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oral compositions and written texts in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> used primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> of the People's Republic of China. </p><p>Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> observed significant changes by its native writers who switched from <a href="/wiki/Turkic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic script">Turkic script</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> that originally began in the 10th century until the 12th century. This development adopted <a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">language reforms</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni" title="Yūsuf Balasaguni">Yūsuf Balasaguni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Yugnaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Yugnaki (page does not exist)">Ahmad Yugnaki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Ahmad Yasawi</a> were among the leading writers of that time who flourished Uyghur literature by adopting language reforms. Also, Ahmad Yasawi one of the other writers who introduced new genre in Uyghur literature. Yesevi's poetry collection <i>Divan-i hikmet</i> (Book of Wisdom) is composed of various dialects, such as Arabic and Persian, which features Turkic <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Uyghur language is a <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk language</a> from the Turkic language family. It is not descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a>. </p><p>From the late 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai language</a> became the dominant <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Chagatai is sometimes referred to as ‘ancient Uyghur’ in China.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poetry has been especially important in the history of Uyghur literature, and writers of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_diaspora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyghur diaspora (page does not exist)">Uyghur diaspora</a> are attempting to keep traditions alive despite the efforts of the Chinese government to undermine <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur culture">Uyghur culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_to_Uyghur_literature_in_Xinjiang">Access to Uyghur literature in Xinjiang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Access to Uyghur literature in Xinjiang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <p>In 2019, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> published an article stating that the only Uyghur-language book available at the state-run <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Bookstore" title="Xinhua Bookstore">Xinhua Bookstore</a> chain in Xinjiang was <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>’s work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that Uyghur poetry was on the verge on extinction in Xinjiang due to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> detaining poets and imposing the use of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Uyghur" title="Bible translations into Uyghur">Bible translations into Uyghur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiu2013" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Pengyuan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kq6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA448"><i>Chinese lexical semantics : 14th Workshop, CLSW 2013, Zhengzhou, China, May 10-12, 2013, Revised selected papers</i></a>. Heidelberg. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45184-3"><bdi>978-3-642-45184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+lexical+semantics+%3A+14th+Workshop%2C+CLSW+2013%2C+Zhengzhou%2C+China%2C+May+10-12%2C+2013%2C+Revised+selected+papers&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=448&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-642-45184-3&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Pengyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kq6BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/06/do-you-know-that-i-am-with-you-uighur-poetry-captures-fading-memories-of-home">"Do you know that I am with you?': Uighur poetry preserves culture under attack"</a>. <i>theguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+that+I+am+with+you%3F%27%3A+Uighur+poetry+preserves+culture+under+attack&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F06%2Fdo-you-know-that-i-am-with-you-uighur-poetry-captures-fading-memories-of-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd" class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77">"Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture"</a>. <i>ft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ft.com&rft.atitle=Fear+and+oppression+in+Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+war+on+Uighur+culture&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo" class="citation web cs1">Kuo, Lily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/06/poetry-the-soul-of-uighur-culture-on-verge-of-extinction-in-xinjiang">"Poetry, the soul of Uighur culture, on verge of extinction in Xinjiang"</a>. <i>theguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Poetry%2C+the+soul+of+Uighur+culture%2C+on+verge+of+extinction+in+Xinjiang&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F06%2Fpoetry-the-soul-of-uighur-culture-on-verge-of-extinction-in-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawutAbliz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Dawut, Rahilä</a>; Abliz, Helimgül (2016) [2010]. "Uiguren" [Uyghur Narrative Tradition]. In Rolf Wilhelm Brednich; Heidrun Alzheimer; Hermann Bausinger; Wolfgang Brückner; Daniel Drascek; Helge Gerndt; Ines Köhler-Zülch; Klaus Roth; <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Uther" title="Hans-Jörg Uther">Hans-Jörg Uther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die_des_M%C3%A4rchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyklopädie des Märchens">Enzyklopädie des Märchens</a> Online</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Femo.13.248">10.1515/emo.13.248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uiguren&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+des+M%C3%A4rchens+Online&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Femo.13.248&rft.aulast=Dawut&rft.aufirst=Rahil%C3%A4&rft.au=Abliz%2C+Helimg%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalçınkaya2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yalçınkaya, Fatoş (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akmb.gov.tr/e-yayinlar/uygur-sihir-masallarinin-tip-ve-motif-yapisi/"><i>Uygur sihir masallarının tip ve motif yapısı: İnceleme</i></a> (in Turkish). Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-17-4792-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-17-4792-1"><bdi>978-975-17-4792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uygur+sihir+masallar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+tip+ve+motif+yap%C4%B1s%C4%B1%3A+%C4%B0nceleme&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Atat%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Merkezi+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-975-17-4792-1&rft.aulast=Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1nkaya&rft.aufirst=Fato%C5%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakmb.gov.tr%2Fe-yayinlar%2Fuygur-sihir-masallarinin-tip-ve-motif-yapisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUyghur+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uigurische_Literatur" class="extiw" title="de:Uigurische Literatur">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>. <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUigurische_Literatur&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,064 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. 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