EP113｜《人為什麼要找理由》：大師說理由有4種，但重點搞清楚彼此之間的「關係」

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What happens when people give reasons … and why》，就是分析「找理由」這件事。其實一開始我有點困惑，因為「找理由」就找理由，這件事本身有什麼好討論？但Tilly分析出理由的四個類別，然後解釋這4種理由的差異性。讀完之後，應該可以分析出現在這個理由是哪一種類別，然後可以怎麼思考這件事。作者蒂利是美國社會學、政治學者，當代世界最傑出的社會學家之一，被譽為「21世紀社會學之父」。蒂利教授在書中將理由分為4種：慣例（conventions）、敘事（stories）、規範（codes）與技術描述（technical accounts）。這四者沒有絕對好壞對錯，但可分為「普通／專業」、「公式／因果描述」的四象限分類。書中將這4種理由分類說明如下：慣例（conventions）：面對疏忽、差錯、優異或好運的時候，一般所能接受的理由，例如：我的火車誤點了、終於輪到你了、她很有教養、這人就是好運等。敘事（stories）：面對陌生現象或像是911災難這種特例事件時，說明其中因果關係的解釋性敘述；這類事件還可能包含：被朋友背叛、贏得大獎、畢業20年後參觀埃及金字塔時偶遇同學等。規範（codes）：關於法律判決、宗教懺悔或獲獎資格等行為的規定。技術描述（technical accounts）：說明前三者的結果，例如：911當天遭挾持的飛機撞擊世界貿易中心後，結構工程師、皮膚科醫師、骨科醫師對88樓的伊蓮・德區的遭遇分別會有什麼解釋。 而蒂利教授說明，人會使用這4種理由，其實都跟關係有關。而使用這些理由，會確認現有關係、建立、協商、和修復關係。也就是說，每次我們在使用不同種類的理由，其實都是因為在不同關係之下的選擇。簡單來說這本書的基本論點是：適切的理由會依提供者與接收者之間的關係而有所差異；技術描述、敘事、慣例和規範皆是如此。理由說明的過程能建立、確認、協商或修復當事人之間的關係。聽完這集有什麼想法？快點到我們的FB、IG或Apple Podcast上面留言給我們吧～【更多社群傳送門】延伸閱讀《人為什麼要找理由？》：人們說明理由的其中一種目的，顯然是協商其社會生活停損的勝算：Readmoo電子書、momo網路書店【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。立刻點擊免費加入會員！核稿編輯：翁世航"}</script> </head> <body class=""> <tnlmedia-header theme="styleLight" lang="zh-tw"></tnlmedia-header> <header id="mainHeader" class="main-header bg-white"> <div class="headers"> <div class="basebar container py-3 pt-lg-5 pb-lg-0"> <div class="d-lg-none "> <button type="button" class="hamburger-btn text-link-light btn btn-link btn-xs" data-toggle="popover" data-popover-placement="bottom-end" data-popover-obj-id="#menusDropdown"> <i class="icon fa-sharp fa-solid fa-bars"></i> </button> </div>  <div class="m-auto"> <a href="/" class="logo-wrapper"> <img class="logo" src="https://www.thenewslens.com/assets/images/logo/tnl_logo.svg" alt="The News Lens logo"> </a> </div> <div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-end d-lg-none"> <div class="member-islogin-btns bg-gray-300 rounded-circle"> <a 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data-feature-article="1" data-column-article="0" data-r18-content="0" data-alcohol-content="0" > <article class="section-wrapper js-article-section-wrapper"> <section class="item-wrapper article-header-item-wrapper"> <div class="container" data-bs-theme=dark> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-11"> <div class="item-info-wrapper"> <a class="fw-bold align-self-start btn-mutant" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/feature" >特別報導</a> <div class="d-flex flex-column-reverse"> <h1 id="article-title-242258" class="h3 item-title default-color">EP113｜《人為什麼要找理由》：大師說理由有4種，但重點搞清楚彼此之間的「關係」</h1> <div class="h6 item-sub-title"> 閱讀提案 </div> </div> <div class="item-froms"> <time class="small time" datetime="2024/09/25"> 2024/09/25 </time> <a class="small flex-shrink-0" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/category/humanities">人文</a> <span class="dot"></span> <small class="text-truncate"> <small class="author-wrapper"> <a class="author" 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type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["727895"],"page_key":["feature"],"page_name":["feature"],"tag_key":["14603","21279","57137","258085","290091","290093","355363"],"tag_name":["\u95dc\u4fc2","\u898f\u7bc4","\u6558\u4e8b","\u6163\u4f8b","\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u627e\u7406\u7531","\u6280\u8853\u63cf\u8ff0","\u67e5\u723e\u65af\uff0e\u8482\u5229"],"author_key":["marioyang"],"author_name":["\u694a\u58eb\u7bc4"],"category_key":["humanities"],"category_name":["\u4eba\u6587"],"type_key":["review"],"type_name":["\u8a55\u8ad6"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p0","size":[[336,280],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[0,0],[[336,280],[300,250],[1,1]]],[[970,0],[]]],"name":"tnl_a_p0"}</script> </div> </div> <section id="article-content-242258" class="item article-body default-color mb-6 mt-5"> <p class="ck-section">閱讀提案是由馬力歐和JuJu每週輪流提案一本書跟大家分享。