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id="content-wrap" class="clearfix">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/prettyPhoto.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/prettyPhoto-updates.css"/><script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { soundManager.setup({ // required: path to directory containing SM2 SWF files url: '/swf/', onready: function() { // Ready to use; soundManager.createSound() etc. can now be called. } }); }); </script> <div style="float: right"> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://w.sharethis.com/button/sharethis.js#publisher=7b2c5372-ba2b-4618-8dab-36cde9c995a9&type=website&post_services=email%2Cfacebook%2Ctwitter%2Cmyspace%2Cdigg%2Csms%2Cdelicious%2Cstumbleupon%2Creddit%2Cgoogle_bmarks%2Clinkedin%2Cblogger%2Cyahoo_bmarks%2Cwordpress"></script> </div> <div id="article-overview"> <h1>BĀB (1)</h1>  </div> <div class="divider-fancy"> </div> <div id="content" class="clearfix article"> <p><strong>BĀB </strong>“door, gate, entrance”: a term of varied application in Shiʿism and related movements. It is applied differently in several sects to a rank in the spiritual hierarchy, either as conceived in transcendent terms or as actually manifested in the religious system on earth. Thus, the Ismaʿili hierarchy of <em>ḥodūd al-dīn</em> includes the <em>bāb </em> as fourth in rank after prophet, <em>asās</em>, and <em>emām</em> (Hollister, p. 260), while under the Fatimids <em>bāb</em> came to be used as a title for the chief <em>ḥojja</em>, immediately under the imam and responsible for the organization of the <em>daʿwa </em> (Lewis, “Bāb”). In the Noṣayrī system, the <em>bāb</em> is the third element in the hierarchy after <em>maʿnā</em> and <em>esm</em>, in which the <em>maʿnā</em> is the equivalent of the Ismaʿili “silent” (<em>ṣāmet</em>) imam, the <em>esm</em> the equivalent of the “speaking (<em>nāṭeq</em>) imam, and the <em>bāb</em> the gateway to the imam. The names of the <em>abwāb</em> are given for the first seven cycles and for the cycle of Islamic imams, beginning with Salmān al-Fāresī (with ʿAlī and Moḥammad). (For lists of these names, see Massignon, “Nuṣairī.”) In 245/859-60, Ebn Noṣayr proclaimed himself <em>bāb</em> of the tenth Shiʿite imam, ʿAlī al-Naqī. The Druzes apply the term to the embodiment of the <em>ʿaql al-koll</em> who stands as the first of the hierarchy of five agents below the divinity; thus, Ḥamza b. ʿAlī, their founder, claimed to be the <em>bāb</em> as the last incarnation of universal reason (Carra de Vaux, “Druzes”).</p> <p>Among the Twelver Shiʿites, the term is applied in a variety of ways to the imam, who is spoken of in traditions as <em>bāb Allāh</em>, <em>bāb al-hodā</em>, <em>bāb al-īmān</em>, and so forth, in which capacity he is the means of access to the knowledge of God and an intermediary for the passage of prayers and grace between the divine and human worlds (for numerous traditions on these themes together with Koranic verses interpreted accordingly, see Kermānī, <em>Mobīn</em> I, pp. 227-31; for commentary on the application of the term <em>abwāb al-īmān</em> to the imams in the <em>zīāra al-jāmeʿa al-kabīra</em>, see Aḥsāʾī, <em>&Scaron;arḥ</em> I, pp. 78-85; for discussion of this theme in general, see Kermānī, <em>Er&scaron;ād</em> I, pp. 338-69; idem, <em>Feṭra</em> II, pp. 198-213). ʿAlī is described in one tradition as the gate of the prophet, the latter being “the gate of God” (Kermānī, <em>Mobīn</em> I, p. 228), while a well-known <em>ḥadīṯ</em> (extant in several versions) ascribes to Moḥammad the words “I am the city of knowledge (<em>madīnat al-ʿelm</em>) and ʿAlī is the gate; will you enter the city other than by its gate?” (ibid., pp. 229-30). Shiʿite interpretation of Koran 2:58 and 7:161 identifies the imams with the <em>bāb</em> through which the Children of Israel are to pass after saying “<em>ḥeṭṭa</em>” (for traditions, see Kermānī, <em>Mobīn</em> I, p. 229; for commentary, see Aḥsāʾī, <em>&Scaron;arḥ</em> II, pp. 227-31; &Scaron;abestarī, <em>&Scaron;arḥ</em>, pp. 148-49).