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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Wishart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%9C%84%EC%83%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="조지 위샤트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 위샤트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Wishart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Wishart" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="چورچ ويشارت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چورچ ويشارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ジョージ・ウィシャート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ウィシャート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Wishart" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Уишарт, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уишарт, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century Protestant martyr</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named George Wishart, see <a href="/wiki/George_Wishart_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Wishart (disambiguation)">George Wishart (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">George Wishart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWishart2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GeorgeWishart2.jpg/220px-GeorgeWishart2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/GeorgeWishart2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1513<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Kincardineshire</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1546 (aged 32–33)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Preacher</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Fettes_Douglas_(1822-1891)_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-William_Fettes_Douglas_%281822-1891%29_-_Wishart_Preaching_against_Mariolatry_-_NG_1020_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Wishart preaching against <a href="/wiki/Mariolatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariolatry">Mariolatry</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg/220px-DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg/330px-DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg/440px-DUN_DAGM_10_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>George Wishart's last communion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg/220px-George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg/330px-George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg/440px-George_Wishart_last_communion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>George Wishart last communion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_(geograph_5027564).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg/220px-Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg/330px-Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg/440px-Blue_Plaque_to_George_Wishart_1513-1546_%28geograph_5027564%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Blue Plaque to George Wishart 1513-1546</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Martyrs_Monument_(geograph_6167430).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg/220px-The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg/330px-The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg/440px-The_Martyrs_Monument_%28geograph_6167430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Martyrs' Monument, St Andrews, which commemorates Wishart and three other martyrs: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Forrest_(martyr)" title="Henry Forrest (martyr)">Henry Forrest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Mill">Walter Mill</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg/220px-Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg/330px-Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg/440px-Wishart_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Wishart memorial</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Port,_Cowgate_(geograph_2464222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg/220px-East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg/330px-East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg/440px-East_Port%2C_Cowgate_%28geograph_2464222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>East Port, Cowgate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch,_Dundee_(geograph_2176447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg/220px-Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg/330px-Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg/440px-Plaque_on_the_Wishart_Arch%2C_Dundee_%28geograph_2176447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on the Wishart Arch, Dundee</figcaption></figure> <p><b>George Wishart</b> (also <b>Wisehart</b>; c. 1513 – 1 March 1546) was a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Protestant Reformer</a> and one of the early Protestant <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> burned at the stake as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretic</a>. </p><p>George Wishart was the son of James and brother of <a href="/wiki/John_Wishart_of_Pitarrow" title="John Wishart of Pitarrow">Sir John of Pitarrow</a>, both ranking themselves on the side of the Reformers. He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, then recently founded, and travelled afterwards on the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1881559_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1881559-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that it was while he was abroad that he first turned attention to the study of the Reformed doctrines. He engaged for some time in teaching Greek at <a href="/wiki/Montrose_Academy" title="Montrose Academy">Montrose</a>. Wishart afterwards proceeded to Cambridge and resided there for about six years, from 1538 to 1543. He returned to Scotland in the train of the Commissioners who had been appointed to arrange a marriage with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Prince Edward</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Queen of Scots</a>. He preached to the people with much acceptance at <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, and throughout <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>. On passing East to the Lothians, Wishart, who spoke latterly as in near prospect of death, was apprehended by Bothwell in the house of Cockburn, of <a href="/wiki/Ormiston" title="Ormiston">Ormiston</a>. He was carried captive to <a href="/wiki/St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrews">St. Andrews</a>, where he was tried by a clerical Assembly, found guilty, and condemned as an obstinate heretic. The following day he was executed at the stake on Castle Green, his persecutor, <a href="/wiki/David_Beaton" title="David Beaton">Cardinal David Beaton or Bethune</a>, looking on the scene from the windows of the castle, where he himself would be assassinated within three