CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Battle of Heliopolis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1fec7da5-8fd4-49f8-a5c0-dbac18488cbe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Battle_of_Heliopolis","wgTitle":"Battle of Heliopolis","wgCurRevisionId":1245044189,"wgRevisionId":1245044189,"wgArticleId":4246059,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from July 2015","All articles needing additional references","Use dmy dates from January 2023","Coordinates on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2010","640","Battles involving the Byzantine Empire","Muslim conquest of Egypt","Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate", "7th century in the Byzantine Empire","640s conflicts","Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars","640s in the Byzantine Empire"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Battle_of_Heliopolis","wgRelevantArticleId":4246059,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":30.12944388888889,"lon":31.28888888888889},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true ,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2237576","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1065"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/800px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="710"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/640px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="568"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Battle of Heliopolis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Battle_of_Heliopolis rootpage-Battle_of_Heliopolis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Heliopolis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Heliopolis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Heliopolis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Heliopolis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background_to_the_Islamic_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_to_the_Islamic_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background to the Islamic conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_the_Islamic_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arab conquest of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Egypt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arab conquest of Egypt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Heliopolis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="معركة عين شمس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة عين شمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Heli%C3%B2polis" title="Batalla d'Heliòpolis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla d'Heliòpolis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Heliopolis_(640)" title="Schlacht bei Heliopolis (640) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Heliopolis (640)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Heli%C3%B3polis" title="Batalla de Heliópolis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Heliópolis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27H%C3%A9liopolis" title="Bataille d'Héliopolis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Héliopolis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Eliopoli" title="Battaglia di Eliopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Eliopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Битка кај Хелиополис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Хелиополис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3_640%D8%A1" title="جنگ عین شمس 640ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ عین شمس 640ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Heliopolis" title="Bitwa pod Heliopolis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Heliopolis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Heli%C3%B3polis_(640)" title="Batalha de Heliópolis (640) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Heliópolis (640)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Битка код Хелиополиса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Хелиополиса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Heliopolisa" title="Bitka kod Heliopolisa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Heliopolisa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3_640%D8%A1" title="جنگ عین شمس 640ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ عین شمس 640ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2237576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Battle_of_Heliopolis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Battle_of_Heliopolis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&oldid=1245044189" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Battle_of_Heliopolis&id=1245044189&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Heliopolis"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Heliopolis"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2237576" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Heliopolis&params=30_7_45.998_N_31_17_20.000_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°7′45.998″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°17′20.000″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.12944389°N 31.28888889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.12944389; 31.28888889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">640 battle between the Byzantine Empire and Rashidun Caliphate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the battle between Byzantines and Arabs in the 7th century. For the battle in the 18th century, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Battle of Heliopolis (1800)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Heliopolis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22">"Battle of Heliopolis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Heliopolis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Heliopolis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Arab–Byzantine Wars</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Conquest.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/220px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/330px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/440px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="893" /></a></span><br />Muslim Conquest</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 July 640 CE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Near <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Heliopolis&params=30_7_45.998_N_31_17_20.000_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°7′45.998″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°17′20.000″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.12944389°N 31.28888889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.12944389; 31.28888889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-A%27as" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-A'as">Amr ibn al-A'as</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Theodore (prefect of Egypt)">Theodore</a><br />Theodosius<br />Anastasius</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Less than 12,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Possibly 20,000 or higher</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Few</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Nile Delta"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Nile Delta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg/220px-Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg/330px-Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg/440px-Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="809" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.655%;left:56.941%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Heliopolis"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Nile_Delta_location_map.svg" title="File:Egypt