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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Colin Turnbull</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Turnbull._(Lobsang_Ridgol)_holding_a_friend%27s_baby,_Gainesville,_Florida,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Colin_Turnbull._%28Lobsang_Ridgol%29_holding_a_friend%27s_baby%2C_Gainesville%2C_Florida%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Colin Turnbull holding a friend's baby, Gainesville, Florida, 1993</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-11-23</span>)</span>23 November 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-07-28)</span> (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British, American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">British, later American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_People" title="The Forest People">The Forest People</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Colin Macmillan Turnbull</b> (23 November 1924 – 28 July 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British-American <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> who came to public attention with the popular books <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_People" title="The Forest People">The Forest People</a></i> (on the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti</a> <a href="/wiki/Pygmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy">Pygmies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mountain People">The Mountain People</a></i> (on the <a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>), and one of the first anthropologists to work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turnbull was born in London and educated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, where he studied politics and philosophy. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he was in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve">Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve</a> after which he was awarded a two-year grant in the Department of Indian Religion and Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, India, from which he graduated with a master's degree in Indian Religion and Philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, after his graduation from Banaras, Turnbull traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>) with Newton Beal, a schoolteacher from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> he met in India. Turnbull and Beal first studied the Mbuti <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">pygmies</a> during this time, though that was not the goal of the trip. </p><p>An "odd job" Turnbull picked up while in Africa at this time was working for the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a>. Spiegel hired Turnbull to assist in the construction and transportation of a boat needed for his film. This boat was the <a href="/wiki/African_Queen_(boat)" title="African Queen (boat)"><i>African Queen</i></a>, which was used for the feature film <i><a href="/wiki/The_African_Queen_(film)" title="The African Queen (film)">The African Queen</a></i> (starring <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>; 1951).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his first trip to Africa, Turnbull traveled to <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a> in the Northwest Territories, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> and gold miner for a year,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before he went back to school to obtain another degree. </p><p>Upon returning to Oxford in 1954, Turnbull began specializing in the anthropology of Africa. He remained in Oxford for two years before another field trip to Africa, finally focusing on the Belgian Congo (1957–58) and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. After years of fieldwork, he finally achieved his anthropology doctorate from Oxford in 1964. </p><p>Turnbull became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States in 1965, after he moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> in charge of African Ethnology at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> in 1959. He later resided in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster County</a>, and was on staff in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. Other professional associations included <a href="/wiki/Corresponding_member" title="Corresponding member">corresponding membership</a> of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum for Central Africa</a> and a fellowship in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">British Royal Anthropological Institute</a>. He first gained prominence with his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_People" title="The Forest People">The Forest People</a></i> (1961), a study of the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti people</a>. </p><p>In 1972, having been commissioned to come up with an explanation and solution to the difficulties experienced by the <a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik people</a>, he published his controversial ethnography <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mountain People">The Mountain People</a></i>. The Ik were a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribe who had been forced to stop moving around ancestral lands, through the seasons, because it now involved the three national borders of Uganda, Kenya and Sudan. Forced to become stationary in Uganda, and without a knowledge base and culture for survival under such conditions, they failed to thrive, even to the point of starvation and death. He described the Ik as driven to a radically selfish condition in which they felt no care or responsibility for anyone else, even their children. </p><p><i>The Mountain People</i> was later adapted into a theatrical work by playwright <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_music">Contributions to music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions to music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Turnbull's recordings of Mbuti music were commercially released, and his works inspired other <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicological</a> studies, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Simha_Arom" title="Simha Arom">Simha Arom</a> and Mauro Campagnoli. His recording of <i>Music of the Rainforest Pygmies</i>, recorded