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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spacecraft design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_control_and_propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_control_and_propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Attitude control and propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_control_and_propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Scientific instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_trajectory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Launch and trajectory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Jupiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Jupiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encounter with Jupiter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Jupiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Saturn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Saturn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Encounter with Saturn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Saturn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Uranus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Uranus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Encounter with Uranus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Uranus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Neptune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Neptune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Encounter with Neptune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Neptune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstellar_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interstellar mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reductions_in_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reductions_in_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reductions in capabilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reductions_in_capabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reductions in capabilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reductions_in_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerns_with_the_orientation_thrusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_with_the_orientation_thrusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Concerns with the orientation thrusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_with_the_orientation_thrusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_the_probe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_the_probe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future of the probe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_of_the_probe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Golden record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Voyager 2</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_2" title="فوياجر 2 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوياجر 2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A7%D5%B3%D5%A8%D6%80-2" title="Վոյէճըր-2 – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վոյէճըր-2" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyacer_2" title="Voyacer 2 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Voyacer 2" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1_%DB%B2" title="وویجر ۲ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وویجر ۲" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A8" title="ভয়েজার ২ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভয়েজার ২" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80-2" title="Вояджэр-2 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вояджэр-2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80-2" title="Вояджэр-2 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вояджэр-2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_2" title="Вояджър 2 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вояджър 2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Вояджер-2 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вояджер-2" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_2" title="ڤواياجور 2 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤواياجور 2" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81_2" title="Βόγιατζερ 2 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόγιατζερ 2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1_%DB%B2" title="وویجر ۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وویجر ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80_2%ED%98%B8" title="보이저 2호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보이저 2호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80-2" title="Վոյաջեր-2 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոյաջեր-2" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="वॉयेजर द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वॉयेजर द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%A8_2" title="וויאג'ר 2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וויאג'ר 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_2" title="ვოიაჯერ 2 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოიაჯერ 2" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager%E2%80%932" title="Voyager–2 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Voyager–2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC_2" title="വോയേജർ 2 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോയേജർ 2" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A8" title="व्हॉयेजर २ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हॉयेजर २" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_2" title="Вояжер 2 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вояжер 2" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC_%E1%81%82_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဗွိုင်ယေဂျာ ၂ အာကာသယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗွိုင်ယေဂျာ ၂ အာကာသယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC2%E5%8F%B7" title="ボイジャー2号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボイジャー2号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%B2_%DF%82%DF%B2" title="ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߂߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߂߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%D8%B1_2" title="وائجر 2 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائجر 2" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87" title="وویجر دوه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وویجر دوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Вояджер-2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вояджер-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%A2" title="ڤۆیجر ٢ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤۆیجر ٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojad%C5%BEer_2" title="Vojadžer 2 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vojadžer 2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_2" title="வொயேஜர் 2 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வொயேஜர் 2" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_2" title="వోయెజర్ 2 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వోయెజర్ 2" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_2" title="วอยเอจเจอร์ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอยเอจเจอร์ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D2%B7%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Вояҷер-2 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вояҷер-2" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Вояджер-2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вояджер-2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%D8%B1_2" title="وائجر 2 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائجر 2" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Voyager 2" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune (launched in 1977 by NASA)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Voyager 2</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's rendering of the Voyager spacecraft, a small-bodied spacecraft with a large, central dish and multiple arms and antennas extending from the dish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Voyager_spacecraft_model.png/260px-Voyager_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Voyager_spacecraft_model.png/390px-Voyager_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Voyager_spacecraft_model.png/520px-Voyager_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1233" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's rendering of the <i>Voyager</i> spacecraft design</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Planetary exploration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1977-076A<sup id="cite_ref-us_national_space_science_data_center_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_national_space_science_data_center-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">10271<sup id="cite_ref-us_national_space_science_data_center_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_national_space_science_data_center-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/">voyager<wbr />.jpl<wbr />.nasa<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>47 years, 3 months, 1 day elapsed</li> <li>Planetary mission: 12 years, 1 month, 12 days</li> <li>Interstellar mission: 35 years, 1 month, 20 days elapsed</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">721.9 kilograms (1,592 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">470 watts (at launch)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 20, 1977, 14:29:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1977-08-20UTC14:29Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">LC-41</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">570,000 kilometers (350,000 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">August 26, 1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">101,000 km (63,000 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">January 24, 1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">81,500 km (50,600 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">August 25, 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">4,951 km (3,076 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a></b><br /><small><i>Planetary Science Division</i></small></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/250px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/375px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/500px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Heliocentric positions</a> of the five <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_probe" title="Interstellar probe">interstellar probes</a> (squares) and other bodies (circles) until 2020, with launch and flyby dates. Markers denote positions on <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> of each year, with every fifth year labelled.<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" /><span class="nowrap">Plot 1</span> is viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_pole#Ecliptic_pole" title="Orbital pole">north ecliptic pole</a>, to scale.<br /><span class="nowrap">Plots 2 to 4</span> are <a href="/wiki/Third-angle_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-angle projection">third-angle projections</a> at 20% scale.<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" />In <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg"><span class="nowrap">the SVG file,</span></a> hover over a trajectory or orbit to highlight it and its associated launches and flybys.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Voyager 2</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on August 20, 1977, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>. It was launched on a trajectory towards the <a href="/wiki/Gas_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas giants">gas giants</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and enabled further encounters with the <a href="/wiki/Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. It remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets, and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">third of five spacecraft</a> to achieve Solar <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, which allowed it to leave the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Farthest_regions" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Launched 16 days before its twin <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i>, the primary mission of the spacecraft was to study the <a href="/wiki/Outer_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer planets">outer planets</a> and its extended mission is to study interstellar space beyond the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>. </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jovian system</a> in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturnian system</a> in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranian system</a> in 1986, and the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptunian system</a> in 1989. The spacecraft is now in its extended mission of studying the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>. It is at a distance of 138.05 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (20.7 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 12.8 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from Earth as of October 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-missionstatus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionstatus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probe entered the interstellar medium on November 5, 2018, at a distance of 119.7 AU (11.1 billion mi; 17.9 billion km) from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moving at a velocity of 15.341 km/s (34,320 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-missionstatus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionstatus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relative to the Sun. <i>Voyager 2</i> has left the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a> and is traveling through the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, though still inside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, joining <i>Voyager 1</i>, which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gill-2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown-2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:353199_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:353199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> remains in contact with Earth through the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications are the responsibility of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">DSS 43 communication antenna</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shannon_stirone-2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shannon_stirone-2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour program</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariner_Jupiter-Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner Jupiter-Saturn">Mariner Jupiter-Saturn</a></div> <p>In the early space age, it was realized that a <a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">periodic alignment</a> of the outer planets would occur in the late 1970s and enable a single probe to visit <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> by taking advantage of the then-new technique of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> began work on a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour</a>, which evolved into a massive project involving two groups of two probes each, with one group visiting Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto and the other Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The spacecraft would be designed with redundant systems to ensure survival throughout the entire tour. By 1972 the mission was scaled back and replaced with two <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a>-derived spacecraft, the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. To keep apparent lifetime program costs low, the mission would include only flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, but keep the Grand Tour option open.<sup id="cite_ref-butrica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butrica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 263">: 263 </span></sup> As the program progressed, the name was changed to Voyager.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary mission of <i>Voyager 1</i> was to explore Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. <i>Voyager 2</i> was also to explore Jupiter and Saturn, but on a trajectory that would have the option of continuing on to Uranus and Neptune, or being redirected to Titan as a backup for <i>Voyager 1</i>. Upon successful completion of <i>Voyager 1</i>'s objectives, <i>Voyager 2</i> would get a mission extension to send the probe on towards Uranus and Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-butrica_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butrica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titan was selected due to the interest developed after the images taken by <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> in 1979, which had indicated the atmosphere of the moon was substantial and complex. Hence the trajectory was designed for optimum Titan flyby.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_design">Spacecraft design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spacecraft design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL), <i>Voyager 2</i> included 16 <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> thrusters, <a href="/wiki/Three-axis_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-axis stabilization">three-axis stabilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopes">gyroscopes</a> and celestial referencing instruments (Sun sensor/<a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> Star Tracker) to maintain pointing of the <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a> toward Earth. Collectively these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters. The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects as it traveled through space.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-1989_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications">Communications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built with the intent for eventual interstellar travel, <i>Voyager 2</i> included a large, 3.7 m (12 ft) parabolic, <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_Program_-_High-gain_antenna_diagram.png" title="File:Voyager Program - High-gain antenna diagram.png">see diagram</a>) to transceive data via the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> on Earth. Communications are conducted over the <a href="/wiki/S-band" class="mw-redirect" title="S-band">S-band</a> (about 13 cm wavelength) and <a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> (about 3.6 cm wavelength) providing data rates as high as 115.2 kilobits per second at the distance of Jupiter, and then ever-decreasing as distance increases, because of the <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law" title="Inverse-square law">inverse-square law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">is unable to communicate with Earth</a>, the Digital Tape Recorder (DTR) can record about 64 megabytes of data for transmission at another time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power">Power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MHW-RTG.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MHW-RTG.gif/220px-MHW-RTG.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MHW-RTG.gif/330px-MHW-RTG.