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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspero-Massaker" title="Maspero-Massaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maspero-Massaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Maspero" title="Masacre de Maspero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Maspero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_en_Maspero" title="Masakro en Maspero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakro en Maspero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestations_coptes_d%27octobre_2011_en_%C3%89gypte" title="Manifestations coptes d'octobre 2011 en Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manifestations coptes d'octobre 2011 en Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مدبحة ماسبيرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدبحة ماسبيرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_w_Maspero" title="Masakra w Maspero – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Demonstrations against the destruction of a church in Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maspero" title="Maspero">Maspero</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Maspero Massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Egyptian_revolution_under_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maspero_demonstrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Maspero_demonstrations.jpg/220px-Maspero_demonstrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Maspero_demonstrations.jpg/330px-Maspero_demonstrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Maspero_demonstrations.jpg/440px-Maspero_demonstrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Maspero_television_building" title="Maspero television building">Maspiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">9–10 October 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">212</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maspero Massacre</b> initially started as demonstrations in October 2011 by a group dominated by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> in reaction to the demolition of a church in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> claimed to be built without the appropriate license.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peaceful protesters who intended to stage a sit-in in front of the <a href="/wiki/Maspiro_television_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Maspiro television building">Maspiro television building</a> were attacked by security forces and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">army</a>, resulting in 24 deaths, mostly among the Coptic protestors, and 212 injuries, most of which were sustained by Copts.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demonstration">Demonstration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demonstration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peaceful protesters gathered in peaceful chants, angered by a statement made publicly by Aswan's governor, Mustafa Kamel el-Sayyed, who, after the destruction of the church in Aswan, denied the existence of the church, and then later retracted his statements, and claimed instead that the construction of the church was illegal. It was later revealed that extremist followers of the <a href="/wiki/Salafist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist">Salafist</a> Islamic sect had pronounced threats and made demands for Aswan's Christian congregation not to have any loudspeakers in the church and to limit the visibility of any Christian symbols such as crosses on the church structure. In order to defuse tensions, the Aswan governorate organized a meeting between Salafist and Coptic leaders, wherein the Copts refused the latter demand of eliminating crosses and steeples. The threats eventually escalated to actual destruction of the church by the extremists, and to the subsequent statements by the Aswan governor. It was this incident that led to the protest, which is presented in the following details based on a number of credible sources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The march set out towards Maspiro from the downtown poverty-stricken neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a>, densely populated by both Muslims and Christians. Reporters agree that it was a sizeable demonstration comparable to the numbers at the 28 January protest, the day when <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a> sent army vehicles to confront protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters were also angry about an injury sustained by a Christian priest during the violent confrontation by army and police at Wednesday's demonstration at Maspiro, when a smaller group had been demonstrating against the situation in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. </p><p>When the protests started, Egyptian state television anchor Rasha Magdy, urged<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "honorable" citizens to go "protect" the military. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clashes">Clashes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts#Modern_era" title="Persecution of Copts">Modern persecution</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic Christians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/100px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/150px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/200px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="442" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Egypt" title="Secularism in Egypt">Secularism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism in Egypt</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Terrorist attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh, 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Alexandria_riot" title="2005 Alexandria riot">Alexandria, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Fana#Tensions" title="Monastery of Saint Fana">Saint Fana, 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandria, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_Church_Attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Imbaba Church Attacks">Imbaba, 2011</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maspero, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Libya, 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Abbasia, 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Alexandria and Tanta, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Minya attack">Minya, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Menas_church_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Saint Menas church attack">Helwan, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya, 2018</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Master