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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academic profile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academic profile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_and_Management_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_Management_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Business and Management Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_Management_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_Sciences_and_Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_Sciences_and_Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Earth Sciences and Astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_Sciences_and_Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rankings and reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 University presses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_faculty_and_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_faculty_and_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable faculty and staff </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_faculty_and_staff-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable faculty and staff subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_faculty_and_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Nobel laureates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Politics and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Foreign politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 French politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Members of the National Assembly of France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_Senate_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_Senate_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 Members of the Senate of France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_Senate_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Diplomatic service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawyers,_judges,_and_legal_academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyers,_judges,_and_legal_academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Lawyers, judges, and legal academics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyers,_judges,_and_legal_academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts,_literature,_humanities,_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts,_literature,_humanities,_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Arts, literature, humanities, and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts,_literature,_humanities,_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Historians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 Journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Social Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.2 Medical science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.3 Physical science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Business and economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aix-Marseille University</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A8rsit%C3%A2t_d%E2%80%99%C3%88x-Mars%C3%A8lye" title="Univèrsitât d’Èx-Marsèlye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Univèrsitât d’Èx-Marsèlye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اکس‌مارسی بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکس‌مارسی بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Экс-Марсельскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экс-Марсельскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="Université d'Aix-Marseille – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Université d'Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_Universit%C3%A9" title="Aix-Marseille Université – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aix-Marseille Université" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Aix-Marseille" title="Universität Aix-Marseille – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universität Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_%C3%9Clikool" title="Aix-Marseille Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aix-Marseille Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Aix-Marsella" title="Universidad de Aix-Marsella – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Aix-Marsella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Aikso-Marsejlo" title="Universitato Aikso-Marsejlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Aikso-Marsejlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseillako_Unibertsitatea" title="Aix-Marseillako Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aix-Marseillako Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دانشگاه اکس‌مارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه اکس‌مارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="Université d'Aix-Marseille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université d'Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Aix-Marseille Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aix-Marseille Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%84%B8%EC%9C%A0_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="엑스 마르세유 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엑스 마르세유 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%84%D5%BD-%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Էքս-Մարսել համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էքս-Մարսել համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="Université d'Aix-Marseille – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Université d'Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="Université d'Aix-Marseille – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Université d'Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Aix-Marseille" title="Università di Aix-Marseille – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1-%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99" title="אוניברסיטת אקס-מרסיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת אקס-מרסיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselio_universitetas" title="Marselio universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marselio universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_Egyetem" title="Aix-Marseille Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aix-Marseille Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Aix-Marseille" title="Universiti Aix-Marseille – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Aix-Marseille" title="Universiteit van Aix-Marseille – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="エクス＝マルセイユ大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エクス＝マルセイユ大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%E2%80%99Aix-Marseille" title="Université d’Aix-Marseille – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Université d’Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille-universiteta" title="Aix-Marseille-universiteta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aix-Marseille-universiteta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Aix-Marseille" title="Universidat di Aix-Marseille – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Aix-Marseille" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aix-Marseille_University&params=43_17_36.68_N_5_21_28.5_E_">43°17′36.68″N 5°21′28.5″E / 43.2935222°N 5.357917°E / 43.2935222; 5.357917</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Provence, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Aix-Marseille University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Aix-Marseille Université</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png/150px-Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png/225px-Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png/300px-Aix_Marseille_Universit%C3%A9_logo_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="832" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1409 – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Provence" title="University of Provence">University of Provence</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 1896 – University of Aix-Marseille 1968 – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Provence_Aix-Marseille_I" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Provence Aix-Marseille I">University of Provence Aix-Marseille I</a> 1968 – <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Mediterranean_Aix-Marseille_II" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II">University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II</a> 1973 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_University" title="Paul Cézanne University">Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III</a> 2012 – Aix-Marseille University</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>750 million<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Eric Berton</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,273</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,107</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,448</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aix-Marseille_University&params=43_17_36.68_N_5_21_28.5_E_">43°17′36.68″N 5°21′28.5″E / 43.2935222°N 5.357917°E / 43.2935222; 5.357917</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Universities_Union" title="Mediterranean Universities Union">Mediterranean Universities Union</a> (UNIMED), <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">Association of MBAs</a> (AMBA), <a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">European University Association</a> (EUA), <a href="/wiki/European_Quality_Improvement_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Quality Improvement System">European Quality Improvement System</a> (EQUIS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-amu.fr/">www.univ-amu.fr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Aix-Marseille University (AMU; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>. It was founded in 1409 when <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II of Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Provence" title="List of rulers of Provence">Count of Provence</a>, petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa" title="Council of Pisa">Pisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V" title="Antipope Alexander V">Antipope Alexander V</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Provence" title="University of Provence">University of Provence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">fourth-oldest university in France</a>. The institution came into its current form following a reunification of the University of Provence, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Mediterranean" title="University of the Mediterranean">University of the Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_University" title="Paul Cézanne University">Paul Cézanne University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The reunification became effective on 1 January 2012, resulting in the creation of the largest university in the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophone world</a>, with about 80,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> AMU has the largest budget of any academic institution in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">French-speaking world</a> standing at €750 million.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and is ranked within the top 5 universities in France according to <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>, <a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">USNWR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The university is organized around five main campuses situated in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Apart from its major campuses, AMU owns and operates facilities in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubagne" title="Aubagne">Aubagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne-les-Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gap,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Gap, Hautes-Alpes">Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Ciotat" title="La Ciotat">La Ciotat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambesc" title="Lambesc">Lambesc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salon-de-Provence" title="Salon-de-Provence">Salon-de-Provence</a>. The university is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th arrondissement of Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> AMU has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, politics, business, science, academia, and the arts. To date, there have been five <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a> amongst its alumni and faculty,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> as well as a two-time recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> four <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards" title="César Awards">César Award</a> winners,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> multiple <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">parliamentary speakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">government ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> and members of the constituent academies of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>. AMU has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including close collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a> (CNRS), the <a href="/wiki/French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission">French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission</a> (CEA) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Electricity of France</a> (EDF).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> AMU is a member of numerous academic organisations including the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">European University Association</a> (EUA)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Universities_Union" title="Mediterranean Universities Union">Mediterranean Universities Union</a> (UNIMED).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(1409–1800)">Early history (1409–1800)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history (1409–1800)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/150px-Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/225px-Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/300px-Luigi_II_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II of Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Provence">Count of Provence</a>, the university's founder, as painted by <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck" title="Barthélemy d'Eyck">Barthélemy d'Eyck</a> and now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">National Library of France</a></figcaption></figure> The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded on 9 December 1409 as a <a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">studium generale</a> by Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, and recognized by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> issued by the Pisan Antipope Alexander V.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, there is evidence that teaching in Aix existed in some form from the beginning of the 12th century, since there were a doctor of theology in 1100, a doctor of law in 1200 and a professor of law in 1320 on the books.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The decision to establish the university was, in part, a response to the already-thriving <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As a result, in order to be sure of the viability of the new institution, Louis II compelled his <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> students to study in Aix only.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> for the university were granted, and the government of the university was created. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Aix-en-Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence">Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence</a>, Thomas de Pupio, was appointed as the first chancellor of the university for the rest of his life. After his death in 1420, a new chancellor was elected by the rector, masters, and licentiates – an uncommon arrangement not repeated at any other French university. The rector was to be an "ordinary student", who had unrestricted civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases where one party was a doctor or scholar of the university. Those displeased with the rector's decisions could appeal to a doctor legens. Eleven consiliarii provided assistance to the rector, being elected yearly by their predecessors. These individuals represented all faculties, but were elected from among the students. The constitution was of a student-university, and the instructors did not have great authority except in granting degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a> A resident doctor or student who married was required to pay charivari to the university, the amount varying with the degree or status of the man, and being increased if the bride was a widow. Refusal to submit to this statutable extortion was punished by the assemblage of students at the summons of the rector with frying-pans, bassoons, and horns at the house of the newly married couple. Continued recusancy was followed by the piling up of dirt in front of their door upon every <a href="/wiki/Feast-day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast-day">Feast-day</a>. These injunctions were justified on the ground that the money extorted was devoted to divine service.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1486 Provence passed to the <a href="/wiki/French_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="French crown">French crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The university's continued existence was approved by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>, and Aix-en-Provence continued to be a significant provincial centre. It was, for instance, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Aix-en-Provence" title="Parlement of Aix-en-Provence">Parlement of Aix-en-Provence</a> from 1501 to 1789,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> no doubt aided by the presence of the law school.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a> In 1603 <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> established the Collège Royal de Bourbon in Aix-en-Provence for the study of <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belles-lettres</a> and philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pascal_AVALLE-47">[47]</a> supplementing the traditional faculties of the university, but not formally a part of it. This college de plain exercice became a significant seat of learning, under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> order. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the college frequently served as a preparatory, but unaffiliated, school for the university. Only the university was entitled to award degrees in the theology, law, and medicine; but candidates for degrees had first to pass an examination in philosophy, which was only provided by the college. Universities basically accepted candidates who had studied in colleges formally affiliated with them, which in reality required both college and university to be situated in the same city. In 1762 the Jesuits were forced to leave France,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and in 1763 the Collège Royal de Bourbon was officially affiliated with the university as a faculty of arts.