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MHW-RTG.gif/440px-MHW-RTG.gif 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Voyager RTG unit</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Voyager 2</i> is equipped with three <a href="/wiki/MHW-RTG" title="MHW-RTG">multihundred-watt radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> (MHW RTGs). Each RTG includes 24 pressed <a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">plutonium oxide</a> spheres. At launch, each RTG provided enough heat to generate approximately 157 W of electrical power. Collectively, the RTGs supplied the spacecraft with 470 watts at launch (halving every 87.7 years). They were predicted to allow operations to continue until at least 2020, and continued to provide power to five scientific instruments through the early part of 2023. In April 2023 JPL began using a reservoir of backup power intended for an onboard safety mechanism. As a result, all five instruments had been expected to continue operation through 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-1989_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us_national_space_science_data_center_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_national_space_science_data_center-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newpower_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpower-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2024 NASA announced that the plasma science instrument had been turned off, preserving power for the remaining four instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attitude_control_and_propulsion">Attitude control and propulsion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attitude control and propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the energy required to achieve a Jupiter trajectory boost with an 825-kilogram (1,819 lb) payload, the spacecraft included a propulsion module made of a 1,123-kilogram (2,476 lb) solid-rocket motor and eight hydrazine <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket" title="Monopropellant rocket">monopropellant rocket</a> engines, four providing pitch and yaw attitude control, and four for roll control. The propulsion module was jettisoned shortly after the successful Jupiter burn. </p><p>Sixteen <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> Aerojet MR-103 thrusters on the mission module provide attitude control.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four are used to execute trajectory correction maneuvers; the others in two redundant six-thruster branches, to stabilize the spacecraft on its three axes. Only one branch of attitude control thrusters is needed at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thrusters are supplied by a single 70-centimeter (28 in) diameter spherical titanium tank. It contained 100 kilograms (220 lb) of hydrazine at launch, providing enough fuel until 2034.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:135px;">Instrument name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Abr. </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Imaging Science System <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(ISS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Utilized a two-camera system (narrow-angle/wide-angle) to provide imagery of the outer planets and other objects along the trajectory. <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Filters </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="width:320px;">Narrow Angle Camera Filters<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="background:#e5e5e5; width:60px;">Name </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Wavelength </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Spectrum </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Sensitivity </th></tr> <tr> <td>Clear </td> <td><small>280 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>460 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> </td> <td><small>280 – 370 nm;</small><br /><small>325 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_UV.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #1d0036"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Violet </td> <td><small>350 – 450 nm;</small><br /><small>400 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #8300b5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blue </td> <td><small>430 – 530 nm;</small><br /><small>480 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #00d5ff"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>' </td> <td><small>'</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/50px-Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/75px-Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/100px-Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green </td> <td><small>530 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>585 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ffef00"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>' </td> <td><small>'</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/50px-Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/75px-Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/100px-Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange </td> <td><small>590 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>615 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ff8900"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>' </td> <td><small>'</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/50px-Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/75px-Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/100px-Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>' </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" scope="col" style="width:320px;">Wide Angle Camera Filters<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="background:#e5e5e5; width:60px;">Name </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Wavelength </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Spectrum </th> <th style="background: #e5e5e5">Sensitivity </th></tr> <tr> <td>Clear </td> <td><small>280 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>460 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>' </td> <td><small>'</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/50px-Clear.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/75px-Clear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clear.png/100px-Clear.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Violet </td> <td><small>350 – 450 nm;</small><br /><small>400 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Violet.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #8300b5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blue </td> <td><small>430 – 530 nm;</small><br /><small>480 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Blue.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #00d5ff"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub>4</sub></a>-U </td> <td><small>536 – 546 nm;</small><br /><small>514 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4U.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #81ff00"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green </td> <td><small>530 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>585 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Green.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ffef00"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>-D </td> <td><small>588 – 590 nm;</small><br /><small>589 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_NaD.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ffe200"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange </td> <td><small>590 – 640 nm;</small><br /><small>615 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_Orange.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ff8900"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub>4</sub></a>-JST </td> <td><small>614 – 624 nm;</small><br /><small>619 nm center</small> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png/50px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png/75px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png/100px-Voyager_-_Filters_-_CH4JST.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background: #ff7b00"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030507144627/http://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/Admin/resources/cd_voyager.html">PDS/PDI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/raw_images.html">PDS/PRN data catalog</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Radio Science System<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(RSS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Utilized the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=RSS">PDS/PPI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/rss/index.html">PDS/PRN data catalog</a> <b>(</b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/vol/VG_2803_peer_review/">VG_2803</a><b>)</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/voyager/voyager2/radio_science_rss/">NSSDC Saturn data archive</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_interferometer_spectrometer_and_radiometer" title="Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer">Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(IRIS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn's rings">Saturn's rings</a>. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iris/original_volume.html">PDS/PRN data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iris/expanded_volumes.html">PDS/PRN expanded data catalog</a> <b>(</b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/vol/VGIRIS_0001_peer_review/">VGIRIS_0001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/vol/VGIRIS_0002_peer_review/">VGIRIS_002</a><b>)</b></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(UVS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/uvs/data.html">PDS/PRN data catalog</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Triaxial Fluxgate <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(active)</span> </td> <td>(MAG) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=MAG">PDS/PPI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/voyager/voyager2/magnetic_fields/">NSSDC data archive</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(PLS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Investigates the macroscopic properties of the plasma ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=PLS">PDS/PPI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/voyager/voyager2/plasma/">NSSDC data archive</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Low Energy <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">Charged Particle</a> Instrument <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(active)</span> </td> <td>(LECP) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions, electrons and the differential in energy ion composition. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager-mac.umd.edu/">UMD data plotting</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=LECP">PDS/PPI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/voyager/voyager2/particle/lecp/">NSSDC data archive</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Ray System">Cosmic Ray System</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(active)</span> </td> <td>(CRS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Determines the origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays, the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources, the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium, and the trapped planetary energetic-particle environment. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=CRS">PDS/PPI data catalog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/voyager/voyager2/particle/crs/">NSSDC data archive</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Planetary <a href="/wiki/Radio_Astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Astronomy">Radio Astronomy</a> Investigation <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(disabled)</span> </td> <td>(PRA) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Utilizes a sweep-frequency radio receiver to study the radio-emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=PRA">PDS/PPI data catalog</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter" title="Polarimeter">Photopolarimeter</a> System <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(defective)</span> </td> <td>(PPS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Utilized a telescope with a <a href="/wiki/Polarizer" title="Polarizer">polarizer</a> to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter and Saturn and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for both planets. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/pps/data.html">PDS/PRN data catalog</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Wave_Subsystem" title="Plasma Wave Subsystem">Plasma Wave Subsystem</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(active)</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">(PWS) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Provides continuous, sheath-independent measurements of the electron-density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave-particle interaction, useful in studying the magnetospheres. <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Data:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/?sc=Voyager%202&i=PWS">PDS/PPI data catalog</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Images of the spacecraft</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager in transport to a solar thermal test chamber."><img alt="Voyager in transport to a solar thermal test chamber." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg/175px-Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg/263px-Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg/350px-Voyager_Testing_1976_PIA21732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6467" data-file-height="6577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"> Voyager in transport to a solar thermal test chamber.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2 awaiting payload entry into a Titan IIIE/Centaur rocket."><img alt="Voyager in transport to a solar thermal test chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg/142px-Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg/213px-Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg/284px-Voyager_2_is_encapsulated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Voyager 2</i> awaiting payload entry into a <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> rocket.</span></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Illustrations_of_Voyager_spacecraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Illustrations of Voyager spacecraft">the Voyager spacecraft</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Images of trajectory </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png/880px-Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png/1320px-Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png/1760px-Voyager_2_skypath_1977-2030.png 2x" data-file-width="7235" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span><br /><i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s trajectory from the Earth, following the ecliptic through 1989 at Neptune and now heading south into the constellation <a href="/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)" title="Pavo (constellation)">Pavo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png/400px-Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png/600px-Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png/800px-Voyager2_1977-2019-overview.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span><br />Path viewed from above the Solar System </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png/480px-Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png/720px-Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png/960px-Voyager2_1977-2019-skew.png 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="877" /></a></span><br />Path viewed from side, showing distance below ecliptic in gray </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Timeline of travel </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:120px;">Date </th> <th scope="col" style="width:440px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1977-08-20 </td> <td>Spacecraft launched at 14:29:00 UTC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977-12-10 </td> <td>Entered <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977-12-19 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> overtakes <i>Voyager 2</i>. (<a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_1_-_Voyager_2_-_Voyager_1_overtakes_Voyager_2.png" title="File:Voyager 1 - Voyager 2 - Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2.png">see diagram</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978-06 </td> <td>Primary radio receiver fails. The remainder of the mission flown using backup. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978-10-21 </td> <td>Exited asteroid belt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;">1979-04-25 </td> <td>Start Jupiter observation phase <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:90px;">Time </th> <th scope="col" style="width:350px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1979-07-08</b> </td> <td><b>Encounter with <a href="/wiki/Jovian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian system">Jovian system</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>12:21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> flyby at 214,930 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1979-07-09</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>07:14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> flyby at 62,130 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> flyby at 205,720 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>20:01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a> flyby at 558,370 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>22:29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> closest approach at 721,670 km from the center of mass. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>23:17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> flyby at 1,129,900 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1979-08-05</b> </td> <td><b>Phase Stop</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;">1981-06-05 </td> <td>Start Saturn observation phase. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:90px;">Time </th> <th scope="col" style="width:350px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981-08-22</b> </td> <td><b>Encounter with <a href="/wiki/Saturnian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturnian system">Saturnian system</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>01:26:57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a> flyby at 908,680 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981-08-25</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>01:25:26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a> flyby at 431,370 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>09:37:46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> flyby at 666,190 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>22:57:33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a> flyby at 314,090 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981-08-26</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>01:04:32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> flyby at 502,310 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>02:22:17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a> flyby at 151,590 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>02:24:26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a> flyby at 309,930 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:19:18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a> flyby at 107,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:24:05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> closest approach at 161,000 km from the center of mass. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:33:02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a> 287,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:45:16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a> flyby at 87,010 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:50:04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a> at 223,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>04:05:56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a> at 147,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>06:02:47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a> at 270,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>06:12:30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> flyby at 93,010 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>06:28:48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a> flyby at 645,260 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981-09-04</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>01:22:34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a> flyby at 2,075,640 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981-09-25</b> </td> <td><b>Phase Stop</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;">1985-11-04 </td> <td>Start Uranus observation phase. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:90px;">Time </th> <th scope="col" style="width:350px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1986-01-24</b> </td> <td><b>Encounter with <a href="/wiki/Uranian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian system">Uranian system</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>16:50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a> flyby at 29,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a> flyby at 127,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a> flyby at 325,000 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a> flyby at 365,200 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a> flyby at 470,600 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>17:59:47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> closest approach at 107,000 km from the center of mass. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1986-02-25</b> </td> <td><b>Phase Stop</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987-08-20 </td> <td>10 years of continuous flight and operation at 14:29:00 UTC. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;">1989-06-05 </td> <td>Start Neptune observation phase. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:90px;">Time </th> <th scope="col" style="width:350px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1989-08-25</b> </td> <td><b>Encounter with <a href="/wiki/Neptunian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunian system">Neptunian system</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>03:56:36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> closest approach at 4,950 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>04:41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a> flyby at 18,360 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>04:51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a> flyby at 60,180 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>05:29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a> flyby at 97,860 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>09:23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> flyby at 39,800 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1989-10-02</b> </td> <td><b>Phase Stop</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989-10-02 </td> <td>Begin Voyager Interstellar Mission. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Interstellar phase<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1997-08-20 </td> <td>20 years of continuous flight and operation at 14:29:00 UTC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998-11-13 </td> <td>Terminate scan platform and UV observations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007-08-20 </td> <td>30 years of continuous flight and operation at 14:29:00 UTC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007-09-06 </td> <td>Terminate data tape recorder operations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008-02-22 </td> <td>Terminate planetary radio astronomy experiment operations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011-11-07 </td> <td>Switch to backup thrusters to conserve power<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017-08-20 </td> <td>40 years of continuous flight and operation at 14:29:00 UTC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018-11-05 </td> <td>Crossed the <a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">heliopause</a> and entered <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar space">interstellar space</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023-07-18 </td> <td>Voyager 2 overtook <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> as the second farthest spacecraft from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-sun-v2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-v2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sun-p10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-p10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_trajectory">Launch and trajectory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch and trajectory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Voyager 2</i> probe was launched on August 20, 1977, by NASA from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Space Launch Complex 41</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida" title="Cape Canaveral, Florida">Cape Canaveral, Florida</a>, aboard a <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrier_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier rocket">launch vehicle</a>. Two weeks later, the twin <i>Voyager 1</i> probe was launched on September 5, 1977. However, <i>Voyager 1</i> reached both Jupiter and Saturn sooner, as <i>Voyager 2</i> had been launched into a longer, more circular trajectory.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fastfacts_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 1</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s initial orbit had an <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> of 8.9 AU (830 million mi; 1.33 billion km), just a little short of Saturn's orbit of 9.5 AU (880 million mi; 1.42 billion km). Whereas, <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s initial orbit had an aphelion of 6.2 AU (580 million mi; 930 million km), well short of Saturn's orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1978, no commands were transmitted to <i>Voyager 2</i> for a period of time, causing the spacecraft to switch from its primary radio receiver to its backup receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime afterwards, the primary receiver failed altogether. The backup receiver was functional, but a failed capacitor in the receiver meant that it could only receive transmissions that were sent at a precise frequency, and this frequency would be affected by the Earth's rotation (due to the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>) and the onboard receiver's temperature, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2 launch on August 20, 1977, with a Titan IIIE/Centaur"><img alt="Voyager 2 launch on August 20, 1977, with a Titan IIIE/Centaur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/151px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/226px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/301px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Voyager 2</i> launch on August 20, 1977, with a <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation of Voyager 2's trajectory from August 20, 1977, to December 30, 2000    Voyager 2  ·   Earth ·   Jupiter  ·   Saturn ·   Uranus  ·   Neptune  ·   Sun"><img alt="Animation of Voyager 2's trajectory from August 20, 1977, to December 30, 2000    Voyager 2  ·   Earth ·   Jupiter  ·   Saturn ·   Uranus  ·   Neptune  ·   Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif/200px-Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif/300px-Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif/400px-Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation of <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from August 20, 1977, to December 30, 2000<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>Voyager 2</i> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Royalblue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></span>  <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Cyan ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Gold ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Yellow ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_path.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trajectory of Voyager 2 primary mission"><img alt="Trajectory of Voyager 2 primary mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Voyager_2_path.svg/200px-Voyager_2_path.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Voyager_2_path.svg/300px-Voyager_2_path.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Voyager_2_path.svg/400px-Voyager_2_path.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trajectory of <i>Voyager 2</i> primary mission</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plot of Voyager 2's heliocentric velocity against its distance from the Sun, illustrating the use of gravity assists to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.[A]"><img alt="Plot of Voyager 2's heliocentric velocity against its distance from the Sun, illustrating the use of gravity assists to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.[A]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg/200px-Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg/300px-Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg/400px-Voyager_2_velocity_vs_distance_from_sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plot of <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> heliocentric velocity against its distance from the Sun, illustrating the use of gravity assists to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Jupiter">Encounter with Jupiter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Encounter with Jupiter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif/220px-Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif/330px-Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif/440px-Animation_of_Voyager_2%27s_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s trajectory around Jupiter<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Magenta ; color:black;"> </span> <i>Voyager 2</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue ; color:white;"> </span> Jupiter</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span> Io</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> Europa</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Ganymede</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> Callisto</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png/220px-Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png/330px-Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png/440px-Voyager-2_Jupiter-flyby_July-10-1979.png 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>The trajectory of <i>Voyager 2</i> through the Jovian system</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s closest approach to Jupiter occurred at 22:29 UT on July 9, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came within 570,000 km (350,000 mi) of the planet's cloud tops.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> was revealed as a complex storm moving in a counterclockwise direction. Other smaller storms and eddies were found throughout the banded clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-pdsseti_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdsseti-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> returned images of Jupiter, as well as its moons <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 10-hour "volcano watch", it confirmed <i>Voyager 1</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s observations of active <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io" title="Volcanism on Io">volcanism on the moon Io</a>, and revealed how the moon's surface had changed in the four months since the previous visit.<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, the Voyagers observed the eruption of nine volcanoes on Io, and there is evidence that other eruptions occurred between the two Voyager fly-bys.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> displayed a large number of intersecting linear features in the low-resolution photos from <i>Voyager 1</i>. At first, scientists believed the features might be deep cracks, caused by crustal rifting or tectonic processes. Closer high-resolution photos from <i>Voyager 2</i>, however, were puzzling: the features lacked topographic relief, and one scientist said they "might have been painted on with a felt marker".<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa is internally active due to tidal heating at a level about one-tenth that of Io. Europa is thought to have a thin crust (less than 30 km (19 mi) thick) of water ice, possibly floating on a 50 km (31 mi)-deep ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fastfacts_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two new, small satellites, <a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a>, were found orbiting just outside the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third new satellite, <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a>, was discovered between the orbits of Amalthea and Io.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-center" style=""width:175px;""><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Red Spot photographed during the Voyager 2 flyby of Jupiter"><img alt="The Great Red Spot photographed during the Voyager 2 flyby of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg/158px-Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg/237px-Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg/316px-Jupiter_-_Region_from_the_Great_Red_Spot_to_the_South_Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> photographed during the <i>Voyager 2</i> flyby of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A transit of Io across Jupiter, July 9, 1979"><img alt="A transit of Io across Jupiter, July 9, 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg/180px-Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg/270px-Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg/360px-Voyager_2_Jupiter_Io.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">A transit of <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> across <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, July 9, 1979</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_-_July_10_1979_(34593324401).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Several faint volcanic eruptions on Io, photographed by Voyager 2"><img alt="Several faint volcanic eruptions on Io, photographed by Voyager 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg/179px-Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg/268px-Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg/357px-Io_-_July_10_1979_%2834593324401%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Several faint <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> eruptions on <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, photographed by <i>Voyager 2</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A color mosaic of Europa"><img alt="A color mosaic of Europa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg/180px-Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg/270px-Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg/360px-Crescent_Europa_-_GPN-2000-000469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="3138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">A color mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></span></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Jupiter_system_by_Voyager_2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Jupiter system by Voyager 2">the <i>Voyager 2</i> Jupiter encounter</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Saturn">Encounter with Saturn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Encounter with Saturn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration of Saturn</a></div> <p>The closest approach to Saturn occurred at 03:24:05 UT on August 26, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>Voyager 2</i> passed behind Saturn, viewed from Earth, it utilized its radio link to investigate Saturn's upper atmosphere, gathering data on both temperature and pressure. In the highest regions of the atmosphere, where the pressure was measured at 70 mbar (1.0 psi),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> recorded a temperature of 82 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−191.2 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; −312.1 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). Deeper within the atmosphere, where the pressure was recorded to be 1,200 mbar (17 psi), the temperature rose to 143 K (−130 °C; −202 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-jet_propulsion_laboratory_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet_propulsion_laboratory-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft also observed that the north pole was approximately 10 °C (18 °F) cooler at 100 mbar (1.5 psi) than mid-latitudes, a variance potentially attributable to seasonal shifts<sup id="cite_ref-jet_propulsion_laboratory_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet_propulsion_laboratory-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>see also <a href="/wiki/Saturn#Best_viewing" title="Saturn">Saturn Oppositions</a></i>). </p><p>After its Saturn fly-by, <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s scan platform experienced an anomaly causing its azimuth actuator to seize. This malfunction led to some data loss and posed challenges for the spacecraft's continued mission. The anomaly was traced back to a combination of issues, including a design flaw in the actuator shaft bearing and gear lubrication system, corrosion, and debris build-up. While overuse and depleted lubricant were factors,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other elements, such as dissimilar metal reactions and a lack of relief ports, compounded the problem. Engineers on the ground were able to issue a series of commands, rectifying the issue to a degree that allowed the scan platform to resume its function.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i>, which would have been diverted to perform the Titan flyby if <i>Voyager 1</i> had been unable to, did not pass near Titan due to the malfunction, and subsequently, proceeded with its mission to explore the Uranian system.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-center" style=""width:175px;""><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_(planet)_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2 Saturn approach view"><img alt="Voyager 2 Saturn approach view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg/116px-Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg/174px-Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg/232px-Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Voyager 2</i> <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> approach view</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="North, polar region of Saturn imaged in orange and UV filters"><img alt="North, polar region of Saturn imaged in orange and UV filters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png/177px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png/266px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png/355px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_-_3115_7854_2.