希望透過兩人聊天和討論的方式，跟大家分享閱讀的心得、體驗和有趣的想法。</p><p class="ck-section">本週是我提的《人為什麼要找理由》，作者是查爾斯．蒂利。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["727895"],"page_key":["feature"],"page_name":["feature"],"tag_key":["14603","21279","57137","258085","290091","290093","355363"],"tag_name":["\u95dc\u4fc2","\u898f\u7bc4","\u6558\u4e8b","\u6163\u4f8b","\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u627e\u7406\u7531","\u6280\u8853\u63cf\u8ff0","\u67e5\u723e\u65af\uff0e\u8482\u5229"],"author_key":["marioyang"],"author_name":["\u694a\u58eb\u7bc4"],"category_key":["humanities"],"category_name":["\u4eba\u6587"],"type_key":["review"],"type_name":["\u8a55\u8ad6"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p2","size":[[640,480],[640,360],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[970,0],[[640,480],[640,360],[1,1]]],[[336,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"name":"tnl_a_p2"}</script> </div> </div> <div class="raw-html-embed ck-section"><iframe src="https://omny.fm/shows/mjpitchabook/ep113/embed" allow="autoplay; clipboard-write" width="100%" height="180" frameborder="0" title="EP113｜《人為什麼要找理由》大師說理由有4種，但重點搞清楚彼此之間的「關係」"></iframe></div><p class="ck-section">這是一本討論「理由」運作方式的書。</p><p class="ck-section">英文書名是《WHY? What happens when people give reasons … and why》，就是分析「找理由」這件事。</p><p class="ck-section">其實一開始我有點困惑，因為「找理由」就找理由，這件事本身有什麼好討論？但Tilly分析出理由的四個類別，然後解釋這4種理由的差異性。讀完之後，應該可以分析出現在這個理由是哪一種類別，然後可以怎麼思考這件事。</p><p class="ck-section">作者蒂利是美國社會學、政治學者，當代世界最傑出的社會學家之一，被譽為「21世紀社會學之父」。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-general tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"general","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["727895"],"page_key":["feature"],"page_name":["feature"],"tag_key":["14603","21279","57137","258085","290091","290093","355363"],"tag_name":["\u95dc\u4fc2","\u898f\u7bc4","\u6558\u4e8b","\u6163\u4f8b","\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u627e\u7406\u7531","\u6280\u8853\u63cf\u8ff0","\u67e5\u723e\u65af\uff0e\u8482\u5229"],"author_key":["marioyang"],"author_name":["\u694a\u58eb\u7bc4"],"category_key":["humanities"],"category_name":["\u4eba\u6587"],"type_key":["review"],"type_name":["\u8a55\u8ad6"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p6_special","size":[[640,480],[640,360],[320,480],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[970,0],[[640,480],[640,360],[1,1]]],[[336,0],[[320,480],[300,250],[1,1]]]],"name":"tnl_a_p6_special"}</script> </div> </div> <p class="ck-section">蒂利教授在書中將理由分為4種：慣例（conventions）、敘事（stories）、規範（codes）與技術描述（technical accounts）。這四者沒有絕對好壞對錯，但可分為「普通／專業」、「公式／因果描述」的四象限分類。</p><p class="ck-section">書中將這4種理由分類說明如下：</p><blockquote class="ck-section"><ol><li><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#232323;">慣例（conventions）：面對疏忽、差錯、優異或好運的時候，一般所能接受的理由，例如：我的火車誤點了、終於輪到你了、她很有教養、這人就是好運等。</span></li><li><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#232323;">敘事（stories）：面對陌生現象或像是911災難這種特例事件時，說明其中因果關係的解釋性敘述；這類事件還可能包含：被朋友背叛、贏得大獎、畢業20年後參觀埃及金字塔時偶遇同學等。</span></li><li><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#232323;">規範（codes）：關於法律判決、宗教懺悔或獲獎資格等行為的規定。</span></li><li><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#232323;">技術描述（technical accounts）：說明前三者的結果，例如：911當天遭挾持的飛機撞擊世界貿易中心後，結構工程師、皮膚科醫師、骨科醫師對88樓的伊蓮・德區的遭遇分別會有什麼解釋。</span><br> </li></ol></blockquote><p class="ck-section">而蒂利教授說明，人會使用這4種理由，其實都跟關係有關。而使用這些理由，會確認現有關係、建立、協商、和修復關係。