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg/150px-%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg/225px-%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg/300px-%C3%89mile_Zola_by_Carjat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, attended the Collège Royal de Bourbon, which used to be part of the university, from 1852 to 1858</figcaption></figure> The addition of the Collège Royal de Bourbon essentially widened the scope of courses provided at the University of Provence. Formal instruction in French was initially provided at the college, with texts and a structured course of study. Physics later became a part of the curriculum at the college as a part of the philosophy course in the 18th century. Equipment for carrying out experiments was obtained and the first course in <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental physics</a> was provided at Aix-en-Provence in 1741. <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a>, however, was only taught after 1755, when the physicist Paulian offered his first class and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> and commentaries were obtained for the library.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a> It should also be noted that much later, in 1852, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> entered the college where he met and befriended <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>. This friendship was decisive for both men so they had successful careers – Cézanne as a painter and Zola as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, with its focus on the individual and an end to inherited privilege, saw the suppression of the universities. To the revolutionaries, universities embodied bastions of corporatism and established interests. Moreover, lands owned by the universities and utilized for their support, represented a source of wealth to be tapped by the revolutionary government, just as property possessed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a> had been confiscated. In 1792, the University of Provence, along with twenty-one other universities, was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Specialized ecoles, with rigorous entrance examinations and open to anyone with talent, were eventually created in order to offer professional training in specialized areas. Nonetheless, the government found it necessary to allow the faculties of law and medicine to continue in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(1800–1968)">Modern era (1800–1968)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era (1800–1968)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg/150px-Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg/225px-Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Hippolyte_Fortoul_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Education_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Education Ministers of France">Minister of National Education of France</a>, who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Faculty of French Literature</a></figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, additional faculties were opened in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille to serve the changing needs of French society. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Minister of National Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Worship_(France)" title="Minister of Worship (France)">Public Worship of France</a>, was the first dean and professor of a new faculty in <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> established in Aix-en-Provence in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1896, the departmental council of the <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a> founded a chair in the faculty of letters at Aix-en-Provence in the language and literature of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a>; their aim was to assist the commercial exploitation of the region by French business. A new science faculty was created in Marseille to support the growing industrialization of the region. At about the same time, a special training program was created in the faculty of medicine in order to train doctors in colonial medicine for France's expanding colonial empire.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a> The most significant development for the university in the 19th century, nevertheless, was the recreation of French universities in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The various faculties in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille were grouped into the new University of Aix-Marseille.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Through two world wars and a depression, the University of Aix-Marseille continued to develop. Increasing numbers of women and foreign students joined the student body, and an overwhelming majority of students majored in the science, medicine, and law. Individual faculties were almost autonomous from university administration and the Ministry of Education frequently intervened directly among the faculties.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Summerfield_1998,_p._418-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history_(1968–present)">Recent history (1968–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent history (1968–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_20110625_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marseille_20110625_13.jpg/225px-Marseille_20110625_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marseille_20110625_13.jpg/338px-Marseille_20110625_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marseille_20110625_13.jpg/450px-Marseille_20110625_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Former seat of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Mediterranean_Aix-Marseille_II" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II">University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II</a> that currently houses the university's headquarters</figcaption></figure> Following riots among university students in <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> a reform of French education occurred. The Orientation Act (Loi d'Orientation de l'Enseignement Superieur) of 1968 divided the old faculties into smaller subject departments, decreased the power of the Ministry of Education, and created smaller universities, with strengthened administrations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Subsequently, the University of Aix-Marseille was divided into two institutions. Each university had different areas of concentration of study and the faculties were divided as follows: <ul><li>University of Aix-Marseille I: <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a></li> <li>University of Aix-Marseille II: <a href="/wiki/Economic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic science">economic science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental surgery">dental surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean science">ocean science</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul> In 1973, conservative faculty members led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Debbasch" title="Charles Debbasch">Charles Debbasch</a>, demanded and obtained the creation of the University of Aix-Marseille III, grouping law, political science, <a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">applied economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and technological studies. Nearly 40 years later, in June 2007, the three universities of Aix-Marseille expressed their intention to reunite in order to form one university. The reunification was gradually prepared, respecting a schedule which allowed for long discussions at each stage, after which it was approved by vote of the Board of Directors of each university. Thus, Aix-Marseille University was re-established by decree No. 2011–1010 of 24 August 2011 and officially opened its doors on 1 January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-About_us-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg/150px-H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg/225px-H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg/300px-H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe" title="Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe">Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a> built in 1650, houses the Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance</figcaption></figure> Aix-Marseille University is organized into five sectors: <ul><li>Law and Political Science <ul><li>Faculty of Law and Political Science</li> <li>Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance</li></ul></li> <li>Economics and Management <ul><li>Faculty of Economics and Management</li> <li>School of Journalism and Communication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAE_Aix-en-Provence" title="IAE Aix-en-Provence">Aix-Marseille Graduate School of Management</a></li> <li>Regional Institute of Labour</li></ul></li> <li>Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences <ul><li>Faculty of Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences</li> <li>Training Centre for Musicians</li> <li>Mediterranean House of Human Sciences</li> <li>Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences</li> <li>Faculty of Dentistry</li> <li>Faculty of Pharmacy</li></ul></li> <li>Sciences and Technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University_Faculty_of_Sciences" title="Aix-Marseille University Faculty of Sciences">Faculty of Sciences</a></li> <li>Faculty of Sports</li> <li>Pytheas Institute – Earth Sciences and Astronomy Observatory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Polytech Marseille</a></li></ul></li></ul> In addition, the University Institute of Technology and Institute of Teaching and Education are part of the university.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_(France),_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG/225px-Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG/338px-Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG/450px-Marseille_%28France%29%2C_Fort_Saint-Nicolas_and_Palais_du_Pharo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters for AMU is based in the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th arrondissement of Marseille</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg/225px-Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg/338px-Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg/450px-Marseille-Palais_du_Pharo-bjs180810-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>A view of the headquarters of the university from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Marseille)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)">Fort Saint-Jean</a></figcaption></figure> AMU is governed by the President, the Vice Presidents, the General Director of Services and Deputy Directors General of Services and the Accounting Officer. They meet on a weekly basis to discuss the main affairs of the university and to devise the strategic orientations which will be examined by the university councils. A second meeting with all the deans and directors takes place immediately afterwards to discuss more specific issues regarding internal activities of the various faculties and schools.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Administrative Council comprises 30 members: academics, teaching staff, administrative and technical personnel, students and external members. Its role is to determine the university general policy.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Academic Council<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> consists of two bodies: The Research Committee, composed of 40 members, drafts policy proposals for research, scientific and technical documentation, and the allocation of research funding.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Education and Student Life Committee, composed of 40 members, drafts policy proposals on the curriculum, on requests for authorization and projects for new programs, and on the assessment of programs and teaching.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> If the President of the university is the most important actor in defining the mission and the strategies of the university, he also has the necessary power to impulse or to sustain the projects that relate to these strategies. Before implementing these projects, they have to be accepted by the university council and if necessary they have to be included in the planning processes. There are two main planning processes in the definition of projects in the university that have to be followed in order to be financed or even authorised and accredited by the public (national and local) authorities. The first process takes place every six years and involves the central government, the region as well as the university. It is devoted to major investment projects, for instance building a new school, a new campus, a new library, etc. It is a catalogue of projects and for each of them it defines the financial burden accepted by each partner in the contract. The second process covers four years and has to be approved by the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Education">French Ministry of Education</a>. In this process, the university sets its objectives at the pedagogical and research levels (new degrees, research projects). This planning process is very important because the university is free to define its own strategy, to be approved by the decision makers. Each process generates an important brainstorming period at all levels of the university in order to identify and build new ideas, new needs, and opportunities, to prioritise them, after an analysis of strengths and weaknesses. Other choices can be made after each process is closed, but they are more difficult to implement because other sources of funding and other ways of authorisation must be found.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_profile">Academic profile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Academic profile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg/150px-Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg/225px-Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg/300px-Hotel_Meynier_d%27Oppede_by_JMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Hôtel Maynier d'Oppède, a <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a> built in 1757, former home of the IEFEE</figcaption></figure> Aix-Marseille University enrolls about 80,000 students, including more than 10,000 international students from 128 different countries. The university, with its wide range of general and vocational courses including 600 degree courses, offers teaching in fields as varied as the Arts, Social Sciences, Health, Sport and Economics, Law and Political Sciences, Applied Economics and Management, and Exact Sciences such as Mathematics, Data-processing, Physical Sciences, Astrophysical Sciences, Chemistry and Biology.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Its 132 recognized research units and 21 faculties make it a centre of international excellence in social and natural sciences.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> With more than 500 international agreements, the university participates in the creation of European area of education and research and in the development of mobility. A policy in the direction of Asian countries has led to increase its enrollments of excellent international students.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Programmes in French and/or English have been organized in order to favour the welcome and the integration of international students, in particular thanks to the presence within the university of the University Service of French as a Foreign Language (SUFLE). Its predecessor, the Institute of French Studies for Foreign Students (Institut d'Etudes Françaises Pour Etudiants Etrangers (IEFEE)) was founded in 1953 and was regarded as one of the best French-language teaching centres in the country.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> About a thousand students from 65 countries attend the SUFLE throughout the academic year. It is also a notable centre for teachers of French as a foreign language, and its function is to provide training and perfecting of linguistic abilities in French as a scientific and cultural means of communication. According to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s website, the university is "one of the most distinguished in France, second only to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Pantheon-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne">University of Paris</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>, history, and linguistics".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The university's library system comprises 59 libraries, with 662,000 volumes, 20,000 online periodical titles, and thousands of digital resources, making it one of the largest and most diverse academic library systems in France. The overall area occupied by the libraries is equal to 37,056 m2, including 19,703 m2 public access space. The libraries offer 49.2 kilometers of open-stacks shelving and 4,219 seats for student study. In addition, there are 487 computer workstations, which are available to the public for research purposes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Science">Political Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political Science">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg/225px-Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg/338px-Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg/450px-Faculte_de_Droit_by_JMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Sciences Po Aix</a> is housed in the Palais de l'université, a <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a> built in 1734, designed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vallon" title="Georges Vallon">Georges Vallon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg/150px-Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg/225px-Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg/300px-Aix-en-Provence_Institut_etudes_politiques_20061227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance of Sciences Po Aix</figcaption></figure> The university's Institute of Political Studies (<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_d%27Aix-en-Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence">Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence</a>), also known as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Sciences Po Aix</a>, was established in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Sciences Po Aix is a separate and fully independent legal entity within the university. It is one of a network of 10 world-famous IEPs (<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques">Instituts d'Etudes Politiques</a>) in France, including those in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Sciences Po Aix is a <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grande école</a> in political science and its primary aim is to train senior executives for the public, semi-public, and private sectors.