in 1961, was released on CD by <a href="/wiki/Lyrichord_Discs" title="Lyrichord Discs">Lyrichord Discs</a>. His recording of a Zaire pygmy girls' initiation song was used on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turnbull's partner, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Towles" title="Joseph Towles">Joseph Allen Towles</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Senora,_Virginia" title="Senora, Virginia">Senora, Virginia</a>, on 17 August 1937. In 1957 he moved to New York City to pursue a career as an actor and writer. He met Turnbull in 1959 and they exchanged marriage vows the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1965 to 1967, Turnbull and Towles conducted fieldwork among the Ik of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Uganda">Northern Uganda</a> in Africa. In the Congo in 1970, they conducted fieldwork on the Nkumbi <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> initiation ritual for boys and the Asa myth of origin among the <a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Congo)" title="Mbo people (Congo)">Mbo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri forest</a>. </p><p>In 1979, they traveled studying the concept of tourism as pilgrimage. Towles criticised Turnbull's semi-autobiographical work <i>The Human Cycle</i> (1983), which omitted all references to their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turnbull arranged for Towles' research to be published posthumously. It appeared in 1993 as <i>Nkumbi initiation ritual and structure among the Mbo of Zaïre</i> and as <i>Asa: Myth of Origin of the Blood Brotherhood Among the Mbo of the Ituri Forest</i>, both in <i>Annales</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum for Central Africa</a> (Tervuren, Belgium), vol. 137.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late in life Turnbull took up the political cause of <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a> inmates. After his partner's death, Turnbull donated all his belongings to the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a>. He donated all their research materials, most of which were the product of his career, to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a>, insisting that the collection be known under Towles' name alone.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, Turnbull moved to <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, to participate in the building of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan Cultural Center (page does not exist)">Tibetan Cultural Center</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Thupten_Jigme_Norbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thupten Jigme Norbu">Thupten Jigme Norbu</a>, elder brother of the <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">14th Dalai Lama</a>. Later Turnbull moved to <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India where he took the monks' vow of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, given to him by the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. Turnbull's partner, Joseph A Towles died of AIDS in 1988, and Turnbull had Towles's book "Nkumbi Initiation and Asa: Myth of Origin of the Blood Brotherhood Among the Mbo of the Ituri Forest" published posthumously. Turnbull himself died of AIDS in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some later scholars criticized Turnbull's account of the Ik. <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Heine" title="Bernd Heine">Bernd Heine</a>, who visited the tribe 20 years after Turnbull, provided new information in a 1985 article that appeared to discredit Turnbull's unflattering portrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2021 BBC radio documentary, Turnbull had drawn much of his image of the tribe from interviews with older Ik who contrasted their current situation with their memories of a better life prior to displacement, and therefore exaggerated the tribe's social dysfunction in the years Turnbull was present. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_People" title="The Forest People">The Forest People</a></i>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0586059407" title="Special:BookSources/0586059407">0586059407</a></li> <li>1962 <i>The Lonely African</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671200690" title="Special:BookSources/0671200690">0671200690</a></li> <li>1962 <i>The Peoples of Africa</i>.</li> <li>1965 <i>Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837179270" title="Special:BookSources/0837179270">0837179270</a></li> <li>1966 <i>Tradition and Change in African Tribal Life</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1968 <i>Tibet: Its History, Religion and People</i>. (with <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0701113545" title="Special:BookSources/0701113545">0701113545</a></li> <li>1972 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mountain People">The Mountain People</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671640984" title="Special:BookSources/0671640984">0671640984</a></li> <li>1973 <i>Africa and Change</i> editor. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394315200" title="Special:BookSources/0394315200">0394315200</a></li> <li>1976 <i>Man in Africa</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140220356" title="Special:BookSources/0140220356">0140220356</a></li> <li>1978 "Rethinking the Ik: A functional Non-Social System". In: Charles D. Laughlin Jr.; Ivan A. Brady (ed.): <i>Extinction and Survival in Human Populations</i>. New York: Columbia University Press</li> <li>1983 <i>The Human Cycle</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0586084932" title="Special:BookSources/0586084932">0586084932</a></li> <li>1983 <i>The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0030615372" title="Special:BookSources/0030615372">0030615372</a></li> <li>1992 <i>Music of the Rain Forest Pygmies: The Historic Recordings Made By Colin M. Turnbull</i> Label: Lyrichord Discs Inc.