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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">清</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> 中国の王朝 </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="言語" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>言語</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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<span>編集</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝">清朝</a>から転送）</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:16px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Wiktfavicon_en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ウィクショナリー"><img alt="ウィクショナリー" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/24px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/32px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></span></td> <td>この項目では、中国を支配した王朝について記述しています。「<b>清</b>」の語義については、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウィクショナリー">ウィクショナリー</a>の「<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585" class="extiw" title="wikt:清">清</a>」の項目をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101346560"> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></span></td> <td>「<b>清国</b>」はこの項目へ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:リダイレクト">転送</a>されています。元<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大相撲">大相撲</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="力士">力士</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%96%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大関">大関</a>・元<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E3%83%B6%E6%BF%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="伊勢ヶ濱">伊勢ヶ濱</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%AF%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="年寄">親方</a>については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%9D%E9%9B%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清國勝雄">清國勝雄</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101346560"> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></span></td> <td>「<b>清</b>」のその他の用法については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85_(%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E3%81%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="清 (曖昧さ回避)">清 (曖昧さ回避)</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101443328">.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry{clear:right;float:right;width:300px;margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dt.infoboxCountryNameJa{font-size:1.36em;margin:0 0 0.13em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dt.infoboxCountryName{font-size:1.13em;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 0.13em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dd.infoboxCountryDataA{margin:0;padding:0;border-color:#a2a9b1;border-width:1px;border-style:solid solid none solid}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table.infoboxCountryPrevSucc{width:298px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:0.95em}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table.infoboxCountryPrevSucc td{margin:0;padding:4px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry td.infoboxCountryPrev{text-align:left;width:60px}.mw-parser-output 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dd{width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry,.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table{display:table}}</style> <dl id="infoboxCountry"> <dt class="infoboxCountryNameJa"> 大清帝国 </dt> <dt class="infoboxCountryName"> <b><span lang="zh-hant">大淸國</span></b><br> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r96973695">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br> ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</span> </dt> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataA"> <table class="infoboxCountryPrevSucc"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="infoboxCountryPrev"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">←</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_None.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="後金"><img alt="後金" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/25px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/38px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/50px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150"></a></span><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順 (王朝)">←</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_None.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="順 (王朝)"><img alt="順 (王朝)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/25px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/38px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/50px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150"></a></span><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南明">←</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_None.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="南明"><img alt="南明" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/25px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/38px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/50px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636年">1636年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1917年">1917年</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%8B%B2%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張勲復辟">張勲復辟</a>）</td> <td class="infoboxCountrySucc"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)"><img alt="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%25281912%25E2%2580%25931928%2529.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%25281912%25E2%2580%25931928%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%25281912%25E2%2580%25931928%2529.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%25281912%25E2%2580%25931928%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)">→</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="遜清皇室小朝廷"><img alt="遜清皇室小朝廷" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">→</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ボグド・ハーン政権"><img alt="ボグド・ハーン政権" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1320"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ボグド・ハーン政権">→</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Tibet.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="チベット (1912-1950)"><img alt="チベット (1912-1950)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88_(1912-1950)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット (1912-1950)">→</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="infoboxCountryInsignia"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding-top:10px"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="清の国旗"><img alt="清の国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg/188px-Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg/250px-Flag_of_China_%25281889%25E2%2580%25931912%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a></span></th> <th style="padding-top:10px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="清の国章"><img alt="清の国章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/85px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/128px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/170px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%97%97%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の旗一覧">国旗</a>）</td> <td>（玉璽<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryAnthem"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国歌">国歌</a>: <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9E%8F%E9%87%91%E7%94%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鞏金甌">鞏金甌</a><br> （1911年 - 1912年）<br> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Gǒng_Jīn'ōu.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/G%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/G%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg/G%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা‪（bn）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español‪（es）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia‪（id）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語‪（ja）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어‪（ko）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil‪（pt-br）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский‪（ru）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina‪（sl）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย‪（th）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt‪（vi）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆）‪（zh-cn）‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AG%C7%92ng_J%C4%ABn%27%C5%8Du.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體）‪（zh-hant）‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio></span></span> </div> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryMap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="清の位置"><img alt="清の位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/250px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/375px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/500px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span><br><small>1760年時点での清の領域。黄緑色は実効支配がおよんでいない地域</small> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataB"> <table border="1" frame="void" rules="all" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公用語">公用語</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国語">中国語</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="首都">首都</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="瀋陽市">盛京（ムクデン）</a>（1616年-1644年）<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順天府">順天府</a>（1644年-1912年）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"> </dt> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91%EF%BC%89" title="中国帝王一覧">皇帝</a> </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636年">1636年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1643年">1643年</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">太宗崇徳帝</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1908年">1908年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">宣統帝</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E7%B7%8F%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内閣総理大臣 (清朝)">内閣総理大臣</a> </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911年">1911年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E5%8A%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕劻">慶親王奕劻</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911年">1911年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 面積 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1790%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1790年">1790年</a></th> <td>13,000,000<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平方キロメートル">km²</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1860年">1860年</a></th> <td>11,070,000km²</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 人口 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1776%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1776年">1776年</a></th> <td>311,500,000人</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1898%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1898年">1898年</a></th> <td>319,720,000人</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 変遷 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a>成立</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1616%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1616年">1616年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2%E6%9C%8817%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2月17日">2月17日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>国号を清と改称</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636年">1636年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5%E6%9C%8815%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5月15日">5月15日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>順天府遷都</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1644%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1644年">1644年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10月30日">10月30日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911年">1911年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10%E6%9C%8810%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10月10日">10月10日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ボグド・ハーン政権">モンゴル</a>が独立を宣言</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911年">1911年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12%E6%9C%8829%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12月29日">12月29日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1913%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国臨時政府 (1912年-1913年)">中華民国臨時政府</a>が成立</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1月1日">1月1日</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>滅亡</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2%E6%9C%8812%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2月12日">2月12日</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="通貨">通貨</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E4%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="銀両">銀両</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>現在</th> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中華人民共和国の旗"><img alt="中華人民共和国の旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中華民国の旗"><img alt="中華民国の旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国">中華民国</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ロシアの旗"><img alt="ロシアの旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/25px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/38px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア">ロシア</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="モンゴルの旗"><img alt="モンゴルの旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/25px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/38px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル国">モンゴル</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="カザフスタンの旗"><img alt="カザフスタンの旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カザフスタン">カザフスタン</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="キルギスの旗"><img alt="キルギスの旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キルギス">キルギス</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="タジキスタンの旗"><img alt="タジキスタンの旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タジキスタン">タジキスタン</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の旗"><img alt="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/25px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/38px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/50px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></span></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国">朝鮮民主主義人民共和国</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> <b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:歴史学/東洋史">ポータル 