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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Typical model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chinese model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouping_of_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping_of_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Grouping of components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping_of_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Rime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syllabification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syllabification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syllabification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syllabification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ambisyllabicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambisyllabicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ambisyllabicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambisyllabicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onset_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onset_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Onset cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onset_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Null_onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Null_onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Null onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Null_onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nucleus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_nucleus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_nucleus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Consonant nucleus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_nucleus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Coda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_and_closed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_and_closed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Open and closed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_and_closed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Null_coda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Null_coda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Null coda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Null_coda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suprasegmental_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suprasegmental_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Suprasegmental features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suprasegmental_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Suprasegmental features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Suprasegmental_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_recommended_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_recommended_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources and recommended reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_recommended_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syllable</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettergreep" title="Lettergreep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lettergreep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbe" title="Silbe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Silbe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A" title="مقطع لفظي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقطع لفظي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silaba" title="Silaba – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Silaba" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlaba" title="Sílaba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sílaba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDpeh%E1%BA%BD" title="Ñe'ẽpehẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽpehẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Гьижа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьижа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_qallu" title="Aru qallu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aru qallu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heca" title="Heca – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heca" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="هیجا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیجا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2)" title="অক্ষর (সিলেবল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্ষর (সিলেবল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-chat" title="Im-chat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-chat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ижек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ижек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Склад (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Склад (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Склад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Склад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="सिलेबल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिलेबल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silaba" title="Silaba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Silaba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сричка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сричка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Süüm – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Süüm" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slog" title="Slog – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slog" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silabenn" title="Silabenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Silabenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADl%C2%B7laba" title="Síl·laba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Síl·laba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Сыпăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сыпăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litpong" title="Litpong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Litpong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slabika" title="Slabika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slabika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillaf" title="Sillaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sillaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stavelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbe" title="Silbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silp" title="Silp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AE" title="Συλλαβή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συλλαβή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlaba" title="Sílaba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sílaba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silabo" title="Silabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silaba" title="Silaba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silaba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="هجا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هجا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syllable" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabe" title="Syllabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syllabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdlid" title="Wurdlid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wurdlid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siolla" title="Siolla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siolla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lide" title="Lide – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lide" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlaba" title="Sílaba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sílaba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%A0%88" title="음절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Վանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="अक्षर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्षर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slog" title="Slog – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slog" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silabo" title="Silabo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Silabo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silaba" title="Silaba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Silaba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_kata" title="Suku kata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6)" title="Уæнг (фонетикæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæнг (фонетикæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Atkvæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atkvæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillaba" title="Sillaba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sillaba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda" title="Wanda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარცვალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარცვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Буын (фонетика) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буын (фонетика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllaben" title="Syllaben – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Syllaben" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silabi" title="Silabi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Silabi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEte" title="Kîte – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Муун (лингвистика) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Муун (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllaba" title="Syllaba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syllaba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilbe" title="Zilbe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zilbe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiemuo" title="Skiemuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skiemuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillaba" title="Sillaba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sillaba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3tag" title="Szótag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szótag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Слог – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слог" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanin-teny" title="Vanin-teny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanin-teny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="സിലബിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിലബിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_kata" title="Suku kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suku kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8F" title="ဝဏ္ဏ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝဏ္ဏ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettergreep" title="Lettergreep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lettergreep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="अक्षर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अक्षर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音節" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Дешдакъа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дешдакъа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silew" title="Silew – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Silew" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stavelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staving" title="Staving – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Staving" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillaba" title="Sillaba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sillaba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBg%CA%BBin_(tilshunoslik)" title="Boʻgʻin (tilshunoslik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻgʻin (tilshunoslik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਉੱਚਾਰ-ਖੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਚਾਰ-ਖੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="توری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AClaba" title="Sìlaba – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sìlaba" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClv" title="Sülv – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sülv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylaba" title="Sylaba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sylaba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlaba" title="Sílaba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sílaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silab%C4%83" title="Silabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simiki" title="Simiki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simiki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Склад (лінґвістика) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Склад (лінґвістика)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Слог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%85_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB)" title="Сүһүөх (тыл) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сүһүөх (тыл)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अक्षरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अक्षरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silwe" title="Silwe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Silwe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrokja" title="Rrokja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrokja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syllable" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="ھجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slabika" title="Slabika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slabika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlog" title="Zlog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%DA%AF%DB%95_(%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C)" title="بڕگە (فۆنۆلۆجی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕگە (فۆنۆلۆجی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Слог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slog" title="Slog – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engang" title="Engang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Engang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavu" title="Tavu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tavu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stavelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantig" title="Pantig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pantig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="அசை (ஒலியியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசை (ஒலியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Иҗек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иҗек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="พยางค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พยางค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%BE" title="Ҳиҷо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиҷо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hece" title="Hece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Слог – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Слог" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Склад (мовознавство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Склад (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہجا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہجا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_ti%E1%BA%BFt" title="Âm tiết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm tiết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A3" title="טראף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טראף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%97imou" title="Skėimou – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skėimou" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_hata" title="Suku hata – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Suku hata" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_(linguistics)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial (linguistics)">Initial (linguistics)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Syllable_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Syllable (disambiguation)">Syllable (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Syllabic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Syllabic (disambiguation)">Syllabic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>A <b>syllable</b> is a basic unit of organization within a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">speech sounds</a>, such as within a word, typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>) with optional initial and final margins (typically, <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>). Syllables are often considered the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> "building blocks" of <a href="/wiki/Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words">words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can influence the <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">rhythm</a> of a language, its <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">poetic metre</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> patterns. Speech can usually be divided up into a whole number of syllables: for example, the word <i>ignite</i> is made of two syllables: <i>ig</i> and <i>nite</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic writing">Syllabic writing</a> began several hundred years before the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age alphabets">first letters</a>. The earliest recorded syllables are on tablets written around 2800 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. This shift from <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograms</a> to syllables has been called "the most important advance in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">history of writing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A word that consists of a single syllable (like <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>dog</i>) is called a <b>monosyllable</b> (and is said to be <i>monosyllabic</i>). Similar terms include <b>disyllable</b> (and <i>disyllabic</i>; also <i>bisyllable</i> and <i>bisyllabic</i>) for a word of two syllables; <b>trisyllable</b> (and <i>trisyllabic</i>) for a word of three syllables; and <b>polysyllable</b> (and <i>polysyllabic</i>), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Syllable</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> variation of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">sillabe</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">syllaba</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συλλαβή</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">syllabḗ</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[sylːabɛ̌ː]</a></span>). <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συλλαβή</span></span> means "the taken together", referring to letters that are taken together to make a single sound.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συλλαβή</span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συλλαμβάνω</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">syllambánō</i></span>, a compound of the preposition <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύν</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýn</i></span> "with" and the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαμβάνω</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lambánō</i></span> "take".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noun uses the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">root</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαβ-</span></span>, which appears in the <a href="/wiki/Aorist_(Ancient_Greek)" title="Aorist (Ancient Greek)">aorist</a> tense; the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_verbs#Present_tense" title="Ancient Greek verbs">present tense</a> stem <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαμβάν-</span></span> is formed by adding a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_infix" title="Nasal infix">nasal infix</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μ</span></span>⟩</span> <i><span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span></i> before the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">b</i></span> and a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-αν</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">-an</i></span> at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), the fullstop ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">.</span>⟩ marks syllable breaks, as in the word "astronomical" ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ˌæs.trə.ˈnɒm.ɪk.əl/</span>⟩. </p><p>In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. In addition, the stress mark ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ˈ</span>⟩ is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of a word, in practice, the stress mark also marks a syllable break, for example in the word "understood" ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ʌndərˈstʊd/</span>⟩ (though the syllable boundary may still be explicitly marked with a full stop,<sup id="cite_ref-report_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ʌn.dər.