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">North, polar region of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> imaged in orange and UV filters</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Atmosphere of Titan imaged from 2.3 million km"><img alt="Atmosphere of Titan imaged from 2.3 million km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png/180px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png/270px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png/360px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3128_7866_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> imaged from 2.3 million km</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Titan occultation of the Sun from 0.9 million km"><img alt="Titan occultation of the Sun from 0.9 million km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png/180px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png/270px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png/360px-Voyager_2_-_Titan_-_3092_7807_2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> from 0.9 million km</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Spoke" features observed in the rings of Saturn"><img alt="Atmosphere of Titan imaged from 2.3 million km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/174px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/261px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/349px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">"Spoke" features observed in the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a></span></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Saturn_system_by_Voyager_2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Saturn system by Voyager 2">the <i>Voyager 2</i> Saturn encounter</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Uranus">Encounter with Uranus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Encounter with Uranus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration of Uranus</a></div> <p>The closest approach to Uranus occurred on January 24, 1986, when <i>Voyager 2</i> came within 81,500 km (50,600 mi) of the planet's cloudtops.<sup id="cite_ref-uranus_approach_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uranus_approach-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> also discovered 11 previously unknown moons: <a href="/wiki/Cordelia_(moon)" title="Cordelia (moon)">Cordelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(moon)" title="Ophelia (moon)">Ophelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bianca_(moon)" title="Bianca (moon)">Bianca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cressida_(moon)" title="Cressida (moon)">Cressida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(moon)" title="Desdemona (moon)">Desdemona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliet_(moon)" title="Juliet (moon)">Juliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portia_(moon)" title="Portia (moon)">Portia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(moon)" title="Rosalind (moon)">Rosalind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belinda_(moon)" title="Belinda (moon)">Belinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puck_(moon)" title="Puck (moon)">Puck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perdita_(moon)" title="Perdita (moon)">Perdita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission also studied the planet's unique atmosphere, caused by its <a href="/wiki/Uranus#Axial_tilt" title="Uranus">axial tilt</a> of 97.8°; and examined the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian ring system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uranus_approach_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uranus_approach-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of a day on Uranus as measured by <i>Voyager 2</i> is 17 hours, 14 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-uranus_approach_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uranus_approach-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uranus was shown to have a magnetic field that was misaligned with its rotational axis, unlike other planets that had been visited to that point,<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a helix-shaped magnetic tail stretching 10 million kilometers (6 million miles) away from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <i>Voyager 2</i> visited Uranus, much of its cloud features were hidden by a layer of haze; however, false-color and contrast-enhanced images show bands of concentric clouds around its south pole. This area was also found to radiate large amounts of ultraviolet light, a phenomenon that is called "dayglow". The average atmospheric temperature is about 60 K (−351.7 °F; −213.2 °C). The illuminated and dark poles, and most of the planet, exhibit nearly the same temperatures at the cloud tops.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Voyager 2</i> Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiment observed 140 lightning flashes, or Uranian electrostatic discharges with a frequency of 0.9-40 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin-2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarka-1986_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarka-1986-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UEDs were detected from 600,000 km of Uranus over 24 hours, most of which were not visible.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin-2020_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, microphysical modeling suggests that Uranian lightning occurs in convective storms occurring in deep troposphere water clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin-2020_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is the case, lightning will not be visible due to the thick cloud layers above the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-zarka-1986_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarka-1986-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uranian lightning has a power of around 10<sup>8</sup> W, emits 1×10^7 J – 2×10^7 J of energy, and lasts an average of 120 ms.<sup id="cite_ref-zarka-1986_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarka-1986-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed images from <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s flyby of the Uranian moon <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a> showed huge canyons made from <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">geological faults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis suggests that Miranda might consist of a reaggregation of material following an earlier event when Miranda was shattered into pieces by a violent impact.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> discovered two previously unknown Uranian rings.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voyager_2_mission_team_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyager_2_mission_team-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements showed that the Uranian rings are different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The Uranian ring system might be relatively young, and it did not form at the same time that Uranus did. The particles that make up the rings might be the remnants of a moon that was broken up by either a high-velocity impact or <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">torn up by tidal effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fastfacts_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, NASA astronomers reported the detection of a large atmospheric magnetic bubble, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Plasmoid" title="Plasmoid">plasmoid</a>, released into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> from the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, after reevaluating old data recorded during the flyby.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-center" style=""width:175px;""><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Uranus as viewed by Voyager 2"><img alt="Uranus as viewed by Voyager 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/270px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/360px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Uranus as viewed by <i>Voyager 2</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Final_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Departing image of crescent Uranus"><img alt="Departing image of crescent Uranus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/149px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/223px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/298px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Departing image of crescent <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariel as imaged from 130,000 km"><img alt="Ariel as imaged from 130,000 km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg/180px-Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg/270px-Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg/360px-Ariel_Closest_Approach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a> as imaged from 130,000 km</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rings of Uranus imaged by Voyager 2"><img alt="Ariel imaged from 130,000 km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg/180px-Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg/270px-Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg/360px-Uranian_rings_PIA01977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">The <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">rings of Uranus</a> imaged by <i>Voyager 2</i></span></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Uranus_system_by_Voyager_2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Uranus system by Voyager 2">the <i>Voyager 2</i> Uranus encounter</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Neptune">Encounter with Neptune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encounter with Neptune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration of Neptune</a></div> <p>Following a course correction in 1987, <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasajpl_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through repeated computerized test simulations of trajectories through the Neptunian system conducted in advance, flight controllers determined the best way to route <i>Voyager 2</i> through the Neptune–Triton system. Since the plane of the orbit of Triton is tilted significantly with respect to the plane of the ecliptic; through course corrections, <i>Voyager 2</i> was directed into a path about 4,950 km (3,080 mi) above the north pole of Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five hours after <i>Voyager 2</i> made its closest approach to Neptune, it performed a close fly-by of <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, Neptune's largest moon, passing within about 40,000 km (25,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_aeronautics_and_space_administration-2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the <i>Voyager 2</i> Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiment observed around 60 lightning flashes, or Neptunian electrostatic discharges emitting energies over 7×10<sup>8</sup> J.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plasma wave system (PWS) detected 16 electromagnetic wave events with a frequency range of 50 Hz – 12 kHz at magnetic latitudes 7˚-33˚.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin-2020_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gurnett-1990_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurnett-1990-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plasma wave detections were possibly triggered by lightning over 20 minutes in the ammonia clouds of the magnetosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-gurnett-1990_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurnett-1990-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <i>Voyager 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s closest approach to Neptune, the PWS instrument provided Neptune’s first plasma wave detections at a sample rate of 28,800 samples per second.<sup id="cite_ref-gurnett-1990_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurnett-1990-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measured plasma densities range from 10<sup>–3</sup> – 10<sup>–1</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-gurnett-1990_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurnett-1990-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> discovered previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian rings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confirmed six new moons: <a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naiad_(moon)" title="Naiad (moon)">Naiad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)" title="Thalassa (moon)">Thalassa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_howell_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_howell-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the neighborhood of Neptune, <i>Voyager 2</i> discovered the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a>", which has since disappeared, according to observations by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Dark Spot was later hypothesized to be a region of clear gas, forming a window in the planet's high-altitude methane cloud deck.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-center" style=""width:175px;""><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2 image of Neptune"><img alt="Voyager 2 image of Neptune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/270px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/360px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Voyager 2</i> image of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neptune and Triton three days after Voyager 2 flyby"><img alt="Neptune and Triton three days after Voyager's flyby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg/180px-Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg/270px-Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg/360px-Voyager_2_Neptune_and_Triton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> three days after <i>Voyager 2</i> flyby</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cirrus clouds imaged above gaseous Neptune"><img alt="Cirrus clouds imaged above gaseous Neptune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/180px-Neptune_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/270px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/360px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrus clouds">Cirrus clouds</a> imaged above gaseous <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rings of Neptune taken in occultation from 280,000 km"><img alt="Rings of Neptune taken in occultation from 280,000 km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png/180px-Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png/270px-Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png/360px-Rings_of_Neptune_PIA01997.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings of Neptune</a> taken in <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> from 280,000 km</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Color mosaic of Voyager 2 Triton"><img alt="Color mosaic of Voyager 2 Triton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/180px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/270px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/360px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="4700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Color mosaic of <i>Voyager 2</i> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></span></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Neptune_system_by_Voyager_2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Neptune system by Voyager 2">the <i>Voyager 2</i> Neptune encounter</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interstellar_mission">Interstellar mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interstellar mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg/300px-PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg/450px-PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg/600px-PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><i>Voyager 2</i> left the heliosphere on November 5, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-brown-2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/300px-Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/450px-Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/600px-Voyager_speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><i>Voyager 1</i> and <i>2</i> speed and distance from Sun</figcaption></figure> <p>Once its planetary mission was over, <i>Voyager 2</i> was described as working on an interstellar mission, which NASA is using to find out what the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> is like beyond the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>. As of September 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> is transmitting scientific data at about 160 <a href="/wiki/Bits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits per second">bits per second</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about continuing telemetry exchanges with <i>Voyager 2</i> is available from Voyager Weekly Reports.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official NASA map of the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 spacecraft's trajectories through the Solar System." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg/300px-72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg/450px-72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg/600px-72413main_ACD97-0036-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>NASA map showing trajectories of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i>, and <i>Voyager 2</i> spacecraft.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, <i>Voyager 2</i> observed the nova <a href="/wiki/V1974_Cygni" title="V1974 Cygni">V1974 Cygni</a> in the far-ultraviolet, first of its kind. The further increase in the brightness at those wavelengths helped in the more detailed study of the nova.<sup id="cite_ref-ulivi-2007_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulivi-2007-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1994, an attempt was made to observe the impacts from fragments of the comet <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> with Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-ulivi-2007_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulivi-2007-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The craft's position meant it had a direct line of sight to the impacts and observations were made in the ultraviolet and radio spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-ulivi-2007_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulivi-2007-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> failed to detect anything, with calculations showing that the fireballs were just below the craft's limit of detection.