months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1881560_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1881560-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg/220px-The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg/330px-The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg/440px-The_martyrdom_of_George_Wishart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut portraying the martyrdom of Wishart</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He belonged to a younger branch of the Wisharts of Pitarrow near <a href="/wiki/Fordoun" title="Fordoun">Fordoun</a>, Kincardineshire. His mother was Elizabeth, sister of Sir James <a href="/wiki/Learmonth_(noble_family)" title="Learmonth (noble family)">Learmonth</a>, married James Wishart of Pitarrow in April 1512. He was probably called George after his maternal grandfather of granduncle Prior George Leirmont, the name was certainly derived from his mother's family. George's father, James Wishart, died in May 1525, therefore, his mother, Elizabeth together with her brother, Sir James Learmonth of Balcomie, were the two people who were responsible for George's upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1876_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1876-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have suggested that he may have graduated <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">M.A.</a>, probably at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though others, including Wishart biographer Rev. Charles Rogers says that his name does not occur on the records of any Scottish college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18766_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18766-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was certainly a student at the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a>, from which he graduated in 1531. Around this time he translated the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">First Helvetic Confession</a> into English from the Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWishart1844_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWishart1844-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> in Greek as schoolmaster at Montrose in Angus, until investigated for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> by the Bishop of Brechin in 1538. He fled to England, where a similar charge was brought against him at <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> in the following year by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>. Under examination by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> he recanted some utterances. In 1539 or 1540 he may have visited Germany and Switzerland, but by 1542 he had entered <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a>, where he studied and taught.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1543 he returned to Scotland, in the train of a Scottish embassy which had come to London to consider the treaty of marriage between Prince Edward (later <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a>) and the infant <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Montrose, where again he taught Scripture. </p><p>He may have been the "Scottish man called Wishart" acting as a messenger to England for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crichton_of_Brunstane" title="Alexander Crichton of Brunstane">Alexander Crichton of Brunstane</a> in a 1544 plot against Cardinal <a href="/wiki/David_Beaton" title="David Beaton">David Beaton</a>. Some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Alphons_Bellesheim" title="Alphons Bellesheim">Alphons Bellesheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_Dixon" title="Richard Watson Dixon">Richard Watson Dixon</a> have accepted this identification; others are sceptical. Other possibilities include a George Wishart, Baillie of Dundee, who allied himself with Beaton's murderers; and <a href="/wiki/John_Wishart_of_Pitarrow" title="John Wishart of Pitarrow">Sir John Wishart (died 1576)</a>, afterwards a Scottish judge. </p><p>His career as an itinerant preacher began in 1544, from when he traveled Scotland from east to west. The story has been told by his disciple <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>. He went from place to place, in danger of his life, denouncing the errors of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a> and the abuses in the churches of Montrose, <a href="/wiki/Dundee,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee, Scotland">Dundee</a> (where he escaped an attempt on his life), <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a> (where Knox accompanied him) and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Ormiston" title="Ormiston">Ormiston</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>, in January 1546, he was seized by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hepburn,_3rd_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell">Lord Bothwell</a> on the orders of Cardinal Beaton, taken to <a href="/wiki/Elphinstone,_East_Lothian" title="Elphinstone, East Lothian">Elphinstone Castle</a>, and transferred by order of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh castle</a> on 19 January 1546. Thence he was handed over to Beaton, who had a "<a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>", with <a href="/wiki/John_Lauder" title="John Lauder">John Lauder</a> prosecuting Wishart. He was hanged on a gibbet and his body burned at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a> on 1 March 1546. Foxe and Knox attribute to him a prophecy of the death of the Cardinal, who was assassinated on 29 May following, partly in revenge for Wishart's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wishart's preaching in 1544–45 helped popularise the teachings of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a> in Scotland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He translated into English the first <i><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confession of Faith</a></i> in 1536.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDotterweich_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDotterweich-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his trial he refused to accept that <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, denied <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, recognised the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">"comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands"</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two dominical <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> rightly administered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG/231px-Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG" decoding="async" width="231" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG/347px-Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG/462px-Site_of_George_Wishart%27s_execution.