ˈstʊd/</span>⟩). </p><p>When a word space comes in the middle of a syllable (that is, when a syllable spans words), a tie bar ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">‿</span>⟩ can be used for <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a>, as in the French combination <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les amis</i></span> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/lɛ.z‿a.mi/</span>⟩. The liaison tie is also used to join lexical words into <a href="/wiki/Phonological_word" title="Phonological word">phonological words</a>, for example <i>hot dog</i> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ˈhɒt‿dɒɡ/</span>⟩. </p><p>A Greek sigma, <span class="nowrap">⟨σ⟩</span>, is used as a <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wild card</a> for 'syllable', and a dollar/peso sign, <span class="nowrap">⟨$⟩</span>, marks a syllable boundary where the usual fullstop might be misunderstood. For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨σσ⟩</span> is a pair of syllables, and <span class="nowrap">⟨V$⟩</span> is a syllable-final vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Syllable" title="Special:EditPage/Syllable">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syllable.svg/220px-Syllable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syllable.svg/330px-Syllable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syllable.svg/440px-Syllable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Syllable components as a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_illustration_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Syllable_illustration_1.svg/220px-Syllable_illustration_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Syllable_illustration_1.svg/330px-Syllable_illustration_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Syllable_illustration_1.svg/440px-Syllable_illustration_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Segmental model for <i>cat</i> and <i>sing</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_model">Typical model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Typical model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the typical theory<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of syllable structure, the general structure of a syllable (σ) consists of three segments. These segments are grouped into two components: </p> <ul><li><a href="#Onset">Onset</a> (ω): A <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a>, obligatory in some languages, optional or even restricted in others</li> <li><a href="#Rime">Rime</a> (ρ): Right branch, contrasts with onset, splits into nucleus and coda <ul><li><a href="#Nucleus">Nucleus</a> (ν): A <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonant</a>, obligatory in most languages</li> <li><a href="#Coda">Coda</a> (κ): A consonant or consonant cluster, optional in some languages, highly restricted or prohibited in others</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. nucleus and coda are grouped together as a "rime" and are only distinguished at the second level. </p><p>The <i>nucleus</i> is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The <i>onset</i> is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the <i>coda</i> (literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. They are sometimes collectively known as the <i>shell</i>. The term <i>rime</i> covers the nucleus plus coda. In the one-syllable English word <i>cat</i>, the nucleus is <i>a</i> (the sound that can be shouted or sung on its own), the onset <i>c</i>, the coda <i>t</i>, and the rime <i>at</i>. This syllable can be abstracted as a <i>consonant-vowel-consonant</i> syllable, abbreviated <i>CVC</i>. Languages vary greatly in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a syllable, according to what is termed a language's <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>. </p><p>Although every syllable has supra-segmental features, these are usually ignored if not semantically relevant, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_model"><span class="anchor" id="initial"></span><span class="anchor" id="medial"></span><span class="anchor" id="final"></span><span class="anchor" id="rime"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chinese"></span>Chinese model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">Fanqie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_syllable_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_syllable_tree.svg/330px-Chinese_syllable_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_syllable_tree.svg/495px-Chinese_syllable_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_syllable_tree.svg/660px-Chinese_syllable_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Chinese syllable structure</figcaption></figure> <p>In the syllable structure of <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>, the onset is replaced with an initial, and a semivowel or liquid forms another segment, called the medial. These four segments are grouped into two slightly different components:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2017)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="#initial">Initial</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ι⟩</span>: Optional onset, excluding semivowels</li> <li><a href="#final">Final</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨φ⟩</span>: Medial, nucleus, and final consonant<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="#medial">Medial</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨μ⟩</span>: Optional semivowel or liquid<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="#Nucleus">Nucleus</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ν⟩</span>: A <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> or syllabic consonant</li> <li><a href="#Coda">Coda</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨κ⟩</span>: Optional final consonant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨τ⟩</span>: May be carried by the syllable as a whole or by the rime</li></ul> <p>In many languages of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_linguistic_area" title="Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area">Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the syllable structure is expanded to include an additional, optional <b>medial</b> segment located between the onset (often termed the <i>initial</i> in this context) and the rime. The medial is normally a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">reconstructions of Old Chinese</a> generally include <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> medials (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in modern reconstructions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in older versions), and many reconstructions of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> include a medial contrast between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, where the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> functions phonologically as a glide rather than as part of the nucleus. In addition, many reconstructions of both Old and Middle Chinese include complex medials such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jw/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jwi/</span>. The medial groups phonologically with the rime rather than the onset, and the combination of medial and rime is collectively known as the <b>final</b>. </p><p>Some linguists, especially when discussing the modern Chinese varieties, use the terms "final" and "rime" interchangeably. In <a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">historical Chinese phonology</a>, however, the distinction between "final" (including the medial) and "rime" (not including the medial) is important in understanding the <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionaries">rime dictionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rime_table" title="Rime table">rime tables</a> that form the primary sources for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, and as a result most authors distinguish the two according to the above definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouping_of_components">Grouping of components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grouping of components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg/640px-Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg/960px-Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg/1280px-Syllable_onset_rhyme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_illustration_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syllable_illustration_2.svg/220px-Syllable_illustration_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syllable_illustration_2.svg/330px-Syllable_illustration_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syllable_illustration_2.svg/440px-Syllable_illustration_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Hierarchical model for <i>cat</i> and <i>sing</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In some theories of phonology, syllable structures are displayed as <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">tree diagrams</a> (similar to the trees found in some types of syntax). Not all phonologists agree that syllables have internal structure; in fact, some phonologists doubt the existence of the syllable as a theoretical entity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many arguments for a hierarchical relationship, rather than a linear one, between the syllable constituents. One hierarchical model groups the syllable nucleus and coda into an intermediate level, the <i>rime</i>. The hierarchical model accounts for the role that the <i>nucleus</i>+<i>coda</i> constituent plays in <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyming</a> words such as <i>cat</i> and <i>bat</i> are formed by matching both the nucleus and coda, or the entire rime), and for the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">distinction between heavy and light syllables</a>, which plays a role in phonological processes such as, for example, <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">scipu</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wordu</i></span>, where in a process called high vowel deletion (HVD), the nominative/accusative plural of single light-syllable roots (like "*scip-") got a "u" ending in OE, whereas heavy syllable roots (like "*word-") would not, giving "scip-u" but "word-∅".