歴史学/東洋史</a></b> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right portal plainlinks noprint" style="background:#f6ffff; width:220px;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Portal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ポータル中国"><img alt="ポータル中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> <b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:中国">ポータル 中国</a></b> </div> </div> </div> <table width="160px" cellspacing="0" style="clear:right; float:right; border: 1px solid #BBBBBB; margin-left: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 80%; text-align: center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> <td width="18px"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" bgcolor="#EFEEEE" align="center"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>の歴史</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AE%95%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="箕子朝鮮">箕子朝鮮</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東胡">東胡</a></td> <td bgcolor="#e5d8b9" colspan="2" rowspan="4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BF%8A%E8%B2%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="濊貊">濊貊</a><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%B2%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沃沮">沃沮</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFbbdd" colspan="2" rowspan="5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E6%85%8E_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛慎 (中国)">粛慎</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%87%95_(%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="燕 (春秋)">燕</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼西郡">遼西郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秦">秦</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼西郡">遼西郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前漢">前漢</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼西郡">遼西郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衛氏朝鮮">衛氏朝鮮</a></td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="匈奴">匈奴</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢四郡">漢四郡</a></td> <td bgcolor="#e5d8b9" colspan="1" rowspan="2"></td> <td bgcolor="#e0d8e9" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AB%E4%BD%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夫余">夫余</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼西郡">遼西郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%A1%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="烏桓">烏桓</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鮮卑">鮮卑</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8C%B9%E5%A9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="挹婁">挹婁</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d5e8c9" rowspan="18"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高句麗">高句麗</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E8%8F%9F%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄菟郡">玄菟郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#e0d8e9" colspan="1" rowspan="11"></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1" rowspan="10"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏 (三国)">魏</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%BB%8E%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昌黎郡">昌黎郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公孫度">公孫度</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="5"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="5"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E8%8F%9F%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄菟郡">玄菟郡</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="5"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="平州">平州</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" rowspan="13"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="慕容部">慕容部</a></td> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宇文部">宇文部</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前燕">前燕</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="7"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E_(%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平州 (遼寧省)">平州</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#eee088" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前秦">前秦</a></td> <td bgcolor="#eee088" colspan="7"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E_(%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平州 (遼寧省)">平州</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%87%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後燕">後燕</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="7"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E_(%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平州 (遼寧省)">平州</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北燕">北燕</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北魏">北魏</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契丹">契丹</a></td> <td bgcolor="#d7e3f8" colspan="1" rowspan="7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="奚">庫莫奚</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="1" rowspan="7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="室韋">室韋</a></td> <td bgcolor="#d5e8c9" rowspan="7"></td> <td bgcolor="#FFbbdd" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東魏">東魏</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFbbdd" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8B%BF%E5%90%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="勿吉">勿吉</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北斉">北斉</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北周">北周</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%9F%8E%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="柳城郡">柳城郡</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="靺鞨">靺鞨</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%87%95%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="燕郡">燕郡</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼西郡">遼西郡</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐">唐</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BE%E6%BC%A0%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="松漠都督府 (存在しないページ)">松漠都督府</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%25BE%25E6%25BC%25A0%25E9%2583%25BD%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BA%259C" class="extiw" title="zh:松漠都督府">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%A5%92%E6%A5%BD%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="饒楽都督府 (存在しないページ)">饒楽都督府</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A5%25B6%25E4%25B9%2590%25E9%2583%25BD%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BA%259C" class="extiw" title="zh:饶乐都督府">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%8B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="室韋都督府 (存在しないページ)">室韋都督府</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25AE%25A4%25E9%259F%258B%25E9%2583%25BD%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BA%259C" class="extiw" title="zh:室韋都督府">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安東都護府">安東都護府</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#ffccdd" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="渤海 (国)">渤海国</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%92%E6%B0%B4%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="黒水都督府 (存在しないページ)">黒水都督府</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E9%2583%25BD%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BA%259C" class="extiw" title="zh:黑水都督府">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="靺鞨">靺鞨</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契丹">契丹</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#ffccdd" colspan="4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="渤海 (国)">渤海国</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="靺鞨">靺鞨</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">遼</a></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="上京道 (存在しないページ)">上京道</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="1" rowspan="1">　</td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東丹国">東丹</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女真">女真</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中京道 (存在しないページ)">中京道</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#ffccdd" colspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="定安">定安</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="東京道 (存在しないページ)">東京道</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="11"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="東京路 (存在しないページ)">東京路</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%259C%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E8%25B7%25AF" class="extiw" title="zh:东京路">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="11"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="上京路 (存在しないページ)">上京路</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%258A%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E8%25B7%25AF" class="extiw" title="zh:上京路">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3d2ef" colspan="5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東遼">東遼</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="4"></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%9F%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大真国">大真国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="11"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E9%99%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%87%A6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼陽等処行中書省">遼陽行省</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="遼東都司 (存在しないページ)">遼東都司</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25BE%25BD%25E4%25B8%259C%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%258C%2587%25E6%258C%25A5%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%258F%25B8" class="extiw" title="zh:辽东都指挥使司">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="9"><small><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E5%85%90%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="奴児干都指揮使司 (存在しないページ)">奴児干都指揮使司</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A5%25B4%25E5%2585%2592%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%258C%2587%25E6%258F%25AE%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%258F%25B8" class="extiw" title="zh:奴兒干都指揮使司">中国語版</a>）</span></span></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="建州女真">建州女真</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFbbdd" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="海西女真">海西女真</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFcccc" colspan="3"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="野人女真">野人女真</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="9" rowspan="1">　</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><br><small><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東三省総督">東三省</a></small></td> <td bgcolor="#d7e3f8" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロマノフ朝">ロマノフ朝</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沿海州">沿海州</a>/<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="緑ウクライナ">緑ウクライナ</a>/<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江東六十四屯">江東六十四屯</a>）</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国">中華民国</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国東北部">東三省</a>）</small></td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666" colspan="5" rowspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%9D%B1%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="極東共和国">極東共和国</a><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ソ連">ソ連</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="極東ロシア">極東</a>）</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲国">満洲国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666" colspan="9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソビエト連邦による満洲占領">ソ連占領下の満洲</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国東北部">中国東北部</a>）</small></td> <td bgcolor="#d7e3f8" colspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ロシア連邦">ロシア連邦</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%9D%B1%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="極東連邦管区">極東連邦管区</a>/<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="極東ロシア">極東ロシア</a>）</small></td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="北朝鮮">北朝鮮</a><br><small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%96%AA%E5%B3%B6%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="薪島郡">薪島郡</a>）</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" colspan="13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国朝鮮関係史">中国朝鮮関係史</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" colspan="13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:中国">Portal:中国</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>清</b>（しん）、または<b>清国</b>（しんこく）は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636年">1636年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>に建国され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢民族">漢民族</a>を征圧し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1644%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1644年">1644年</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a>まで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国本土">中国本土</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル高原">モンゴル高原</a>を支配した最後の統一<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王朝">王朝</a>である。首都は盛京（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="瀋陽市">瀋陽</a>）、後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順天府">順天府</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京市">北京</a>）に置かれた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲民族">満洲人</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%B0%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅氏">アイシンギョロ氏</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳ᠍ᠨ<br> ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ</span>, 転写:aisin gioro, 愛新覚羅氏）が建てた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="征服王朝">征服王朝</a>で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>で <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br> ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</span>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン文字化">ラテン文字転写</a>：daicing gurun、カタカナ転写：ダイチン・グルン、漢語訳：大清国）といい、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国語">中国語</a>では<b>大清</b>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r99057670">.mw-parser-output .pinyin{font-family:system-ui,"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .jyutping{font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="拼音">拼音</a>: <span lang="zh-Latn"><span class="pinyin">Dàqīng</span></span>、カタカナ転写：ダァチン）と号した。<b>清朝</b>、<b>満清</b>、<b>清王朝</b>、<b>大清国</b>、<b>大清帝国</b>ともいう。</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Qing_Dynasty_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qing_Dynasty_map.png/260px-Qing_Dynasty_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qing_Dynasty_map.png/390px-Qing_Dynasty_map.