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Although the institute offers a multitude of disciplines, its main focus is on politics, including related subjects such as history, law, economics, languages, international relations, and media studies. Its admissions process is among the toughest and most selective in the country. Sciences Po Aix has numerous exchange programs through partnerships with about 120 different universities in the world: the school therefore welcomes 200 foreign students a year. On top of these academic exchanges, students have the opportunity to do internships abroad in large international firms.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Many of the institute's graduates have gone on to high positions within both the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> and in foreign governments. Among the best-known people who studied at Sciences Po Aix are the current <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB), <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> former <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-President of the European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> the 5th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> former <a href="/wiki/French_Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="French Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Guigou" title="Élisabeth Guigou">Élisabeth Guigou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> former Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ollier" title="Patrick Ollier">Patrick Ollier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg/225px-France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg/338px-France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg/450px-France_Aix-en-Provence_fac_de_droit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Faculty of Law and Political Science, built in 1953, designed by <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pouillon" title="Fernand Pouillon">Fernand Pouillon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg/150px-Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg/225px-Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg/300px-Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, for whom the <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_University" title="Paul Cézanne University">University of Aix-Marseille III</a> was named, attended the law school from 1858 to 1861</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law school</a> at AMU dates back to the university's foundation in 1409.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The school had far-reaching influence, since written law, which in France originated in Aix-en-Provence, spread from there, eventually replacing the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> practiced throughout the rest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">northern Gaul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The law school has a long tradition of self-management, with a strongly institutionalized culture and practices enrooted in the social and economic realities of the region.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Today, it is one of the largest law schools in France, and is considered to be one of the nation's leading centres for legal research and teaching. The school is unique among <a href="/wiki/List_of_faculties_of_law_in_France" title="List of faculties of law in France">French law schools</a> for the breadth of courses offered and the extent of research undertaken in a wide range of fields.<a href="#cite_note-auto-95">[95]</a> For 2023, the law school is ranked 3rd in France for its undergraduate studies by <a href="/wiki/Eduniversal" title="Eduniversal">Eduniversal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and 4th in the country according to <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> and <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> rankings.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a>'s website, "other than the <a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a>, Aix has attracted the most prestigious law faculty in France".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The teaching faculty comprises 155 professors and 172 adjunct lecturers, the latter drawn from private practice, the civil service, the judiciary and other organizations. Much of the legal research at the university is done under the auspices of its many research institutes – there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a network of libraries, which holds an impressive collection of monographs and periodicals, including an important collection of 16th-century manuscripts. Moreover, the libraries have several specialized rooms dedicated to specific fields of law, in particular in <a href="/wiki/International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="International Law">International</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Law">European Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Theory">Legal Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-95">[95]</a> The school has produced a large number of luminaries in law and politics including the 2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the French National Assembly">President of the National Assembly of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Félix Gouin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and former <a href="/wiki/French_Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="French Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Adolphe Crémieux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The school has also educated two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a>, winner of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a>, winner of the 1904 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Alumni also include the 3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister of Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kolarov" title="Vasil Kolarov">Vasil Kolarov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> former <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Angola">Prime Minister of Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Jos%C3%A9_de_Fran%C3%A7a_Dias_Van-D%C3%BAnem" title="Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem">Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In addition, from 1858 to 1861, a prominent French artist and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> attended the school, while also receiving drawing lessons.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_Management_Studies">Business and Management Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Business and Management Studies">edit</a>]</div> The Aix-Marseille Graduate School of Management, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/IAE_Aix-en-Provence" title="IAE Aix-en-Provence">IAE Aix-en-Provence</a>, was the first Graduate School of Management in the French public university system.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, IAE Aix is "a prestigious, double-accredited institution, with an international approach to business combining both classic and innovative teaching methods".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It is the only French public university entity to receive dual international accreditation: the European standard of excellence <a href="/wiki/EQUIS" class="mw-redirect" title="EQUIS">EQUIS</a> in 1999, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">AMBA</a> accreditation in 2004 for its <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> Change & Innovation, in 2005 for its master's programmes and in 2007 for its Executive Part-time MBA.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The school is composed of 40 permanent faculty members, and invites more than 30 international professors and 150 business speakers each year to conduct lectures and courses within the various programmes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> IAE Aix offers graduate level programmes in <a href="/wiki/General_management" class="mw-redirect" title="General management">general management</a>, international management, <a href="/wiki/Internal_audit" title="Internal audit">internal audit</a> of organisations, <a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">service management</a>, internal and external <a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">communications management</a>, management and <a href="/wiki/Information_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technologies">information technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="International Financial Management">international financial management</a> and applied marketing. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/M.Sc." class="mw-redirect" title="M.Sc.">M.Sc.</a> in General Management was ranked 2nd in France along with the M.Sc. in Services Management and Marketing being ranked 3rd and the M.Sc. in Audit and Corporate Governance also being ranked 3rd in the country by <a href="/wiki/Eduniversal" title="Eduniversal">SMBG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 1990, IAE Aix and <a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC Business School</a> (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales) signed an agreement to unite and offer a joint Doctorate Programme, allowing ESSEC professors to teach in the Research Oriented Master programme in Aix-en-Provence. Furthermore, after Research Oriented Master graduation, students can attend the ESSEC Doctorate seminars and have an ESSEC Research Advisor (Directeur de Recherche). In the same way, ESSEC students can enroll in the IAE Aix's Research Oriented Master and Doctorate programmes. In both cases, the members of the thesis juries come from both IAE Aix and ESSEC. The Doctorate title is awarded by Aix-Marseille University.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Aix-Marseille School of Economics (AMSE) is a gathering of three big laboratories in economics, part of AMU: GREQAM (Groupement de Recherche en Economie Quantitative d'Aix Marseille), SESSTIM (Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale), and IDEP (Institut D’Economie Publique).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> GREQAM is a research center which specializes in all areas of economics, with strong concentrations in macroeconomics, econometrics, game theory, economic philosophy and public economics. It counts two Fellows of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> among its members, and is consistently ranked as one of the top 5 research centers in economics in France.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> SESSTIM consists of three teams in social and economic sciences, as well as social epidemiology, focusing on applications in the following fields: cancer, infectious and transmissible diseases, and aging.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> IDEP aims at federating competences in the field of Public Economics broadly defined as the part of economics that studies the causes and the consequences of public intervention in the economic sphere.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> AMSE has a triple aim in terms of research development about "Globalization and public action", education regarding Master and PhD degrees and valorization toward local authorities, administrations and corporations, and of information aiming at all public. The AMSE Master is a two-year Master programme in Economics jointly organized with the <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centrale_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Centrale Méditerranée">Centrale Méditerranée</a>. It aims to provide high-level courses and training in the main fields of specialization of AMSE: Development Economics, Econometrics, Public Economics, Environmental Economics, Finance/Insurance, Macroeconomics, Economic Philosophy, and Health Economics.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The doctoral programme of AMSE brings together more than seventy PhD students. Ten to fifteen new PhD students join the programme each year. These PhD students cover all the research topics available at AMSE. The PhD programme is a member of the European Doctoral Group in Economics (EDGE) with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg/225px-Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg/338px-Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg/450px-Palais_du_Pharo_-_Marseille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Pharo" title="Palais du Pharo">Palais du Pharo</a>, built in 1858, former home of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_school#France" title="Medical school">Faculty of Medicine</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Faculty of Medicine</a> at AMU can trace its origins to a college of medicine established in 1645 and recognized by a decree issued by the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State of France</a> in 1683. During the revolution, although a faculty of medicine was created in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, Marseille was left aside, probably because of its close proximity. In 1818, École Secondaire de Médecine et de Pharmacie opened in Marseille and this later became an École de Plein Exercice in 1841. Consequently, it was not until 1930 that a faculty of medicine was formally organised in Marseille.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> However, the town's geographical position meant that it was able to exert a strong influence upon the Mediterranean. The most significant example of this was <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Clot" title="Antoine Clot">Antoine Clot</a>, known as Clot Bey, who with the help of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, founded a school of medicine in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1827. This enabled Egyptian students to travel to France and encouraged exchanges between western and eastern medicine. In Marseille, medical practices adapted to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical diseases">tropical diseases</a> developed under the influence of the military department of medicine. Physiology at the faculty dates back to Charles-Marie Livon, who was named professeur suppléant (deputy professor) and then professeur agrégé (associate professor) of anatomy and physiology having presented his thesis in Paris. He conducted research on <a href="/wiki/Plant_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant embryogenesis">hypophysis</a> and pneumogastric physiology, which earned him the <a href="/wiki/Montyon_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Montyon Prizes">Monthyon Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>. Following his work with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, he opened an anti-rabies clinic and became Mayor of Marseille in 1895. The first dean of the faculty was Leon Imbert, who arrived in Marseille in 1904 as a former interne des hôpitaux and professeur agrégé at the Montpellier faculty. Originally a surgeon, he established one of the first centers for <a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial_prosthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial prosthetics">maxillofacial prosthetics</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Gueules_cass%C3%A9es" title="Gueules cassées">gueules cassées</a> (broken faces) of the Great War. An anti-cancer center was developed by Lucien Cornill, who was originally from <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> and studied in Paris. During the First World War, he worked at the neurological center in the 7th Military region of <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Roussy" title="Gustave Roussy">Gustave Roussy</a>. After the war, he became a professeur agrégé of <a href="/wiki/Pathological_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological anatomy">pathological anatomy</a>. He became dean of the faculty in 1937 and held this position until 1952. His main work related to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical neurology">clinical neurology</a> and medullary pathology.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Faculty of Pharmacy started its independent activity after being separated from the faculty in 1970. Subsequently, the Faculty of Dentistry also became independent from the Faculty of Medicine. Thus, these three faculties form the Division of Health of the university.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_Sciences_and_Astronomy">Earth Sciences and Astronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Earth Sciences and Astronomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Longchamp_(41637420762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg/225px-Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg/338px-Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg/450px-Palais_Longchamp_%2841637420762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Observatory#Marseille_Observatory_Palais_Longchamp_facilities" title="Marseille Observatory">Marseille Observatory</a> can be found inside the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Longchamp" title="Palais Longchamp">Palais Longchamp</a> facilities</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png/150px-Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png/225px-Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png/300px-Lanature1873_telescope_foucault.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the 80 cm telescope by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Observatory" title="Marseille Observatory">Observatoire de Marseille</a>, 1873</figcaption></figure> The university's <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Observatory" title="Marseille Observatory">Astronomy Observatory of Marseille-Provence</a> (OAMP) is one of the French National Observatories under the auspices of the National Institute of Astronomy (INSU) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Centre for Scientific Research">National Centre for Scientific Research</a> (CNRS), with a large financial participation by the <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">National Centre for Space Studies</a> (CNES). Basic research at the OAMP is organized around three priority themes: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and research on <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">galaxy formation and evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar system">stellar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a> formation and <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of the solar system">exploration of the solar system</a>. The OAMP also contributes to the area of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sciences">environmental sciences</a> and especially the study of the climatic system. The OAMP is very active in technological research and development, mainly in optics and opto-mechanics, for the development of the main observational instruments that will be deployed on the ground and in space in the coming decades. For many years OAMP research teams have had close ties with the French and European space and optical industry. The OAMP takes part in university education in astrophysics, physics and mathematics, as well as in instrumentation and signal processing from the first year of university to the doctorate level. These programs lead to openings in the fields of research and high-tech industry. The OAMP organizes many astronomy outreach activities in order to share important discoveries with the public. The OAMP consists of two establishments: the Laboratory of Astrophysics of Marseille (LAM) and the <a href="/wiki/Haute-Provence_Observatory" title="Haute-Provence Observatory">Haute-Provence Observatory</a> (OHP), along with the Département Gassendi, which is a common administrative and technical support unit. With over 50 researchers, 160 engineers, technical and administrative personnel, plus some 20 graduate students and post-docs, the OAMP is one of the most important research institutes in the region.