Nile Delta location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Nile Delta</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Nile Delta</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Lower Egypt"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Lower Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg/220px-Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg/330px-Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg/440px-Lower_Egypt_ancient_nomes_position_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="249" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.9%;left:61.27%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Heliopolis"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Battle of Heliopolis (Lower Egypt)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lower Egypt</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Egypt"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.246%;left:54.114%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Heliopolis"><img alt="Battle of Heliopolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Battle of Heliopolis (Egypt)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Egypt</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars"><span class="wrap">Arab–Byzantine wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early conflicts</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> <p><b>Byzantine reconquest</b> </p> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Heliopolis</b> or <b>Ayn Shams</b> was a decisive battle between Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> armies and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> forces for the control of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Though there were several major skirmishes after this battle, it effectively decided the fate of the Byzantine rule in Egypt, and opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_to_the_Islamic_conquests">Background to the Islamic conquests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background to the Islamic conquests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></div> <p>At the time of the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> on 8 June 632, Islam had effectively unified the entire <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Within the next twelve years, under the rule of the first two Caliphs an Islamic empire arose that annexed all of what used to be the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, and most of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. The Muslim Caliphate continued to expand until by the turn of the 8th-century, it stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in the east. </p><p>Under the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, force was used to prevent unrest and rebellion from causing the collapse of the new Islamic state, and the first raids were carried out into the territory of the Sassanid Empire. But the all-out attack on the neighboring empires came with the ascension of the second Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>. When the new Caliph began his rule in 634, the international situation in the Middle East could hardly have been more propitious for a new and ambitious power: the region's two traditional main powers, the Byzantine and the Sassanid Empires, had exhausted each other in a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628">conflict</a> that raged for over 20 years. By the 630s, Sassanid Persia had descended into a state of civil war, while Byzantium, under the aging emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, its manpower and resources depleted in the struggle with its old adversary, was struggling to re-establish its authority in its newly re-conquered eastern provinces. The two states were thus in considerable internal turmoil, and unable to either stop the Muslim expansion or to recover from its first blows. It is unknown whether Umar intended from the outset to conquer both the Sassanid and the Byzantine Empire, or simply allowed raids, and then, perceiving their weakness, followed up with full-scale invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Umar_(634-644'')_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Umar_(634-644'')-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_conquest_of_Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arab conquest of Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></div> <p>After successfully conquering Syria between 634 and 638, the Arabs turned their attention to Egypt. The attack on Africa took the Byzantines by surprise. Heraclius's generals had advised him that the Muslims would need a generation to digest Persia before undertaking another wholesale conquest. The increasingly frail Emperor was forced to depend on his generals, and the result was complete disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-kaegli_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaegli-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 639, less than a year after the complete fall of the Sassanid Empire, an army of some 4,000 commanded by <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">Amr ibn al-A'as</a>, under orders of Omar, began the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus">Diocese of Egypt</a>. That relatively tiny force marched from Syria through El-Arish, easily took <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Farama</a>, and from there proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>, where they were delayed for a month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902195,_210–211,_215–216_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902195,_210–211,_215–216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But having captured Bilbeis, the Arabs moved again, eerily echoing Heraclius' successful campaign against the Sassanids just a short decade ago. A small force, commanded by a charismatic and tactically brilliant commander went behind enemy lines, and caused chaos all out of proportion to their size. They laid siege to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a> near modern <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, which withstood Amr's siege for seven months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902249–272_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902249–272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime Amr and his army marched (or rode) to a point on the Nile called Umm Dunein. The siege of this city caused Amr and his horsemen considerable difficulty as they lacked siege engines and overwhelming numbers. After finally taking Umm Dunein, Amr crossed the Nile to <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>. There, on 6 June 640, a second army dispatched by Omar arrived at <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> (the modern <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a>) and began to lay siege to it. Amr retraced his route across the Nile River, and united his forces with those of the second army. They began to prepare for movement towards <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> – but scouts reported the approach of the Byzantine army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902xxvii,_230–233_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902xxvii,_230–233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At that point the united Arab army was confronted by a Roman army, which Amr, who had taken overall command, defeated at the Battle of Heliopolis. Just as Byzantine generals had failed in Syria, they did in Egypt, and the Empire's economically most valuable province after <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was