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qing_Dynasty_map.png/520px-Qing_Dynasty_map.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="399"></a> <figcaption> 清の影響圏 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1917年">1917年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%8B%B2_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%B0%91%E5%88%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張勲 (清末民初)">張勲</a>が清の最後の皇帝、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="溥儀">溥儀</a>を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>に立てて清国を復古させたが失敗した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%8B%B2%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張勲復辟">張勲復辟</a>）。</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目次</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">国号とその読み方</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">歴史</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%83%E8%88%88"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">清の勃興</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">清による中国支配</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">清の最盛期</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7%E5%88%97%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%87%BA%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E4%B9%B1"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">西欧列強の進出と内乱</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8D%8A%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96%E3%83%BB%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">半植民地化・滅亡</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">政治</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">清の皇帝</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B8%9D%E5%AE%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">帝室の姓氏</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">歴代皇帝</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%B3%BB%E5%9B%B3"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">系図</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8E%E5%A6%83"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">清の后妃</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">元号</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AE%E7%88%B5%E4%BD%8D"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">皇族の爵位</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">官制</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BA%80%E6%BC%A2%E5%81%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">満漢偶数官制</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">兵制</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">清の行政区画</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">内地の行政区画</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">行省</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">清の経済</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BA%E5%B1%95%E3%81%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">農業の発展と人口爆発</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A8%8E%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">税制</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">商業</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">文化</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">思想</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">文学</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">美術</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">国際関係</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">前期</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">後期</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">新清史</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%82%92%E9%A1%8C%E6%9D%90%E3%81%AB%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">清朝を題材にした作品</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">小説</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">漫画</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">映像</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">脚注</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B3%A8%E9%87%88"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">注釈</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">出典</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">参考文献</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%EF%BC%88%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">関連文献（近年刊行）</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">関連項目</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">外部リンク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="国号とその読み方"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.8F.B7.E3.81.A8.E3.81.9D.E3.81.AE.E8.AA.AD.E3.81.BF.E6.96.B9"></span>国号とその読み方</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国号とその読み方" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101304250">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-出典の明記 plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-出典の明記" role="presentation" style="width:auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <b>この節は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%BC%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:検証可能性">検証可能</a>な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%A1%E9%A0%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源">参考文献や出典</a>が全く示されていないか、不十分です。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する">出典を追加</a>して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。<small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98/doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:出典の明記/doc">このテンプレートの使い方</a>）</small><br><small><span class="plainlinks">出典検索<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Find_sources_mainspace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Find sources mainspace"><sup>?</sup></a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522%26num%3D50">"清"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522%26tbm%3Dnws">ニュース</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">書籍</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?num%3D100%26hl%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">スカラー</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/opensearch/search?lang%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522%26range%3D2%26count%3D200%26sortorder%3D1%26type%3D0">CiNii</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">J-STAGE</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/api/openurl?any%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">NDL</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dlib.jp/?q%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">dlib.jp</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jpsearch.go.jp/csearch/jps-cross?csid%3Djps-cross%26keyword%3D%2522%25E6%25B8%2585%2522">ジャパンサーチ</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/">TWL</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date"><span title="2021年12月">2021年12月</span></span>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>「清」という漢字で国号を選んだ理由：</b></p> <ol> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢民族">漢人</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女真">女真</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a>によって南方に追われたことがあったため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a>に「後金」という国号を警戒されることを恐れて、金と同音異字の「清」としたという説。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="五行説">五行説</a>にもとづくという説。明が「火徳」であることから、それにかわる「水徳」を表す「<b>氵</b>」と、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E7%A4%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周礼">周礼</a>』で東を象徴する色とされる「青」を組み合わせ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中原">中原</a>進出の意味を込めたというもの<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>「大清」という国号はモンゴル語「daicin」からの転写である。大＋清という国名ではない。「daicin」という言葉は「戦士」を意味していたので、「大清国」は「戦士の国」とする説がある。</li> </ol> <p>なお、日本語での発音「しん」が、今の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京官話">北京官話</a>発音の「ちん」と異なることは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長崎市">長崎</a>や明の遺民を通じて伝えられていたものの、そのことは知識人らの残した文書などに見られる程度である。ラテン文字転写として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%BC%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウェード式">ウェード式</a>では清を「Ch'ing」と綴る。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1958%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1958年">1958年</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ピンイン">ピンイン</a>制定後は「Qing」と綴る。清末に締結された条約の欧文では、直接に中国の意味の「China」という国号が用いられていることが多い。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="歴史"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E5.8F.B2"></span>歴史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の歴史 (存在しないページ)">清の歴史</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝历史">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」を参照 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="清の勃興"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E5.8B.83.E8.88.88"></span>清の勃興</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の勃興" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Coin_of_Hong_Taiji,_A.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Coin_of_Hong_Taiji%2C_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="204"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Coin_of_Hong_Taiji%2C_A.jpg" data-width="204" data-height="204" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> スレ・ハンの銭。表左「sūre（聡明なる）」、上「han（王/<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハーン">ハン</a>）」、下「ni（の）」、右「jiha（銭）」とある。清朝初期の無圏点満洲文字で記されている。「天聡汗銭」あるいは「天聡通宝」と通称される。 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17世紀">17世紀</a>初頭に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封">冊封</a>下で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>に住む女直（jušen、以下「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女真">女真</a>」）の統一を進めた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヌルハチ">ヌルハチ</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>: <span lang="mnc"><span lang="mnc"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span lang="mnc-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ</span></span></span>、<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BB%25A1%25E6%2596%2587%25E8%25BD%25AC%25E5%2586%2599%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25A1%2588" class="extiw" title="zh:满文转写方案">転写</a>: <span title="満文転写"><i>nurgaci</i></span>、努爾哈赤、太祖）が、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1616%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1616年">1616年</a>に建国した<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a>国</b>（amaga aisin gurun）が清の前身である。当時はすでに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a>代の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女真文字">女真文字</a>は廃れ、独自の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文字">文字</a>を持たないため最初に作った「建国の詔」は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル語">モンゴル語</a>で作成されたが<sup id="cite_ref-JBpress3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JBpress3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、この後金国の建国と前後して、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヌルハチ">ヌルハチ</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>（無圏点文字）を制定し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">八旗</a>制を創始するなど、女真人が発展するための基礎を築いていた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1619%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1619年">1619年</a>、ヌルハチが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サルフの戦い">サルフの戦い</a>で明軍を破ると、後金国の勢力圏は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼河">遼河</a>の東方全域におよぶに至った。その子の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">ホンタイジ</a>（hong taiji、皇太極、太宗）は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山海関">山海関</a>以北の明の領土と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="南モンゴル">南モンゴル</a>を征服し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636年">1636年</a>に女真人、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル民族">モンゴル人</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢民族">漢人</a>の代表が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>に集まり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クリルタイ">大会議</a>を開き、そこで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a>の末裔で大元皇帝位を継承していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンゴル">モンゴル</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="リンダン・ハーン">リンダン・ハーン</a>の遺子の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エジェイ・ハーン">エジェイ</a>から元の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%92%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="伝国璽">玉璽</a>「制誥之宝」<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（本来は大官任命の文書に押される印璽である上、後に作られた偽物である可能性が高い）と護法尊<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マハーカーラ">マハーカーラ</a>像を譲られ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハーン">大ハーン</a>を継承し<b>皇帝</b>として即位するとともに、国号を<b>大清</b>に改め、女真の民族名を<b>満洲</b>（manju）に改めた。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="清による中国支配"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AB.E3.82.88.E3.82.8B.E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.E6.94.AF.E9.85.8D"></span>清による中国支配</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清による中国支配" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Qing-Expansion3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Qing-Expansion3.jpg/300px-Qing-Expansion3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="401"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 278px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Qing-Expansion3.jpg/300px-Qing-Expansion3.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Qing-Expansion3.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 康熙帝の時代の領土拡張 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明清交替">明清交替</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順治帝">順治帝</a>のとき、中国では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李自成">李自成の乱</a>によって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順天府">順天府</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京市">北京</a>）が攻略されて明が滅んだ。清は明の遺臣で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山海関">山海関</a>の守将であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉三桂">呉三桂</a>の要請に応じ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万里の長城">万里の長城</a>を越えて李自成を破った。こうして<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1644%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1644年">1644年</a>に清は首都を北京（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>：beging、gemun hecen＝京城）に遷し、中国支配を開始した（「清の入関」）。しかし、中国南部には明の残党勢力（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南明">南明</a>）が興り、特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鄭成功">鄭成功</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>に拠って頑強な抵抗を繰り広げた。清は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドルゴン">ドルゴン</a>（dorgon、ヌルハチの子）およびのちに成長した順治帝によって、中国南部を平定し明の制度を取り入れて国制を整備した。</p> <p>少数派の異民族である満洲人の支配を、中国文明圏で圧倒的大多数を占める漢人が比較的容易に受け入れた背景には、清が武力によって明の皇室に取って代わったとの姿勢をとらず、明を滅ぼした李自成を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%B3%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="逆賊">逆賊</a>として討伐したという大義名分を得たことがあげられる。