</p> <p>The term also came to be used among the Imami Shiʿites to designate the representatives of the imam and is best known in its application to the four <em>abwāb</em> believed to have acted as intermediaries for the twelfth imam during his lesser occultation: Abū ʿAmr ʿOṯmān b. Saʿīd ʿOmarī, his son Abū Jaʿfar Moḥammad (d. 305/917), Abu’l-Qāsem Ḥosayn b. Rūḥ Nowbaḵtī (d. 326/937), and Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Moḥammad Sāmarrī (d. 329/940). (On these, see Ma&scaron;kūr, <em>Tārīḵ-e&Scaron;īʿa</em>, pp. 137-42; Hussain, <em>Occultation</em>, chaps. 4-7.) Other claimants to this rank appeared during the same period (ibid., pp. 142-46), but in the end the system of <em>bābīya</em> was abandoned in favor of the theory of the greater occultation. During the nineteenth century, a section of the Shaikhi school (q.v.) came to regard <a href="/articles/ahsai-shaikh-ahmad">Shaikh Aḥmad Aḥsāʾī</a> and <a href="/articles/kazem-rasti">Sayyed Kāẓem Ra&scaron;tī</a> as gates of the imam, a belief which led to the emergence of <a href="/articles/babism-index">Babism</a> following the application of the term <em>bāb</em> to Sayyed ʿAlī Moḥammad &Scaron;īrāzī (see <a href="/articles/bab">BĀB</a>, <a href="/articles/ali-mohammad-sirazi">ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD &Scaron;ĪRĀZĪ</a>).</p> <p><em>Bibliography</em>:</p> <p>J. N. Hollister, <em>The Shīʿa of India</em>, London, 1953.</p> <p>B. Lewis, “Bāb,” in <em>EI</em><sup>2</sup> I. L. Massignon. “Nuṣairī,” in <em>EI</em><sup>1</sup> III. B. Carra de Vaux, “Druzes,” in <em>EI</em><sup>1</sup>. Ḥājj Moḥammad Khan Kermānī, <em>al-Ketāb al-mobīn</em>, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Kermān, 1354 &Scaron;./1975-76.</p> <p>Ḥājj Moḥammad Karīm Khan Kermānī, <em>Er&scaron;ād al-ʿawāmm</em>, 4th ed., 4 vols. in 2, Kermān, 1380/1960-61.</p> <p>Idem, <em>al-Feṭra al-salīma</em>, 3rd ed., 3 vols. in 1, Kermān, 1378/1958-9.</p> <p>Shaikh Aḥmad Aḥsāʾī, <em>&Scaron;arḥ al-zīāra al-jāmeʿa al-kabīra</em>, 4th ed., 4 vols., Kermān, 1355 &Scaron;./1976.</p> <p>Ḥojjat-al-Eslām Ḥājī Sayyed Moḥammad Ḥosaynī &Scaron;abestarī, <em>&Scaron;arḥ-e zīārat-e jāmeʿa-ye kabīra</em>, Tehran, 1333 &Scaron;./1954.</p> <p>M. J. Ma&scaron;kūr, <em>Tārīḵ-e&Scaron;īʿa wa ferqahā-ye Eslām tā qarn-e čahārom</em>, Tehran, 2535 = 1355 &Scaron;./1976.</p> <p>J. M. Hussain, <em>The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam</em>, London, 1982.</p> <p>D. M. MacEoin, “Hierarchy, Authority and Eschatology in Early Bābī Thought,” in P. Smith, ed., <em>In Iran: Studies in Bābī and Bahāʾī History </em> III, Los Angeles, 1986, esp. pp. 113-14.</p>  <p>(D. M. MacEoin)</p> <p>Originally Published: December 15, 1988</p> <p>Last Updated: August 18, 2011</p> <p>This article is available in print.<br/>Vol. III, Fasc. 3, pp. 277-278</p> <strong>Cite this entry:</strong> <p>D. M. MacEoin, “BĀB,” <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica</em>, III, Fasc. 3, pp. 277-278, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bab-door-gate-entrance (accessed on 30 December 2012).