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Body">Body</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_body_coda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syllable_body_coda.svg/550px-Syllable_body_coda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syllable_body_coda.svg/825px-Syllable_body_coda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syllable_body_coda.svg/1100px-Syllable_body_coda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Left-branching hierarchical model</figcaption></figure> <p>In some traditional descriptions of certain languages such as <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>, the syllable is considered left-branching, i.e. onset and nucleus group below a higher-level unit, called a "body" or "core". This contrasts with the coda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rime">Rime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>rime</b> or <b>rhyme</b> of a syllable consists of a <a href="#Nucleus">nucleus</a> and an optional <a href="#Coda">coda</a>. It is the part of the syllable used in most <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">poetic rhymes</a>, and the part that is lengthened or stressed when a person elongates or stresses a word in speech. </p><p>The rime is usually the portion of a syllable from the first <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> to the end. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æt/</span> is the rime of all of the words <i>at</i>, <i>sat</i>, and <i>flat</i>. However, the nucleus does not necessarily need to be a vowel in some languages, such as English. For instance, the rime of the second syllables of the words <i>bottle</i> and <i>fiddle</i> is just <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonant</a>. </p><p>Just as the rime branches into the nucleus and coda, the nucleus and coda may each branch into multiple <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. The limit for the number of phonemes which may be contained in each varies by language. For example, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> do not have consonant clusters at the beginning or end of syllables, whereas many Eastern European languages can have more than two consonants at the beginning or end of the syllable. In English, the onset may have up to three consonants, and the coda four.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rime</i> and <i>rhyme</i> are variants of the same word, but the rarer form <i>rime</i> is sometimes used to mean specifically <i>syllable rime</i> to differentiate it from the concept of poetic <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>. This distinction is not made by some linguists and does not appear in most dictionaries. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples <br /><small>C = consonant, V = vowel, optional components are in parentheses.</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>structure:</th> <th>syllable =</th> <th>onset</th> <th>+ rhyme </th></tr> <tr> <th>C<sup>+</sup>V<sup>+</sup>C*: </th> <td>C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>)V<sub>1</sub>(V<sub>2</sub>)(C<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>4</sub>) = </td> <td>C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td>+ V<sub>1</sub>(V<sub>2</sub>)(C<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>4</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>V<sup>+</sup>C*: </th> <td>V<sub>1</sub>(V<sub>2</sub>)(C<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>4</sub>) = </td> <td title="null">∅ </td> <td>+ V<sub>1</sub>(V<sub>2</sub>)(C<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>4</sub>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weight">Weight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg/330px-Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg/495px-Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg/660px-Syllable_illustrations_3and4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Branching nucleus for <i>pout</i> and branching coda for <i>pond</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">Syllable weight</a></div> <p>A <b>heavy syllable</b> is generally one with a <i>branching rime</i>, i.e. it is either a <i>closed syllable</i> that ends in a consonant, or a syllable with a <i>branching nucleus</i>, i.e. a long vowel or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>. The name is a metaphor, based on the nucleus or coda having lines that branch in a tree diagram. </p><p>In some languages, heavy syllables include both VV (branching nucleus) and VC (branching rime) syllables, contrasted with V, which is a <b>light syllable</b>. In other languages, only VV syllables are considered heavy, while both VC and V syllables are light. Some languages distinguish a third type of <b>superheavy syllable</b>, which consists of VVC syllables (with both a branching nucleus and rime) or VCC syllables (with a coda consisting of two or more consonants) or both. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic theory</a>, heavy syllables are said to have two moras, while light syllables are said to have one and superheavy syllables are said to have three. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a> is generally described this way. </p><p>Many languages forbid superheavy syllables, while a significant number forbid any heavy syllable. Some languages strive for constant syllable weight; for example, in stressed, non-final syllables in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, short vowels co-occur with closed syllables while long vowels co-occur with open syllables, so that all such syllables are heavy (not light or superheavy). </p><p>The difference between heavy and light frequently determines which syllables receive <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> – this is the case in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, for example. The system of <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">poetic meter</a> in many classical languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Old Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, is based on syllable weight rather than stress (so-called <i>quantitative rhythm</i> or <i>quantitative meter</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllabification">Syllabification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syllabification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllabification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">Sonority hierarchy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllabification</a> is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. In most languages, the actually spoken syllables are the basis of syllabification in writing too. Due to the very weak correspondence between sounds and letters in the spelling of modern English, for example, written syllabification in English has to be based mostly on etymological i.e. morphological instead of phonetic principles. English written syllables therefore do not correspond to the actually spoken syllables of the living language. </p><p>Phonotactic rules determine which sounds are allowed or disallowed in each part of the syllable. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> allows very complicated syllables; syllables may begin with up to three consonants (as in <i>strength</i>), and occasionally end with as many as four<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as in <i>angsts</i>, pronounced [æŋsts]). Many other languages are much more restricted; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, for example, only allows <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɴ/</span> and a <a href="/wiki/Chroneme" title="Chroneme">chroneme</a> in a coda, and theoretically has no consonant clusters at all, as the onset is composed of at most one consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linking of a word-final consonant to a vowel beginning the word immediately following it forms a regular part of the phonetics of some languages, including Spanish, Hungarian, and Turkish. Thus, in Spanish, the phrase <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">los hombres</i></span> ('the men') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[loˈsom.bɾes]</span>, Hungarian <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">az ember</i></span> ('the human') as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒˈzɛm.bɛr]</span>, and Turkish <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">nefret ettim</i></span> ('I hated it') as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nefˈɾe.tet.tim]</span>. In Italian, a final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> sound can be moved to the next syllable in enchainement, sometimes with a gemination: e.g., <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">non ne ho mai avuti</i></span> ('I've never had any of them') is broken into syllables as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[non.neˈɔ.ma.jaˈvuːti]</span> and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">io ci vado e lei anche</i></span> ('I go there and she does as well') is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jo.tʃiˈvaːdo.e.lɛjˈjaŋ.ke]</span>. A related phenomenon, called consonant mutation, is found in the Celtic languages like Irish and Welsh, whereby unwritten (but historical) final consonants affect the initial consonant of the following word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambisyllabicity">Ambisyllabicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ambisyllabicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There can be disagreement about the location of some divisions between syllables in spoken language. The problems of dealing with such cases have been most commonly discussed with relation to English. In the case of a word such as <i>hurry</i>, the division may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʌr.i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʌ.ri/</span>, neither of which seems a satisfactory analysis for a <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic accent">non-rhotic accent</a> such as RP (British English): <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʌr.i/</span> results in a syllable-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, which is not normally found, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʌ.ri/</span> gives a syllable-final short stressed vowel, which is also non-occurring. Arguments can be made in favour of one solution or the other: A general rule has been proposed that states that "Subject to certain conditions ..., consonants are syllabified with the more strongly stressed of two flanking syllables",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while many other phonologists prefer to divide syllables with the consonant or consonants attached to the following syllable wherever possible. However, an alternative that has received some support is to treat an intervocalic consonant as <i>ambisyllabic</i>, i.e. belonging both to the preceding and to the following syllable: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʌṛi/</span>. This is discussed in more detail in <a href="/wiki/English_phonology#Phonotactics" title="English phonology">English phonology § Phonotactics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onset">Onset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Onset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>onset</b> (also known as <b>anlaut</b>) is the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable, occurring before the <a href="#Nucleus">nucleus</a>. Most syllables have an onset. Syllables without an onset may be said to have an <i>empty</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">zero</a> onset</i> – that is, nothing where the onset would be. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Onset_cluster">Onset cluster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Onset cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. For example, in English, onsets such as <i>pr-</i>, <i>pl-</i> and <i>tr-</i> are possible but <i>tl-</i> is not, and <i>sk-</i> is possible but <i>ks-</i> is not. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, however, both <i>ks-</i> and <i>tl-</i> are possible onsets, while contrarily in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> no multiconsonant onsets are allowed at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Null_onset">Null onset</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Null onset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages forbid <b>null onsets</b>. In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word <i>at</i>, are impossible. </p><p>This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (the sound in the middle of English <i>uh-oh</i> or, in some dialects, the double T in <i>button</i>, represented in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>). In English, a word that begins with a vowel may be pronounced with an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> glottal stop when following a pause, though the glottal stop may not be a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in the language. </p><p>Few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. However, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> do make such a distinction, as in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ahi/</span> ('fire') and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔahi</span>/ ← <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kahi/</span> ('tuna') and Maltese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/∅/</span> ← <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> and Maltese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k~ʔ/</span> ← Arabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a> may commonly ignore <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">א</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ע</span></span>, and Arabic forbid empty onsets. The names <i>Israel</i>, <i>Abel</i>, <i>Abraham</i>, <i>Omar</i>, <i>Abdullah</i>, and <i>Iraq</i> appear not to have onsets in the first syllable, but in the original Hebrew and Arabic forms they actually begin with various consonants: the semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yisra'él</i></span>, the glottal fricative in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הֶבֶל</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">heḇel</i></span>, the glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אַבְרָהָם</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">'aḇrāhām</i></span>, or the pharyngeal fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span> in <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُمَر</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿumar</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَبْدُ ٱللّٰ</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿabdu llāh</i></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عِرَاق</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿirāq</i></span>. Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte language</a> of central Australia may prohibit onsets altogether; if so, all syllables have the <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying shape</a> VC(C).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between a syllable with a null onset and one beginning with a glottal stop is often purely a difference of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> analysis, rather than the actual pronunciation of the syllable. In some cases, the pronunciation of a (putatively) vowel-initial word when following another word – particularly, whether or not a glottal stop is inserted – indicates whether the word should be considered to have a null onset. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> never insert such a glottal stop, while <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> does so only some of the time, depending on factors such as conversation speed; in both cases, this suggests that the words in question are truly vowel-initial. </p><p>But there are exceptions here, too. For example, standard <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (excluding many southern accents) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> both require that a glottal stop be inserted between a word and a following, putatively vowel-initial word. Yet such words are perceived to begin with a vowel in German but a glottal stop in Arabic. The reason for this has to do with other properties of the two languages. For example, a glottal stop does not occur in other situations in German, e.g. before a consonant or at the end of word. On the other hand, in Arabic, not only does a glottal stop occur in such situations (e.g. Classical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/saʔala/</span> "he asked", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/raʔj/</span> "opinion", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤawʔ/</span> "light"), but it occurs in alternations that are clearly indicative of its phonemic status (cf. Classical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaːtib/</span> "writer" vs. /mak<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tuːb/</span> "written", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaːkil/</span> "eater" vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maʔkuːl/</span> "eaten"). In other words, while the glottal stop is predictable in German (inserted only if a stressed syllable would otherwise begin with a vowel),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same sound is a regular consonantal phoneme in Arabic. The status of this consonant in the respective writing systems corresponds to this difference: there is no reflex of the glottal stop in <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a>, but there is a letter in the Arabic alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> (<bdi>ء</bdi>)). </p><p>The writing system of a language may not correspond with the phonological analysis of the language in terms of its handling of (potentially) null onsets. For example, in some languages written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, an initial glottal stop is left unwritten (see the German example); on the other hand, some languages written using non-Latin alphabets such as <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> have a special <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">zero consonant</a> to represent a null onset. As an example, in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, the alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>, a null onset is represented with ㅇ at the left or top section of a <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a>, as in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">역</span></span> "station", pronounced <i>yeok</i>, where the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <i>yeo</i> is the nucleus and <i>k</i> is the coda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nucleus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg/375px-Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg/563px-Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg/750px-Syllable_onset_nucleus_coda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="206" /></a></span> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Examples of syllable nuclei </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Nucleus </th></tr> <tr> <td>c<b>a</b>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kæt]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b<b>e</b>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɛd]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>o</b>de <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʊd]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʊ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b<b>ee</b>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bit]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b<b>i</b>te <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[baɪt]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r<b>ai</b>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻeɪn]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b<b>i</b>tt<b>e</b>n <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɪt.ən]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɪt.n̩]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̩]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>nucleus</i> is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes called the <i>peak</i>), and the minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthong</a>, but sometimes is a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonant</a>. </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">lax vowels</a> can occur only in closed syllables. Therefore, these vowels are also called <a href="/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels" title="Checked and free vowels">checked vowels</a>, as opposed to the tense vowels that are called <i>free vowels</i> because they can occur even in open syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_nucleus">Consonant nucleus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consonant nucleus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a></div> <p>The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> without any intervening vowel or <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>. By far the most common syllabic consonants are sonorants like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>, as in English <i>bott<b>le</b></i>, <i>ch<b>ur</b>ch</i> (in rhotic accents), <i>rhyth<b>m</b></i>, <i>butt<b>on</b></i> and <i>lock <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><b>n</b> key</i>. However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> utterances such as <i>shh</i> (used to command silence) and <i>psst</i> (used to attract attention). All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic. Obstruent-only syllables also occur phonetically in some prosodic situations when unstressed vowels elide between obstruents, as in <i>potato</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰˈteɪɾəʊ]</span> and <i>today</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰˈdeɪ]</span>, which do not change in their number of syllables despite losing a syllabic nucleus. </p><p>A few languages have so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic fricative">syllabic fricatives</a></i>, also known as <i>fricative vowels</i>, at the phonemic level. (In the context of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Chinese phonology</a>, the related but non-synonymous term <i>apical vowel</i> is commonly used.) <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is famous for having such sounds in at least some of its dialects, for example the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> syllables <i>sī shī rī</i>, usually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sź̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂʐ̩́<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐʐ̩́]</span>, respectively. Though, like the nucleus of rhotic English <i>church</i>, there is debate over whether these nuclei are consonants or vowels. </p><p>Languages of the northwest coast of North America, including <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a> languages, allow <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless fricative">voiceless fricatives</a> as syllables at the phonemic level, in even the most careful enunciation. An example is Chinook <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬtʰpʰt͡ʃʰkʰtʰ]</span> 'those two women are coming this way out of the water'. Linguists have analyzed this situation in various ways, some arguing that such syllables have no nucleus at all and some arguing that the concept of "syllable" cannot clearly be applied at all to these languages. </p><p>Other examples: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Nux%C3%A1lk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuxálk language">Nuxálk</a> (Bella Coola)</dt> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬχʷtʰɬt͡sʰxʷ]</span> 'you spat on me'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sʼkʰtʰskʷʰt͡sʼ]</span> 'he arrived'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬɬs]</span> 'he had in his possession a bunchberry plant'<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sxs]</span> 'seal blubber'</dd></dl> <p>In Bagemihl's survey of previous analyses, he finds that the Bella Coola word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʼktskʷt͡sʼ/</span> 'he arrived' would have been parsed into 0, 2, 3, 5, or 6 syllables depending on which analysis is used. One analysis would consider all vowel and consonant segments as syllable nuclei, another would consider only a small subset (<a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>) as nuclei candidates, and another would simply deny the existence of syllables completely. However, when working with recordings rather than transcriptions, the syllables can be obvious in such languages, and native speakers have strong intuitions as to what the syllables are. </p><p>This type of phenomenon has also been reported in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> (such as Indlawn <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashlhiyt Berber</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer languages">Mon–Khmer languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a>) and the Ōgami dialect of <a href="/wiki/Miyako_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako language">Miyako</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Indlawn Tashlhiyt Berber</dt> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tftktst<span class="wrap"> </span>tfktstt]</span> 'you sprained it and then gave it'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rkkm]</span> 'rot' (imperf.)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Semai</dt> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kckmrʔɛːc]</span> 'short, fat arms'<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coda">Coda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>coda</b> (also known as <b>auslaut</b>) comprises the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> sounds of a syllable that follow the <a href="#Nucleus">nucleus</a>. The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a <a href="#Rime">rime</a>. Some syllables consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and coda with no onset. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> of many languages forbid syllable codas. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. At a phonemic level in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> of the following consonant. (On a phonetic level, other codas occur due to elision of /i/ and /u/.) In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters of consonants</a>. In English, for example, all onset consonants except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> are allowed as syllable codas. </p><p>If the coda consists of a consonant cluster, the sonority typically decreases from first to last, as in the English word <i>help</i>. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">sonority hierarchy</a> (or sonority scale).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English onset and coda clusters are therefore different. The onset <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/str/</span> in <i>strengths</i> does not appear as a coda in any English word. However, some clusters do occur as both onsets and codas, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/st/</span> in <i>stardust</i>. The sonority hierarchy is more strict in some languages and less strict in others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_and_closed">Open and closed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Open and closed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Checked syllable" redirects here. For checked syllables in Chinese, see <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">Checked tone</a>.</div> <p>A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. (V = vowel, C = consonant) is called an <b>open syllable</b> or <b>free syllable</b>, while a syllable that has a coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) is called a <b>closed syllable</b> or <b>checked syllable</b>. They have nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a>, but are defined according to the phoneme that ends the syllable: a vowel (open syllable) or a consonant (closed syllable). Almost all languages allow open syllables, but some, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, do not have closed syllables. </p><p>When a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed. This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. For example, Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">casar</i></span> ("to marry") is composed of an open syllable followed by a closed syllable (<i>ca-sar</i>), whereas <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cansar</i></span> "to get tired" is composed of two closed syllables (<i>can-sar</i>). When a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> (double) consonant occurs, the syllable boundary occurs in the middle, e.g. Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">panna</i></span> "cream" (<i>pan-na</i>); cf. Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">pane</i></span> "bread" (<i>pa-ne</i>). </p><p>English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by ν, and coda denoted by κ: </p> <ul><li>i<i>n</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></li> <li>cu<i>p</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></li> <li>ta<i>ll</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></li> <li>mi<i>lk</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lk/</span></li> <li>ti<i>nts</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nts/</span></li> <li>fi<i>fths</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fθs/</span></li> <li>si<i>xths</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ksθs/</span></li> <li>twe<i>lfths</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lfθs/</span></li> <li>stre<i>ngths</i>: ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, κ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋθs/</span></li></ul> <p>English words may also consist of a single open syllable, ending in a nucleus, without a coda: </p> <ul><li><i>glue</i>, ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span></li> <li><i>pie</i>, ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span></li> <li><i>though</i>, ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span></li> <li><i>boy</i>, ν = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɪ/</span></li></ul> <p>A list of examples of syllable codas in English is found at <a href="/wiki/English_phonology#Coda" title="English phonology">English phonology#Coda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Null_coda">Null coda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Null coda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonotactics" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a>, forbid codas, so that all syllables are open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suprasegmental_features">Suprasegmental features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Suprasegmental features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The domain of <a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">suprasegmental features</a> is a syllable (or some larger unit), but not a specific sound. That is to say, these features may effect more than a single segment, and possibly all segments of a syllable: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">Stød</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)#Types" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Suprasegmental palatalization</a></li></ul> <p>Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Syllable_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable length">syllable length</a> is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. However, syllables can be analyzed as compositions of long and short phonemes, as in Finnish and Japanese, where consonant gemination and vowel length are independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone (linguistics)</a></div> <p>In most languages, the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pitch_contour" title="Pitch contour">pitch contour</a> in which a syllable is pronounced conveys shades of meaning such as emphasis or surprise, or distinguishes a statement from a question. In tonal languages, however, the pitch affects the basic lexical meaning (e.g. "cat" vs. "dog") or grammatical meaning (e.g. past vs. present). In some languages, only the pitch itself (e.g. high vs. low) has this effect, while in others, especially East Asian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, the shape or contour (e.g. level vs. rising vs. falling) also needs to be distinguished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accent">Accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accent_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (phonetics)">Accent (phonetics)</a></div> <p>Syllable structure often interacts with stress or pitch accent. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, for example, stress is regularly determined by <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">syllable weight</a>, a syllable counting as heavy if it has at least one of the following: </p> <ul><li>a long vowel in its <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> in its nucleus</li> <li>one or more <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">codas</a></li></ul> <p>In each case, the syllable is considered to have two <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a>. </p><p>The first syllable of a word is the <b>initial syllable</b> and the last syllable is the <b>final syllable</b>. </p><p>In languages accented on one of the last three syllables, the last syllable is called the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">ultima</a>, the next-to-last is called the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a>, and the third syllable from the end is called the antepenult. These terms come from Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultima</i></span></i> "last", <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paenultima</i></span></i> "almost last", and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">antepaenultima</i></span></i> "before almost last". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, there are three <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">accent marks</a> (acute, circumflex, and grave), and terms were used to describe words based on the position and type of accent. Some of these terms are used in the description of other languages. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Placement of accent </th></tr> <tr> <th>Antepenult</th> <th>Penult</th> <th>Ultima </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Type<br />of<br />accent</th> <th>Circumflex </th> <td align="center">—</td> <td align="center">properispomenon</td> <td align="center">perispomenon </td></tr> <tr> <th>Acute </th> <td align="center">proparoxytone</td> <td align="center">paroxytone</td> <td align="center">oxytone </td></tr> <tr> <th>Any </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">barytone</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_Molinier" title="Guilhem Molinier">Guilhem Molinier</a>, a member of the <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><span lang="oc" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Consistori del Gay Saber</a></span></span>, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the <a href="/wiki/Floral_Games" title="Floral Games">Floral Games</a> to award the best <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> with the <i>violeta d'aur</i> top prize, gave a definition of the syllable in his <i><a href="/wiki/Leys_d%27amor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leys d'amor">Leys d'amor</a></i> (1328–1337), a book aimed at regulating then-flourishing <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> poetry: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><i>Sillaba votz es literals.<br /></i> Segon los ditz gramaticals.<br /> En un accen pronunciada.<br /> Et en un trag: d'una alenada.<i></i> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>A syllable is the sound of several letters,<br /> According to those called grammarians,<br /> Pronounced in one accent<br /> And uninterruptedly: in one breath. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology#Phonotactics" title="English phonology">English phonology#Phonotactics</a>. Covers syllable structure in English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">Entering tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Suprasegmentals" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA symbols for syllables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">Line (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_longest_English_words_with_one_syllable" title="List of the longest English words with one syllable">List of the longest English words with one syllable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_syllable" title="Minor syllable">Minor syllable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">Mora (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> writing system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllabification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_(computing)" title="Syllable (computing)">Syllable (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing (linguistics)">Timing (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocalese" title="Vocalese">Vocalese</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2003" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, Kenneth (2003). "Temporal constraints and characterising syllable structuring". In <a href="/wiki/John_Local" title="John Local">Local, John</a>; Ogden, Richard; Temple, Rosalind (eds.). <i>Phonetic Interpretation: Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511486425.015">10.1017/CBO9780511486425.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82402-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temporal+constraints+and+characterising+syllable+structuring&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Interpretation%3A+Papers+in+Laboratory+Phonology+VI&rft.pages=253-268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511486425.015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82402-6&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span> Page 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J. T. (1990). "Introduction". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingpastancie0000unse/page/8/mode/2up?q=advance"><i>Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet</i></a></span>. University of California Press; British Museum. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07431-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07431-9"><bdi>0-520-07431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Past%3A+Ancient+Writing+from+Cuneiform+to+the+Alphabet&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%3B+British+Museum&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-07431-9&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingpastancie0000unse%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dadvance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=syllable">"syllable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=syllable&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dsyllable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lamba/nw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαμβάνω</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmyth1920">Smyth 1920</a>, §523: present stems formed by suffixes containing <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ν</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> (December 1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention: International Phonetic Association". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>19</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 75–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300003868">10.1017/S0025100300003868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249412330">249412330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+1989+Kiel+Convention%3A+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-76&rft.date=1989-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300003868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249412330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More generally, the letter φ indicates a prosodic <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">foot</a> of two syllables</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More generally, the letter μ indicates a <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of the theoretical existence of the syllable see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211920/http://www.cunyphonologyforum.net/syllable.php">"CUNY Conference on the Syllable"</a>. <i>CUNY Phonology Forum</i>. CUNY Graduate Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cunyphonologyforum.net/syllable.php">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CUNY+Phonology+Forum&rft.atitle=CUNY+Conference+on+the+Syllable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cunyphonologyforum.net%2Fsyllable.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermúdez-Otero2015" class="citation web cs1">Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bermudez-otero.com/SHEL9.pdf">"The life cycle of High Vowel Deletion in Old English: from prosody to stratification and loss"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+life+cycle+of+High+Vowel+Deletion+in+Old+English%3A+from+prosody+to+stratification+and+loss&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Berm%C3%BAdez-Otero&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbermudez-otero.com%2FSHEL9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFikkertDresherLahiri2006" class="citation book cs1">Fikkert, Paula; Dresher, Elan; Lahiri, Aditi (2006). "Chapter 6, Prosodic Preferences: From Old English to Early Modern English". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/files/fikkert_dresher_lahiri_2006.pdf"><i>The Handbook of the History of English</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470757048" title="Special:BookSources/9780470757048"><bdi>9780470757048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%2C+Prosodic+Preferences%3A+From+Old+English+to+Early+Modern+English&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+the+History+of+English&rft.pages=134-135&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780470757048&rft.aulast=Fikkert&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Dresher%2C+Elan&rft.au=Lahiri%2C+Aditi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2Ffikkert_dresher_lahiri_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2003" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Shengli (2003). <i>A Prosodic Grammar of Chinese</i>. University of Kansas. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prosodic+Grammar+of+Chinese&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Shengli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzén1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hultzén, Lee S. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/454173">"Consonant Clusters in English"</a>. <i>American Speech</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F454173">10.2307/454173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1283">0003-1283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Consonant+Clusters+in+English&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F454173&rft.issn=0003-1283&rft.aulast=Hultz%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Lee+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F454173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzén1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hultzén, Lee S. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/454173">"Consonant Clusters in English"</a>. <i>American Speech</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F454173">10.2307/454173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1283">0003-1283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Consonant+Clusters+in+English&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F454173&rft.issn=0003-1283&rft.aulast=Hultz%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Lee+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F454173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibatani1987" class="citation book cs1">Shibatani, Masayoshi (1987). "Japanese". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). <i>The World's Major Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 855–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9"><bdi>0-19-520521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=855-80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-520521-9&rft.aulast=Shibatani&rft.aufirst=Masayoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1990). "Syllabification and allophony". In Ramsaran, Susan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/syllabif.htm"><i>Studies in the pronunciation of English : a commemorative volume in honour of A.C. Gimson</i></a>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 76–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138918658" title="Special:BookSources/9781138918658"><bdi>9781138918658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syllabification+and+allophony&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+pronunciation+of+English+%3A+a+commemorative+volume+in+honour+of+A.C.+Gimson&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=76-86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781138918658&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fsyllabif.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreenPensalfini1999" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, Gavan; Pensalfini, Rob (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:209796/UQ209796_OA.pdf">"Arrernte: A Language with No Syllable Onsets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002438999553940">10.1162/002438999553940</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4179048">4179048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57564955">57564955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Arrernte%3A+A+Language+with+No+Syllable+Onsets&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57564955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4179048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002438999553940&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rft.au=Pensalfini%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A209796%2FUQ209796_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiese2000" class="citation book cs1">Wiese, Richard (2000). <i>Phonology of German</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198299509" title="Special:BookSources/9780198299509"><bdi>9780198299509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+of+German&rft.pages=58-61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198299509&rft.aulast=Wiese&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagemihl1991">Bagemihl 1991</a>, pp. 589, 593, 627</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellard2010" class="citation book cs1">Pellard, Thomas (2010). "Ōgami (Miyako Ryukyuan)". In Shimoji, Michinori (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70116/1/B072_05.pdf"><i>An introduction to Ryukyuan languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fuchū, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. pp. 113–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86337-072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86337-072-2"><bdi>978-4-86337-072-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%8Cgami+%28Miyako+Ryukyuan%29&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Ryukyuan+languages&rft.place=Fuch%C5%AB%2C+Tokyo&rft.pages=113-166&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-86337-072-2&rft.aulast=Pellard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F70116%2F1%2FB072_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00529598">hal-00529598</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDellElmedlaoui1985">Dell & Elmedlaoui 1985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDellElmedlaoui1988">Dell & Elmedlaoui 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSloan1988">Sloan 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarringtonCox2014" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/syllable-and-foot">"Syllable and foot: The syllable and phonotactic constraints"</a>. <i>Department of Linguistics</i>. Macquarie University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Syllable+and+foot%3A+The+syllable+and+phonotactic+constraints&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Cox%2C+Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mq.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fabout-the-university%2Four-faculties%2Fmedicine-and-health-sciences%2Fdepartments-and-centres%2Fdepartment-of-linguistics%2Four-research%2Fphonetics-and-phonology%2Fspeech%2Fphonetics-and-phonology%2Fsyllable-and-foot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_recommended_reading">Sources and recommended reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources and recommended reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagemihl1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bagemihl" title="Bruce Bagemihl">Bagemihl, Bruce</a> (1991). "Syllable structure in Bella Coola". <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 589–646. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178744">4178744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Syllable+structure+in+Bella+Coola&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=589-646&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bagemihl&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsKeyser1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_N._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="George N. Clements">Clements, George N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Keyser" title="Samuel Jay Keyser">Keyser, Samuel J.</a> (1983). <i>CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable</i>. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. Vol. 9. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262030984" title="Special:BookSources/9780262030984"><bdi>9780262030984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CV+phonology%3A+a+generative+theory+of+the+syllable&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Linguistic+Inquiry+Monographs&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780262030984&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft.au=Keyser%2C+Samuel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellElmedlaoui1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dell, François; Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (1985). "Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber". <i>Journal of African Languages and Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 105–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjall.1985.7.2.105">10.1515/jall.1985.7.2.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29304770">29304770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Syllabic+consonants+and+syllabification+in+Imdlawn+Tashlhiyt+Berber&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-130&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjall.1985.7.2.105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29304770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Elmedlaoui%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellElmedlaoui1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dell, François; Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (1988). "Syllabic consonants in Berber: Some new evidence". <i>Journal of African Languages and Linguistics</i>. <b>10</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjall.1988.10.1.1">10.1515/jall.1988.10.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144470527">144470527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Syllabic+consonants+in+Berber%3A+Some+new+evidence&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjall.1988.10.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144470527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Elmedlaoui%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/A_course_in_phonetics" class="mw-redirect" title="A course in phonetics">A course in phonetics</a></i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, TX</a>: Harcourt College Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-507319-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-507319-2"><bdi>0-15-507319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+course+in+phonetics&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+TX&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-15-507319-2&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan1988" class="citation conference cs1">Sloan, Kerry (1988). "Bare-Consonant Reduplication: Implications for a Prosodic Theory of Reduplication". In Borer, Hagit (ed.). <i>The Proceedings of the Seventh West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics</i>. WCCFL 7. Irvine, CA: University of Chicago Press. pp. 319–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780937073407" title="Special:BookSources/9780937073407"><bdi>9780937073407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Bare-Consonant+Reduplication%3A+Implications+for+a+Prosodic+Theory+of+Reduplication&rft.btitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+West+Coast+Conference+on+Formal+Linguistics&rft.place=Irvine%2C+CA&rft.pages=319-330&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780937073407&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1920" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm"><i>A Greek Grammar for Colleges</i></a>. American Book Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">CCEL</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Grammar+for+Colleges&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fsmyth%2Fgrammar%2Fhtml%2Ftoc_uni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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