また、自殺に追いやられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="崇禎帝">崇禎帝</a>の陵墓を整備し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>などの明の制度を存続させるなど、あくまで明の衣鉢を継ぐ正当（正統）な中華帝国であることを前面に出していたことも考えられる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="清の最盛期"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E6.9C.80.E7.9B.9B.E6.9C.9F"></span>清の最盛期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の最盛期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png/300px-Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6245" data-file-height="4612"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png/300px-Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png" data-width="300" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png/450px-Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png/600px-Carte_Generale_de_l%27Empire_Chinois_et_du_Japon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 清の最大領域約1340万平方キロメートル(1790年) </figcaption> </figure> <p>順治帝に続く、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>の3代に清は最盛期を迎えた。</p> <p>康熙帝は、即位後に起こった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三藩の乱">三藩の乱</a>を鎮圧し、鄭氏の降伏を受け入れて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>を併合し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="福建省">福建省</a>に編入、清の中国支配を最終的に確立させた。対外的には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9C%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%A2%83%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清露国境紛争">清露国境紛争</a>に勝利して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア帝国">ロシア</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ネルチンスク条約">ネルチンスク条約</a>を結んで東北部の国境を確定させ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外蒙古">北モンゴル</a>を服属させ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット">チベット</a>を保護下に入れた。</p> <p>また、このころ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東トルキスタン">東トルキスタン</a>を根拠地として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オイラト">オイラト</a>系の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジュンガル">ジュンガル</a>（準噶爾）部が勃興していたが、康熙帝は北モンゴルに侵入したジュンガル部の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ガルダン">ガルダン</a>を破った。のち乾隆帝はジュンガル部を滅ぼし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B7%E6%B9%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バルハシ湖">バルハシ湖</a>にまでおよぶ領域を支配下に置き、この地を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="新疆">新疆</a>(ice jecen イチェ・ジェチェン)と名付けた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清・ジュンガル戦争">清・ジュンガル戦争</a>）。</p> <p>これによって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="黒竜江">黒竜江</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新疆省">新疆</a>、チベットにおよぶ現代の中国の領土がほぼ確定した。</p> <p>こうして、少数の満洲人が圧倒的に多い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢民族">漢人</a>を始めとする多民族と広大な領土を支配することとなった清は、一人の君主が複数の政治的共同体を統治する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%90%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同君連合">同君連合</a>となり、中華を支配した王朝の中でも特有の制度を築いた。</p> <p>省と呼ばれた旧明領は皇帝直轄領として明の制度が維持され、藩部と呼ばれた南北モンゴル・チベット・東トルキスタンではそれぞれモンゴル王侯、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ダライ・ラマ">ダライ・ラマ</a>が長である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ガンデンポタン">ガンデンポタン</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベグ">ベグ</a>といった土着の支配者が取り立てられて間接統治が敷かれ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="理藩院">理藩院</a>に管轄された。満洲人は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">八旗</a>に編成され、軍事力を担った。また、皇帝が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%B9%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="行幸">行幸</a>で直轄する地域を訪れる際には漢人の支配者として、藩部の支配地域に行く際には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB_(%E5%AE%B6%E5%B1%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ゲル (家屋)">ゲル</a>に寝泊りしてモンゴル服を着用するなど、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハーン">ハーン</a>として振舞うことで関係を維持した。重要な官職には満洲人と同数の漢人が採用されてバランスを取った。雍正帝の時代には皇帝直属の最高諮問機関<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%87%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="軍機処">軍機処</a>が置かれ、皇帝独裁の完成をみた。</p> <p>清が繁栄を極めたこの時代には文化事業も盛んで、特に康熙帝の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙字典">康熙字典</a>、雍正帝の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古今図書集成">古今図書集成</a>、乾隆帝の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="四庫全書">四庫全書</a>の編纂は名高い。一方で満洲人の髪型である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%AE%E9%AB%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="辮髪">辮髪</a>を漢人にも強制し（ただしモンゴルは元々辮髪の風習を持ち、新疆では逆に禁止している）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E7%8D%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文字の獄">文字の獄</a>や禁書の制定を繰り返して異民族支配に反抗する人々を徹底的に弾圧する一方、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>の存続等の様々な懐柔政策を行っている。</p> <p>しかし、乾隆帝の60年におよぶ治世が終わりに近づくと、乾隆帝の奢侈と十度におよぶ大遠征の結果残された財政赤字が拡大し、官僚の腐敗も進んで清の繁栄にも陰りが見え始めた。乾隆帝、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嘉慶帝">嘉慶帝</a>の二帝に仕えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>のヘシェン（hešen、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヘシェン">和珅</a>）は、清朝で最も堕落した官僚の一人で、ヘシェンによる厳しい取り立てに住民が蜂起した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白蓮教徒の乱">白蓮教徒の乱</a>が起こったが、乾隆帝の崩御後、親政を行おうとする嘉慶帝により自殺に追い込まれた(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E6%AD%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="賜死">賜死</a>)。このとき鎮圧に動員された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%B7%E5%8B%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郷勇">郷勇</a>と呼ばれる義勇兵と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%A3%E7%B7%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="団練">団練</a>と呼ばれる自衛武装集団が、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太平天国の乱">太平天国の乱</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湘軍">湘軍</a>に組織化されて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E8%97%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="曽国藩">曽国藩</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="左宗棠">左宗棠</a>のもとで軍閥化していくと共に、不満を持つ将兵は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A2%8D%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="袍哥会">哥老会</a>などに流れて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三合会">三合会</a>などと<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a>を支える組織になっていった。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="西欧列強の進出と内乱"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E6.AC.A7.E5.88.97.E5.BC.B7.E3.81.AE.E9.80.B2.E5.87.BA.E3.81.A8.E5.86.85.E4.B9.B1"></span>西欧列強の進出と内乱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 西欧列強の進出と内乱" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/300px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="1991"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 192px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/300px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/450px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/600px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1858%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天津条約 (1858年)">天津条約</a>の調印の様子 </figcaption> </figure> <table style="width:158px; height:1000px; border-collapse:collapse; clear:right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin-left:5px; margin-bottom:5px; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:120%; table-layout:fixed; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="12" style="background:#efeeee;"> <div style="padding:3px;"> <big><big><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の歴史">中国の歴史</a></big></big> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:History_of_China.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中国歴史"> <noscript> <img alt="中国歴史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="84"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 158px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png" data-alt="中国歴史" data-width="158" data-height="84" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 中国歴史 </figcaption> </figure></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="background:#ffeeee;padding:3px;"><b><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%85%88%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中国の先史時代 (存在しないページ)">先史時代</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%2589%258D%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" class="extiw" title="zh:中国史前文化">中国語版</a>）</span></span></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller"><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中国の中石器文化の一覧 (存在しないページ)">中石器時代</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259F%25B3%25E5%2599%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%2588%2597%25E8%25A1%25A8" class="extiw" title="zh:中国中石器文化列表">中国語版</a>）</span></span></span><br><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の新石器文化の一覧">新石器時代</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三皇五帝">三皇五帝</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古国時代">古国時代</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a>・<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長江文明">長江文明</a>・<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼河文明">遼河文明</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:45px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏 (三代)">夏</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:55px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷">殷</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西周 (王朝)">西周</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:55px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東周">東周</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:30px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春秋時代">春秋時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:25px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国時代 (中国)">戦国時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秦朝">秦</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:21px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前漢">前漢</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新">新</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:20px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">呉<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉 (三国)">孫呉</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">漢<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蜀漢">蜀漢</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;">魏<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏 (三国)">曹魏</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:5px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東晋">東晋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五胡十六国時代">十六国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">宋<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (南朝)">劉宋</a>）</span></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="6" style="height:9px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;">魏<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北魏">北魏</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">斉<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%89_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="斉 (南朝)">南斉</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁 (南朝)">梁</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">魏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西魏">西魏</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">魏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東魏">東魏</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B3_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陳 (南朝)">陳</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">梁<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後梁 (南朝)">後梁</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;">周<br><span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北周">北周</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;">斉<br><span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北斉">北斉</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:4px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐">唐</a></b></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">周<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武周">武周</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:20px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国</a></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">契丹</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:17px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">北宋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:15px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:smaller">夏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西夏">西夏</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:17px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">遼</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:15px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南宋">南宋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:15px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:10px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:28px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">元<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北元">北元</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:smaller">明<br> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南明">南明</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:2px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順 (王朝)">順</a></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:1px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)">中華民国</a></b></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲国">満洲国</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:1px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国">中華<br> 民国</a><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>） </span></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a></b> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r103358373">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline-block;word-break:keep-all}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のページを表示します。">表</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template‐ノート:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のノートを表示します。">話</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dedit"><abbr title="参照先のページを編集します。">編</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-hist"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dhistory"><abbr title="参照先のページの履歴を表示します。">歴</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>には、清の支配が衰え、繁栄が翳った。清朝は、大規模な社会動乱、経済停滞、食糧の供給を逼迫させる人口の爆発的増加などに苦しんでいた。これらの理由に関しては様々な説明がなされるが、基本的な見解は、清は、この世紀の間ずっと、従来の官僚組織、経済システムでは対処しきれない人口問題と自然災害に直面したということである。</p> <p>19世紀の中国にとっての主要な問題の一つはどのようにして外国と付き合うかということであった。伝統的に、中国は東アジアにおいて覇権を握っており、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華思想">中華思想</a>に基づいて、歴代王朝の皇帝が『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天下">天下</a>』を支配し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封体制">冊封体制</a>の下で東アジアの国際秩序を維持するものと考えていた。