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Wishart's initials at the site of his execution</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Martyrs Memorial at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a> was erected to the honour of George Wishart, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a>, and other martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a> era. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>'s East Port (also known as Cowgate Port), the remains of a gateway in the town's walls, is known as the Wishart Arch. The Arch is the only surviving portion of the town's walls, and probably survived owing to a story that George Wishart preached from it in 1544 to plague victims. However the connection of the Arch with Wishart has been described as 'probably-mythical' and the structure is thought to have been built around 1590, long after Wishart's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittings2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittings2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wishart was also commemorated in Dundee with a <a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian</a> church being named after him. Wishart church was built in Dundee' Cowgate in 1841 and could seat over 700 people. It was this church that the missionary <a href="/wiki/Mary_Slessor" title="Mary Slessor">Mary Slessor</a> was a member of when she lived in Dundee. It was renamed Wishart Memorial Church in 1901, a year after it had become part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a>, and 1929 became part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. In 1975 the church congregation was united with Dundee church and the building was sold to Dundee Cyrenians who turned it into a hostel for people with alcohol problems called the Wishart Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCraw200076-77_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraw200076-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a house at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kentigern_College" title="Saint Kentigern College">Saint Kentigern College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, named after him. A lodge of the Scottish Orange Order, formed with a warrant in Dundee but often meeting in near by Forfar, is named The Wishart Arch Defenders in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton (martyr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie (saint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_Scottish_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the Scottish Reformation">List of Protestant martyrs of the Scottish Reformation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1881559-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1881559_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrving1881">Irving 1881</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1881560-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1881560_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrving1881">Irving 1881</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1876-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1876_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1876">Rogers 1876</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraves" class="citation web cs1">Graves, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/it-happened-today/3/1">"Scottish Reformer George Wishart was Martyred in Flame"</a>. <i>Christian History Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Scottish+Reformer+George+Wishart+was+Martyred+in+Flame&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fit-happened-today%2F3%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18766-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18766_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1876">Rogers 1876</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWishart1844-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWishart1844_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWishart1844">Wishart 1844</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADWSRT538G" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WSRT538G&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Wishart, George (WSRT538G)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wishart%2C+George+%28WSRT538G%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DWSRT538G%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1911">Pollard 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDotterweich-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDotterweich_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDotterweich">Dotterweich</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittings2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittings2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGittings2016">Gittings 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraw200076-77-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCraw200076-77_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCraw2000">McCraw 2000</a>, p. 76-77.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1877" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, William (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor03ande/page/660">"Wishart, George"</a>. <i>The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland</i>. Vol. 3. A. Fullarton & co. pp. 661–665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wishart%2C+George&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+nation%3A+or%2C+The+surnames%2C+families%2C+literature%2C+honours%2C+and+biographical+history+of+the+people+of+Scotland&rft.pages=661-665&rft.pub=A.+Fullarton+%26+co.&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscottishnationor03ande%2Fpage%2F660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1915" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, T. Ratcliffe (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makersofkirk00barn/page/68"><i>The makers of the kirk</i></a>. London, Edinburgh, Boston: <a href="/wiki/T._N._Foulis" title="T. N. Foulis">T. N. Foulis</a>. pp. 69–76<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+makers+of+the+kirk&rft.place=London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+Boston&rft.pages=69-76&rft.pub=T.+N.+Foulis&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=T.+Ratcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakersofkirk00barn%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaikie1890" class="citation magazine cs1">Blaikie, W. G. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shortbiographies07lond/page/n169">"George Wishart"</a>. <i>Short biographies for the people</i>. Vol. 7. London: Religious Tract Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Short+biographies+for+the+people&rft.atitle=George+Wishart&rft.volume=7&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Blaikie&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshortbiographies07lond%2Fpage%2Fn169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarslaw1907" class="citation book cs1">Carslaw, William Henderson (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixmartyrsofscot00cars/page/n43">"George Wishart"</a>. <i>Six martyrs of the Scottish reformation</i>. Paisley: A. Gardner, publisher by appointment to the late Queen Victoria. pp. 33–67<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Wishart&rft.btitle=Six+martyrs+of+the+Scottish+reformation&rft.place=Paisley&rft.pages=33-67&rft.pub=A.