Malati</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hegazy" title="Mohammed Hegazy">Mohammed Hegazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaa_el-Din_Ahmed_Hussein_el-Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahaa el-Din Ahmed Hussein el-Akkad">Bahaa el-Akkad</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Gabriel" title="Mark A. Gabriel">Mark Gabriel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Botros" title="Zakaria Botros">Zakaria Botros</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template talk:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reports suggest that the army began using violence even before the protesters reached Maspiro. Gunshots were heard from the end of Shubra Street and rocks were thrown from a nearby bridge. The protesters responded in chants against the Field Commander. The attacks suddenly stopped as the protesters proceeded on Galaa Street. As they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al Ahram</a> headquarters, one rock was thrown at the building. Reports suggest this was in response to Al Ahram's poor coverage of violence against Copts in a recent issue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Army attacks resumed when the protesters turned the corner at Ramsis Hotel and reached Maspiro. Witnesses saw two armored personnel carriers crushing protesters to death, and soldiers firing wildly at the congregation, followed by riot police throwing tear gas. These incidents have been documented by video and later broadcast on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports count between 24<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 27 deaths, mostly Coptic civilians, and over 300 injured. </p><p>State television within minutes of violence first reported the death of three soldiers and requested that all noble Egyptian patriots protect the military against the "violent crowd of Copts," also alluding to "foreign infiltrators" inciting violence. That evening, state television continued to broadcast a manipulated version of the story claiming the protesters were armed and that a "conflict" had broken out between civilians and military personnel with riot police, leaving deaths and injuries on both sides. Later, the Department of Health released another statement indicating that there were no military deaths and associating all bodies with deceased civilian protesters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an official statement by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Egyptian military</a>, it was the protesters who first attacked the army resulting in the death of three police officers. They claim to have responded by firing blank cartridges, and that military personnel were being pulled out of their armoured vehicles and attacked by rioters, which they claim caused other military personnel to panic and "mow down" some protesters "accidentally" as they drove off.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights organisations have dismissed the Army's response as partial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several international media outlets, including <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and CNN, picked up this version of the events. Egyptian state television later retracted the claims when it broadcast a mild report on the events the following day but continued to exhibit a reluctance to condemn the actions of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt's Minister of Information Osama Heikal blamed the reports on the "emotional distress" the states news anchors went through over reports of copts attacking the Egyptian army.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public figures, including prominent Muslim and Coptic leaders, demanded the prosecution of army generals. The military council then called for the civilian Prime Minister to investigate the incident and identified 15 suspects to be tried in military courts. The military council and state television remain targets of heated criticism from prominent activists and journalists. The representatives at the state television have not issued any statements, but a newscaster has publicly expressed feeling "ashamed" to be working for an institution that proved "itself to be a slave for whoever rules Egypt".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists also blame state television for provoking sectarian tensions. </p><p>Governor Mustafa Kamel El Sayyed reportedly said that the demolition of the Church was agreed to by the local Coptic community and absolved himself of any responsibility in the tragic events at Maspiro.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministerial Cabinet announced it will amend laws pertaining to the construction of houses of worship and toughen the anti-discrimination laws, but local human rights activists doubt the effectiveness or follow-through of the Cabinet's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identical promises have been made following other similar incidents (recently and in the more distant past) without any amend the archaic laws that require only non-Muslims to receive permission to build houses of worship. In addition, the Egyptian military, which is responsible for these deaths, has taken over the investigation, prompting Human Rights Watch to issue a statement which concluded that "official denials suggest investigation will be flawed".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">2011 Alexandria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_Church_Attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Imbaba Church Attacks">2011 Imbaba Church Attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Human rights in Egypt under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Human rights in Egypt under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">List of massacres in Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15235212">"Cairo clashes leave 24 dead after Coptic church protest"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Cairo+clashes+leave+24+dead+after+Coptic+church+protest&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15235212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation news cs1">Michael, M (9 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/christians-siege-post-revolution-egypt-14707870">"Christians Under Siege in Post-Revolution Egypt"</a>. <i>AP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP&rft.atitle=Christians+Under+Siege+in+Post-Revolution+Egypt&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fchristians-siege-post-revolution-egypt-14707870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/503496">"Carr, Sarah. "A First-Hand Account: Marching from Shubra to Deaths at Maspiro" Al Masry Al Youm. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Blair%2C+Edmund.+%22Egypt%27s+Mubarak+sends+in+army%2C+resists+demands+to+quit%22+Reuters.+January+28%2C+2011.&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-protest-idUSTRE70O3UW20110128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetogate.com/1265194">"بالفيديو.. رشا مجدي "مذيعة الفتنة".. حرضت على الأقباط في "مذبحة ماسبيرو".. اعترفت باستخدامها كـ"ورق كلينكس" من قبل المسئولين بالتليفزيون.. ونقل احتفالات "أكتوبر" مكافأة الدولة لها"</a>. <i>بوابة فيتو</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/10/13/ap/middleeast/main20119761.shtml">the original</a> on 16 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 10, 2011"</a>. <i>Bik ya Masr</i>. 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bik+ya+Masr&rft.atitle=Ammar%2C+Manar.+%22Egypt+state+television+admits+to+making+up+news+over+soldiers%27+deaths%22+Bikya+Masr.+October+10%2C+2011.&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbikyamasr.com%2F45280%2Fegypt-state-television-admits-to-making-up-news-over-soldiers-deaths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_Gundy2011" class="citation news cs1">El Gundy, Zeynab (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/23813/Egypt/Politics-/Outrage-over-state-TVs-misinformation-and-antiCopt.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Outrage over state TV's misinformation and anti-Coptic incitement"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 11, 2011"</a>. <i>Free Christian Voice</i>. 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Christian+Voice&rft.atitle=Free+Christian+Voice.+October+11%2C+2011.&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.light-dark.net%2Fvb%2Fshowthread.php%3Fp%3D8127%23post8127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/experts-say-tougher-measures-needed-after-maspero-slam-media-coverage.html">"Fahmy, Heba. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+Don%27t+Cover+Up+Military+Killing+of+Copt+Protesters+October+15%2C+2011.&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2Fegypt-don-t-cover-military-killing-copt-protesters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maspero_demonstrations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2011" class="citation news cs1">Carr, S (9 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/503496">"A firsthand account: Marching from Shubra to deaths at Maspero"</a>. <i>Almasry Alyoum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Almasry+Alyoum&rft.atitle=A+firsthand+account%3A+Marching+from+Shubra+to+deaths+at+Maspero&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasryalyoum.com%2Fen%2Fnode%2F503496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaspero+demonstrations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blair, Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protest-idUSTRE70O3UW20110128">"Egypt’s Mubarak sends in army, resists demands to quit"</a> Reuters. 28 January 2011.</li> <li>Mackey, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/social-media-accounts-of-violence-in-cairo-challenge-official-narrative/">"Social Media Accounts of Violence in Cairo Challenge Official Narrative."</a>, The New York Times. 10 October 2011.</li> <li>El Gundy, Zeinab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/23813/Egypt/Politics-/Outrage-over-state-TVs-misinformation-and-antiCopt.aspx">"Outrage over state TV’s misinformation and anti-Coptic incitement"</a>, Ahram Online. 10 October 2011.</li> <li>Fahmy, Heba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/experts-say-tougher-measures-needed-after-maspero-slam-media-coverage.html">"Experts say tougher measures needed after Maspero, slam state media coverage"</a>, The Daily News Egypt. 11 October 2011.</li> <li>Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/10/25/egypt-don-t-cover-military-killing-copt-protesters">"Egypt: Don’t Cover Up Military Killing of Copt Protesters"</a>, HRW. 15 October 2011.</li> <li>Yassin Gaber <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/25521/Egypt/0/Reconstructing-Masperos-Bloody-Sunday-An-Ahram-Onl.aspx">Reconstructing Maspero's Bloody Sunday: An Ahram Online investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a>-Online. 1 November 2011.</li> <li>Nada Hussein Rashwan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/25708/Egypt/0/Reconstructing-Masperos-Bloody-Sunday-An-Ahram-Onl.aspx">Reconstructing Maspero's Bloody Sunday: An Ahram Online investigation - Part 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a>-Online. 2 November 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Template:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Template talk:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Revolution of 2011</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Hosni_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Hosni Mubarak">Resignation of Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Domestic responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="International reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">International reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Tantawi</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_post-Mubarak_electoral_politics_of_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood (post-Mubarak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_and_judicial_hearings_following_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Trials and judicial hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Human rights in Egypt under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Human rights in Egypt under the SCAF</a></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_review_committee_of_2011" title="Egyptian constitutional review committee of 2011">Constitutional review committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2011 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitutional_Declaration_of_2011" title="Egyptian Constitutional Declaration of 2011">2011 Constitutional Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_Israeli_Embassy_in_Egypt" title="2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt">2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maspero demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces#November" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">November 2011 Tahrir clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Stadium_riot" title="Port Said Stadium riot">Port Said Stadium riot</a></li> <li>Elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011–2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_Shura_Council_election" title="2012 Egyptian Shura Council election">2012 Shura Council election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_Mohamed_Morsi" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi">Timeline</a></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2012" title="Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2012 