</li> <li>"The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey" in <i>Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History</i>, 50: 139–282</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simha_Arom" title="Simha Arom">Simha Arom</a>, who also studied pygmy culture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1994" class="citation news cs1">Middleton, John (10 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-colin-turnbull/159590148/">"Out of Order in Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Out+of+Order+in+Africa&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1994-08-10&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-guardian-colin-turnbull%2F159590148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinker, 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinker, 87–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theatricalia.com/play/a0/the-ik/production/1dt">"Production of The Ik | Theatricalia"</a>. <i>theatricalia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theatricalia.com&rft.atitle=Production+of+The+Ik+%7C+Theatricalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheatricalia.com%2Fplay%2Fa0%2Fthe-ik%2Fproduction%2F1dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/music/">"Voyager - Music on the Golden Record"</a>. <i>voyager.jpl.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=voyager.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Voyager+-+Music+on+the+Golden+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgolden-record%2Fwhats-on-the-record%2Fmusic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904015808/http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">"Inventory of the Joseph A. Towles Papers, circa 1920s-2009"</a>. <i>Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avery+Research+Center+for+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+the+Joseph+A.+Towles+Papers%2C+circa+1920s-2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favery.cofc.edu%2Farchives%2FTowles_Joseph_A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL839785M/Nkumbi_initiation">Nkumbi initiation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Virginia Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virgobeta.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/u2402463">Asa: Myth of Origin...</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery Research Center: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">Inventory of the Joseph A. Towles Papers, circa 1920s - 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009181042/http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009181042/http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">"Inventory of the Joseph A. Towles Papers, circa 1920s - 2009"</a>. <i>avery.cofc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avery.cofc.edu&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+the+Joseph+A.+Towles+Papers%2C+circa+1920s+-+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favery.cofc.edu%2Farchives%2FTowles_Joseph_A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210051807/http://colinturnbull.com/chronology.html">"Chronology: The Life of Colin M. Turnbull"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colinturnbull.com/chronology.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+M.+Turnbull&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colinturnbull.com%2Fchronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTricycle" class="citation news cs1">Tricycle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/anthropologist-monk-colin-m-turnbull/">"An Anthropologist Monk: Colin M. Turnbull"</a>. <i>Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle%3A+The+Buddhist+Review&rft.atitle=An+Anthropologist+Monk%3A+Colin+M.+Turnbull&rft.au=Tricycle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Fanthropologist-monk-colin-m-turnbull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalafricaninstitute.org/journal.html"><i>Africa</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1159836">The Mountain People: Some Notes on the Ik of North-Eastern Uganda</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000synk">"Sideways - 5. The Most Selfish People on Earth - BBC Sounds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sideways+-+5.+The+Most+Selfish+People+on+Earth+-+BBC+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsounds%2Fplay%2Fm000synk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Turnbull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Richard_Grinker" title="Roy Richard Grinker">Grinker, Roy R.</a> <i>In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin M. Turnbull</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226309045" title="Special:BookSources/0226309045">0226309045</a></li> <li>Smithsonian Institution: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217194239/http://artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/GrinkerTurnbull.html">Review of <i>In the Arms of Africa</i></a>, <i>AnthroNotes</i>, Vol. 22, No. 1, Fall 2000.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Turnbull&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">Inventory of the Joseph A. Towles Papers, c. 1920s – 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009181042/http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Towles_Joseph_A.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the Avery Research Center at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colinturnbull.com">Official website of Grinker's biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000synk">Podcast BBC Radio 4 "Sideways" 28 minute</a> "Matthew Syed examines the work of the controversial anthropologist Colin Turnbull who claimed to have discovered 'the most selfish people on earth'."</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRWpkHYTDMR9kDYDjXBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122611705">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50013362">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119272684">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119272684">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turnbull, Colin M."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20221150427&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068729138">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199627976">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810544463005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463280005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515000606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14147706">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/092829ce-0537-4968-bfc6-a51212b81c51">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027171574">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6669fn2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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