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Engineering">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Polytech Marseille</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%89cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande École">Grande École</a> d'Ingénieurs (Graduate School of Science and Engineering), part of AMU. The School offers 8 specialist courses in <a href="/wiki/New_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="New Technologies">New Technologies</a> which lead to an engineering degree after 5 years of studies. Polytech Marseille is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)" title="Polytech Group (France)">Polytech Group</a> which comprises 13 engineering schools of French leading universities.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Polytech Marseille's advanced level courses have a strong professional focus. They include compulsory work placements in a professional organisation. These programs also benefit from a top rank scientific environment, with teaching staff drawn from laboratories attached to major French research organisations that are among the leaders in their field. Students are recruited on the basis of a selective admissions process which goes via one of two nationwide competitive admissions examinations (<a href="/wiki/Competitive_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive examination">concours</a>): either after the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a> (national secondary school graduation examination) for admission to a five-year course or after two years of higher education for admission to a three-year course. The courses are approved by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_des_Titres_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur">Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur</a> (CTI), the French authority that authorizes recognised engineering schools to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Diplôme d'Ingénieur">Diplôme d'Ingénieur</a> (a state-recognised title, recognised equivalent to a "Master in Engineering" by AACRAO)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and thus guarantees the quality of the courses. The courses are also accredited by <a href="/wiki/EUR-ACE_label" title="EUR-ACE label">EUR-ACE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 21em; font-size: 85%;; text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="font-size: 130%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">University rankings</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rankings</td> <td>World</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a></td> <td>=101</td> <td>=33</td> <td>=5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></td> <td>209</td> <td>52</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></td> <td>=481</td> <td>164</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></td> <td>=401</td> <td>=187</td> <td>=11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">USNWR</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></td> <td>=199</td> <td>=72</td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> In the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (ARWU), AMU is ranked joint 101st–150th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-shanghairanking.com-142">[142]</a> In the subject tables it is ranked joint 76th–100th in the world for Natural Sciences and Mathematics,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> joint 151st–200th in the world for Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> joint 101st–150th in the world for Life and Agricultural Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> joint 151st–200th in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> 25th in the world for Mathematics,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and joint 101st–150th in the world for Physics.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> (THE), AMU is ranked joint 251st–300th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation.com-149">[149]</a> In the subject tables it is ranked joint 151st–175th in the world for Arts and Humanities.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the 2015/16 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> (QS), AMU is ranked joint 361st in the world.<a href="#cite_note-topuniversities.com-151">[151]</a> In the subject tables it is ranked joint 151st–200th in the world for Accounting and Finance,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> joint 101st–150th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> joint 101st–150th in the world for Environmental Studies,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> joint 101st–150th in the world for History and Archaeology,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> joint 151st–200th in the world for Law and Legal Studies,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> joint 151st–200th in the world for Medicine,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and joint 151st–200th in the world for Psychology.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the 2016 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking</a>, AMU is ranked joint 175th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-159">[159]</a> In the subject tables it is ranked joint 74th in the world for Biology and Biochemistry,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> joint 166th in the world for Chemistry,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> joint 149th in the world for Clinical Medicine,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> joint 90th in the world for Geosciences,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> joint 50th in the world for Immunology,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> joint 35th in the world for Microbiology,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> 98th in the world for Neuroscience and Behavior,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> joint 95th in the world for Physics,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> 82nd in the world for Plant and Animal Science,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> joint 134th in the world for Psychiatry/Psychology,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and 34th in the world for Space Science.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In the 2016 <a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a>, AMU is ranked 137th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CWTS_Leiden_Ranking_2016-171">[171]</a> In the 2015/16 <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a> (URAP), AMU is ranked 77th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-urapcenter.org-172">[172]</a> In the 2016 <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Center_for_World_University_Rankings" title="College and university rankings">Center for World University Rankings</a> (CWUR), AMU is ranked 151st in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cwur.org-173">[173]</a> In the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Reuters_-_The_World%27s_Most_Innovative_Universities" title="Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities">Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities</a> ranking, AMU is ranked 96th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_presses">University presses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: University presses">edit</a>]</div> Aix-Marseille University is affiliated with two <a href="/wiki/University_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="University presses">university presses</a>: Presses Universitaires de Provence (PUP) and Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille (PUAM); the former is dedicated to the publication of works in the humanities and hard sciences, whereas the latter is devoted to the publication of legal works.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable alumni">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Aix-Marseille_University" title="List of alumni of Aix-Marseille University">List of alumni of Aix-Marseille University</a></div> AMU has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in their respective fields. Notable AMU alumni include four <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a>, a two-time recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>, four <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="César Award">César Award</a> winners, four <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medalists</a> and numerous members of the component academies of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>. AMU has a large number of alumni who have been active in politics, including multiple heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government ministers, at least a hundred members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a>, twenty-six members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of France">Senate of France</a> and eleven members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (EP). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_faculty_and_staff">Notable faculty and staff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable faculty and staff">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_laureates">Nobel laureates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nobel laureates">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/140px-Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a>, winner of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> – winner of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_politicians">Foreign politicians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign politicians">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG/140px-Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG/210px-Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG/280px-Renato_Balduzzi_-_Trento.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renato_Balduzzi" title="Renato Balduzzi">Renato Balduzzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Health">Minister of Health of Italy</a> from 2011 to 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chedly_Ayari" title="Chedly Ayari">Chedly Ayari</a> – Minister of Planning of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: 1969–1970/1974–1975; Minister of Youth and Sports of Tunisia: Jun–Nov 1970; <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Tunisia)" title="Ministry of Education (Tunisia)">Minister of Education of Tunisia</a>: 1970–1971; Minister of Economy of Tunisia: 1972–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Balduzzi" title="Renato Balduzzi">Renato Balduzzi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Health">Minister of Health of Italy</a>: 2011–2013<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudewijn_Bouckaert" title="Boudewijn Bouckaert">Boudewijn Bouckaert</a> – Member of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Parliament" title="Flemish Parliament">Flemish Parliament</a>: 2009–2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_Chaabane" title="Sadok Chaabane">Sadok Chaabane</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justice_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice ministry">Minister of Justice of Tunisia</a>: 1992–1997; Minister of <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education">Higher Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Research">Scientific Research</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: 1999–2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Mauro" title="Tullio De Mauro">Tullio De Mauro</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Education">Minister of Education of Italy</a>: 2000–2001<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Delp%C3%A9r%C3%A9e" title="Francis Delpérée">Francis Delpérée</a> – Member of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a>: 2007–2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Koopmans" title="Sven Koopmans">Sven Koopmans</a> – Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives of the Netherlands</a>: 2017–2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Politis" title="Nikolaos Politis">Nikolaos Politis</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_of_Greece" title="List of foreign ministers of Greece">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece</a>: 1916–1920<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_F._Simpson" title="Kenneth F. Simpson">Kenneth F. Simpson</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>: Jan 1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_den_Abeele" title="Michel van den Abeele">Michel van den Abeele</a> – <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">Director-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>: 2003–2004; Ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>: 2004–2007<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_politicians">French politicians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French politicians">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg/140px-Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg/210px-Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg/280px-Joseph_Jerome_Simeon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Sim%C3%A9on" title="Joseph Jérôme Siméon">Joseph Jérôme Siméon</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly of France</a> from Aug to Sep 1797 and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior of France</a> from 1820 to 1821</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Joseph Barthélemy">Joseph Barthélemy</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="French Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice of France</a>: 1941–1943<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Naval Ministers of France">Minister of the Navy and Colonies of France</a>: Oct–Dec 1851; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Education_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Education Ministers of France">Minister of National Education of France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Worship_(France)" title="Minister of Worship (France)">Minister of Public Worship of France</a>: 1851–1856<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Haenel" title="Hubert Haenel">Hubert Haenel</a> – French politician, member of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council of France</a>: 2010–2015</li> <li>Didier Maus – <a href="/wiki/Conseiller_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" title="Conseiller d'État (France)">Councillor of State of France</a>: 2001–2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Proust" title="Jean-Paul Proust">Jean-Paul Proust</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Minister of State of Monaco</a>: 2005–2010; <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of Police of Paris">Prefect of Police of Paris</a>: 2001–2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Sim%C3%A9on" title="Joseph Jérôme Siméon">Joseph Jérôme Siméon</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the French National Assembly">President of the National Assembly of France</a>: Aug–Sep 1797; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Education_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Education Ministers of France">Minister of National Education of France</a>: Feb–Oct 1820; <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior of France</a>: 1820–1821; President of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit of France">Court of Financial Auditors of France</a>: 1837–1839<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>Jean-Jacques Weiss – <a href="/wiki/Conseiller_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" title="Conseiller d'État (France)">Councillor of State of France</a>: 1873–1879</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France">Members of the National Assembly of France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Members of the National Assembly of France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>René Brunet – <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Deputy</a>: 1928–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Comiti" title="Joseph Comiti">Joseph Comiti</a> – Deputy: 1968–1981</li> <li>Paul de Fougères de Villandry – Deputy: 1837–1839</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Giran" title="Jean-Pierre Giran">Jean-Pierre Giran</a> – Deputy: 1997–2002/2002–2007/2007–2012/2012–2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_Lambert" title="François-Michel Lambert">François-Michel Lambert</a> – Deputy: 2012–2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Montagne" title="Rémy Montagne">Rémy Montagne</a> – Deputy: 1958–1968/1973–1980</li> <li>Ambroise Mottet – Deputy: 1835–1842/1844–1848</li> <li>Paul Patriarche – Deputy: 1997–2002</li> <li>Camille Perreau – Deputy: 1898–1902</li> <li>Philippe Sanmarco – Deputy: 1981–1993</li> <li>Henri-Emmanuel Poulle – Deputy: 1831–1834/1834–1837/1837–1839/1839–1842/1842–1846/1846–1848</li> <li>Dominique Taddéi – Deputy: 1978–1981/1981–1986</li> <li>Maurice Toga – Deputy: 1986–1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members_of_the_Senate_of_France">Members of the Senate of France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Members of the Senate of France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alain Delcamp – Secretary-General: 2007–2013</li> <li>Brigitte Devésa – Senator: 2021–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Domeizel" title="Claude Domeizel">Claude Domeizel</a> – Senator: 1998–2014</li> <li>Michèle Einaudi – Senator: Aug–Sep 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Masson-Maret" title="Hélène Masson-Maret">Hélène Masson-Maret</a> – Senator: 2013–2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_service">Diplomatic service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diplomatic service">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg/140px-Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg/210px-Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Od_jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait_1-255x301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a> from 1981 to 1985</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Bajrakitiyabha_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Bajrakitiyabha of Thailand">Princess Bajrakitiyabha</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai</a> Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: 2012–2014<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>Gilles-Henry Garault – French Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: 2007–2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a>: 1981–1985<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyers,_judges,_and_legal_academics">Lawyers, judges, and legal academics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lawyers, judges, and legal academics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg/140px-Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg/210px-Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg/280px-Justice_Blackmun_Official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1970 to 1994</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg/140px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg/210px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg/280px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5064" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1986 to 2016</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sami_A._Aldeeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami A. Aldeeb">Sami A. Aldeeb</a> – Head of the Arab and Islamic Law Department at the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Comparative_Law" title="Swiss Institute of Comparative Law">Swiss Institute of Comparative Law</a>, and Director of the Center of Arab and Islamic Law<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> – <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>: 1970–1994<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Nemer_Caldeira_Brant" title="Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant">Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant</a> – Judge of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ): 2022–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Jay Bybee</a> – <a href="/wiki/Senior_Status" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Status">Senior Judge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>: 2019–present<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjan_Dama%C5%A1ka" title="Mirjan Damaška">Mirjan Damaška</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor</a> emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_David" title="René David">René David</a> – former Chair of Comparative Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Favoreu" title="Louis Favoreu">Louis Favoreu</a> – French academic and jurist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_E._Friedman" title="Barry E. Friedman">Barry E. Friedman</a> – American academic with an expertise in federal courts, working at the intersections of law, politics and history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gaja" title="Giorgio Gaja">Giorgio Gaja</a> – Judge of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ): 2011–2021<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alon_Harel" title="Alon Harel">Alon Harel</a> – the Phillip P. Mizock & Estelle Mizock Chair in Administrative and Criminal Law at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_C._Hazard,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.">Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.