<sup id="cite_ref-ulivi-2007_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulivi-2007-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 29, 2006, a telemetered command to <i>Voyager 2</i> was incorrectly decoded by its on-board computer—in a random error—as a command to turn on the electrical heaters of the spacecraft's magnetometer. These heaters remained turned on until December 4, 2006, and during that time, there was a resulting high temperature above 130 °C (266 °F), significantly higher than the magnetometers were designed to endure, and a sensor rotated away from the correct orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 30, 2007, <i>Voyager 2</i> passed the <a href="/wiki/Termination_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Termination shock">termination shock</a> and then entered into the <a href="/wiki/Heliosheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliosheath">heliosheath</a>, approximately 1 billion mi (1.6 billion km) closer to the Sun than <i>Voyager 1</i> did.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_magnetic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar magnetic field">interstellar magnetic field</a> of deep space. The southern hemisphere of the Solar System's heliosphere is being pushed in.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 22, 2010, <i>Voyager 2</i> encountered scientific data format problems.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 17, 2010, JPL engineers revealed that a flipped bit in an on-board computer had caused the problem, and scheduled a bit reset for May 19.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 23, 2010, <i>Voyager 2</i> resumed sending science data from deep space after engineers fixed the flipped bit.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, it was originally thought that <i>Voyager 2</i> would enter interstellar space in two to three years, with its plasma spectrometer providing the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma. But the Voyager project scientist, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Edward C. Stone</a> and his colleagues said they lacked evidence of what would be the key signature of interstellar space: a shift in the direction of the magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-:353199_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:353199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in December 2018, Stone announced that <i>Voyager 2</i> reached interstellar space on November 5, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-gill-2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown-2018_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg/600px-PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg/900px-PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg/1200px-PIA22921-Voyager2-Position-20181210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The position of <i>Voyager 2</i> in December 2018. Note the vast distances condensed into a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a>: Earth is one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun; Saturn is at 10 AU, and the heliopause is at around 120 AU. Neptune is 30.1 AU from the Sun; thus the edge of interstellar space is around four times as far from the Sun as the last planet.<sup id="cite_ref-brown-2018_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Maintenance to the Deep Space Network cut outbound contact with the probe for eight months in 2020. Contact was reestablished on November 2, when a series of instructions was transmitted, subsequently executed, and relayed back with a successful communication message.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 12, 2021, full communications were restored after a major ground station antenna upgrade that took a year to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-shannon_stirone-2021_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shannon_stirone-2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, astronomers reported a significant unexpected increase in density in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> as detected by the <i>Voyager 1</i> and <i>Voyager 2</i>; this implies that "the density gradient is a large-scale feature of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium#Structures" title="Interstellar medium">VLISM</a> (very local <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>) in the general direction of the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Outer_structure" title="Heliosphere">heliospheric nose</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 18, 2023, Voyager 2 overtook <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> as the second farthest spacecraft from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-sun-v2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-v2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sun-p10_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-p10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 21, 2023, a programming error misaligned <i>Voyager 2</i>'s high gain antenna<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 degrees away from Earth, breaking communications with the spacecraft. By August 1, the spacecraft's carrier signal was detected using multiple antennas of the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogsnasagov-2023-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high-power "shout" on August 4 sent from the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra station</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully commanded the spacecraft to reorient towards Earth, resuming communications.<sup id="cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogsnasagov-2023-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a failsafe measure, the probe is also programmed to autonomously reset its orientation to point towards Earth, which would have occurred by October 15.<sup id="cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogsnasagov-2023-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reductions_in_capabilities">Reductions in capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reductions in capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the power from the RTG slowly reduces, various items of equipment have been turned off on the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-voyagerjplnasagov_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyagerjplnasagov-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first science equipment turned off on <i>Voyager 2</i> was the PPS in 1991, which saved 1.2 watts.<sup id="cite_ref-voyagerjplnasagov_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyagerjplnasagov-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations<sup id="cite_ref-spacecraft_lifetime_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecraft_lifetime-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>Termination of scan platform and UVS observations<sup id="cite_ref-voyagerjplnasagov_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyagerjplnasagov-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Termination of <i>Digital Tape Recorder</i> (DTR) operations (It was no longer needed due to a failure on the <i>High Waveform Receiver</i> on the <i>Plasma Wave Subsystem</i> (PWS) on June 30, 2002.)<sup id="cite_ref-spacecraft_lifetime_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecraft_lifetime-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Power off <i>Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment</i> (PRA)<sup id="cite_ref-voyagerjplnasagov_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyagerjplnasagov-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>CRS heater turned off<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>Turn off heater for Low Energy Charged Particle instrument<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>Software update reroutes power from the voltage regulator to keep the science instruments operating<sup id="cite_ref-newpower_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpower-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>Plasma Science instrument (PLS) turned off<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2030 approx</td> <td>Can no longer power any instrument<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2036</td> <td>Out of range of the Deep Space Network<sup id="cite_ref-jet_propulsion_laboratory_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet_propulsion_laboratory-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_with_the_orientation_thrusters">Concerns with the orientation thrusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Concerns with the orientation thrusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">thrusters</a> needed to control the correct attitude of the spacecraft and to point its high-gain antenna in the direction of Earth are out of use due to clogging problems in their <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> injector. The spacecraft no longer has backups available for its thruster system and "everything onboard is running on single-string" as acknowledged by Suzanne Dodd, Voyager project manager at <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark-2023_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-2023-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA has decided to patch the computer software in order to modify the functioning of the remaining thrusters to slow down the clogging of the small diameter hydrazine injector jets. Before uploading the software update on the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> computer, NASA will first try the procedure with <i>Voyager 2</i>, which is closer to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-clark-2023_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-2023-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_the_probe">Future of the probe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Future of the probe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The probe is expected to keep transmitting weak radio messages until at least the mid-2020s, more than 48 years after it was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecraft_lifetime_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecraft_lifetime-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA says that "The Voyagers are destined—perhaps eternally—to wander the Milky Way."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Voyager 2</i> is not headed toward any particular star. The nearest star is 4.2 light-years away, and at 15.341 km/s, the spacecraft travels one light-year in about 19,541 years - during which time the nearby stars will also move substantially. In roughly 42,000 years, Voyager 2 will pass the star <a href="/wiki/Ross_248" title="Ross 248">Ross 248</a> (10.30 light-years away from Earth) at a distance of 1.7 light-years.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If undisturbed for <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future#Humanity_and_human_constructs" title="Timeline of the far future">296,000 years</a>, <i>Voyager 2</i> should pass by the star <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> (8.6 light-years from Earth) at a distance of 4.3 light-years.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_record">Golden record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Golden record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Voyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Voyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Voyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Voyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg/Voyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVoyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVoyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVoyager_Golden_Record_greeting_in_English.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>A child's greeting in English recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/150px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/225px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/300px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption>Voyager Golden Record</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Voyager space probes carry a gold-plated <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">audio-visual disc</a>, a compilation meant to showcase the diversity of life and culture on Earth in the event that either spacecraft is ever found by any <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial discoverer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gambino_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gambino-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record, made under the direction of a team including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ferris" title="Timothy Ferris">Timothy Ferris</a>, includes photos of the Earth and its lifeforms, a range of scientific information, spoken greetings from people such as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> and the President of the United States and a medley, "Sounds of Earth", that includes the sounds of whales, a baby crying, waves breaking on a shore, and a collection of music spanning different cultures and eras including works by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valya_Balkanska" title="Valya Balkanska">Valya Balkanska</a>. Other Eastern and Western classics are included, as well as performances of indigenous music from around the world. The record also contains greetings in 55 different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project aimed to portray the richness of life on Earth and stand as a testament to human creativity and the desire to connect with the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-gambino_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gambino-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)"><i>Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farthest" title="The Farthest">The Farthest</a></i>, a 2017 documentary on the Voyager program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">List of missions to the outer planets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To observe <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, <i>Voyager 2</i> passed over Neptune's north pole, resulting in an acceleration out of the plane of the ecliptic, and, as a result, a reduced velocity relative to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources cite the discovery of only 10 Uranian moons by <i>Voyager 2</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_landau_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_landau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voyager_2_mission_team_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voyager_2_mission_team-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Perdita_(moon)" title="Perdita (moon)">Perdita</a> was discovered in <i>Voyager 2</i> images more than a decade after they were taken.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of these moons, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a>, was first reported in 1981 from ground telescope observations, but not confirmed until the <i>Voyager 2</i> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_howell_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth_howell-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172041/https://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=VOYAGER">"Voyager: Mission Information"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Voyager+2+reaches+interstellar+space+%E2%80%93+Iowa-led+instrument+detects+plasma+density+jump%2C+confirming+spacecraft+has+entered+the+realm+of+the+stars&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.au=University+of+Iowa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2019-11%2Fuoi-v2r103119.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2019" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (November 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/science/voyager-2-interstellar-solar-wind.html">"Voyager 2's Discoveries From Interstellar Space – In its journey beyond the boundary of the solar wind's bubble, the probe observed some notable differences from its twin, Voyager 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413080724/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/science/voyager-2-interstellar-solar-wind.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Despite the name change, Voyager remained in many ways the Grand Tour concept, though certainly not the Grand Tour (TOPS) spacecraft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Engineering+Science+to+Big+Science&rft.pages=267&rft.aulast=Butrica&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4219%2FChapter11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/planetary.html">Planetary Voyage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826105129/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/planetary.html">Archived</a> August 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> – California Institute of Technology. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyager+1+Narrow+Angle+Camera+Description&rft.pub=NASA+%2F+PDS&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.au=NASA%2FJPL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpds-rings.seti.org%2Fvoyager%2Fiss%2Finst_cat_na2.html%23filters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA/JPL2003" class="citation web cs1">NASA/JPL (August 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/inst_cat_wa2.html#filters">"Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description"</a>. NASA / PDS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811232308/http://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/inst_cat_wa2.html#filters">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyager+1+Wide+Angle+Camera+Description&rft.pub=NASA+%2F+PDS&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.au=NASA%2FJPL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpds-rings.seti.org%2Fvoyager%2Fiss%2Finst_cat_wa2.html%23filters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmuller.net/spaceflight/mission.php?mission=voyager2&appear=black&showimg=yes">"Voyager 2 Full Mission Timeline"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095346/http://www.dmuller.net/spaceflight/mission.php?mission=voyager2&appear=black&showimg=yes">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Muller, Daniel, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/mission/">"Voyager Mission Description"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007014859/https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/mission/">Archived</a> October 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA, February 19, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=VOYAGER">"JPL Mission Information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172041/https://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=VOYAGER">Archived</a> February 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA, JPL, PDS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivant2011" class="citation news cs1">Sullivant, Rosemary (November 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226001915/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-341&rn=news.xml&rst=3189">"Voyager 2 to Switch to Backup Thruster Set"</a>. JPL. 2011-341. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-341&rn=news.xml&rst=3189">the original</a> on February 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voyager+2+to+Switch+to+Backup+Thruster+Set&rft.date=2011-11-05&rft.aulast=Sullivant&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.cfm%3Frelease%3D2011-341%26rn%3Dnews.xml%26rst%3D3189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-v2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sun-v2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun-v2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-32%27">"Distance between the Sun and Voyager 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709162418/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-32%27">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distance+between+the+Sun+and+Voyager+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527Sun%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272023-07-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272023-08-01%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25271%2520day%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252720%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527500%40-32%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-p10-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sun-p10_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun-p10_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-23%27">"Distance between the Sun and Pioneer 10"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714212211/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-23%27">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distance+between+the+Sun+and+Pioneer+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527Sun%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272023-07-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272023-08-01%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25271%2520day%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252720%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527500%40-23%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasajpl-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fact-sheet/">"Voyager - Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>NASA/JPL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413080739/https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fact-sheet/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%2FJPL&rft.atitle=Voyager+-+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2Ffact-sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fastfacts-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fastfacts_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fastfacts_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fastfacts_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fast-facts/">"Voyager - Fast Facts"</a>. <i>NASA/JPL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522131332/https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fast-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%2FJPL&rft.atitle=Voyager+-+Fast+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2Ffast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi">HORIZONS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034731/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi">Archived</a> October 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JPL Solar System Dynamics (Ephemeris Type ELEMENTS; Target Body: Voyager <i>n</i> (spacecraft); Center: Sun (body center); Time Span: <i>launch + 1 month</i> to <i>Jupiter encounter – 1 month</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/40-years-ago-voyager-2-explores-jupiter/">"40 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Jupiter – NASA"</a>. July 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404165002/https://www.nasa.gov/history/40-years-ago-voyager-2-explores-jupiter/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+Years+Ago%3A+Voyager+2+Explores+Jupiter+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F40-years-ago-voyager-2-explores-jupiter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Littmann, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoJMadct4TQC&pg=PA106"><i>Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Courier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Corporation">Courier Corporation</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9"><bdi>978-0-486-43602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planets+Beyond%3A+Discovering+the+Outer+Solar+System&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43602-9&rft.aulast=Littmann&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoJMadct4TQC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Davies, John (January 23, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYIJJP7audkC&pg=PA42">"Voyage to the tilted planet"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Voyage+to+the+tilted+planet&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1986-01-23&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYIJJP7audkC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/bsf4-1.php">"Basics of space flight: Interplanetary Trajectories"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904150022/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/bsf4-1.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+of+space+flight%3A+Interplanetary+Trajectories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fbasics%2Fbsf4-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416064548/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/history/70s/Voyager2_1979.htm">"History"</a>. <i>www.jpl.nasa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/history/70s/Voyager2_1979.htm">the original</a> on April 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F70s%2FVoyager2_1979.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdsseti-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdsseti_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/mission/#v2_jupiterencounter">"Voyager Mission Description"</a>. <i>pdsseti</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007014859/https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/mission/#v2_jupiterencounter">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdsseti&rft.atitle=Voyager+Mission+Description&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpds-rings.seti.org%2Fvoyager%2Fmission%2F%23v2_jupiterencounter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/EventQuery.jsp">"NASA – NSSDCA – Master Catalog – Event Query"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326020912/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/EventQuery.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDCA+%E2%80%93+Master+Catalog+%E2%80%93+Event+Query&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2FEventQuery.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/">"Saturn Approach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230809220343/https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49326-8"><bdi>978-0-387-49326-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robotic+Exploration+of+the+Solar+System+Part+I%3A+The+Golden+Age+1957%E2%80%931982&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-49326-8&rft.aulast=Ulivi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Harland%2C+David+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantummechanics.ucsd.edu/ph87/ScientificAmerican/sciam_magnificant-cosmos/nova-of-century.pdf">V1974 Cygni 1992: The Most Important Nova of the Century</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506063436/https://quantummechanics.ucsd.edu/ph87/ScientificAmerican/sciam_magnificant-cosmos/nova-of-century.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=V1974+Cygni+1992%3A+The+Most+Important+Nova+of+the+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquantummechanics.ucsd.edu%2Fph87%2FScientificAmerican%2Fsciam_magnificant-cosmos%2Fnova-of-century.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuai2021" class="citation book cs1">Shuai, Ping (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewcqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Understanding Pulsars and Space Navigations</i></a>. Springer Singapore. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811610677" title="Special:BookSources/9789811610677"><bdi>9789811610677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145758/https://books.google.com/books?id=ewcqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Pulsars+and+Space+Navigations&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789811610677&rft.aulast=Shuai&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewcqEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager-20071210.html">"NASA – Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413080741/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager-20071210.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+Voyager+2+Proves+Solar+System+Is+Squashed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fvoyager%2Fvoyager-20071210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1044867120071211">Voyager 2 finds solar system's shape is 'dented' # 2007-12-10, Week Ending December 14, 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927210726/https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1044867120071211">Archived</a> September 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved December 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Antczak2010" class="citation news cs1">John Antczak (May 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/05/06/nasa_working_on_voyager_2_data_problem/">"NASA working on Voyager 2 data problem"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012426/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/05/06/nasa_working_on_voyager_2_data_problem/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+working+on+Voyager+2+data+problem&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.au=John+Antczak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2010%2F05%2F06%2Fnasa_working_on_voyager_2_data_problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612222643/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-151">"Engineers Diagnosing Voyager 2 Data System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-151">the original</a> on June 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineers+Diagnosing+Voyager+2+Data+System&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.cfm%3Frelease%3D2010-151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-travel.com/reports/NASA_Fixes_Bug_On_Voyager_2_999.html">"NASA Fixes Bug On Voyager 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527134927/http://www.space-travel.com/reports/NASA_Fixes_Bug_On_Voyager_2_999.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Fixes+Bug+On+Voyager+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-travel.com%2Freports%2FNASA_Fixes_Bug_On_Voyager_2_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockrill2020" class="citation news cs1">Dockrill, Peter (November 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/nasa-makes-contact-voyager-2-long-radio-silence.html">"NASA finally makes contact with Voyager 2 after longest radio silence in 30 years"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105133231/https://www.livescience.com/nasa-makes-contact-voyager-2-long-radio-silence.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=NASA+finally+makes+contact+with+Voyager+2+after+longest+radio+silence+in+30+years&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.aulast=Dockrill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fnasa-makes-contact-voyager-2-long-radio-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2020" class="citation news cs1">Starr, Michelle (October 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/for-some-reason-the-density-of-space-is-higher-just-outside-the-solar-system">"Voyager Spacecraft Detect an Increase in The Density of Space Outside The Solar System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ScienceAlert" title="ScienceAlert">ScienceAlert</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019133221/https://www.sciencealert.com/for-some-reason-the-density-of-space-is-higher-just-outside-the-solar-system">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=NASA+loses+contact+with+Voyager+Two+after+a+programming+error+on+Earth&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.aulast=Inskeep&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F08%2F02%2F1191519686%2Fnasa-loses-contact-with-voyager-two-after-a-programming-error-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66371569">"Voyager 2: Nasa picks up 'heartbeat' signal after sending wrong command"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. August 1, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802095458/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66371569">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Voyager+2%3A+Nasa+picks+up+%27heartbeat%27+signal+after+sending+wrong+command&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-66371569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogsnasagov-2023-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogsnasagov-2023_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2023/07/28/mission-update-voyager-2-communications-pause/">"Mission Update: Voyager 2 Communications Pause – The Sun Spot"</a>. <i>blogs.nasa.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Timothy+Ferris+on+Voyagers%27+Never-Ending+Journey&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2FTimothy-Ferris-on-Voyagers-Never-Ending-Journey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gambino-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gambino_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gambino_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino" class="citation web cs1">Gambino, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-on-voyagers-golden-record-73063839/">"What Is on Voyager's Golden Record?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408014620/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-on-voyagers-golden-record-73063839/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Is+on+Voyager%27s+Golden+Record%3F&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fwhat-is-on-voyagers-golden-record-73063839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html">"Voyager Golden record"</a>. JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062632/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyager+Golden+record&rft.pub=JPL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fspacecraft%2Fgoldenrec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Ferris, Timothy (August 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/voyager-golden-record-40th-anniversary-timothy-ferris">"How the Voyager Golden Record Was Made"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115000108/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/voyager-golden-record-40th-anniversary-timothy-ferris">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=How+the+Voyager+Golden+Record+Was+Made&rft.date=2017-08-20&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftech%2Fannals-of-technology%2Fvoyager-golden-record-40th-anniversary-timothy-ferris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn.html">"Saturn Science Results"</a>. <i>Voyager Science Results at Saturn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voyager+Science+Results+at+Saturn&rft.atitle=Saturn+Science+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fsaturn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html">"Uranus Science Results"</a>. <i>Voyager Science Results at Uranus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voyager+Science+Results+at+Uranus&rft.atitle=Uranus+Science+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Furanus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoyager+2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nardo, Don (2002). <i>Neptune.</i> Thomson Gale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7377-1001-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7377-1001-2">0-7377-1001-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf">JPL Voyager Telecom Manual</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voyager_program" title="Template:Voyager program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voyager_program" title="Template talk:Voyager program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Subsystem" title="Cosmic Ray Subsystem">Cosmic Ray Subsystem</a> (CRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_interferometer_spectrometer_and_radiometer" title="Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer">Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer</a> (IRIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Wave_Subsystem" title="Plasma Wave Subsystem">Plasma Wave Subsystem</a> (PWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> (<a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">contents</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)"><i>Family Portrait</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Voyager team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Krimigis" title="Stamatios Krimigis">Stamatios Krimigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Porco" title="Carolyn Porco">Carolyn Porco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Heacock" title="Raymond Heacock">Raymond Heacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Blinn" title="Jim Blinn">Jim Blinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Soderblom" title="Larry Soderblom">Larry Soderblom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Edward C. Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ferris" title="Timothy Ferris">Timothy Ferris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy#Voyager_1" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy of <i>Voyager 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Observation<br />targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter#Voyager_program_(1979)" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io#Voyager_era:_1979–1995" title="Exploration of Io">Io</a> <ul><li>with volcanos <a href="/wiki/Masubi_(volcano)#Observations_by_Voyager_1" title="Masubi (volcano)">Masubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surt_(volcano)" title="Surt (volcano)">Surt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn#Voyager" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration of Saturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Exploration" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a> <ul><li>with craters <a href="/wiki/Dunyazad_(crater)" title="Dunyazad (crater)">Dunyazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrazad_(crater)" title="Shahrazad (crater)">Shahrazad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus#Voyager_2" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration of Uranus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus#Exploration" title="Rings of Uranus">rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune#Voyager_2" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration of Neptune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)#Observation_and_exploration" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farthest" title="The Farthest">The Farthest</a></i> (2017 documentary film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a> (active)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Probe"><i>Galileo</i> Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (JUICE) (2023, insertion 2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, insertion 2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> (2029, insertion 2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer" title="Innovative Interstellar Explorer">Innovative Interstellar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiolkovsky mission">Tsiolkovsky mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Missions to outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Colonization of the outer Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Saturn" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Template:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Saturn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Spacecraft missions to Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Timeline of Cassini–Huygens">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">retirement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i> (on Titan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/170px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/255px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/340px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_in_natural_colors_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/170px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/255px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/340px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i> (to Titan, 2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, rings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kronos_(spacecraft)" title="Kronos (spacecraft)">Kronos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Atmospheric_Entry_Probe" title="Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe">Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVIATR" title="AVIATR">AVIATR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Lake_In-situ_Sampling_Propelled_Explorer" title="Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer">TALISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Several moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li>There are no ongoing missions to Saturn</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uranus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uranus" title="Template:Uranus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uranus" title="Template talk:Uranus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uranus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uranus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uranus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uranus" title="Outline of Uranus">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Dark_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus Dark Spot">Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Major moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Elliot" title="James L. Elliot">James L. Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus-crossing minor planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(687170)_2011_QF99" title="(687170) 2011 QF99"><span class="nowrap">2011 QF<sub>99</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(636872)_2014_YX49" title="(636872) 2014 YX49"><span class="nowrap">2014 YX<sub>49</sub></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83982_Crantor" title="83982 Crantor">83982 Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(472651)_2015_DB216" title="(472651) 2015 DB216">(472651) 2015 DB216</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></i> (1986 flyby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MUSE_(spacecraft)" title="MUSE (spacecraft)">MUSE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OCEANUS" title="OCEANUS">OCEANUS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Pathfinder" title="Uranus Pathfinder">Uranus Pathfinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction" title="Uranus in fiction">Fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Uranus" title="Category:Uranus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neptune" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;;background:#A0FFAO;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neptune" title="Template:Neptune"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neptune" title="Template talk:Neptune"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neptune" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neptune"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neptune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Neptune" title="Outline of Neptune">Outline of Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot" title="Small Dark Spot">Small Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="True color NASA image of Neptune"><img alt="True color NASA image of Neptune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/100px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/150px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/200px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>True color NASA image of Neptune</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naiad_(moon)" title="Naiad (moon)">Naiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)" title="Thalassa (moon)">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocamp_(moon)" title="Hippocamp (moon)">Hippocamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimede_(moon)" title="Halimede (moon)">Halimede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(moon)" title="Sao (moon)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2002_N_5" title="S/2002 N 5">S/2002 N 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomedeia" title="Laomedeia">Laomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(moon)" title="Psamathe (moon)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neso_(moon)" title="Neso (moon)">Neso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_N_1" title="S/2021 N 1">S/2021 N 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune" title="Discovery of Neptune">Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich Louis d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune-crossing minor planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/385571_Otrera" title="385571 Otrera">385571 Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/385695_Clete" title="385695 Clete">385695 Clete</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_QR322" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 QR322">2001 QR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">322</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_KV18" title="2004 KV18">2004 KV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">18</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_TN53" title="2005 TN53">2005 TN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">53</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_RJ103" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 RJ103">2006 RJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">103</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_VL305" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 VL305">2007 VL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">305</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_LC18" title="2008 LC18">2008 LC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">18</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">102</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></i> <small>(1989 flyby)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey" title="Neptune Odyssey">Neptune Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triton_Hopper" title="Triton Hopper">Triton Hopper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not selected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction" title="Neptune in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Neptune" title="Category:Neptune">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_instruments_on_satellites_and_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_and_spacecraft_instruments" title="Template:Satellite and spacecraft instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_and_spacecraft_instruments" title="Template talk:Satellite and spacecraft instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_and_spacecraft_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite and spacecraft instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_instruments_on_satellites_and_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface" title="Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface">REASON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARAD" title="SHARAD">SHARAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISDOM_(radar)" title="WISDOM (radar)">WISDOM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_science_subsystem" title="Radio science subsystem">Radio science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph" title="Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph">Europa-UVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRa" title="LaRa">ExoMars lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_and_Interior_Structure_Experiment" title="Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">Kaguya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">6, 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer 7">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">Radiometer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Microwave" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microwave_radiometer" title="Microwave radiometer">Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">AQUA</a></li> <li>AMR-C (<a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-6">Sentinel-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microwave_Scanning_Radiometer_for_EOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS">AMSR-E</a> (AQUA)</li> <li>AMSR (<a href="/wiki/ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">ADEOS II</a>)</li> <li>AMSR2 (<a href="/wiki/GCOM-W" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-W">Shizuku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">DMSP 5D-2/F16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">GPM Core</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanopus-ST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanopus-ST (page does not exist)">Kanopus-ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_Imaging_Radiometer_with_Aperture_Synthesis" title="Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis">MIRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">MISR</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOPITT" title="MOPITT">MOPITT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a>)</li> <li>MSR (<a href="/wiki/MOS-1_(satellite)" title="MOS-1 (satellite)">MOS-1</a>, MOS-1b)</li> <li>MTVZA (<a href="/wiki/Meteor-3M_No.1" title="Meteor-3M No.1">Meteor-3M-1</a>)</li> <li>MTVZA-GYa <ul><li>Meteor-M2</li> <li>Meteor-M2-1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_program" title="Nimbus program">Nimbus 7</a></li> <li>RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (<a href="/wiki/Sich-1M" title="Sich-1M">Sich-1M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">SMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_Multichannel_Microwave_Radiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer">SMMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Sensor_Microwave/Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Sensor Microwave/Imager">SSM/I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSMIS" title="SSMIS">SSMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRMM" class="mw-redirect" title="TRMM">TRMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_System_Follow-on_Microwave" title="Weather System Follow-on Microwave">WSF-M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zond-PP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zond-PP (page does not exist)">Zond-PP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra (radio)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_Radiometer_(Juno)" title="Microwave Radiometer (Juno)">MWR</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrared-visible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_very-high-resolution_radiometer" title="Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer">AVHRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">MISR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Infrared_Sounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric Infrared Sounder">AIRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADEOS_I" title="ADEOS I">AVNIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Land_Observing_Satellite" title="Advanced Land Observing Satellite">AVNIR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouds_and_the_Earth%27s_Radiant_Energy_System" title="Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System">CERES</a> (TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP, <a href="/wiki/NOAA-20" title="NOAA-20">NOAA-20</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">ERBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERSS</a></li> <li>GLI (<a href="/wiki/ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">ADEOS II</a>)</li> <li>Kanopus-V-IK</li> <li>MESSR and VTIR <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS-1_(satellite)" title="MOS-1 (satellite)">MOS-1</a></li> <li>1b</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)#Meteor-2" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" title="Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> (Terra, Aqua)</li> <li>OPS (<a href="/wiki/JERS-1" title="JERS-1">JERS-1</a>)</li> <li>ORI (<a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_Budget_Instrument" title="Radiation Budget Instrument">Radiation Budget Instrument</a></li> <li>SGLI (<a href="/wiki/GCOM-C" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-C">GCOM-C</a>)</li> <li>SLSTR (<a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Infrared_Imaging_Radiometer_Suite" title="Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite">VIIRS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">Suomi NPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOAA-21" title="NOAA-21">NOAA-21</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>COMARS+ (on <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander">Schiaparelli</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diviner" title="Diviner">Diviner</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">LRO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" title="Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package">HP3</a> (on <a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_interferometer_spectrometer_and_radiometer" title="Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer">IRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">Luna 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i></li> <li>PMIRR (on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultraviolet (UV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ORI (<a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYRA" title="LYRA">LYRA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proba-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Proba-2">Proba-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spectrophotometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long wavelength</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry#IR_spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Visible-IR (VIRS)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contribution_to_ARIEL_Spectroscopy_of_Exoplanets" title="Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets">CASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Optoelectronic_Multispectral_Scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner">MOMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multispectral_Scanner" title="Multispectral Scanner">Multispectral Scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCIAMACHY" title="SCIAMACHY">SCIAMACHY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">TES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission">TRMM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AKARI" class="mw-redirect" title="AKARI">AKARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Multispectral_Imager_for_Subsurface_Studies" title="Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies">MA-MISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Spectrometer_for_ExoMars" title="Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars">ISEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a></li> <li>IRIS (<i>Voyager 1</i> and <i>2</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Infrared_Auroral_Mapper" title="Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper">JIRAM</a> (on Juno)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">M<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERIS" title="MERIS">MERIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System">E-THEMIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa" title="Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa">MISE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_Dust_Analyser" title="Surface Dust Analyser">SUDA</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">SPICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICAV" class="mw-redirect" title="SPICAV">SPICAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Emissivity_Mapper" title="Venus Emissivity Mapper">Venus Emissivity Mapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy#Ultraviolet-visible_spectrophotometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy">UV-visible (UVVS)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery" title="Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery">NOMAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">SPICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">SPICAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVS_(Juno)" title="UVS (Juno)">UVS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Laser_Spectrometer" title="Raman Laser Spectrometer">Raman Laser Spectrometer</a> (<i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_Habitable_Environments_with_Raman_and_Luminescence_for_Organics_and_Chemicals" title="Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals">SHERLOC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perseverance_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseverance rover"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">GOES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuakeSat" class="mw-redirect" title="QuakeSat">QuakeSat</a> 1 and 2</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Grade_Vectorized_Magnetometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Grade Vectorized Magnetometer (page does not exist)">SGVM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proba-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Proba-2">Proba-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIELDS" title="FIELDS">FIELDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer_(Juno)" title="Magnetometer (Juno)">MAG</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Characterization_of_Europa_using_Magnetometry" title="Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry">ICEMAG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding" title="Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding">PIMS</a> (Europa Clipper)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer#Triaxial_fluxgate" title="Magnetometer">Triaxial fluxgate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIELDS" title="FIELDS">FIELDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Magsat">Magsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer#Helium" title="Magnetometer">Helium vapor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particle<br />detectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ion detectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_(satellite)" title="Demeter (satellite)">DEMETER</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_Plasma_Measurement_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermal Plasma Measurement Unit (page does not exist)">TPMU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_segmented_Langmuir_probe" title="Dual segmented Langmuir probe">DSLP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proba-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Proba-2">Proba-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">ASPERA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Plasma_Spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Plasma Spectrometer (page does not exist)">SPS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_particle" title="Neutral particle">Neutral particle</a> detector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADRON-RM" title="ADRON-RM">ADRON-RM</a> (<i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover)</li> <li>ASPERA-3 (on <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>)</li> <li>ASPERA-4 (on <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">DAN</a> (on <i>Curiosity</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-Resolution_Epithermal_Neutron_Detector" title="Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector">FREND</a> (on ExoMars TGO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li> <li>SPS (on <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">Mass spectrometer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration">MASPEX</a> (Europa Clipper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Organic_Molecule_Analyser" title="Mars Organic Molecule Analyser">MOMA</a> (<i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seismometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">SEIS</a> (on InSight)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imagers/telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera" title="High Resolution Stereo Camera">High Resolution Stereo Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">LORRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicrOmega-IR" title="MicrOmega-IR">MicrOmega-IR</a> (<i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">International Lunar Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLIGHT" title="MoonLIGHT">MoonLIGHT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Stellar_Compass" title="Inertial Stellar Compass">Inertial Stellar Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter" title="Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Wave_Subsystem" title="Plasma Wave Subsystem">Plasma Wave Subsystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1976Orbital_launches_in_19771978_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1977" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1977"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1977" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1977"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1977" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1977"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1976Orbital_launches_in_19771978_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1976_in_spaceflight" title="1976 in spaceflight">← 1976</a></div><a href="/wiki/1977_in_spaceflight" title="1977 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1977</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1978_in_spaceflight" title="1978 in spaceflight">1978 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_888&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 888 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.2 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_889&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 889 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 890 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_3B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO 3B (page does not exist)">NATO 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_891&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 891 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3151&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3151 (page does not exist)">OPS 3151</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_24" title="Soyuz 24">Soyuz 24</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_892&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 892 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-17 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 893 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansei_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansei 3 (page does not exist)">Tansei 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 894 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 894</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1977_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1977 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiku_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiku 2 (page does not exist)">Kiku 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_895&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 895 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 896 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 897 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palapa_A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palapa A2 (page does not exist)">Palapa A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4915&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4915 (page does not exist)">OPS 4915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_898&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 898 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-36 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 899 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 900 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-M_No.39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-M No.39 (page does not exist)">Meteor-M No.39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_901" title="Kosmos 901">Kosmos 901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_902&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 902 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_903" title="Kosmos 903">Kosmos 903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_904&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 904 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostationary_Earth_Orbit_Satellite_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geostationary Earth Orbit Satellite 1 (page does not exist)">GEOS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_905&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 905 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 906 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.19 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 907 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9437 (page does not exist)">OPS 9437</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9438 (page does not exist)">OPS 9438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 908 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_909" title="Kosmos 909">Kosmos 909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_910&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 910 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9751&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9751 (page does not exist)">OPS 9751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 911 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_912&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 912 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-4" title="Intelsat IVA F-4">Intelsat IVA F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_913&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 913 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 914 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5644&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5644 (page does not exist)">OPS 5644</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_915&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 915 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 916 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_917" title="Kosmos 917">Kosmos 917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_2" title="GOES 2">GOES 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signe_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signe 3 (page does not exist)">Signe 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 918 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_919" title="Kosmos 919">Kosmos 919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_920&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 920 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Technology_Satellite_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (page does not exist)">NTS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.45 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 921 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4800 (page does not exist)">OPS 4800</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-Priroda_No.2-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-Priroda No.2-2 (page does not exist)">Meteor-Priroda No.2-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_922&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 922 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 923 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_924&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 924 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 925 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 926 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_927&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 927 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_928&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 928 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himawari_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himawari 1 (page does not exist)">Himawari 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_929" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 929">Kosmos 929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_930&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 930 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_931" title="Kosmos 931">Kosmos 931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 932 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_933&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 933 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.13L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.13L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_934&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 934 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_935&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 935 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_936" title="Kosmos 936">Kosmos 936</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=TKS-VA_No.009P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TKS-VA No.009P (page does not exist)">TKS-VA No.009P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=TKS-VA_No.009A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TKS-VA No.009A (page does not exist)">TKS-VA No.009A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_1977_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August 1977 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_937&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 937 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_938&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 938 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_939&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 939 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 940 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 941 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 942 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_943&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 943 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 944 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 945 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 946 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirio_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirio 1 (page does not exist)">Sirio 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 947 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-38 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 948 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 949 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_950&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 950 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_951&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 951 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 951</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_Test_Satellite_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbital Test Satellite 1 (page does not exist)">OTS-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 952 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_953&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 953 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_954" title="Kosmos 954">Kosmos 954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_955" title="Kosmos 955">Kosmos 955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.12L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.12L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.12L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 6 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7471 (page does not exist)">OPS 7471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 956 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 17 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-5" title="Intelsat IVA F-5">Intelsat IVA F-5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_957&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 957 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 957</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_25" title="Soyuz 25">Soyuz 25</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 958 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_959" title="Kosmos 959">Kosmos 959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 960 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_961&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 961 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.18 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transat_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transat (satellite) (page does not exist)">Transat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_962&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 962 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteosat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteosat 1 (page does not exist)">Meteosat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_963&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 963 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 963</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1977_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1977 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 964 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 965 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8781 (page does not exist)">OPS 8781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8781_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8781 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 8781 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8781_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8781 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 8781 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8781_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8781 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 8781 SSU-3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_26" title="Soyuz 26">Soyuz 26</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4258 (page does not exist)">OPS 4258</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_966&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 966 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_967" title="Kosmos 967">Kosmos 967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.3 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura 1 (page does not exist)">Sakura 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_968&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 968 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_969&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 969 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 970 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_971&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 971 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 972 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_973&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 973 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 973</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremes_of_motion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_motion" title="Template:Extreme motion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_motion" title="Template talk:Extreme motion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_motion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme motion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremes_of_motion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extremes of motion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wave <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records" title="List of vehicle speed records">Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records#Spacecraft" title="List of vehicle speed records">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastest_propeller-driven_aircraft" title="Fastest propeller-driven aircraft">propeller-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_flight" title="Transcontinental flight">transcontinental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">Land vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">propulsively-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_racing#Records_by_class" title="Land speed racing">wheel-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">on rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_land-speed_record" title="Motorcycle land-speed record">motorcycle</a> <ul><li>production model <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles" title="List of fastest production motorcycles">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>production car <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_car_speed_record" title="Production car speed record">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_cars_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production cars by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_land_speed_record" title="British land speed record">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_speed_record" title="Water speed record">Water-borne vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_sailing_record" title="Speed sailing record">sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_speed_record" title="Underwater speed record">submerged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">transatlantic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">furthest spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">furthest landing on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">furthest humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">furthest travel on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">closest to the Sun</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aircraft <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_distance_record" title="Flight distance record">furthest flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">highest altitude</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Deepest ocean vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Space <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">greatest of a spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">greatest on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kononenko" title="Oleg Kononenko">greatest of a person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">greatest of a spacecraft population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_endurance_record" title="Flight endurance record">Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale#Some_of_the_records" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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