+Gardner%2C+publisher+by+appointment+to+the+late+Queen+Victoria&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Carslaw&rft.aufirst=William+Henderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixmartyrsofscot00cars%2Fpage%2Fn43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersThomson1857" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24872775_0008/page/480"><i>A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. New ed., rev. under the care of the publishers. With a supplementary volume, continuing the biographies to the present time</i></a>. Vol. 5. Glasgow: Blackie. pp. 480–484<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+dictionary+of+eminent+Scotsmen.+New+ed.%2C+rev.+under+the+care+of+the+publishers.+With+a+supplementary+volume%2C+continuing+the+biographies+to+the+present+time&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=480-484&rft.pub=Blackie&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb24872775_0008%2Fpage%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1887" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, David Hay (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martyrsandconfe00flemgoog/page/n139"><i>The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews</i></a>. Cupar: "Fife Herald" Office. pp. 133–171<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrs+and+Confessors+of+St.+Andrews&rft.place=Cupar&rft.pages=133-171&rft.pub=%22Fife+Herald%22+Office&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=David+Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartyrsandconfe00flemgoog%2Fpage%2Fn139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1910" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, David Hay (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationscotl00flemuoft/page/198"><i>The Reformation in Scotland : causes, characteristics, consequences</i></a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 198–206<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Scotland+%3A+causes%2C+characteristics%2C+consequences&rft.place=London&rft.pages=198-206&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=David+Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformationscotl00flemuoft%2Fpage%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxe1837" class="citation book cs1">Foxe, John (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsmonumentsofj05foxe/page/624">"The Condemnation of Master George Wisehart"</a>. 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Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. pp. 210–211<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martyr+graves+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=Oliphant%2C+Anderson+%26+Ferrier&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthemartyrgraves00thomuoft%2Fpage%2Fn229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishart1844" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wishart, George</a> (1844). "The Confession of Faith of the churches of Switzerland; translated from the Latin, by George Wishart, 1536". In <a href="/wiki/David_Laing_(antiquary)" title="David Laing (antiquary)">Laing, David</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofwodr01lain"><i>The miscellany of the Wodrow Society : containing tracts and original letters, chiefly relating to the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries .</i></a> Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Printed for the Wodrow Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofwodr01lain/page/n19/mode/2up">1</a>-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Confession+of+Faith+of+the+churches+of+Switzerland%3B+translated+from+the+Latin%2C+by+George+Wishart%2C+1536&rft.btitle=The+miscellany+of+the+Wodrow+Society+%3A+containing+tracts+and+original+letters%2C+chiefly+relating+to+the+ecclesiastical+affairs+of+Scotland+during+the+sixteenth+and+seventeenth+centuries+..&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-23&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Wodrow+Society&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Wishart&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiscellanyofwodr01lain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotterweich" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dotterweich, Martin Holt. "Wishart, George (c. 1513?–1546)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29793">10.1093/ref:odnb/29793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wishart%2C+George+%28c.+1513%3F%E2%80%931546%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29793&rft.aulast=Dotterweich&rft.aufirst=Martin+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wishart" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>Lady, By a, 'Memorials of the life of George Wishart the Martyr' (St. Andrews: J. Cook & Sons, Printers, 1869)</li> <li>Cramond's <i>Truth about Wishart</i> (1898).</li> <li>Cameron M, et al. (eds), <i>Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology</i> (Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>, 1993).</li> <li>Ryrie, Alec, <i>The Origins of the Scottish Reformation</i> (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wishart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ww/wishart1.htm">Stirnet Genealogy: 'Wishart1'</a> (George is listed as son of Sir James Wyschart of Pittarrow and Elizabeth Learmont)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140121172333/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/georgewishart/">George Wishart Quincentennial</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Craig_window.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Craig_window.png/880px-John_Craig_window.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Craig_window.png/1320px-John_Craig_window.