</a> – Trustee Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>, the Thomas E. Miller Distinguished Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Hastings_College_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Hastings College of the Law">University of California, Hastings College of the Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor</a> Emeritus of Law at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_I%C5%9F%C4%B1l_Karaka%C5%9F" title="Ayşe Işıl Karakaş">Ayşe Işıl Karakaş</a> – Turkish academic, judge of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (ECtHR)<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lindseth" title="Peter Lindseth">Peter Lindseth</a> – the Olimpiad S. Ioffe Professor of International and Comparative Law and the Director of International Programs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Law" title="University of Connecticut School of Law">University of Connecticut School of Law</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejan_Mackaay" title="Ejan Mackaay">Ejan Mackaay</a> – Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Murphy_(law_professor)" title="John F. Murphy (law professor)">John F. Murphy</a> – American lawyer and a professor at <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Murray_(judge)" title="John L. Murray (judge)">John L. Murray</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice of Ireland</a>: 2004–2011; Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court of Ireland</a>: 1999–2015; Judge of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> (ECJ): 1992–1999; <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland" title="Attorney General of Ireland">Attorney General of Ireland</a>: 1982/1987–1991<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_%C3%96hlinger" title="Theo Öhlinger">Theo Öhlinger</a> – Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(Austria)" title="Constitutional Court (Austria)">Constitutional Court of Austria</a>: 1977–1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Parisi_(economist)" title="Francesco Parisi (economist)">Francesco Parisi</a> – the Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Law_School" title="University of Minnesota Law School">University of Minnesota Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ranjeva" title="Raymond Ranjeva">Raymond Ranjeva</a> – Judge of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ): 1991–2009; <a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Vice-President of the International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ): 2003–2006<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalte_Rasmussen" title="Hjalte Rasmussen">Hjalte Rasmussen</a> – former professor of <a href="/wiki/EU_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Law">EU Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rosenfeld" title="Michel Rosenfeld">Michel Rosenfeld</a> – Justice Sydney L. Robins Professor of Human Rights, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_School_of_Law" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law">Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rubio_Llorente" title="Francisco Rubio Llorente">Francisco Rubio Llorente</a> – Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a>: 1980–1992; Vice President of the Constitutional Court of Spain: 1989–1992; President of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Spanish Council of State</a>: 2004–2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Salzberger" title="Eli Salzberger">Eli Salzberger</a> – Law Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> Faculty of Law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court">Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</a>: 1986–2016<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Schlink" title="Bernhard Schlink">Bernhard Schlink</a> – German jurist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sokol" title="Ronald Sokol">Ronald Sokol</a> – American lawyer and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Stone_Sweet" title="Alec Stone Sweet">Alec Stone Sweet</a> – Leitner Professor of Law, Politics and International Studies at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_C._Symeonides" title="Symeon C. Symeonides">Symeon C. Symeonides</a> – Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_University_College_of_Law" title="Willamette University College of Law">Willamette University College of Law</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tigar" title="Michael Tigar">Michael Tigar</a> – American criminal defense attorney</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts,_literature,_humanities,_and_entertainment">Arts, literature, humanities, and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arts, literature, humanities, and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historians">Historians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historians">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Victor_Alphonse_Aulard" title="François Victor Alphonse Aulard">François Victor Alphonse Aulard</a> – professor of the history of the French Revolution at <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Camps" title="Gabriel Camps">Gabriel Camps</a> – French historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Georges Duby</a> – French historian, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy">French Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Foucart" title="Georges Foucart">Georges Foucart</a> – French historian and <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Douglas Johnson</a> – British historian, an advisor to the former <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> on all matters concerning France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Lafi" title="Nora Lafi">Nora Lafi</a> – French historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Malanima" title="Paolo Malanima">Paolo Malanima</a> – Italian <a href="/wiki/Economic_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic historian">economic historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mowry" title="George E. Mowry">George E. Mowry</a> – American historian focusing primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, professor at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-R%C3%A9my_Palanque" title="Jean-Rémy Palanque">Jean-Rémy Palanque</a> – professor of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ricard" title="Serge Ricard">Serge Ricard</a> – professor of <a href="/wiki/American_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civilization">American Civilization</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Eug%C3%A8ne_C%C3%A9sar_Ruyssen" title="Théodore Eugène César Ruyssen">Théodore Eugène César Ruyssen</a> – French historian, President of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Through_Law_Association" title="Peace Through Law Association">Peace Through Law Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Taubenschlag" title="Rafał Taubenschlag">Rafał Taubenschlag</a> – Polish historian of law, a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papyrology" title="Papyrology">papyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a> – French historian and archaeologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Virlouvet" title="Catherine Virlouvet">Catherine Virlouvet</a> – French historian, a professor of economic and social history of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Virmani" title="Arundhati Virmani">Arundhati Virmani</a> – Indian historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Sylvain_Zeller" title="Jules Sylvain Zeller">Jules Sylvain Zeller</a> – French historian, lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_morales_et_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences morales et politiques">Académie des Sciences morales et politiques</a><a href="#cite_note-Pascal_AVALLE-47">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalism">Journalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Journalism">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazarine_Pingeot" title="Mazarine Pingeot">Mazarine Pingeot</a> – French journalist, writer and professor, the daughter of former <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Anatole_Pr%C3%A9vost-Paradol" title="Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol">Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol</a> – French journalist and essayist, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy">French Academy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg/140px-Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg/210px-Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg/280px-Paule_Constant_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_sept_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="4923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paule_Constant" title="Paule Constant">Paule Constant</a>, winner of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy" title="Yves Bonnefoy">Yves Bonnefoy</a> – French poet and essayist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Constant" title="Paule Constant">Paule Constant</a> – French novelist, winner of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_O._Coxe" title="Louis O. Coxe">Louis O. Coxe</a> – American poet, playwright, essayist, and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Ekotto" title="Frieda Ekotto">Frieda Ekotto</a> – Francophone African novelist and literary critic, professor of Afro-American and African Studies and Comparative Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fluch%C3%A8re" title="Henri Fluchère">Henri Fluchère</a> – chairman of the Société Française Shakespeare and a <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Jean" title="Raymond Jean">Raymond Jean</a> – French writer, winner of the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt#Prix_Goncourt_de_la_Nouvelle" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ricard" title="François Ricard">François Ricard</a> – Canadian writer, professor of <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ripert" title="Émile Ripert">Émile Ripert</a> – French academic, poet, novelist and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Tavares_Rodrigues" title="Urbano Tavares Rodrigues">Urbano Tavares Rodrigues</a> – Portuguese professor of literature, a literary critic and a fiction writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affonso_Romano_de_Sant%27Anna" title="Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna">Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna</a> – Brazilian poet, essayist, and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roselyne_Sibille" title="Roselyne Sibille">Roselyne Sibille</a> – French poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Wilson_(writer)" title="William E. Wilson (writer)">William E. Wilson</a> – American writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bon" title="André Bon">André Bon</a> – French composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boucourechliev" title="André Boucourechliev">André Boucourechliev</a> – French composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Conyngham" title="Barry Conyngham">Barry Conyngham</a> – Australian composer and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a> – French composer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientists">Scientists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scientists">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_Science">Social Science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Social Science">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG/140px-Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG/210px-Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG/280px-Tony_Atkinson_-_Festival_Economia_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barnes_Atkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Barnes Atkinson">Anthony Barnes Atkinson</a>, Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bloom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/David_Bloom.JPG/140px-David_Bloom.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/David_Bloom.JPG/210px-David_Bloom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/David_Bloom.JPG/280px-David_Bloom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_E._Bloom" title="David E. Bloom">David E. Bloom</a>, Chair of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Department of Global Health and Population</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Fabry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Fabry.jpg/140px-Charles_Fabry.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Fabry.jpg/210px-Charles_Fabry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Fabry.jpg/280px-Charles_Fabry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, co-discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Abric" title="Jean-Claude Abric">Jean-Claude Abric</a> – professor in <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Angioni" title="Giulio Angioni">Giulio Angioni</a> – Italian writer and anthropologist, professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cagliari" title="University of Cagliari">University of Cagliari</a>, fellow of <a href="/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Antony's College, Oxford">St Antony's College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barnes_Atkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Barnes Atkinson">Anthony Barnes Atkinson</a> – Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>, a senior research fellow of <a href="/wiki/Nuffield_College,_Oxford" title="Nuffield College, Oxford">Nuffield College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and Centennial Professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE)<a href="#cite_note-Research_council-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Herv%C3%A9_Aufr%C3%A8re" title="Sydney Hervé Aufrère">Sydney Hervé Aufrère</a> – French Egyptologist, archaeologist, and director of research at <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Baert" title="Patrick Baert">Patrick Baert</a> – Belgian sociologist and social theorist, reader in Social Theory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_College,_Cambridge" title="Selwyn College, Cambridge">Selwyn College, Cambridge</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Benoist" title="Eugène Benoist">Eugène Benoist</a> – French classical philologist, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Bleitrach" title="Danielle Bleitrach">Danielle Bleitrach</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a> – French philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Bloom" title="David E. Bloom">David E. Bloom</a> – the Chair of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Department of Global Health and Population, professor of Economics and Demography at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a>, and Director of the Program on the Global Demography of Aging<a href="#cite_note-Research_council-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Burgat" title="François Burgat">François Burgat</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist">arabist</a>, senior research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a>, and the Head of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_du_Proche-Orient" title="Institut français du Proche-Orient">French Institute of the Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Capie" title="Forrest Capie">Forrest Capie</a> – professor emeritus of Economic History at the <a href="/wiki/Cass_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass Business School">Cass Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_University_London" class="mw-redirect" title="City University London">City University London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lee_Crowley" title="Brian Lee Crowley">Brian Lee Crowley</a> – Managing Director of the <a href="/wiki/Macdonald-Laurier_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Macdonald-Laurier Institute">Macdonald-Laurier Institute</a>, and the founding President of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Institute_for_Market_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Institute for Market Studies">Atlantic Institute for Market Studies</a> (AIMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Davies" title="Christie Davies">Christie Davies</a> – British sociologist, professor emeritus of sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Dehejia" title="Rajeev Dehejia">Rajeev Dehejia</a> – professor of public policy in