しかし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18世紀">18世紀</a>後半になると、西欧諸国が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="産業革命">産業革命</a>と海運業によりアジアに進出していった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリス">イギリス</a>商人は18世紀末に西欧の対清貿易競争に勝ち残って、開港地<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広州市">広州</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8C%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="茶">茶</a>貿易を推進した。また、アメリカも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ独立戦争">独立戦争</a>後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1784%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1784年">1784年</a>にアメリカの商船<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" class="extiw" title="en:Empress of China (1783)">エンプレス・オブ・チャイナ号</a>が広州で米清貿易を開始した。米清貿易により清は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金属">金属</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オタネニンジン">オタネニンジン</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%9A%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="毛皮">毛皮</a>を、米国は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8C%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="茶">茶</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="綿">綿</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹">絹</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%86%E5%99%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漆器">漆器</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%A3%81%E5%99%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶磁器">陶磁器</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="家具">家具</a>を得た。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年">1793年</a>、イギリスは広州一港に限られていた貿易の拡大を交渉するため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B83%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョージ3世 (イギリス王)">ジョージ3世</a>が乾隆帝80歳を祝う使節団として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョージ・マカートニー (初代マカートニー伯爵)">ジョージ・マカートニー</a>を派遣した。使節団は工業製品や芸術品を皇帝に献上したが、商品価値を持つイギリスの製品は無く、ジョージ3世は自由に皇帝に敬意を表してよいという返答を得たのみであった。こうして対清輸出拡大を望むイギリスの試みは失敗に終わった。</p> <p>この清の対応の結果、イギリスと清の貿易では、清の商人は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="銀">銀</a>での支払いのみを認めることとなった。当時のイギリスは、茶、陶磁器、絹を清から大量に輸入していたが、清に輸出する商品を欠いており、毎年大幅な貿易赤字となっていた。これに対し、イギリスは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ独立戦争">アメリカ独立戦争</a>の戦費調達や産業革命の資本蓄積のため、銀の国外流出を抑制する必要があり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="インド">インド</a>の植民地で栽培した麻薬<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アヘン">アヘン</a>を清に輸出することで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三角貿易">三角貿易</a>を成立させた。清は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1796%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1796年">1796年</a>にアヘンの輸入を禁止したが、アヘン密貿易は年々拡大し、アヘンの蔓延は清朝政府にとって無視できないほどになった。また、17世紀以降の国内の人口の爆発的増加に伴い、民度が低下し、自暴自棄の下層民が増加したこともアヘンの蔓延を助長させた<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。このため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1839%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1839年">1839年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%89%87%E5%BE%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="林則徐">林則徐</a>を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="欽差大臣">欽差大臣</a>に任命してアヘン密貿易の取り締まりを強化した。</p> <p>林則徐は広州でイギリス商人からアヘンを没収して処分する施策を執ったが、アヘン密輸によって莫大な利益を得ていたイギリスは、この機会に武力でアヘン密輸の維持と沿岸都市での治外法権獲得を策して、翌<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1840%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1840年">1840年</a>清国沿岸に侵攻し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アヘン戦争">アヘン戦争</a>を始めた。強力な近代兵器を持つイギリス軍に対し、林則徐ら阿片厳禁派と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ムジャンガ">ムジャンガ</a>ら阿片弛緩論派との間で国論が二分されて十分な戦力を整えられなかった清軍が敗北し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1842%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1842年">1842年</a>イギリスと不平等な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南京条約">南京条約</a>（およびそれに付随する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%96%80%E5%AF%A8%E8%BF%BD%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="虎門寨追加条約">虎門寨追加条約</a>、五口通商章程）を締結した。主な内容は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="香港島">香港島</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E8%AD%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="割譲">割譲</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上海市">上海</a>ら5港の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%B8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開港">開港</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%BA%8B%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="領事裁判権">領事裁判権</a>の承認、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E7%A8%8E%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="関税自主権">関税自主権</a>の喪失、清がイギリス以外の国と締結した条約の内容がイギリスに結んだ条約の内容よりも有利ならば、イギリスに対してもその内容を与えることとする片務的<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E6%81%B5%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%85%E9%81%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="最恵国待遇">最恵国待遇</a>の承認であった（その後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1844%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1844年">1844年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス">フランス</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄埔条約">黄埔条約</a>を、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%8E%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="望厦条約">望厦条約</a>を締結した）。</p> <p>アヘンの対清密輸が伸び悩んだので、イギリスは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1856%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1856年">1856年</a>清の官憲が自称イギリス船アロー号の水夫を逮捕したのを口実として、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857年">1857年</a>、第二次アヘン戦争（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アロー戦争">アロー戦争</a>）を起こした。イギリスは、宣教師が逮捕に遭ったことを口実として出兵した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス">フランス</a>と共に、広州・天津を制圧し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858年">1858年</a>にアヘンの輸入公認・公使の北京駐在・キリスト教布教の承認・内地河川の航行の承認・賠償、さらに「夷」字不使用などを認めさせる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1858%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天津条約 (1858年)">天津条約</a>を締結した。条約の批准が拒否されると北京を占領し、批准のみならず<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天津市">天津</a>ら11港の開港・イギリスに対する九龍半島南部の割譲を清に認めさせる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京条約">北京条約</a>を結んだ（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1860年">1860年</a>）。これによりアヘン以外の商品の市場流入も進んだが、アヘンを除けば貿易赤字が続いた。また、このとき<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア帝国">ロシア</a>により、まず<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アイグン条約">アイグン条約</a>(1858年)で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="黒竜江将軍 (存在しないページ)">黒竜江将軍</a>管轄区と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="吉林将軍 (存在しないページ)">吉林将軍</a>管轄区のうち<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アムール川">アムール川</a>左岸を、さらに北京条約(1860年)で吉林将軍管轄区のうち<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウスリー川">ウスリー川</a>右岸を割譲させられ、ロシアはそこを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アムール州">アムール州</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沿海州">沿海州</a>として編入し、<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="プリアムール総督府 (存在しないページ)">プリアムール総督府</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB-%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Приамурское генерал-губернаторство">ロシア語版</a>）</span></span>を設置した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外満洲">外満洲</a>）。これは現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ロシア連邦">露</a>国境線を形作るものである。なお新疆についても<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1864%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1864年">1864年</a><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="タルバガタイ条約 (存在しないページ)">タルバガタイ条約</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25BF%2584%25E5%258B%2598%25E5%2588%2586%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%2595%258C%25E7%25B4%2584%25E8%25A8%2598" class="extiw" title="zh:中俄勘分西北界約記">中国語版</a>）</span></span>が結ばれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イシク・クル">イシク・クル</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E6%B9%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ザイサン湖">ザイサン湖</a>以西を失った。</p> <p>同時期には、国内でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E7%A7%80%E5%85%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="洪秀全">洪秀全</a>率いるキリシタン集団・太平天国による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太平天国の乱">太平天国の乱</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1851%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1851年">1851年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1864%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1864年">1864年</a>）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8D%BB%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="捻軍">捻軍</a>の反乱（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1853%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1853年">1853年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1868%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1868年">1868年</a>）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ムスリム">ムスリム</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="回族">回民</a>）による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="パンゼーの乱">パンゼーの乱</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1856%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1856年">1856年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1873%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1873年">1873年</a>）や <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="回民蜂起">回民蜂起</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862年">1862年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1877年">1877年</a>）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AA%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ミャオ族">ミャオ族</a>による<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%B8%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="咸同起義 (存在しないページ)">咸同起義</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%25E2%2580%25931873)" class="extiw" title="en:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">英語版</a>）</span></span>などが起こり、清朝の支配は危機に瀕した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ムジャンガ">ムジャンガ</a>（穆彰阿）の「穆党」の中から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E8%97%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="曽国藩">曽国藩</a>が頭角を現し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="左宗棠">左宗棠</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湘軍">湘軍</a>を率いて鎮圧にあたった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861年">1861年</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同治帝">同治帝</a>が即位するとムジャンガは失脚し、皇母<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西太后">西太后</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%B0%BE%E8%81%B4%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="垂簾聴政">垂簾聴政</a>下で曽国藩・李鴻章ら太平天国の鎮圧に活躍した「穆党」の漢人官僚が力を得て<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北洋艦隊">北洋艦隊</a>などの軍閥を形成していった。また、政治・行政面では積弊を露呈していた清朝の旧体制を放置したまま、先ずは産業技術に於いて西欧の技術を導入する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a>を開始した。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="半植民地化・滅亡"><span id=".E5.8D.8A.E6.A4.8D.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E5.8C.96.E3.83.BB.E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1"></span>半植民地化・滅亡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 半植民地化・滅亡" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>北西部の新疆（現在の新疆ウイグル自治区）では、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヤクブ・ベク">ヤクブ・ベク</a>が清朝領内に自治権を持つ領主を蜂起させ新疆へ侵攻、同地を占領した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヤクブ・ベクの乱">ヤクブ・ベクの乱</a>）。ロシアも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871年">1871年</a>、新疆に派兵し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イリ地方">イリ地方</a>を占領した。漢人官僚の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E7%94%98%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陝甘総督">陝甘総督</a>左宗棠により、ヤクブ・ベクの乱は鎮圧され、最終的に曽国藩の息子である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%BD%E7%B4%80%E6%B2%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="曽紀沢">曽紀沢</a>の手によって、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1881%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1881年">1881年</a>にはロシアとの間で不平等条約の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イリ条約">イリ条約</a>を締結した。イリ界約に基づき、イリ地方のうち<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="コルガス川 (存在しないページ)">コルガス川</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259C%258D%25E5%25B0%2594%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2596%25AF%25E6%25B2%25B3" class="extiw" title="zh:霍尔果斯河">中国語版</a>、<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581_(%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Хоргос (река)">ロシア語版</a>）</span></span>以西はロシアが併合し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AC%E3%83%81%E3%82%A8%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="セミレチエ州">セミレーチエ州</a>に編入した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カシュガル条約">カシュガル条約</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="パミール高原">パミール高原</a>より西をロシアに割譲し（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外西北">外西北</a>）、現在の中国と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央アジア">中央アジア</a>諸国との国境線が形成されていった。これに対し、清は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1884年">1884年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新疆省">新疆省</a>を設置すると伴に旗人の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イリ将軍">イリ将軍</a>らの施政権を削り、陝甘総督<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E7%B2%9B%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="甘粛新疆巡撫 (存在しないページ)">甘粛新疆巡撫</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2594%2598%25E8%2582%2585%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%25B7%25A1%25E6%2592%25AB" class="extiw" title="zh:甘肅新疆巡撫">中国語版</a>）</span></span>が軍事行政を管轄することとなり内地化された。ロシアは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1892%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1892年">1892年</a>にパミール高原に侵攻し<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="サリコル山 (存在しないページ)">サリコル山</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarikol_Range" class="extiw" title="en:Sarikol Range">英語版</a>）</span></span>以西を条約無しで併合している。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1854%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1854年">1854年</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封国">冊封国</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チャクリー王朝">暹羅</a>（シャム）が朝貢を廃止すると共に不平等条約の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ボウリング条約">ボウリング条約</a>を結んだ。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1872%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1872年">1872年</a>、日本の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E7%9C%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E5%87%A6%E5%88%86" title="沖縄県の歴史">琉球処分</a>により清と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E8%97%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="薩摩藩">薩摩藩</a>の両者に朝貢していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="琉球王国">琉球</a>は、日本に合併された。