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aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_cyanosis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_cyanosis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Central cyanosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_cyanosis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripheral_cyanosis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_cyanosis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peripheral cyanosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_cyanosis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_cyanosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_cyanosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Differential cyanosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_cyanosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyanosis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="زراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianosi" title="Cianosi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cianosi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianoz" title="Sianoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sianoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Цыяноз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыяноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цианоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цианоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanoza" title="Cijanoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cijanoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianosi" title="Cianosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cianosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan%C3%B3za" title="Cyanóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cyanóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanose" title="Cyanose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cyanose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyanose" title="Zyanose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zyanose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianosis" title="Cianosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cianosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianozo" title="Cianozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cianozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zianosi" title="Zianosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zianosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کبودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanose" title="Cyanose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyanose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%83%89%EC%A6%9D" title="청색증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청색증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Ցիանոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիանոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanoza" title="Cijanoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cijanoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianosis" title="Sianosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sianosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianosi" title="Cianosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cianosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="כיחלון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיחלון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Цианоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цианоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Цианоз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цианоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cyanosis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cian%C3%B3zis" title="Cianózis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cianózis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanose" title="Cyanose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cyanose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="チアノーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チアノーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanose" title="Cyanose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cyanose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanose" title="Cyanose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cyanose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBmataloq" title="Moʻmataloq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moʻmataloq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinica_(objaw)" title="Sinica (objaw) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sinica (objaw)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianose" title="Cianose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cianose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianoz%C4%83" title="Cianoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cianoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Цианоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цианоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cyanosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan%C3%B3za" title="Cyanóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cyanóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianoza" title="Cianoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cianoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цијаноза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цијаноза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanoza" title="Cijanoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cijanoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syanoosi" title="Syanoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syanoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanos" title="Cyanos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cyanos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="ผิวหนังเขียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผิวหนังเขียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyanoz" title="Siyanoz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyanoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Ціаноз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ціаноз" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Decreased oxygen in the blood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cyanotic" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Cyanotic_(band)" title="Cyanotic (band)">Cyanotic (band)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cyanosis</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynosis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/220px-Cynosis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/330px-Cynosis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/440px-Cynosis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cyanosis of the hand of a patient with <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">low oxygen saturations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a>, numbness in the area where the cyanosis is, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Circumoral, central, peripheral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Airway problems, lung problems, heart problems, exposure to extreme cold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumoral_cyanosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circumoral cyanosis (page does not exist)">Circumoral cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_cyanosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral cyanosis">peripheral cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_cyanosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Central cyanosis">central cyanosis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoid exposure to freezing cold temperatures, limit smoking or <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, avoid touching <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</a>, anti-hypertension medication, or if caused by other reasons, <a href="/wiki/Naloxone_hydrochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Naloxone hydrochloride">naloxone hydrochloride</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cyanosis</b> is the change of body <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> color to a bluish-purple hue, as a result of decrease in the amount of oxygen bound to the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capillary_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary bed">capillary bed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanosis is apparent usually in the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">body tissues</a> covered with thin <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a>, lips, <a href="/wiki/Nail_beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail beds">nail beds</a>, and ear lobes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some medications may cause discoloration such as medications containing <a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">amiodarone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">mongolian spots</a>, large birthmarks, and the consumption of food products with blue or purple dyes can also result in the bluish skin tissue discoloration and may be mistaken for cyanosis.