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2012" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2012">2012 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests" title="2012–2013 Egyptian protests">2012–2013 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">June 2013 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Mansour</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">2013–2014 post-coup unrest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_Guard_headquarters_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes">Republican Guard HQ clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">August 2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerdasa_massacre" title="Kerdasa massacre">Kerdasa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerdasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kerdasa">Battle of Kerdasa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Mansoura_bombing" title="December 2013 Mansoura bombing">December 2013 Mansoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Cairo_bombings" title="January 2014 Cairo bombings">January 2014 Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2014 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">2014 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle" title="Operation Eagle">Operation Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">August 2011 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2012_Sinai_attack" title="August 2012 Sinai attack">August 2012 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinai_(2012)" title="Operation Sinai (2012)">Operation Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Taba_bus_bombing" title="2014 Taba bus bombing">2014 Taba bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2014_Sinai_attacks" title="October 2014 Sinai attacks">October 2014 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Nil_Bridge" title="Qasr El Nil Bridge">Qasr El Nil Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaa_Al-Adawiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque">Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bishr" title="Sidi Bishr">Sidi Bishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mubarak<br />government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> (Vice President)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Nazif_Cabinet" title="Nazif Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Shafik_Cabinet" title="Shafik Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Ahmed Aboul Gheit</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_el-Adly" title="Habib el-Adly">Habib el-Adly</a> (Interior Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ezz_(businessman)" title="Ahmed Ezz (businessman)">Ahmed Ezz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Azmi" title="Zakaria Azmi">Zakaria Azmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fathi_Sorour" title="Ahmad Fathi Sorour">Ahmad Fathi Sorour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_El-Sherif" title="Safwat El-Sherif">Safwat El-Sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Salem" title="Hussein Salem">Hussein Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tantawi<br />government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Muhammad Tantawi</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Hafez_Anan" title="Sami Hafez Anan">Sami Hafez Anan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohab_Mamish" title="Mohab Mamish">Mohab Mamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_Mahmoud_Hafez_Mohamed" title="Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed">Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Aziz_Seif-Eldeen" title="Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen">Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sharaf_Cabinet_(Egypt)" title="Template:Sharaf Cabinet (Egypt)">Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a> (Prime Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kamel_Amr" title="Mohamed Kamel Amr">Mohamed Kamel Amr</a> (Foreign Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morsi<br />government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mekki" title="Mahmoud Mekki">Mahmoud Mekki</a> (Vice President)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Qandil_Cabinet" title="Qandil Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kamel_Amr" title="Mohamed Kamel Amr">Mohamed Kamel Amr</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gamal_el-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Gamal el-Din">Ahmed Gamal el-Din</a> (Interior Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khairat_el-Shater" title="Khairat el-Shater">Khairat el-Shater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_el-Erian" title="Essam el-Erian">Essam el-Erian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_El-Katatni" title="Saad El-Katatni">Saad El-Katatni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Beltagy">Mohamed Beltagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Youth_of_the_Revolution" title="Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution">Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed#We_are_all_Khaled_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">We are all Khaled Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Egypt_Party" title="Strong Egypt Party">Strong Egypt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Al-Ahly Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC#Fans_and_Ultras_group" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek’s Ultras <i>White Knights</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarod" title="Tamarod">Tamarod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_Aboul_Fotouh" title="Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh">Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothaina_Kamel" title="Bothaina Kamel">Bothaina Kamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Isaac" title="George Isaac">George Ishak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Ali" title="Khaled Ali">Khaled Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khalil" title="Kamal Khalil">Kamal Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Abbas" title="Kamal Abbas">Kamal Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nour" title="Ayman Nour">Ayman Nour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sameh_Naguib" title="Sameh Naguib">Sameh Naguib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Bastawisy" title="Hisham Bastawisy">Hisham Bastawisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigi_Ibrahim" title="Gigi Ibrahim">Gigi Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Badr" title="Mahmoud