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1884年">1884年</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="インドシナ半島">インドシナ半島</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="植民地">植民地</a>化を進めるフランスに対抗し、対<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="阮朝">越南</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベトナム">ベトナム</a>）宗主権を維持しようとして<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%8F%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清仏戦争">清仏戦争</a>（ - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1885%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1885年">1885年</a>）が起きたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1885%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天津条約 (1885年6月)">清仏天津条約</a>によって冊封国越南はフランスの植民地となった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1886%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1886年">1886年</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コンバウン王朝">緬甸</a>（ビルマ）は3度目のイギリス軍の侵略を被り滅亡した。清への臣従を拒む勢力が擡頭した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李氏朝鮮">朝鮮</a>に対しては、宗主国としての内政権を揮い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="壬午事変">壬午事変</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1882%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1882年">1882年</a>）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲申政変">甲申政変</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1884年">1884年</a>）を鎮圧したが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1894%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1894年">1894年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大日本帝国">日本</a>が起こした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲午改革">甲午改革</a>では、鎮圧を企図したものの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日清戦争">日清戦争</a>（ - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1895%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1895年">1895年</a>）で敗北し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="下関条約">下関条約</a>によって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>および<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="福建台湾省">福建台湾省</a>の割譲と朝鮮が自主国であることを承認させられ、建国以来維持していた李氏朝鮮に対する広範な支配権も失った（ただし朝鮮・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大韓帝国">大韓帝国</a>における清領租界は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="日韓併合">日韓併合</a>後も清国が確保している）。</p> <p>「眠れる獅子」と言われた清が日本にあえなく敗北する様子を見た欧州列強は、日本が課した巨額の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%A0%E5%84%9F%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="賠償金">賠償金</a>支払債務に目をつけた。まず<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス第三共和政">フランス共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ帝国">ドイツ帝国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア帝国">ロシア帝国</a>はいわゆる「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B2%E6%B8%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三国干渉">三国干渉</a>」を通じて日本に遼東半島返還を迫るとともに代償として賠償金の大幅な増額を薦めた。このことによる清の財政悪化に乗じて欧州列強諸国が対日賠償金への借款供与を申し出て見返りとして租借地などの権益の縄張りを認めさせていったのが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1896%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1896年">1896年</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1899%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1899年">1899年</a>にかけての勢力分割（いわゆる「瓜分」）であった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンゴル">モンゴル</a>をロシア、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長江">長江</a>流域を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリス">イギリス</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山東省">山東省</a>をドイツ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広東省">広東省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広西省">広西省</a>をフランスが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B%E5%9C%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="勢力圏">勢力圏</a>とした。同じく、イギリスは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="九龍半島">九龍半島</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="香港総督">香港総督</a>管轄）と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>、フランスが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="広州湾">広州湾</a>、ドイツが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B3%B6%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="青島市">青島</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%B7%9E%E6%B9%BE%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="膠州湾租借地">膠州湾租借地</a>）、ロシアが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="旅順">旅順</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%A3%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大連市">大連(ダーリニー)</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="関東州">関東州</a>、<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E6%9D%B1%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="極東総督 (存在しないページ)">極東総督</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE_%25D0%2594%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE_%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Наместничество Дальнего Востока">ロシア語版</a>）</span></span>管轄）を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租借地">租借地</a>として、それぞれ海軍基地を築いて東アジアの拠点とした。しかもロシアは賄賂をもちい<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E6%B8%85%E5%AF%86%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="露清密約">露清密約</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B8%85%E9%89%84%E9%81%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東清鉄道">東清鉄道</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鉄道附属地">附属地</a>を手に入れた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南北戦争">南北戦争</a>による国内の混乱から出遅れたため、清国の市場は全ての国に平等に開かれるべきだとして、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B8%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="門戸開放宣言">門戸開放宣言</a>を発しつつ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国際共同租界">国際共同租界</a>設置に参加した。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="左宗棠">左宗棠</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E3%83%BB%E5%A1%9E%E9%98%B2%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="海防・塞防論争">海防・塞防論争</a>を契機として、技術面だけの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a>に限界が見えてくると、政治面についても議論が活発になり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康有為">康有為</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%93%E8%B6%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁啓超">梁啓超</a>ら若い知識人が、清も<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立憲君主制">立憲君主制</a>をとり国政の本格的な近代化を目指す<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E6%B3%95%E8%87%AA%E5%BC%B7%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="変法自強運動">変法自強運動</a>を唱え始めた。彼ら変法派は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>と結んで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1898%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1898年">1898年</a>一時的に政権を奪取した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戊戌の変法">戊戌の変法</a>）が、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西太后">西太后</a>率いる保守派のクーデターに遭って失脚・幽閉された（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="戊戌の政変">戊戌の政変</a>）。その後、西太后は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="保慶帝">愛新覚羅溥儁</a>（保慶帝）を皇帝として擁立するも、保慶帝の父が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="義和団の乱">義和団</a>の指導者であるため強い反発を受け、3日で廃された。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1899%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1899年">1899年</a>、外国軍の侵略や治外法権を持ち横暴の目立つキリスト教会・教徒の排撃を掲げる義和団が蜂起し、「扶清滅洋」をスローガンに掲げて外国人を攻撃したが、次第に略奪を行う暴徒と化した。翌<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1900年">1900年</a>に西太后はこれに乗せられて列強に宣戦布告したが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八カ国連合軍">八カ国連合軍</a>に北京を占領され、外国軍隊の北京駐留を認める<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AD%B0%E5%AE%9A%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京議定書">北京議定書</a>を結ばされ清の半植民地化は更に進んだ。</p> <p>その後、西太后の死亡によって清朝政府は漸く近代化改革に踏み切り、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1905%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1905年">1905年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>を廃止、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三省六部">六部</a>を解体再編し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1908年">1908年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="欽定憲法大綱">欽定憲法大綱</a>を公布して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="憲法">憲法</a>発布・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国会">議院</a>開設を約束し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911年">1911年</a>5月には軍機処を廃止して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内閣">内閣</a>を置いた。しかし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E5%8A%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕劻">慶親王</a>内閣が「皇族内閣」と批判されて、清朝は求心力を取り戻せず、漢人の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孫文">孫文</a>らの革命勢力が中国などにおいて次第に清朝打倒運動を広げた。10月、漢人による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="武昌">武昌</a>での武装蜂起をきっかけに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a>が起こった。モンゴルにおいても、12月に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%97%A9%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外藩蒙古">外藩蒙古</a>の中から独立運動がおこった（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ボグド・ハーン政権">モンゴル国</a>）。ここに清は完全な内部崩壊を迎えた（但し満洲とチベットでは蜂起が起こっていない）。</p> <p>翌<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1月1日">1月1日</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南京市">南京</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)">中華民国</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1913%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国臨時政府 (1912年-1913年)">臨時政府</a>が樹立された。清朝最後の皇帝宣統帝（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">溥儀</a>）は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2%E6%9C%8812%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2月12日">2月12日</a>、正式に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宣統帝退位詔書">退位</a>し、ここに清は276年の歴史に幕を閉じ、完全に滅亡した。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D" title="満洲民族">満洲民族 § 清朝の中国支配</a>」、および「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の政治 (存在しないページ)">清の政治</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝政治">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」も参照 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="清の皇帝"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>清の皇帝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の皇帝" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/300px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/300px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/450px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/600px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E6%9A%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%8D%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="避暑山荘">避暑山荘</a>にある麗正門。門上に掛かる額には清で使われた五つの文字が書かれ、清の皇帝支配下の五つの民族を表す。左から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル文字">モンゴル文字</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アラビア文字">アラビア文字</a>表記の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウイグル語">ウイグル語</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢文">漢文</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット文字">チベット文字</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>。これらを合わせて五体という。 </figcaption> </figure> <p>清王朝というのは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンゴル">モンゴル</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">旧明領</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット">チベット</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東トルキスタン">東トルキスタン</a>この五つの地域を束ねる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%90%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同君連合">同君連合</a>の国家である。</p> <p>清の皇帝は満洲人にとっては満洲人全員を率い、自らも上三旗の旗王である八旗の盟主ハン、漢民族にとっては天命を受け継いだ明王朝に代わる儒教天子、モンゴル人にとってはチンギス・ハーンを継承するモンゴル諸部族の大ハーン、チベット人にとってはチベット仏教の最高施主であり文殊菩薩の化身、東トルキスタンのウィグル人にとっては異教徒ながらイスラムの保護者である。清国は儒教も、仏教も、イスラム教も単独で絶対視せず、支配地域それぞれの世界観に基づく王権像と秩序論を踏まえていた。</p> <p>こうして清国の支配者は共通する価値を拾い上げしながら、しかも個別の世界観とは一定程度の距離を置いて統治し、それぞれの文化圏の接触を厳しく制限した。特に理藩部が管轄していた外蒙古では清朝皇帝にハルハ王家が皇帝位を譲渡し、清の皇帝から爵位を授けられるという形で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ハルハ王家">ハルハ王家</a>を始めとするモンゴル人貴族によって統治されていた。また清国はいわゆる暗愚な皇帝が少なかった。これは元々満洲人には生前に後継者を指名する習慣や長子継承の習慣は無く、部族長会議で最も優れた人物を部族長(ベイレ・アンバン)や部族長のまとめ役であるハンとしていたこと、政権は一族の共有財産という考えであったため皇帝による完全独裁ではなく、かつ皇帝に対する教育も徹底して行われていたこと、雍正帝によって定められた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E5%BB%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太子密建">太子密建</a>により皇子たちが皇太子に指名されるように常に努力することと、臣下の派閥争いを未然に防ぐことができ、皇太子を秘密裏にすら決めない場合につきまとった「皇帝が後継者を決めないまま急死した場合や皇帝が老齢で先が長くないと見られた場合に後継者争いが頻発する」という弊害も避けることが出来たことが理由にある。</p> <p>康熙帝が皇二子である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A4%E7%A4%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅胤礽">胤礽</a>を清朝初の皇太子と定めたが、各皇子を中心とした派閥による度重なる後継者争いなどで胤礽は精神に異常をきたし、素行が悪くなったことで2度<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%83%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="廃太子">廃太子</a>となった後、様々な確執の末に雍正帝が康熙帝の次の皇帝となったことで太子密建が定められた。ただし予め先代皇帝が後継者を指名していなければ機能しない制度であるため、先代皇帝の若年の死去や幽閉などの理由により末期の同治帝・光緒帝・宣統帝に関しては再び旗王諸王による会議で決められている。明朝などでは深刻であった国政に対する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宦官">宦官</a>の影響は、宮廷事務や皇帝の身辺の世話は皇帝直属の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">八旗</a>の旗人の中で家政を担当する包衣が管轄する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内務府">内務府</a>が掌り、その管轄下に置かれた宦官の仕事は后妃の世話に限定されるようになったため、ほとんど無くなっていた。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="帝室の姓氏"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.AE.A4.E3.81.AE.E5.A7.93.E6.B0.8F"></span>帝室の姓氏</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 帝室の姓氏" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>帝室の姓氏を満洲語でアイシンギョロといい、これを漢語に音写したものが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覚羅">愛新覚羅</a>である。アイシンは「金」という意味のかつて女真人が興した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金朝</a>やヌルハチが興した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a>をからとった族名（ムクン）、ギョロは父祖の出身地の地名を戴いた姓氏（ハラ）で、合わせて「金のギョロ一族」を表す。満洲人は清代には漢人のように姓氏と名を続けて呼ぶ習慣は無かった。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="歴代皇帝"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>歴代皇帝</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴代皇帝" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="width:5em;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="廟号">廟号</a></th> <th style="width:10em;">皇帝名（漢文）</th> <th style="width:10em;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名前">名前</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AB%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="諱">諱</a>)</th> <th style="width:9em">在位時期</th> <th style="width:7em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="年号">年号</a></th> <th>備考</th> </tr> <tr> <td>太祖</td> <td>天命帝</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヌルハチ">ヌルハチ</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1616%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1616年">1616年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1626%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1626年">1626年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天命 (後金)">天命</a></td> <td>清の前身である後金の創始者。