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appropriate <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> and history taking is a crucial part to diagnose cyanosis. Management of cyanosis involves treating the main cause, as cyanosis isn’t a disease, it is a <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyanosis is further classified into <b>central cyanosis</b> and <b>peripheral cyanosis</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynosis_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cynosis_Illustration.jpg/290px-Cynosis_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cynosis_Illustration.jpg/435px-Cynosis_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cynosis_Illustration.jpg/580px-Cynosis_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8950" data-file-height="7541" /></a><figcaption>Presentation of cyanosis varies depending on the color of the skin</figcaption></figure> <p>The mechanism behind cyanosis is different depending on whether it is central or peripheral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_cyanosis">Central cyanosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Central cyanosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central cyanosis occurs due to decrease in <a href="/wiki/Arterial_oxygen_saturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial oxygen saturation">arterial oxygen saturation</a> (SaO2), and begins to show once the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin#Deoxygenated_hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">deoxyhemoglobin</a> in the blood reaches a concentration of ≥ 5.0 g/dL (≥ 3.1 mmol/L or oxygen saturation of ≤ 85%).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates a cardiopulmonary condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Causes of central cyanosis are discussed <a href="#Central_cyanosis_2">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_cyanosis">Peripheral cyanosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peripheral cyanosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Peripheral cyanosis happens when there is increased concentration of <a href="/wiki/Deoxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyhemoglobin">deoxyhemoglobin</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Venous" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous">venous</a> side of the peripheral circulation. In other words, cyanosis is dependent on the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. Patients with severe <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> may appear normal despite higher-than-normal concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin. While patients with increased amounts of red blood cells (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">polycythemia vera</a>) can appear cyanotic even with lower concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanotic_neonate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyanotic_neonate.jpg/220px-Cyanotic_neonate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyanotic_neonate.jpg/330px-Cyanotic_neonate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyanotic_neonate.jpg/440px-Cyanotic_neonate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>A baby with a heart condition. Note purple nailbeds.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_cyanosis_2">Central cyanosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central cyanosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central cyanosis is often due to a circulatory or ventilatory problem that leads to poor blood <a href="/wiki/Oxygenation_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenation (medical)">oxygenation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. It develops when arterial oxygen saturation drops below 85% or 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute cyanosis can be a result of <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choking</a> and is one of the definite <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs</a> that ventilation is being blocked. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg/220px-Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg/330px-Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg/440px-Child_with_measles_modified_by_cyanosis_Wellcome_L0061496.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5804" data-file-height="4332" /></a><figcaption>Child with congenital heart disease with central cyanosis that is worsened by <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>. Note the bluish-purple discoloration of the fingernails, lips, eyelids, and nose, along with prominent <a href="/wiki/Nail_clubbing" title="Nail clubbing">nail clubbing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Central cyanosis may be due to the following causes: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a> (impairing normal ventilation):<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">Intracranial hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">Generalized tonic–clonic seizure</a> (GTCS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">Bronchospasm</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_Hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary Hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Hypoventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, or COPD (<a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular system</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">Congenital heart disease</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_shunt" title="Right-to-left shunt">right to left shunts in heart or great vessels</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">Valvular heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinopathy" title="Hemoglobinopathy">Hemoglobinopathies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia" title="Sulfhemoglobinemia">Sulfhemoglobinemia</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">Polycythemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">Congenital</a> cyanosis (HbM Boston) arises from a <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the α-codon which results in a change of <a href="/wiki/Primary_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sequence">primary sequence</a>, H → Y. <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a> stabilizes the <a href="/wiki/Fe(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe(III)">Fe(III)</a> form (<a href="/wiki/Oxyhaemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhaemoglobin">oxyhaemoglobin</a>) creating a permanent T-state of Hb.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg/220px-Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg/330px-Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg/440px-Peripheral_Cyanosis_due_to_Ischemia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>Peripheral cyanosis in an individual with <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">peripheral vascular disease</a>.</figcaption></figure></li></ul></li> <li>Others: <ul><li>High <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, cyanosis may develop in ascents to altitudes >2400 m.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note this causes "spurious" cyanosis, in that, since <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> appears blue, the patient can appear cyanosed even in the presence of a normal arterial oxygen level.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note a rare condition in which there is excess sulfhemoglobin (SulfHb) in the blood. The pigment is a greenish derivative of hemoglobin which cannot be converted back to normal, functional hemoglobin. It causes cyanosis even at low blood levels.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_cyanosis_2">Peripheral cyanosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peripheral cyanosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peripheral cyanosis is the blue tint in fingers or extremities, due to an inadequate or obstructed circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood reaching the extremities is not oxygen-rich and when viewed through the skin a combination of factors can lead to the appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Blood#Color" title="Blood">blue color</a>. All factors contributing to central cyanosis can also cause peripheral symptoms to appear, but peripheral cyanosis can be observed in the absence of heart or lung failures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small blood vessels may be restricted and can be treated by increasing the normal oxygenation level of the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png/220px-Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png/330px-Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png/440px-Blausen_0707_PatentDuctusArteriosus.