lost. The battle took place sometime in early to mid July 640, near the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">ancient city of Heliopolis</a>, with Arab forces totaling approximately 15,000 under the command of <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">Amr ibn al-A'as</a>, and the Byzantine forces estimated at well over 20,000 under <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Theodore (prefect of Egypt)">Theodore</a>, commander of all Byzantine forces in Egypt. Theodosius, the prefect of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and Anastasius, the prefect of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia Aegypti</a>, were in charge of the cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Byzantine army could have responded sooner, but had not, for reasons that will never be known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though historians such as Butler blame the treachery of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a> as well as the failure of the Byzantine generals for the swift fall of the Exarchate of Egypt, Gibbon does not blame anyone as much as he praises the character and genius of Amr for the victory at Heliopolis. Gibbon says "the conquest of Egypt may be explained by the character of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a>, one of the first of his nation." </p><p>Whether through the foolishness of the Byzantine generals, including Theodore, contributed to what then occurred, certainly Amr fought a brilliant battle at Heliopolis. When the Byzantine army began approaching, Amr divided his army into three separate units, with one detachment under the command of a trusted commander, Kharija. This unit marched abruptly east to nearby hills, where they effectively hid. This unit was to remain there until the Romans had begun the battle, at which point they were to fall on the Roman flank or rear, whichever was more vulnerable. The second detachment Amr ordered to the south, which would be the direction the Romans would flee if the battle went badly. Once the Byzantine forces initiated contact with Amr's forces and commenced an attack, the detachment of Kharija attacked the Byzantine rear, which was completely unexpected by the Romans. Theodore had not kept scouts out, or, if he had, he ignored their warning of the approaching Arab horsemen. This attack from the rear created utter chaos among the Byzantine ranks. As Theodore's troops attempted to flee to the south, they were attacked by the third detachment, which had been placed there for just such a purpose. This completed the final break-down and defeat of the Byzantine army, which fled in all directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman garrison at Tendunias (located at <a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">Azbakeya</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Butler" title="Alfred J. Butler">Butler</a>), was seized when Zubayr and some of his handpicked soldiers scaled the Heliopolis city wall at an unguarded point and, after overpowering the guards, opened the gates for the army to enter the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Byzantine soldiers there, only 300 survived. These retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">fortress at Babylon</a>. Some of them, hearing of the slaughter of the Byzantine Army, were terrified and fled further to <a href="/wiki/Niki%C3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikiû">Nikiû</a> by boat. Theodore, Theodosius and Anastasius were among the survivors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Domentianus, governor of <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> heard of the defeat, he left his camp at <a href="/wiki/Abusir_el-Meleq" title="Abusir el-Meleq">Abûît</a> and fled to Nikiû without even informing the locals that he was abandoning them to the Muslims. When news reached 'Amr, he sent troops across the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> to invade Fayoum and Abuit, capturing the entire province of Fayoum with practically no resistance. Fayoum's population <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">was enslaved</a>, and the city was looted (the traditional fate of cities that had resisted).<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Amr then directed his troops to <a href="/wiki/Delas" title="Delas">Delas</a>, where he forced Apa Cyrus, <a href="/wiki/Pagarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagarch">pagarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heracleopolis_Magna" title="Heracleopolis Magna">Heracleopolis Magna</a>, to supply him and his army with boats to travel along the Nile. He also made George, the prefect of the province around Babylon, build bridges for him at <a href="/wiki/Qalyub" title="Qalyub">Qalyub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athribis" title="Athribis">Athribis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menouf" title="Menouf">Menouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a> continues "Not content with that, 'Amr had the Roman magistrates arrested and their hands and feet fettered with chains or logs of wood: he extorted great sums of money, laid a double tax on the peasants, whom he forced to bring forage for his horses, and he committed innumerable acts of violence."<sup id="cite_ref-John_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Byzantine commanders in <a href="/wiki/Niki%C3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikiû">Nikiû</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, leaving Domentianus and a small garrison to defend Nikiû. </p><p>The next year and a half were spent on more maneuvers, skirmishes, and sieges before the formal surrender of the capital, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, took place on 4 November 641. But Sir Walter Scott asserts that "the fate of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Africa">Byzantine Africa</a> was decided at the Battle of Heliopolis". For the Byzantine Empire, permanently losing Egypt meant the loss of an irreplaceable source of food and money. The loss of Egypt and Syria, followed later by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">conquest of the Exarchate of Africa</a> also meant that the Mediterranean, long a "Roman lake", was now contested between two powers: the Muslim Caliphate and the Byzantines. In the event, the Byzantine Empire, although sorely tested, would be able to hold on to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, while the mighty <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">walls of Constantinople</a> would save it, during two great Arab sieges, from the fate of the Persian Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Umar_(634-644'')-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Umar_(634-644'')_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmar_(634-644)"><i>Umar (634-644</i>)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaegli-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaegli_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaegi, <i> Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902195,_210–211,_215–216-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902195,_210–211,_215–216_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1902">Butler 1902</a>, pp. 195, 210–211, 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902249–272-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902249–272_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1902">Butler 1902</a>, pp. 249–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902xxvii,_230–233-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902xxvii,_230–233_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1902">Butler 1902</a>, pp. xxvii, 230–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1902221–237_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1902">Butler 1902</a>, pp. 221–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon2017_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon2017">Gibbon 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a>, ed. (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/roman-egypt/persians-the-arab-conquest-and-another-transformation-of-egypt/986CA226D2F4015505668D02DD263D02">"The Persians, the Arab conquest, and another transformation of Egypt"</a>, <i>Roman Egypt: A History</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 276–343, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108953948.008">10.1017/9781108953948.