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>太宗</td> <td>崇徳帝</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">ホンタイジ</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1627%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1627年">1627年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1643年">1643年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天聡">天聡</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="崇徳">崇徳</a></td> <td>ヌルハチの第8子。後金を清とする。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>世祖</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順治帝">順治帝</a></td> <td>フリン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1644%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1644年">1644年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1661%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1661年">1661年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順治">順治</a></td> <td>ホンタイジの第9子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>聖祖</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a></td> <td>ヒョワンイエイ</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1662%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1662年">1662年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1722%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1722年">1722年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙">康熙</a></td> <td>順治帝の第3子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>世宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a></td> <td>インジェン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1723%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1723年">1723年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1735%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1735年">1735年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍正">雍正</a></td> <td>康熙帝の第4子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>高宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a></td> <td>フンリ</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1736%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1736年">1736年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1795%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1795年">1795年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆">乾隆</a></td> <td>雍正帝の第4子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>仁宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嘉慶帝">嘉慶帝</a></td> <td>ヨンヤン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1796%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1796年">1796年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1820年">1820年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6_(%E6%B8%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嘉慶 (清)">嘉慶</a></td> <td>乾隆帝の第15子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>宣宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道光帝">道光帝</a></td> <td>ミンニン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1821%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1821年">1821年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1850%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1850年">1850年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道光">道光</a></td> <td>嘉慶帝の第2子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>文宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%8A%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="咸豊帝">咸豊帝</a></td> <td>イジュ</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1851%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1851年">1851年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861年">1861年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="咸豊">咸豊</a></td> <td>道光帝の第4子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>穆宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同治帝">同治帝</a></td> <td>ヅァイシュン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862年">1862年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1874%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1874年">1874年</a></td> <td>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%BA%E7%A5%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祺祥">祺祥</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同治">同治</a></td> <td>咸豊帝の長子。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>徳宗</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a></td> <td>ヅァイティヤン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1875%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1875年">1875年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1908年">1908年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光緒">光緒</a></td> <td>醇親王奕譞の第2子。道光帝の孫。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儁">保慶帝</a>）</td> <td>プージュン</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1899%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1899年">1899年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%85%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="保慶">保慶</a></td> <td>端郡王載漪の第2子。道光帝の曾孫。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>恭宗<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">宣統帝</a></td> <td>プーイー</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1908年">1908年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912年">1912年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宣統">宣統</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>醇親王載灃の長子。道光帝の曾孫。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="系図"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E5.9B.B3"></span>系図</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 系図" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">1. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヌルハチ">太祖天命帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">2. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">太宗崇徳帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">3. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順治帝">順治帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">4. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">5. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">6. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">7. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嘉慶帝">嘉慶帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">8. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道光帝">道光帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-right: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%AD%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕譞">醇親王奕譞</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">9. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%8A%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="咸豊帝">咸豊帝</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-right: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 1em">   </div></td> <td style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 1em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E8%BC%89%E7%81%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅載灃">醇親王載灃</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">11. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid ; padding: 0.2em; ;">10. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同治帝">同治帝</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width: 1em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;">12. <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">宣統帝</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width: 2em; height: 2em">   </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="清の后妃"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E5.90.8E.E5.A6.83"></span>清の后妃</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の后妃" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲民族">満洲人</a>皇帝は姫君5人を全員<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル民族">モンゴル人</a>の王族に嫁がせるなどモンゴルと親密な関係を保持しており<sup id="cite_ref-JBpress3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JBpress3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、后妃の選定や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E5%AB%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="降嫁">降嫁</a>といった通婚は八旗の他、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E8%8D%98%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孝荘文皇后">孝荘文皇后</a>に代表されるようにモンゴル王侯との間で行われ、民間の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢民族">漢人</a>と行われることは決してなかった。</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th>順位</th> <th>称号</th> <th>人数</th> <th>代表的な人物</th> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="皇后">皇后</a></td> <td>1人</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東太后">東太后</a>（咸豊帝の皇后）<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E8%A3%95%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="隆裕皇太后">隆裕皇太后</a>（光緒帝の皇后）</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E8%B2%B4%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="皇貴妃">皇貴妃</a></td> <td>1人</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴妃">貴妃</a></td> <td>2人まで</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西太后">西太后</a>（咸豊帝の貴妃）</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="妃">妃</a></td> <td>4人まで</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E8%8D%98%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孝荘文皇后">孝荘文皇后</a>（ホンタイジの妃）<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="珍妃">珍妃</a>（光緒帝の妃）</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AC%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嬪">嬪</a></td> <td>6人まで</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%BA_(%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%AE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴人 (後宮)">貴人</a></td> <td>12人まで</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="常在 (存在しないページ)">常在</a></td> <td>20人まで</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%94%E5%BF%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="答応 (存在しないページ)">答応</a></td> <td>28人まで</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="元号"><span id=".E5.85.83.E5.8F.B7"></span>元号</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 元号" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91%EF%BC%89" title="元号一覧 (中国)">元号一覧 (中国)#清（後金）</a>」を参照 </div> <p>清は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一世一元の制">一世一元の制</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%B9%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E7%82%B9" title="改元">踰年改元制</a>を明から引き継いだので、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元号">元号</a>は各皇帝につき一つずつである（在位中に改めて大清皇帝に即位し改元した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">ホンタイジ</a>は例外）。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順治帝">順治帝</a>以降の入関後の各皇帝は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="廟号">廟号</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AB%A1%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="諡号">諡号</a>を以って呼ばず、その皇帝の時代の元号に「帝」をつけて呼ぶことが慣例になっている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="皇族の爵位"><span id=".E7.9A.87.E6.97.8F.E3.81.AE.E7.88.B5.E4.BD.8D"></span>皇族の爵位</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 皇族の爵位" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>和碩親王（hošoi cin wang、ホショイ・チン・ワン、ホショしんのう）</li> <li>世子（šidzi、シヅ、親王の嗣子）</li> <li>多羅郡王（doroi giyūn wang、ドロイ・ギュン・ワン、ドロぐんおう）</li> <li>長子（jangdzi、ジャンヅ、郡王の嗣子）</li> <li>多羅貝勒（doroi beile、ドロイ・ベイレ）</li> <li>固山貝子（gūsai beise、グサイ・ベイセ）</li> <li>鎮国公（gurun be dalire gung、グルン・ベ・ダリレ・グン）</li> <li>輔国公（gurun de aisilara gung、グルン・デ・アイシララ・グン）</li> <li>不入八分鎮国公（jakūn ubu de dosimbuhakū gurun be dalire gung、ジャクン・ウブ・デ・ドシムブハク・グルン・ベ・ダリレ・グン）</li> <li>不入八分輔国公（jakūn ubu de dosimbuhakū gurun de aisilara gung、ジャクン・ウブ・デ・ドシムブハク・グルン・デ・アイシララ・グン）</li> <li>鎮国将軍（gurun be dalire janggin、グルン・ベ・ダリレ・ジャンギン）</li> <li>輔国将軍（gurun de aisilara janggin、グルン・デ・アイシララ・ジャンギン）</li> <li>奉国将軍（gurun be tuwakiyara janggin、グルン・ベ・トゥワキャラ・ジャンギン）</li> <li>奉恩将軍（kesi be tuwakiyara janggin、ケシ・ベ・トゥワキャラ・ジャンギン）</li> </ul> <p>清朝皇族の爵位は通常1代ごとに降下する。特に功績がなければ親王の子は郡王、郡王の子は貝勒というように爵位が下がっていく。しかし、特に功績が大きかった皇族は世襲が認められ、爵位が降下しないことから<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%89%84%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="鉄帽子王 (存在しないページ)">鉄帽子王</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2593%2581%25E5%25B8%25BD%25E5%25AD%2590%25E7%258E%258B" class="extiw" title="zh:铁帽子王">中国語版</a>）</span></span>と呼ばれた。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BC%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="礼親王 (存在しないページ)">礼親王</a>（doronggo cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヌルハチ">ヌルハチ</a>の第2子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ダイシャン (存在しないページ)">ダイシャン</a>（代善）が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%BF%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="睿親王 (存在しないページ)">睿親王</a>（mergen cin wang）家 - ヌルハチの第14子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドルゴン">ドルゴン</a>（多爾袞）が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AB%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="豫親王 (存在しないページ)">豫親王</a>（erke cin wang）家 - ヌルハチの第15子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="ドド">ドド</a>（多鐸）が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛親王">粛親王</a>（fafungga cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホンタイジ">ホンタイジ</a>の長子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホーゲ">ホーゲ</a>（豪格）が祖。清末に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%96%84%E8%80%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅善耆">善耆</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%B6%E8%8A%B3%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="川島芳子">川島芳子</a>父娘が出る。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%BF%E6%B2%A2%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="承沢親王 (存在しないページ)">承沢親王</a>（kesingge cin wang）家 - ホンタイジの第5子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ショセ (存在しないページ)">ショセ</a>（碩塞）が祖。後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%98%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="荘親王 (存在しないページ)">荘親王</a>家と改称。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%AD%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="鄭親王 (存在しないページ)">鄭親王</a>（ujen cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジルガラン">ジルガラン</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シュルハチ">シュルハチ</a>子）が祖。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西太后">西太后</a>の政敵<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E9%A0%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛順">粛順</a>、鄭親王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E7%AB%AF%E8%8F%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅端華">端華</a>兄弟が出る。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%A4%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="克勤郡王 (存在しないページ)">克勤郡王</a>（kicehe giyūn wang）家 - ダイシャンの長子<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%A8%E3%83%88&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ヨト (存在しないページ)">ヨト</a>（岳託）が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E6%89%BF%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="順承郡王 (存在しないページ)">順承郡王</a>（dahashūn giyūn wang）家 - ダイシャンの子<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="サハリャン (存在しないページ)">サハリャン</a>（薩哈璘）の第2子勒克徳渾が祖。</li> </ul> <p>これらの8家は建国にあたって特に功績が大きかったために他の皇族とは別格とされ、八大王家と呼ばれた。