the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Graduate_School_of_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service">Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Establet" title="Roger Establet">Roger Establet</a> – French scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">sociology of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Girard" title="Jean-Yves Girard">Jean-Yves Girard</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Logician">logician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Godart" title="Louis Godart">Louis Godart</a> – the chair of philology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Golvin" title="Lucien Golvin">Lucien Golvin</a> – French university professor who specialized in the study of art from the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Granel" title="Gérard Granel">Gérard Granel</a> – French philosopher and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles-Gaston_Granger" title="Gilles-Gaston Granger">Gilles-Gaston Granger</a> – French analytic philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gros" title="Pierre Gros">Pierre Gros</a> – contemporary scholar of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">ancient Roman architecture</a> and the Latin language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gross" title="Maurice Gross">Maurice Gross</a> – French linguist and scholar of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Grossman" title="Gene Grossman">Gene Grossman</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> Professor of International Economics at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> – the chair of the Political Science Department, professor of political science and the Julius Kreeger Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Maria_Hoene-Wro%C5%84ski" title="Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński">Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński</a> – Polish philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Moigne" title="Jean-Louis Le Moigne">Jean-Louis Le Moigne</a> – French specialist on <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Lisker" title="Leigh Lisker">Leigh Lisker</a> – American linguist and phonetician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Carlo Lottieri</a> – Political Philosophy professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Loughlin_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Loughlin (professor)">John Loughlin</a> – Director of the <a href="/wiki/Von_H%C3%BCgel_Institute" title="Von Hügel Institute">Von Hügel Institute</a>, and a senior fellow and affiliated lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audier_Marius" class="mw-redirect" title="Audier Marius">Audier Marius</a> – the founder of the Institute of Social Gerontology (Institut de Gérontologie Sociale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_Merlier" title="Octave Merlier">Octave Merlier</a> – expert on the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Greek language">Modern Greek language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mounin" title="Georges Mounin">Georges Mounin</a> – French linguist, translator and <a href="/wiki/Semiotician" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiotician">semiotician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasekaran_Paramasamy" title="Gunasekaran Paramasamy">Gunasekaran Paramasamy</a> – Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_University" title="Thiruvalluvar University">Thiruvalluvar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Payot" title="Jules Payot">Jules Payot</a> – French educationist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rostaing" title="Charles Rostaing">Charles Rostaing</a> – French linguist specialising in <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Seidenberg" title="Mark Seidenberg">Mark Seidenberg</a> – Hilldale and <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> Professor of Psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> and a senior scientist at <a href="/wiki/Haskins_Laboratories" title="Haskins Laboratories">Haskins Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samah_Selim" title="Samah Selim">Samah Selim</a> – Egyptian scholar and translator of Arabic literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sellato" title="Bernard Sellato">Bernard Sellato</a> – former Director of the Institute for Research on Southeast Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Souriau" title="Étienne Souriau">Étienne Souriau</a> – French philosopher, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_morales_et_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des sciences morales et politiques">Académie des sciences morales et politiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Souriau" title="Paul Souriau">Paul Souriau</a> – French philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Starbuck" title="William H. Starbuck">William H. Starbuck</a> – organizational scientist who held professorships in social relations (<a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>), sociology (<a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>), business administration (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a>), and management (<a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Stoyanov" title="Nikola Stoyanov">Nikola Stoyanov</a> – Bulgarian scientist, economist and financier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Eero Tarasti</a> – Finnish musicologist and <a href="/wiki/Semiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiologist">semiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Waterbury" title="John Waterbury">John Waterbury</a> – American academic, professor of politics and international affairs at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">Indologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Zaliznyak" title="Andrey Zaliznyak">Andrey Zaliznyak</a> – Russian linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Christoph Zürcher">Christoph Zürcher</a> – professor of Political Science at the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_science">Medical science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Medical science">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Maurice_Arthus" title="Nicolas Maurice Arthus">Nicolas Maurice Arthus</a> – French immunologist and physiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Augustine" title="Philip Augustine">Philip Augustine</a> – Indian <a href="/wiki/Gastroenterologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroenterologist">gastroenterologist</a>, specialist in <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Broz" title="Svetlana Broz">Svetlana Broz</a> – Bosnian–Serbian author and physician, the granddaughter of the 1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Cyrulnik" title="Boris Cyrulnik">Boris Cyrulnik</a> – French doctor, ethologist, neurologist and psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Daviel" title="Jacques Daviel">Jacques Daviel</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a>, oculist to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>, and a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Marie_Heckel" title="Édouard Marie Heckel">Édouard Marie Heckel</a> – French botanist and medical doctor, former director of the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique_E.M._Heckel" title="Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel">Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Colonial_de_Marseille" title="Institut Colonial de Marseille">Colonial Institute and Museum of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joret" title="Charles Joret">Charles Joret</a> – French literary historian, philologist and botanical author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_M%C3%A9rindol" title="Antoine Mérindol">Antoine Mérindol</a> – French physician, doctor to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_science">Physical science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Physical science">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bacry" title="Henri Bacry">Henri Bacry</a> – visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> and a researcher at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Baillaud" title="René Baillaud">René Baillaud</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Bardi" title="Ugo Bardi">Ugo Bardi</a> – professor in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Bertlmann" title="Reinhold Bertlmann">Reinhold Bertlmann</a> – Austrian physicist, professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Bianchi" title="Eugenio Bianchi">Eugenio Bianchi</a> – Italian <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bosler" title="Jean Bosler">Jean Bosler</a> – French astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Buisson" title="Henri Buisson">Henri Buisson</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cabannes" title="Jean Cabannes">Jean Cabannes</a> – French physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cambillau" title="Christian Cambillau">Christian Cambillau</a> – French scientist at the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> in Structural Biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carraro" title="Carlo Carraro">Carlo Carraro</a> – President of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Venice">University of Venice</a>, Director of the Sustainable Development Programme of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, and Director of the Climate Impacts and Policy Division of the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Center_for_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change">Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change</a> (CMCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Caullery" title="Maurice Caullery">Maurice Caullery</a> – French biologist, lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chacornac" title="Jean Chacornac">Jean Chacornac</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Eug%C3%A8ne_Coggia" title="Jérôme Eugène Coggia">Jérôme Eugène Coggia</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Colmerauer" title="Alain Colmerauer">Alain Colmerauer</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a> language <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Coquand" title="Henri Coquand">Henri Coquand</a> – French geologist and paleontologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Cottenot" title="Pablo Cottenot">Pablo Cottenot</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dep%C3%A9ret" title="Charles Depéret">Charles Depéret</a> – French geologist and paleontologist, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9ologique_de_France" title="Société géologique de France">Société géologique de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Alphonse_Derb%C3%A8s" title="August Alphonse Derbès">August Alphonse Derbès</a> – French naturalist, zoologist and botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dufay" title="Jean Dufay">Jean Dufay</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Archeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeologist">archeologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">egyptologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Fabri" title="Honoré Fabri">Honoré Fabri</a> – French Jesuit theologian, mathematician, physicist and controversialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a> – Professor of General Physics at <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, co-discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fehrenbach_(astronomer)" title="Charles Fehrenbach (astronomer)">Charles Fehrenbach</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, and Director of the <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Haute_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Haute Provence">Observatoire de Haute Provence</a> (OHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Forester" title="John F. Forester">John F. Forester</a> – American planning theorist with a particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Participatory_planning" title="Participatory planning">participatory planning</a>, former Chair of the Department of City and Regional Planning at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9lix_Adolphe_Gambart" title="Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart">Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grossmann" title="Alex Grossmann">Alex Grossmann</a> – Croatian-French physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Haag" title="Rudolf Haag">Rudolf Haag</a> – German physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isao_Imai_(physicist)" title="Isao Imai (physicist)">Isao Imai</a> – Japanese <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lucien_Jumelle" title="Henri Lucien Jumelle">Henri Lucien Jumelle</a> – French botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kastler" title="Daniel Kastler">Daniel Kastler</a> – French theoretical physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Katz" title="Joseph J. Katz">Joseph J. Katz</a> – American chemist at <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">US National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_%C3%89mile_Henry_Labeyrie" title="Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie">Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Lal" title="Deepak Lal">Deepak Lal</a> – the <a href="/wiki/James_Smoot_Coleman" title="James Smoot Coleman">James S. Coleman</a> Professor of International Development Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lanzavecchia" title="Antonio Lanzavecchia">Antonio Lanzavecchia</a> – Italian <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Laubier" title="Lucien Laubier">Lucien Laubier</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Oceanographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographer">oceanographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Menviel" title="Laurie Menviel">Laurie Menviel</a> - Australian climate scientist & oceanographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lumley" title="Henry de Lumley">Henry de Lumley</a> – French archeologist, geologist and prehistorian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Lumley" title="John L. Lumley">John L. Lumley</a> – professor emeritus, Graduate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Malina" title="Roger Malina">Roger Malina</a> – <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Editor">Executive Editor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo Publications</a> at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fortun%C3%A9_Marion" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Fortuné Marion">Antoine Fortuné Marion</a> – French naturalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcin_Odlanicki_Poczobutt" title="Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt">Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt</a> – Polish–Lithuanian Jesuit astronomer and mathematician, former Rector of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pons" title="Jean-Louis Pons">Jean-Louis Pons</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Raoult" title="Didier Raoult">Didier Raoult</a> – French biology researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a> – Italian physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry_Schatzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Évry Schatzman">Évry Schatzman</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">astrophysicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Stephan" title="Édouard Stephan">Édouard Stephan</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tempel" title="Wilhelm Tempel">Wilhelm Tempel</a> – German <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_L._Torero" title="Jose L. Torero">Jose L. Torero</a> – professor in <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a> – professor specializing in <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntax">morphosyntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typology</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/LACITO" title="LACITO">LACITO</a> lab of the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valz" title="Benjamin Valz">Benjamin Valz</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jean_Baptiste_Marie_Vayssi%C3%A8re" title="Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière">Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière</a> – French scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Weitz" title="Margaret Weitz">Margaret Weitz</a> – professor emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University" title="Suffolk University">Suffolk University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Werthimer" title="Dan Werthimer">Dan Werthimer</a> – co-founder and chief scientist of the <a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a> project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Yndur%C3%A1in" title="Francisco José Ynduráin">Francisco José Ynduráin</a> – Spanish <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_economics">Business and economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Business and economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_K_Lyons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Richard_K_Lyons.jpg/140px-Richard_K_Lyons.