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84490-1"><bdi>978-1-108-84490-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roman+Egypt%3A+A+History&rft.atitle=The+Persians%2C+the+Arab+conquest%2C+and+another+transformation+of+Egypt&rft.pages=276-343&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108953948.008&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84490-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Froman-egypt%2Fpersians-the-arab-conquest-and-another-transformation-of-egypt%2F986CA226D2F4015505668D02DD263D02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Butler" title="Alfred J. Butler">Butler, Alfred J.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copticchurch.net/pdf/intro/arab_conquest_of_egypt.pdf"><i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years under Roman Dominion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1724498029" title="Special:BookSources/1724498029"><bdi>1724498029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt+and+the+Last+Thirty+Years+under+Roman+Dominion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=1724498029&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Fpdf%2Fintro%2Farab_conquest_of_egypt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_of_Nikiû" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm">"John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. London (1916). English Translation"</a>. <i>tertullian.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tertullian.org&rft.atitle=John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Chronicle.+London+%281916%29.+English+Translation&rft.au=John+of+Niki%C3%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fnikiu2_chronicle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>Bury, J.B. <i>"History of the Later Roman Empire"</i>, Macmillan & Co., 1923.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1902" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alfred (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEVCAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt+and+the+Last+Thirty+Years+of+the+Roman+Dominion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEVCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christensen, A., "Sassanid Persia", <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324)</i>, Cook, S.A. et al., eds, Cambridge: University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon2017" class="citation web cs1">Gibbon, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124624/http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap52.htm">"The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap52.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fg%2Fgibbon%2Fdecline%2Fvolume2%2Fchap52.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_of_Nikiû" class="citation web cs1">John of Nikiû. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm">"The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu"</a>. <i>Text and Translation Society</i>. Messrs, Williams and Norgate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Text+and+Translation+Society&rft.atitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu&rft.au=John+of+Niki%C3%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fnikiu2_chronicle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar_(634-644)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410125136/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html">"Umar (634–644)"</a>. <i>The Islamic World to 1600 – Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group</i>. University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600+%E2%80%93+Multimedia+History+Tutorials+by+the+Applied+History+Group&rft.atitle=Umar+%28634%E2%80%93644%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Heliopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&oldid=1245044189">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&oldid=1245044189</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:640" title="Category:640">640</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Battles involving the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Category:Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate">Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th_century_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:7th century in the Byzantine Empire">7th century in the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:640s_conflicts" title="Category:640s conflicts">640s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Category:Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars">Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:640s_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:640s in the Byzantine Empire">640s in the Byzantine Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2015">Articles needing additional references from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 September 2024, at 17:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Heliopolis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-g9zqz","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.472","walltime":"0.647","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1824,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":73946,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6802,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":43593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 547.600 1 -total"," 33.02% 180.808 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 16.90% 92.524 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.67% 74.871 1 Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine-Arab_Wars"," 13.16% 72.046 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 12.61% 69.035 1 Template:Citation"," 11.97% 65.549 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.71% 64.135 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 10.96% 60.008 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.99% 43.765 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.300","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8201528,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBagnall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_of_Nikiû\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUmar_(634-644)\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:HELIOPOLIS, BATTLE, 0640\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WikidataCoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-r5d5k","timestamp":"20241125140411","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battle of Heliopolis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Heliopolis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2237576","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2237576","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-02T03:20:02Z","dateModified":"2024-09-10T17:46:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Muslim_Conquest.PNG","headline":"640 AD decisive battle during the Muslim conquest of Egypt"}</script> </body> </html>