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Initial direction of blood flow in patients with patent ductus arteriosus. Once the pressure of the pulmonary arteries increases more than the aorta due to <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Right ventricular hypertrophy">right heart hypertrophy</a>, the direction of blood flow reverses, sending deoxygenated blood through the patent duct directly into the descending aorta while sparing the <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiocephalic trunk">brachiocephalic trunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">left common carotid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">left subclavian artery</a>, therefore causing the differential cyanosis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peripheral cyanosis may be due to the following causes:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All common causes of central cyanosis</li> <li>Reduced <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a>)</li> <li>Cold exposure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD)</li> <li>Arterial obstruction (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vascular disease">peripheral vascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raynaud_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud phenomenon">Raynaud phenomenon</a>)</li> <li>Venous obstruction (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_cyanosis">Differential cyanosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Differential cyanosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_hypxia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Local_hypxia.jpg/220px-Local_hypxia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Local_hypxia.jpg/330px-Local_hypxia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Local_hypxia.jpg/440px-Local_hypxia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>This illustration depicts a self-induced local (tissue) hypoxia on the right hand (right side of the picture) versus a normal left hand (left side of the picture). The cyanosis was achieved by inflating and tightening the blood pressure cuff on the right arm.</figcaption></figure><p>Differential cyanosis is the bluish coloration of the lower but not the <a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity">upper extremity</a> and the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen in patients with a <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with a large ductus develop progressive <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary vascular system">pulmonary vascular</a> disease, and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_overload" title="Pressure overload">pressure overload</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as pulmonary pressure exceeds <a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">aortic pressure</a>, shunt reversal (right-to-left shunt) occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper extremity remains pink because <a href="/wiki/Deoxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxygenated blood">deoxygenated blood</a> flows through the patent duct and directly into the <a href="/wiki/Descending_aorta" title="Descending aorta">descending aorta</a> while sparing the <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiocephalic trunk">brachiocephalic trunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">left common carotid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">left subclavian arteries</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A detailed history and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> (particularly focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiopulmonary">cardiopulmonary system</a>) can guide further management and help determine the medical tests to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests that can be performed include <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test" title="Arterial blood gas test">arterial blood gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> level, <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">electrocardiogram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiogram</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">cardiac catheterization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_electrophoresis" title="Hemoglobin electrophoresis">hemoglobin electrophoresis</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Newborns" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborns">newborns</a>, peripheral cyanosis typically presents in the <a href="/wiki/Distal_extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal extremity">distal extremities</a>, circumoral, and periorbital areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of note, <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> remain pink in peripheral cyanosis as compared to central cyanosis where the mucous membranes are cyanotic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg/220px-CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg/330px-CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg/440px-CongenitalHeartCase-133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>An example of cyanosis in an individual with darker skin pigmentation. Note the pale purple (instead of the typical bluish-purple hue) nail beds. This patient also had prominent digital clubbing due to a congenital heart disease with right-to-left shunting (this patient had <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Skin_pigmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin pigmentation">Skin pigmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> concentration can affect the evaluation of cyanosis. Cyanosis may be more difficult to detect on people with darker skin pigmentation. However, cyanosis can still be diagnosed with careful examination of the typical body areas such as nail beds, tongue, and mucous membranes where the skin is thinner and more <a href="/wiki/Vascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular">vascular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned <a href="#Pathophysiology">above</a>, patients with severe <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> may appear normal despite higher than normal concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs of severe <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> may include pale mucosa (lips, eyelids, and gums), <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irregular_heartbeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular heartbeats">irregular heartbeats</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanoza_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyanoza_.jpg/220px-Cyanoza_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyanoza_.jpg/330px-Cyanoza_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyanoza_.jpg/440px-Cyanoza_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>An example of cyanosis in an elderly individual with darker skin pigmentation. Note the dark purple hue of the lips.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyanosis is a <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptom</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> itself, so management should be focused on treating the underlying cause. </p><p>If it is an emergency, management should always begin with securing the <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a>, breathing, and circulation. In patients with significant <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory distress">respiratory distress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">supplemental oxygen</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">nasal canula</a> or <a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">continuous positive airway pressure</a> depending on severity) should be given immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> levels are positive for <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">methemoglobinemia</a>, first-line treatment is to administer <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>cyanosis</i> literally means <i>the blue disease</i> or <i>the blue condition</i>. It is derived from the color <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, which comes from <i>cyanós (κυανός)</i>, the Greek word for <i>blue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is postulated by Dr. Christen Lundsgaard that cyanosis was first described in 1749 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_S%C3%A9nac" title="Jean-Baptiste de Sénac">Jean-Baptiste de Sénac</a>, a French physician who served King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Sénac concluded from an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> that cyanosis was caused by a heart defect that led to the mixture of <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venous" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous">venous</a> blood circulation. But it was not until 1919, when Dr. Lundsgaard was able to derive the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin (<i>8 volumes per cent</i>) that could cause cyanosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_baby_syndrome" title="Blue baby syndrome">Blue baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Fugates" title="Blue Fugates">Blue Fugates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdeyinkaKondamudi2021" class="citation cs2">Adeyinka, Adebayo; Kondamudi, Noah P. 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19868357">19868357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Cyanosis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-269&rft.date=1919-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2126682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-1007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19868357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.30.3.259&rft.aulast=Lundsgaard&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2126682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyanosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192120" class="extiw" title="d:Q192120">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R23.0">R23.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=782.5">782.