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Richard_K_Lyons.jpg/210px-Richard_K_Lyons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Richard_K_Lyons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons_(Dean_of_Haas_School_of_Business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyons (Dean of Haas School of Business)">Richard Lyons</a>, 12th and current <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Anderla" title="Georges Anderla">Georges Anderla</a> – French economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Caldwell_(historian_of_economic_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Caldwell (historian of economic thought)">Bruce Caldwell</a> – Research Professor of Economics at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, and Director of the Center for the History of Political Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Danthine" title="Jean-Pierre Danthine">Jean-Pierre Danthine</a> – Swiss-Belgian economist, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a> (SNB): 2012–2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Feld" title="Lars Feld">Lars Feld</a> – Director of the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken_Institut" title="Walter Eucken Institut">Walter Eucken Institut</a>, professor for Economic Policy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, and member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts" title="German Council of Economic Experts">German Council of Economic Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garance_Genicot" title="Garance Genicot">Garance Genicot</a> – Belgian-American economist, associate professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Gilmore" title="Rick Gilmore">Rick Gilmore</a> – President/CEO of GIC Trade, Inc. (the GIC Group), Special external advisor to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>/<a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> for the private sector/global food security and managing director of the Global Food Safety Forum (GFSF) in Beijing<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ginsburgh" title="Victor Ginsburgh">Victor Ginsburgh</a> – Belgian economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Goyal" title="Sanjeev Goyal">Sanjeev Goyal</a> – Indian economist, professor of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hubbard" title="Nancy Hubbard">Nancy Hubbard</a> – American professor of business, author, and Miriam Katowitz Chair of Management and Accounting at <a href="/wiki/Goucher_College" title="Goucher College">Goucher College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons_(Dean_of_Haas_School_of_Business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyons (Dean of Haas School of Business)">Richard Lyons</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>: 2008–2018; <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>: 2024–present<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> – British economist, former emeritus professor at the Faculty of Economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mestrallet" title="Gérard Mestrallet">Gérard Mestrallet</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of <a href="/wiki/Engie" title="Engie">Engie</a>: 2008–2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mintzberg" title="Henry Mintzberg">Henry Mintzberg</a> – academic and author on business and management, the Cleghorn Professor of Management Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Desautels_Faculty_of_Management" title="Desautels Faculty of Management">Desautels Faculty of Management</a> of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhiroop_Mukhopadhyay" title="Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay">Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay</a> – Indian economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Nenovsky" title="Nikolay Nenovsky">Nikolay Nenovsky</a> – Bulgarian economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pestieau" title="Pierre Pestieau">Pierre Pestieau</a> – Belgian economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Selgin" title="George Selgin">George Selgin</a> – the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>'s Center for Monetary and Financial Alternatives, professor emeritus of economics at the <a href="/wiki/Terry_College_of_Business" title="Terry College of Business">Terry College of Business</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, and an associate editor of <a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_P._Taylor" title="Mark P. Taylor">Mark P. Taylor</a> – the Dean of <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Business_School" title="Warwick Business School">Warwick Business School</a> (WBS) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> and an academic in the fields of International Finance and Economics<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tiffany" title="Paul Tiffany">Paul Tiffany</a> – Senior Lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._White" title="Lawrence H. White">Lawrence H. White</a> – American economics professor at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrna_Wooders" title="Myrna Wooders">Myrna Wooders</a> – Canadian economist, professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Albeverio" title="Sergio Albeverio">Sergio Albeverio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> working in the field of <a href="/wiki/Differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential equations">differential equations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Balazs_(mathematician)" title="Peter Balazs (mathematician)">Peter Balazs</a> – Austrian mathematician working at the <a href="/wiki/Acoustics_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustics Research Institute">Acoustics Research Institute Vienna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat</a> – French mathematician and physicist, who was the first woman to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Cuntz" title="Joachim Cuntz">Joachim Cuntz</a> – <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> mathematician, fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9" title="Roland Fraïssé">Roland Fraïssé</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical logician">mathematical logician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Hubbard" title="John H. Hubbard">John H. Hubbard</a> – American mathematician, professor at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pad%C3%A9" title="Henri Padé">Henri Padé</a> – French mathematician, known for his development of <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">approximation</a> techniques for functions using <a href="/wiki/Rational_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational functions">rational functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pardoux" title="Étienne Pardoux">Étienne Pardoux</a> – French mathematician working in the field of <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochastic analysis">Stochastic analysis</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_partial_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochastic partial differential equations">Stochastic partial differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Ramar%C3%A9" title="Olivier Ramaré">Olivier Ramaré</a> – French mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarrabat" title="Nicolas Sarrabat">Nicolas Sarrabat</a> – French mathematician and scientist, the son of the painter <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarrabat" title="Daniel Sarrabat">Daniel Sarrabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Souriau" title="Jean-Marie Souriau">Jean-Marie Souriau</a> – French mathematician, known for works in <a href="/wiki/Symplectic_geometry" title="Symplectic geometry">symplectic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masamichi_Takesaki" title="Masamichi Takesaki">Masamichi Takesaki</a> – Japanese mathematician, professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) and fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Trotman" title="David Trotman">David Trotman</a> – British mathematician, leading expert in an area of <a href="/wiki/Singularity_theory" title="Singularity theory">singularity theory</a> known as the theory of <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(mathematics)#In_singularity_theory" title="Stratification (mathematics)">stratifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil">André Weil</a> – French mathematician, known for his foundational work in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chaudenson" title="Robert Chaudenson">Robert Chaudenson</a> – French linguist, a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Colmerauer" title="Alain Colmerauer">Alain Colmerauer</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delmas_(palaeographer)" title="Jean-François Delmas (palaeographer)">Jean-François Delmas</a> – French librarian, chief curator of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Inguimbertine" title="Bibliothèque Inguimbertine">Bibliothèque Inguimbertine</a> and the Musées de <a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Duc-Goninaz" title="Michel Duc-Goninaz">Michel Duc-Goninaz</a> – member of the <a href="/wiki/TEJO" class="mw-redirect" title="TEJO">World Esperanto Youth Organization</a> (TEJO), and co-editor of La Folieto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Duch%C3%AAne" title="Roger Duchêne">Roger Duchêne</a> – French biographer specializing in the letters of <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9" title="Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné">Madame de Sévigné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Liggio" title="Leonard Liggio">Leonard Liggio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> author, research professor of law at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, and executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Economic Research Foundation">Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncer_%C5%90ren" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuncer Őren">Tuncer Őren</a> – Turkish/Canadian systems engineer, professor emeritus of Computer Science at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_(University_of_Ottawa)" title="School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (University of Ottawa)">School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rascas_de_Bagarris" title="Rascas de Bagarris">Rascas de Bagarris</a> – founder of the science of historical <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a> and one of the most notable <a href="/wiki/Antiquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquaries">antiquaries</a> of his time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Ronis" title="Willy Ronis">Willy Ronis</a> – French photographer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_modern_universities_in_Europe" title="List of early modern universities in Europe">List of early modern universities in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities" title="List of medieval universities">List of medieval universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">List of oldest universities in continuous operation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a>, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 1248 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bologna+Institute+for+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=The+Bologna+Institute+for+Policy+Research+%E2%80%93+Seminar+Series+Event+%E2%80%93+Richard-Gilmore-Global-Agriculture-in-the-21st-Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhubc.it%2FHOME%2Fevent_profile.cfm%3FIdevent%3D0F2BF7BF-E085-2254-47870952BB3DD6AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAix-Marseille+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultybio.haas.berkeley.edu/faculty-list/lyons-richard">"Richard Lyons – Faculty Directory – Berkeley-Haas"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+P.+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxeu.org%2Fperson%2Fmark-p-taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAix-Marseille+University" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-amu.fr/">www.univ-amu.fr</a> Official website of Aix-Marseille University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/62283/58543">Scholars and Literati at the University of Aix (1409–1793)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/index">Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EPSCP" title="Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EPSCP" title="Template talk:EPSCP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_and_Grandes_Écoles_in_France_(EPSCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">Public universities and Grandes Écoles in France</a> (EPSCP)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges and universities in France">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aix-Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardy_Jules_Verne" title="University of Picardy Jules Verne">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_Antilles" title="University of the French Antilles">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Artois" title="University of Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_University" title="Avignon University">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Montaigne_University" title="Bordeaux Montaigne University">Bordeaux Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Brittany_University" title="Southern Brittany University">Bretagne-Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pasquale_Paoli" title="University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli">Corse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre_Normandy_University" title="Le Havre Normandy University">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Guiana" title="University of French Guiana">Guyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">Lyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Lyon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lyon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Lyon 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_University" title="Le Mans University">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Montpellier 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Upper_Alsace" title="University of Upper Alsace">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">Nouvelle-Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University" title="Paris Nanterre University">Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">Sorbonne Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_the_Adour_Region" title="University of Pau and the Adour Region">Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">Polynésie française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims</a></li> <li>Rennes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rennes_2_University" title="Rennes 2 University">Rennes 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reunion_Island" title="University of Reunion Island">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle_University" title="La Rochelle University">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen_Normandy" title="University of Rouen Normandy">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulon" title="University of Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_III_-_Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">Collegiate universities (EPE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_2_Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University">Assas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Saclay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Auvergne_University" title="Clermont Auvergne University">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li>Toulouse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Capitole_University" title="Toulouse Capitole University">Capitole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY_Cergy_Paris_University" title="CY Cergy Paris University">Cergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li> Nice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Côte d'Azur">Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel_University" title="Gustave Eiffel University">Gustave Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Hauts-de-France" title="Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France">Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Dauphine University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lorraine" title="University of Lorraine">University of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grandes écoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institutes_(France)" title="National Polytechnic Institutes (France)">Institutes of Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Lorraine" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Bordeaux" title="Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Clermont-Auvergne" title="Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Auvergne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">Agro ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_biblioth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques">ENSSIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_maritime" title="École nationale supérieure maritime">École nationale supérieure maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEP" title="INSEP">INSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro" title="Institut Agro">Institut Agro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Dijon" title="Institut Agro Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_agro_Montpellier" title="Institut agro Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Rennes-Angers" title="Institut Agro Rennes-Angers">Rennes-Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_SudParis" title="Télécom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" title="École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux">Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">Alès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMT_Atlantique" title="IMT Atlantique">Brest-Rennes-Nantes-Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">Lille-Douai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27histoire_de_l%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national d'histoire de l'art">Institut national d'histoire de l'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Écoles centrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">École centrale de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">École centrale de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">École centrale de Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national des sciences appliquées</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">Centre Val-de-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Euro-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="INSA Euro-Méditerranée">Euro-Méditerranée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of technology">Universities of Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">École normale supérieure de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">École normale supérieure de Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Instituts_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" title="Instituts d'études politiques">Institutes of Political Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Bordeaux" title="Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lyon" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Toulouse" title="Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Fontainebleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_universities_and_institutions_(France)" title="Groups of universities and institutions (France)">University systems (groups)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy_-_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté">University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy University">Normandy University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-Est">Paris-Est Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Paris Cité University (group)">Sorbonne Paris Cité Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Toulouse_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées">Federal University of Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_France" title="Category:Universities in France">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France" title="List of universities and colleges in France">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Template:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Template talk:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public universities and higher education institutes in France</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public universities in France, by academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Aix_and_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Aix-Marseille</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aix-Marseille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Avignon" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Amiens</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardie_Jules_Verne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Picardie Jules Verne">Verne</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Besançon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Besançon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Bordeaux</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux_1" title="University