</p> </div> <div id="sidebar"> <div id="scroll-with-me"> <div id="article-comments"> <h2>BĀB (1)</h2> <a href="#" id="article-view-comments"><span>1</span> COMMENT</a> <a href="#article-comments-overlay" id="article-add-comment">ADD COMMENT</a> </div> <div id="article-tags-overview"> <a href="#article-tags-overlay" class="show-tags"><span>3</span> TAGS</a> <a href="#article-tags-overlay" id="article-add-tag" class="show-tags">ADD A TAG</a> </div> <div id="article-sections"> <h2 class="expand-toggle">Sections in this entry</h2> <div class="wrap-hidden"> <ol> <li class='here'><a href="/articles/bab-door-gate-entrance">BĀB (1)</a></li> </ol>  </div> </div> <div id="article-images" class="clearfix"> <h2 class="expand-toggle">IMAGES / TABLES</h2> <div class="wrap-hidden"> <ul> </ul> <div> </div>  </div> </div> <div id="article-tags"> <h2 class="expand-toggle">TAGS</h2> <div class="wrap-hidden"> <ul> <li>door</li> <li>entryway</li> <li>Shi'ism</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="copy">©2024 Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</div> <div class="issn">ISSN 2330-4804</div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="overlay_background" style="display:none;"></div> <div id="article-comments-overlay" class="overlay-box" style="display:none;"> <div class="overlay-content"> <div class="inner"> <div class="close-overlay"><img src="/img/close-icon.png" alt="close" title="close" /></div> <h2>1 COMMENT<span> on BĀB (1)</span></h2> <ul class="comments"> <li class="comment comment-odd"> <div class="comment-meta"> <cite>Hamid Nazari</cite> Sep. 2nd, 2015 </div> <div class="comment-body"> "<em>Bāb</em>" also means "Chapter" in bibliography.<br /> in Persian old literature influenced more from Arabic it also means "context." </div> </li> </ul> <div class="comments-form comment-odd"> <form action="/comments/add" id="CommentAddForm" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <input type="hidden" name="data[Comment][article_id]" value="6228" id="CommentArticleId"/> <div class="input text required"><label for="CommentName">Name</label><input name="data[Comment][name]" maxlength="255" type="text" id="CommentName" required="required"/></div> <div class="input email required"><label for="CommentEmail">Email</label><input name="data[Comment][email]" maxlength="255" type="email" id="CommentEmail" required="required"/></div> <div class="input textarea required"><label for="CommentContent">Content</label><textarea name="data[Comment][content]" cols="30" rows="6" id="CommentContent" required="required"></textarea></div> <div class="add-comment-button"> <a href="#" class="privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> <div class="button"><a id="add_comment_button" href="#">Add Comment</a></div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="article-tags-overlay" class="overlay-box" style="display:none;"> <div class="overlay-content"> <div class="inner"> <div class="close-overlay"><img src="/img/close-icon.png" alt="close" title="close" /></div> <h2>TAG THIS ARTICLE</h2> <div class="comments-form comment-odd"> <form action="/tags/add" id="TagAddForm" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <input type="hidden" name="data[Tag][article_id]" value="6228" id="TagArticleId"/> <div class="input text required"><label for="TagName">Suggested Tag</label><input name="data[Tag][name]" maxlength="255" type="text" id="TagName" required="required"/></div> <p class="tag-margin">Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.<br/>If you enter several tags, separate with commas.</p> <div class="input email"><label for="TagEmail">Email</label><input name="data[Tag][email]" maxlength="255" type="email" id="TagEmail"/></div> <p class="tag-margin">(Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag.</p> <div class="add-tag-button"> <div class="button"><a id="add_tag_button" href="#">Add Tag</a></div> </div> </form> </div> <ul class="comments"> <li class="comment ">door</li> <li class="comment comment-odd">entryway</li> <li class="comment ">Shi'ism</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-523W72WFKF"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-523W72WFKF'); </script> </body> </html>