Badr">Mahmoud Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Maher_(youth_leader)" title="Ahmed Maher (youth leader)">Ahmed Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossam_el-Hamalawy" title="Hossam el-Hamalawy">Hossam el-Hamalawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Khalil" title="Wael Khalil">Wael Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Abbas" title="Wael Abbas">Wael Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawara_Negm" title="Nawara Negm">Nawara Negm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Abd_El-Fattah" title="Alaa Abd El-Fattah">Alaa Abd El-Fattah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Seif" title="Mona Seif">Mona Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz" title="Asmaa Mahfouz">Asmaa Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israa_Abdel_Fattah" title="Israa Abdel Fattah">Israa Abdel Fattah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maikel_Nabil_Sanad" title="Maikel Nabil Sanad">Maikel Nabil Sanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Douma" title="Ahmed Douma">Ahmed Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adel" title="Mohammed Adel">Mohammed Adel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/42px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persecution_of_ChristiansAnti-Christian_sentiment724" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Template:Persecution of Christians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Template talk:Persecution of Christians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution of Christians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persecution_of_ChristiansAnti-Christian_sentiment724" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">Persecution in Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Persecution of Christians">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homs_revolts_(854%E2%80%93855)" title="Homs revolts (854–855)">Homs revolts (854–855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">Martyrs of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Modern_period_(1500_to_1815)" title="Persecution of Christians">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Revolt in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Modern_era_(1815_to_1989)" title="Persecution of Christians">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople massacre of 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">1850 Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheng_massacre" title="Kucheng massacre">Kucheng massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Diyarbekir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candia_massacre" title="Candia massacre">Candia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">İzmit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusha_massacre" title="Shusha massacre">Shusha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Thursday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Thursday (Lebanon)">Black Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouf_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf massacres">Chouf massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maspero demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_southeastern_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat">1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_Dangs_district" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district">1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Ramgiri-Udaygiri_violence" title="1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence">1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ranalai_violence" title="1999 Ranalai violence">1999 Ranalai violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Christmas_violence_in_Kandhamal" title="2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal">2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">2008 Kandhamal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_nun_gang_rape_case" title="2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case">2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_anti-Christian_violence_in_Karnataka" title="2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka">2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">2010 Manila hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Persecution by the Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Roman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Late Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius#Persecution_of_Christians" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Jeongsun" title="Queen Jeongsun">Queen Jeongsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_I" title="Ranavalona I">Ranavalona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_II_of_Buganda" title="Mwanga II of Buganda">Mwanga II of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Garrido_Canabal" title="Tomás Garrido Canabal">Tomás Garrido Canabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Persecution_of_Christians_and_Buddhists" title="Human rights in North Korea">Kim Il-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#2012–present:_Xi_Jinping_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">Kim Jong Un</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Pakistan" title="Persecution of Christians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecuted group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism#Persecutions_and_migrations" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Mormons" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Mormons">Violence against Mormons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Martyrs" title="Chinese Martyrs">Chinese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac">Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">New Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">North American Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholics in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Category:Persecution of Christians">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Persecution of Christians">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades#Crusades_against_Christians" title="List of Crusades">Crusades against Christians</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts_1673_%26_1678" title="Test Acts 1673 & 1678">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Religious_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Antireligious campaigns in China</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_expulsion_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria" title="1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria">1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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