Data_Service" title="Library of Congress Linked Data Service">Library of Congress Linked Data Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a> (LCCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a> (FAST), a simplified syntax of LCSH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Earl_Sears" title="Minnie Earl Sears">Minnie Earl Sears</a>: formulated the <i>Sears Subject Headings</i>, a simplification for use by small libraries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGROVOC" title="AGROVOC">AGROVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">Books in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.librarianshipstudies.com/2018/01/library-of-congress-subject-headings-lcsh.html">"Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)"</a>. <i>Librarianship Studies & Information Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Librarianship+Studies+%26+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Library+of+Congress+Subject+Headings+%28LCSH%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.librarianshipstudies.com%2F2018%2F01%2Flibrary-of-congress-subject-headings-lcsh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress+Subject+Headings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadillaRivera2016" class="citation news cs1">Padilla, Steve; Rivera, Selene (3 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-library-congress-alien-20160403-story.html">"Library of Congress to stop using term 'illegal alien'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Indigenization of Knowledge Organization at the Xwi7xwa Library". <i>International Journal of Library and Information Studies</i>: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0103204">10.14288/1.0103204</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F54261">2429/54261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Library+and+Information+Studies&rft.atitle=Indigenization+of+Knowledge+Organization+at+the+Xwi7xwa+Library&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2429%2F54261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0103204&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Kimberley&rft.au=Dupont%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress+Subject+Headings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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