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003490">D003490</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb17332.htm">17332</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3002-overview">med/3002</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Disturbances of<br />skin sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">Pallor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livedo" title="Livedo">Livedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livedo_reticularis" title="Livedo reticularis">Livedo reticularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petechia" title="Petechia">Petechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanch_(medical)" title="Blanch (medical)">Blanching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">Peripheral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">Anasarca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">Desquamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">Induration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">Diaphoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neck_mass" title="Neck mass">Neck mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asboe-Hansen_sign" title="Asboe-Hansen sign">Asboe-Hansen sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspitz%27s_sign" title="Auspitz's sign">Auspitz's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsari%27s_sign" title="Borsari's sign">Borsari's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braverman%27s_sign" title="Braverman's sign">Braverman's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowe_sign" title="Crowe sign">Crowe sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennie%E2%80%93Morgan_fold" title="Dennie–Morgan fold">Dennie–Morgan fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_sign" title="Darier's sign">Darier's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimple_sign" title="Dimple sign">Fitzpatrick's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florid_cutaneous_papillomatosis" title="Florid cutaneous papillomatosis">Florid cutaneous papillomatosis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottron%27s_sign" title="Gottron's sign">Gottron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson%27s_sign" title="Hutchinson's sign">Hutchinson's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeway_lesion" title="Janeway lesion">Janeway lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%27s_sign" title="Kerr's sign">Kerr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koebner_phenomenon" title="Koebner phenomenon">Koebner's phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koplik%27s_spots" title="Koplik's spots">Koplik's spots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9lat_sign" title="Leser–Trélat sign">Leser-Trelat sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolsky%27s_sign" title="Nikolsky's sign">Nikolsky's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastia%27s_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastia's sign">Pastia's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_sign" title="Russell's sign">Russell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_striae" title="Wickham striae">Wickham striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_isotopic_response" title="Wolf's isotopic response">Wolf's isotopic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munro%27s_microabscess" title="Munro's microabscess">Munro's microabscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mees%27_lines" title="Mees' lines">Aldrich-Mees' lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau%27s_lines" title="Beau's lines">Beau's lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muehrcke%27s_nails" title="Muehrcke's nails">Muehrcke's lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry%27s_nails" title="Terry's nails">Terry's nails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">Auscultation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">Stethoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_sounds" title="Respiratory sounds">Respiratory sounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">Stridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeze" title="Wheeze">Wheeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackles" title="Crackles">Crackles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhonchi">Rhonchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stertor" title="Stertor">Stertor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squawk_(sound)" title="Squawk (sound)">Squawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleural_friction_rub" title="Pleural friction rub">Pleural friction rub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremitus" title="Fremitus">Fremitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchophony" title="Bronchophony">Bronchophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elicited findings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)" title="Percussion (medicine)">Percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoriloquy" title="Pectoriloquy">Pectoriloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whispered_pectoriloquy" title="Whispered pectoriloquy">Whispered pectoriloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophony" title="Egophony">Egophony</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">Apnea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apnea_of_prematurity" title="Apnea of prematurity">Prematurity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">Dyspnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">Hyperventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Hypoventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpnea" title="Hyperpnea">Hyperpnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachypnea" title="Tachypnea">Tachypnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypopnea" title="Hypopnea">Hypopnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradypnea" title="Bradypnea">Bradypnea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pattern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonal_respiration" title="Agonal respiration">Agonal respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%27s_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biot's respiration">Biot's respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyne%E2%80%93Stokes_respiration" title="Cheyne–Stokes respiration">Cheyne–Stokes respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing" title="Kussmaul breathing">Kussmaul breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxic_respiration" title="Ataxic respiration">Ataxic respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory distress">Respiratory distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">Respiratory arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopnea" title="Orthopnea">Orthopnea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Platypnea" title="Platypnea">Platypnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepopnea" title="Trepopnea">Trepopnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breath-holding_spell" title="Breath-holding spell">Breath holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_breathing" title="Mouth breathing">Mouth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">Chest pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_pain_in_children" title="Chest pain in children">In children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precordial_catch_syndrome" title="Precordial catch syndrome">Precordial catch syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleurisy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_clubbing" title="Nail clubbing">Nail clubbing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">Cough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">Sputum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">Hemoptysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistaxis">Epistaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silhouette_sign" title="Silhouette sign">Silhouette sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nasal_drip" title="Post-nasal drip">Post-nasal drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiccup" title="Hiccup">Hiccup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoover%27s_sign_(pulmonary)" title="Hoover's sign (pulmonary)">Hoover's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curschmann%27s_spirals" title="Curschmann's spirals">Curschmann's spirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Leyden_crystals" title="Charcot–Leyden crystals">Charcot–Leyden crystals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reid_index" title="Reid index">Reid index</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kveim_test" title="Kveim test">Kveim test</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_hump" title="Hampton hump">Hampton hump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermark_sign" title="Westermark sign">Westermark sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerley_lines" title="Kerley lines">Kerley lines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%27s_sign" title="Hamman's sign">Hamman's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_S_sign" title="Golden S sign">Golden S sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cyanose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126509151">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cyanose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126509151">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538319405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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