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Craig_window.png/1760px-John_Craig_window.png 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Window in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>'s Great Hall. <a href="/wiki/John_Craig_(reformer)" title="John Craig (reformer)">John Craig</a> (1512 – 1600), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Milne" title="Walter Milne">Walter Miln</a> (d. Apr 1558), <a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)" title="James Guthrie (minister)">James Guthrie</a> (1612? – 1 Jun 1661)</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baillie" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balfour_of_Kinloch" title="John Balfour of Kinloch">John Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Binning" title="Hugh Binning">Hugh Binning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Black_(minister)" title="David Black (minister)">David Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blackadder_(preacher)" title="John Blackadder (preacher)">John Blackadder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(university_principal)" title="Robert Boyd (university principal)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_of_Wamphray" title="John Brown of Wamphray">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_(moderator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce (moderator)">Robert Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Calderwood" title="David Calderwood">David Calderwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter)" title="Richard Cameron (Covenanter)">Richard Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Archibald Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_Earl_of_Loudon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Campbell, Earl of Loudon">John Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cargill" title="Donald Cargill">Donald Cargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Craig_(reformer)" title="John Craig (reformer)">John Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cunningham_(minister)" title="Robert Cunningham (minister)">Robert Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davidson_(reformer)" title="John Davidson (reformer)">John Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dickson_(minister)" title="David Dickson (minister)">David Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_(minister)" title="John Dickson (minister)">John Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(minister,_died_1626)" title="Andrew Duncan (minister, died 1626)">Andrew Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durham_(minister)" title="James Durham (minister)">James Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fleming (minister)">Robert Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garnock" title="Robert Garnock">Robert Garnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gillespie" title="George Gillespie">George Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon,_Viscount_Kenmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon, Viscount Kenmuir">John Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_of_Earlston" title="William Gordon of Earlston">William Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gray_(17th-century_divine)" title="Andrew Gray (17th-century divine)">Andrew Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)" title="James Guthrie (minister)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Guthrie_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Guthrie (Puritan)">William Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hackston_of_Rathillet" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hackston of Rathillet">David Hackston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hall_(Covenanter)" title="Henry Hall (Covenanter)">Henry Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_of_Preston" title="Robert Hamilton of Preston">Robert Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hog" title="Thomas Hog">Thomas Hog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Johnston,_Lord_Warriston" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston">Archibald Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_of_Kersland" title="Robert Ker of Kersland">Robert Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kid" title="John Kid">John Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_(Covenanter)" title="John King (Covenanter)">John King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Livingstone_(minister)" title="John Livingstone (minister)">John Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_M%27Bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus M'Bean">Angus MacBean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackail" title="Hugh Mackail">Hugh Mackail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M%27Clellan" title="John M'Clellan">John M'Clellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville" title="Andrew Melville">Andrew Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Mill">Walter Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_(Covenanter)" title="James Mitchell (Covenanter)">James Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moncrieff_(minister)" title="Alexander Moncrieff (minister)">Alexander Moncrieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacWard" title="Robert MacWard">Robert M'Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevay" title="John Nevay">John Nevay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nisbet" title="John Nisbet">John Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paton_(Covenanter)" title="John Paton (Covenanter)">John Paton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peden" title="Alexander Peden">Alexander Peden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_(Covenanter)" title="James Renwick (Covenanter)">James Renwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollock" title="Robert Rollock">Robert Rollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Row" title="William Row">William Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scrimgeour_(minister)" title="John Scrimgeour (minister)">John Scrimgeour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Semple_(minister)" title="John Semple (minister)">John Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shields" title="Alexander Shields">Alexander Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Simson" title="Patrick Simson">Patrick Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Earl_of_Moray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart, Earl of Moray">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Traill_of_Greyfriars" title="Robert Traill of Greyfriars">Robert Traill(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Traill_(Scottish_minister)" title="Robert Traill (Scottish minister)">Robert Traill(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Veitch_(minister)" title="William Veitch (minister)">William Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_of_Ayr" title="John Welsh of Ayr">John Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Welsh" title="Josias Welsh">Josias Welch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wishart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(university_principal)" title="James Wood (university principal)">James Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td><td 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28465859">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/134772/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt44kQVhbQDJDpWXbK68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136898238">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84031570">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071463879">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136898238.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xd1089">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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