</p><p class="ck-section">也就是說，每次我們在使用不同種類的理由，其實都是因為在不同關係之下的選擇。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["727895"],"page_key":["feature"],"page_name":["feature"],"tag_key":["14603","21279","57137","258085","290091","290093","355363"],"tag_name":["\u95dc\u4fc2","\u898f\u7bc4","\u6558\u4e8b","\u6163\u4f8b","\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u627e\u7406\u7531","\u6280\u8853\u63cf\u8ff0","\u67e5\u723e\u65af\uff0e\u8482\u5229"],"author_key":["marioyang"],"author_name":["\u694a\u58eb\u7bc4"],"category_key":["humanities"],"category_name":["\u4eba\u6587"],"type_key":["review"],"type_name":["\u8a55\u8ad6"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p10","size":[[640,480],[640,360],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[970,0],[[640,480],[640,360],[1,1]]],[[336,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"name":"tnl_a_p10"}</script> </div> </div> <p class="ck-section">簡單來說這本書的基本論點是：</p><ol class="ck-section"><li>適切的理由會依提供者與接收者之間的關係而有所差異；技術描述、敘事、慣例和規範皆是如此。</li><li>理由說明的過程能建立、確認、協商或修復當事人之間的關係。</li></ol><p class="ck-section">聽完這集有什麼想法？快點到我們的<a href="https://www.facebook.com/mjpitchabook">FB</a>、<a href="https://www.instagram.com/mjpitchabook/">IG</a>或<a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E6%8F%90%E6%A1%88/id1634775949">Apple Podcast</a>上面留言給我們吧～【<a href="https://fanlink.tv/mjpitchabook">更多社群傳送門</a>】</p><p class="ck-section">延伸閱讀</p><ul class="ck-section"><li><a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/180950" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">《人為什麼要找理由？》：人們說明理由的其中一種目的，顯然是協商其社會生活</a></li><li>停損的勝算：<a href="https://moo.im/a/1rIMYZ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Readmoo電子書</a>、<a href="https://www.momoshop.com.tw/goods/GoodsDetail.jsp?i_code=10988126&memid=6000015814&cid=apuad&oid=1&osm=league" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">momo網路書店</a></li></ul><p class="ck-section">【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。<a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/profile/subscribe?utm_source=article&utm_medium=CTA&utm_campaign=member">立刻點擊免費加入會員！</a></p><p class="ck-section">核稿編輯：翁世航</p> </section> <div class="article-others-wrapper item pt-3"> <section class="mt-6"> </section> <section class="card text-bg-light mt-6"> <a class="card-body card-padding-md inset-shadow-link gap-2 d-flex flex-column" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/pitch-a-book/241515"> <div class="h5 card-title headine section-title text-start-customer mb-0">專題下則文章 <i class="icon text-gray-400 fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div> <div class="card-body-item h6 default-color card-text">EP112｜《熱浪會先殺死你》：真的好熱，但這可能是未來最涼爽的一年！</div> </a> </section> <ul class="lists list-unstyled d-flex flex-wrap px-4 py-4 mb-0 mt-6 border-top border-gray-300 column-gap-4 row-gap-2"> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/14603">關係</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/21279">規範</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/57137">敘事</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/258085">慣例</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/290091">人為什麼要找理由</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/290093">技術描述</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/355363">查爾斯．蒂利</a></li> </ul> <div class="social-btns border-top px-4 gap-6 border-gray-300 text-center d-md-flex justify-content-md-center"> <div class="my-4 d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"> <span class="me-4">Share :</span> <button class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" 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