of Bordeaux 1">Bordeaux 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Segalen_University" title="Bordeaux Segalen University">Segalen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_Bordeaux_Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="University Bordeaux Montaigne">Montaigne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu_University_-_Bordeaux_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Montesquieu University - Bordeaux IV">Montesquieu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_Pays_de_l%27Adour" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour">Pau/Adour</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Caen</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Lower_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen Lower Normandy">Caen</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Clermont-Ferrand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Clermont-Ferrand</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Auvergne" title="University of Auvergne">Auvergne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_University" title="Blaise Pascal University">Pascal</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Corsica</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pascal_Paoli" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Corsica Pascal Paoli">Paoli</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Créteil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Créteil</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 8 University">Paris 8</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_12_Val_de_Marne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 12 Val de Marne University">Paris 12</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_13_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 13 University">Paris 13</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marne_la_Vall%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Marne la Vallée">Marne la Vallée</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Dijon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Dijon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French Guiana</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_West_Indies_and_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the French West Indies and Guiana">French West Indies/Guiana</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French Polynesia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Grenoble</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Savoie Mont Blanc</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Lille</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Artois</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Valenciennes/Hainault-Cambrésis</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Limoges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Limoges</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Lyon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Bernard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lumière</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Moulin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University">Monnet</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Montpellier</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier_1" title="University of Montpellier 1">Montpellier 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_2_University" title="Montpellier 2 University">Montpellier 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University,_Montpellier_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III">Valéry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Unîmes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nancy_and_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nancy/Metz</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine_University_-_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Verlaine University - Metz">Verlaine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_University" title="Henri Poincaré University">Poincaré</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_2_University" title="Nancy 2 University">Nancy 2</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nantes</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maine (France)">Maine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nice</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nice_Sophia_Antipolis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nice Sophia Antipolis">Nice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South,_Toulon-Var" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the South, Toulon-Var">South</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Orleans_and_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Orleans/Tours</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais_University" class="mw-redirect" title="François Rabelais University">Rabelais</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">New Caledonia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Paris</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Pantheon-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne">Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Assas University">Panthéon-Assas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_III:_Sorbonne_Nouvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle">New Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University" title="Paris Descartes University">Descartes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Diderot</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Poitiers</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_La_Rochelle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Reims</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Rennes</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Western Brittany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Southern Brittany">Southern Brittany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_1" title="University of Rennes 1">Rennes 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_2_-_Upper_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Réunion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Réunion</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_La_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="University of La Réunion">Réunion</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Rouen</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Le_Havre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Le Havre">Le Havre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rouen">Rouen</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France_by_academy#Academy_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France by academy">Strasbourg</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Alsace University">Upper Alsace</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Toulouse</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_1_University_Social_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse 1 University Social Sciences">Toulouse 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse_II_-_Le_Mirail" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Toulouse II - Le Mirail">Le Mirail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Sabatier University">Sabatier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion_University_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research" title="Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research">Champollion</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Versailles</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cergy-Pontoise_University" title="Cergy-Pontoise University">Cergy-Pontoise</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University">Versailles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_X_University_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris X University Nanterre">Nanterre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris-Sud_11_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Sud 11 University">Paris-Sud</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous public higher education institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national des sciences appliquées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supmeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Supmeca">Institut supérieur de mécanique de Paris</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Universités de technologie</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de technologie de Compiègne">Compiègne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(rue_d%27Ulm)" class="mw-redirect" title="École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Cachan" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Cachan">Cachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Lettres_et_Sciences_Humaines" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines">École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Écoles françaises à l'étranger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Casa de Velázquez">Casa de Velázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Athènes">École française d'archéologie d'Athènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="École française de Rome">École française de Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" title="Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_%C3%A9tablissement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand établissement">Grands établissements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale Paris">École centrale Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_biblioth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques">École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27histoire_de_l%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national d'histoire de l'art">Institut national d'histoire de l'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut polytechnique de Grenoble">Institut polytechnique de Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muséum national d'histoire naturelle">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Paris">Observatoire de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_D%C3%A9couverte" title="Palais de la Découverte">Palais de la Découverte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-Dauphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-Dauphine">Université Paris-Dauphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_universities_in_France,_by_academy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_universities_in_France" title="Template:Public universities in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_universities_in_France" title="Template talk:Public universities in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_universities_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public universities in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_in_France,_by_academy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_universities_in_France#List_of_public_universities_in_France" title="Lists of universities in France">Public universities in France</a>, by academy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Aix-Marseille</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aix-Marseille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon_University" title="Avignon University">Avignon</a></dd> <dt>Amiens</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardy_Jules_Verne" title="University of Picardy Jules Verne">Picardy Jules Verne</a></dd> <dt>Besançon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></dd> <dt>Bordeaux</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Montaigne_University" title="Bordeaux Montaigne University">Bordeaux Montaigne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_the_Adour_Region" title="University of Pau and the Adour Region">Pau and the Adour</a></dd> <dt>Clermont-Ferrand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Auvergne_University" title="Clermont Auvergne University">Clermont Auvergne</a></dd> <dt>Corsica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pasquale_Paoli" title="University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli">Corsica Pasquale Paoli</a></dd> <dt>Créteil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel_University" title="Gustave Eiffel University">Gustave Eiffel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North</a></dd> <dt>Dijon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></dd> <dt>French Guiana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Guiana" title="University of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></dd> <dt>French Polynesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></dd> <dt>Grenoble</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Savoie Mont Blanc</a></dd> <dt>Guadeloupe</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_Antilles" title="University of the French Antilles">French Antilles</a></dd> <dt>Lille</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Artois" title="University of Artois">Artois</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral Opal Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Hauts-de-France" title="Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France">Polytechnic Hauts-de-France</a></dd> <dt>Limoges</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></dd> <dt>Lyon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Claude Bernard Lyon 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University"> Jean Monnet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lumière Lyon 2</a></dd> <dt>Montpellier</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Nîmes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Paul Valéry Montpellier 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan Via Domitia</a></dd> <dt>Nantes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_University" title="Le Mans University">Le Mans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></dd> <dt>New Caledonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dt>Nice</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_University" title="Côte d'Azur University">Côte d'Azur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulon" title="University of Toulon">Toulon</a></dd> <dt>Normandy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">Caen Normandy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre_Normandy_University" title="Le Havre Normandy University">Le Havre Normandy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen_Normandy" title="University of Rouen Normandy">Rouen Normandy</a></dd> <dt>Orléans and Tours</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">Tours</a></dd> <dt>Paris</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Paris Cité</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">Paris Sciences et Lettres</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_2_Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University">Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3</a></dd> <dt>Poitiers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle_University" title="La Rochelle University">La Rochelle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></dd> <dt>Reims</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims Champagne-Ardenne</a></dd> <dt>Rennes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_1" title="University of Rennes 1">Rennes 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rennes_2_University" title="Rennes 2 University">Rennes 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Brittany_University" title="Southern Brittany University">Southern Brittany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Western Brittany</a></dd> <dt>Réunion</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reunion_Island" title="University of Reunion Island">Reunion Island</a></dd> <dt>Strasbourg</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Upper_Alsace" title="University of Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a></dd> <dt>Toulouse</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_III_-_Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University">Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_1_Capitole_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse 1 Capitole University">Toulouse 1 Capitole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès">Toulouse-Jean Jaurès</a></dd> <dt>Versailles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CY_Cergy_Paris_University" title="CY Cergy Paris University">CY Cergy Paris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry Val d'Essonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University" title="Paris Nanterre University">Paris Nanterre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_scientific_research_facilities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientific_research_in_France" title="Template:Scientific research in France"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel#Different_types_of_EPSCP" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">Autonomous institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Public_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment">Public research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_sciences_et_technologies_pour_l%27environnement_et_l%27agriculture" title="Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture">IRSTEA</a> (agriculture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a> (fundamental sciences)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a> (demography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_agronomique" title="Institut national de la recherche agronomique">INRA</a> (agronomy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSTTAR" title="IFSTTAR">IFSTTAR</a> (transports and civil engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">INRIA</a> (computer science and control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inserm" title="Inserm">INSERM</a> (medicine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_for_Development" title="Research Institute for Development">IRD</a> (development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_industriel_et_commercial" title="Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial">Public industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_Recherches_G%C3%A9ologiques_et_Mini%C3%A8res" title="Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières">BRGM</a> (geoscience)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission">CEA</a> (nuclear industry and renewables)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFREMER" title="IFREMER">IFREMER</a> (maritime applications)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA">ONERA</a> (aerospace)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1043886400">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013109615">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81078418">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165882469">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165882469">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV279862">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003182786&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011246723305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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