睿親王家はドルゴンが皇位を簒奪しようとしたとして廃絶されていたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>年間にドルゴンが名誉回復したために再興された。ドルゴンに連座して同母弟ドドも郡王に落とされていたが、同様に乾隆年間の名誉回復により親王家に戻された。</p> <p>清の中期、末期には以下の4家も功績があったとして世襲が認められ、最終的には世襲王家は12家となった。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="怡親王">怡親王</a>（urgun cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a>の第13子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A4%E7%A5%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅胤祥">胤祥</a>が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%81%AD%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="恭親王">恭親王</a>（gungnecuke cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道光帝">道光帝</a>の第6子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%A8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕訢">奕訢</a>が祖。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%86%87%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="醇親王">醇親王</a>（hatan cin wang）家 - 道光帝の第7子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%AD%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕譞">奕譞</a>が祖。奕譞の子が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>、孫が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">宣統帝</a>となる。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="慶親王">慶親王</a>（fengšen cin wang）家 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>の第17子・永璘が祖。永璘の孫<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E5%8A%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛新覚羅奕劻">奕劻</a>が清末に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>として活躍し、世襲王家とされた。</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="官制"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E5.88.B6"></span>官制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 官制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>清初期、康熙帝の治世までは未だ部族合議制的な制度が残り、完全な集権体制の皇帝というわけではなかった。その象徴が議政王大臣会議（ぎせいおうだいじんかいぎ）と呼ばれる制度である。この制度は旗王（八旗の長）や皇族・宗族の有力者など実力者が選ばれて会議を行い、政治の方針を決めるものである。この中では皇帝も旗王の一人であり、無限の権力が振るえるわけではない。</p> <p>それと平行して置かれていたものが明から引き継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内閣大学士">内閣</a>制度である。ホンタイジ時代には内三院（bithe i ilan yamun）と呼ばれており、行政機関の一つに過ぎず、議政王大臣会議の決定に従うものであった。しかし漢文化を愛する順治帝により、内閣（dorgi yamun）に名を改められて最高行政機関となり、議政王大臣会議は軍事を管轄するようになった。</p> <p>その後、雍正帝は議政王大臣会議に権力を制限されることを嫌って、軍事・行政の両方を総攬する皇帝の諮問機関である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%87%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="軍機処">軍機処</a>（coohai nashūn i ba）を創設して完全なる皇帝独裁体制を整えた。軍機処に権限を奪われた議政王大臣会議は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1792%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1792年">1792年</a>に廃止される。</p> <p>中央には軍機処の他に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三省六部">六部</a>（ninggun jurgan）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内務府">内務府</a>（dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun、宮廷諸事）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗人府">宗人府</a>（uksun be kadalara yamun、皇族・宗族の事務）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="理藩院">理藩院</a>（tulergi golo be dasara jurgan、藩部の統括。藩部については後述）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都察院">都察院</a>（uheri be baicara yamun、官僚の監察）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="通政使司 (存在しないページ)">通政使司</a>（dasan be hafumbure yamun、上奏文の検閲）・大理寺（beidere be tuwacihiyara yamun、最高裁判所）がある。</p> <p>地方は皇帝直属である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9C%81_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="省 (行政区分)">省</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="藩部 (存在しないページ)">藩部</a>と満洲人の故地である旗地（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>）とに分かれている。満洲と北京周辺を皇帝直轄地として統治したことからこの領域は<b>中国</b>(満洲語：ドゥリンバイ・グルン、dulimbai gurun)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> と呼ばれた。</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/300px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2762"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/300px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/450px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/600px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> オイラトモンゴルのジャサ・ノヤン </figcaption> </figure> <p>藩部(tulergi golo）はホンタイジが最初に南モンゴルの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チャハル">チャハル</a>部を服属させた時に蒙古衙門（monggo jurgan、もうこがもん）を置いてモンゴルの統治に当たらせたことに始まる。その後、蒙古衙門は理藩院（tulergi golo be dasara yamun）と改名し、北モンゴル・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新疆ウイグル自治区">新疆</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット">チベット</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="青海省">青海</a>を服属させると藩部と総称するようになった。基本的に藩部には土民の旧制を維持し、行政官は当地の実力者をあてて半自治を行わせ、その上から理藩院が管轄するという形を取っている。特にモンゴルに関しては、臣従した諸勢力は八旗制を元にした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%9F%E6%97%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盟旗制度">盟旗制度</a>の元に再編成され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E6%B0%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ボルジギン氏">ボルジギン氏</a>などの王侯をその長である「ジャサク」とし、親王などの爵位を与えその地位は旗王と同格とするなど厚遇され、清を共同統治するという形をとっている。</p> <p>清初期に部隊ごと投降した明の武将<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孔有徳">孔有徳</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="耿仲明">耿仲明</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尚可喜">尚可喜</a>の集団も、八旗と同形式の組織に再編された上で天祐兵・天助兵という独立した軍団として従属し、彼らは三順王と呼ばれ旗王と同格に扱われた。後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉三桂">呉三桂</a>が加わって孔有徳が戦死して脱藩し、三藩となったが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三藩の乱">三藩の乱</a>後はこれらの漢人軍団は解体され八旗漢軍に編入され、三藩の領地は皇帝の直轄領となった。</p> <p>省はほぼ現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a>と同じものが置かれている。直隷（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河北省">河北省</a>）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江蘇省">江蘇省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山西省">山西省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山東省">山東省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河南省">河南省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陝西省">陝西省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%B2%9B%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甘粛省">甘粛省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浙江省">浙江省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江西省">江西省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湖北省">湖北省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湖南省">湖南省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="四川省">四川省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="福建省">福建省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広東省">広東省</a>・広西省（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%81%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広西チワン族自治区">広西チワン族自治区</a>）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雲南省">雲南省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴州省">貴州省</a>の18である（いわゆる「一十八省」）。しかし清末になるとその数が増えることになる。省の下に府（fu）・州（jeo）・県（hiyan）がある。府・州・県の長官はそれぞれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="知府">知府</a>（fu i saraci）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="知州 (存在しないページ)">知州</a>（jeo i saraci）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="知県">知県</a>（hiyan i saraci）と呼ぶ。省の長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="巡撫">巡撫</a>（giyarime dasara amban）と呼ばれ、またそれとは別に複数の省を統括する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="総督">総督</a>（uheri kadalara amban）があり、双方が州の民政・軍事を司っていた。</p> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%88%91%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="提刑按察使司按察使">提刑按察使司按察使</a>」も参照 </div> <p>満洲人の故地である満洲地方については旗地（八旗の土地）とされ省は置かずに、黒竜江将軍（sahaliyan ula i jiyanggiyūn）・吉林将軍（girin i jiyanggiyūn）・盛京将軍（mukden i jiyanggiyūn）らに軍政を行わせて満洲人の軍事力を弱体化させないようにした。またこの地に対する漢人の移住を禁止して、満洲人が漢人に同化してしまわないようにした。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%B2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日露戦争">日露戦争</a>後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1907年">1907年</a>には黒竜江将軍を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黒竜江省">黒竜江行省</a>、吉林将軍を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吉林省">吉林省</a>、盛京将軍を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="奉天省">奉天省</a>とし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東三省総督">東三省総督</a>を新設、しかも華北から大量の漢人農民を移民させている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="満漢偶数官制"><span id=".E6.BA.80.E6.BC.A2.E5.81.B6.E6.95.B0.E5.AE.98.E5.88.B6"></span>満漢偶数官制</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 満漢偶数官制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>清の政治は圧倒的多数である漢人を少数派である満洲人がどうやって統治していくかに気を配っていた。その政策の主眼となるものが満漢偶数官制と呼ばれるものである。ポストをそれぞれ満洲人・漢人が同数になるように配置していく制度である。これには双方の動向を監視させる意味合いもあった。</p> <p>清の官吏のポストはそれぞれ満官缺（満洲人だけが就ける。以下同様）・蒙官缺（モンゴル人）・漢軍官缺（八旗に所属する漢人）・漢官缺（八旗に所属しない漢人）と言う風に分けられていた一方、地方の巡撫・総督は満漢併用であり、その下の知府以下は漢人が多く登用された。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="兵制"><span id=".E5.85.B5.E5.88.B6"></span>兵制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 兵制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清の兵制">清の兵制</a>」を参照 </div> <p>兵制は満洲の軍制である八旗制度（jakūn gūsa）を採用していた。それを補完する形で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E5%96%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="緑営">緑営</a>がある。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E5%96%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="緑営">緑営</a>は明の兵制を解体した後に再編成したもので、各地に分散して配置された。詳しくは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">八旗</a>の項を参照。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>以降は長い平和に八旗は堕落し、また比率的に言うと増加する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>の数に対して役務の数は減少し、加えて農工商業などの副業は禁じられており無役で旗地だけでは彼らは生活が難しいため、経済的にも窮迫して弱体化し、物の役には立たなくなっていた。そういった問題に対し旗人に満洲語の習得や乗馬騎射の訓練などといった「文武両道」を奨励したり、乾隆帝代には漢軍八旗の一部を民籍に移す「漢軍出旗」や、満洲旗人を満洲に帰す政策がとられたが失敗している。</p> <p>その後<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白蓮教徒の乱">白蓮教徒の乱</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AA%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ミャオ族">苗族</a>の乱など国内での反乱が多発するようになると、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%B7%E5%8B%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郷勇">郷勇</a>という義勇兵が八旗に代わって活躍する。反乱鎮圧後には郷勇は郷里へと帰るように命ぜられたが、中には流民が食うために兵士になったものも多く、それらの兵士達は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E5%96%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="緑営">緑営</a>に編入されるか、そうでない者は盗賊化することもあった。</p> <p>その後の太平天国の乱に際しては<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湘軍">湘軍</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="淮軍">淮軍</a>といった有力者による半私兵集団が鎮圧に当たり、軍閥化が進むようになる。これ以降の政府では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E8%97%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="曽国藩">曽国藩</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>といった軍閥の長が権力を握るようになり、軍機処を始めとした中央の官僚の権限は有名無実化した。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="清の行政区画"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E7.94.BB"></span>清の行政区画</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の行政区画" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の行政区画 (存在しないページ)">清の行政区画</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258C%25BA%25E5%2588%2592" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝行政区划">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」を参照 </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Qing_Dynasty_1820.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/300px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/300px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" data-width="300" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/450px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/600px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 清の最大領域（1820年）。濃い黄色の部分は旧<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a>領で漢人居住地である省と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直隷">直隷</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="中国内地">中国内地</a>）、薄い黄色の部分は旗地（つまり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲">満洲</a>)と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンゴル">モンゴル</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウイグル">ウイグル</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット">チベット</a>等の同君連合地域。）以上は清の全土。オレンジ色の部分は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封国">冊封国</a>、ピンク色の部分は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ネルチンスク条約">ネルチンスク条約</a>で外交紛争のある地域、赤点線は中華人民共和国の今の領土だが、他国との係争地も含む。なお、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E5%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="樺太">樺太</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>も全島が領域内として描かれているが、どちらも全域支配には至っていない。 </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r89142196/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/450px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/600px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 嘉慶二十五年（1820年）の行政区画 </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/450px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/600px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 光緒三十四年（1908年）の行政区画 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>清は各地の支配者の臣従を受け同君連合となり、その領土は広い上、各地域の差も大きく、多数の民族を含み、その間柄も良好とは言えなかったため、行政の区割りは画一的な物でなく「因時順地、変通斟酌」として行われた<sup id="cite_ref-一統志序_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%BF%97%E5%BA%8F-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>中心となった満洲人には中央ユーラシア的な「姓長制」である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">八旗制</a>が維持された。各旗人は皇帝の上三旗と皇族である各旗王が分封された下五旗に所属し、北京の内城は旗人（北京八旗）の街とされ、各旗ごとに区画が割り当てられ、さらに満洲→蒙古→漢軍の順で宮城の外側に居住区が設けられた。また要地の警備のために駐防八旗が駐屯した。1645年に西安・南京からはじめて他の主要都市を部分的に占拠していった。合計18カ所の「満城」が各省に設立され、1700年までにそのうち12カ所で、最終的には全ての「満城」において、北京のように旗人のための隔離居住の原則が認められた。駐防地に送られた兵士はその家族をすべて連れていき、現地の漢人から隔離された城壁のなかに住む場所を割り当てられた。</p> <p>畿輔駐防は、直隷駐防とも称され、乾隆帝後期、良郷、昌平、水平、保定等25か所に8000人が駐屯した。東三省駐防は、盛京、吉林、黒龍江駐防に分かれる。盛京駐防は、盛京将軍が統括し、盛京、遼陽、開原等40か所に1万6000人が駐屯した。吉林駐防は、吉林将軍が統括し、兵力は9000人だった。黒龍江駐防の八旗兵とソロン（索倫）兵7000人は、黒龍江将軍が統括した。</p> <p>各省駐防は、山東、山西、河南、江蘇、浙江、四川、福建、広東、湖北、陝西、甘粛等11省の20都市に駐屯し、乾隆帝後期、計4万5000人に達した。各省駐防は、各都市に設けられた将軍又は副都統が管轄し、各省駐防の兵数は300 - 3000人程度だった。</p> <p>新疆駐防は、西域兵とも称され、ジュンガル部、ウイグル部の征服後に設置された。兵数は1万5000人で、イリ将軍が統括した。</p> <p>皇帝直轄領であり漢人の多い旧明領は明の制度を引き継ぎ、「省—府—県」の三段階からなる制度が敷かれた<sup id="cite_ref-清史稿地理一_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%B8%80-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。旧明領の漢人以外の民族には有力者に土司の地位を与え統治させた<sup id="cite_ref-清史稿東北_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="藩部 (存在しないページ)">藩部</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%2583%25A8" class="extiw" title="zh:藩部">中国語版</a>）</span></span>では現地の事情を踏まえると共に中央集権の強化も図られた。</p> <p>臣下としたモンゴルでは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%9F%E6%97%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盟旗制度">旗盟制</a>を整備し、モンゴル王侯に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ジャサク">ジャサク</a>（札薩克）の地位を与えて遊牧地を与えた。保護国であるチベットではダライ・ラマのガンデンポタンの自治により地方行政単位として、規模により大中小の3等級に分類されるゾン(rdzong)（清代の営、民国の県に相当）を設置、さらにその下方単位として国家直属・貴族領・寺院領の三種からなるシカ(gzhis ka)を置いた。</p> <p>新疆では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イリ将軍">イリ将軍</a>の配下に、イリ・タルバガタイ・カシュガルに駐屯する3名の参賛大臣が置かれ、ウルムチには、ウルムチ都統が置かれた。これらの下には、弁事大臣・領隊大臣等の役職が設けられ、それぞれ各オアシス都市の統治を行った。各地方の末端行政は現地人有力者に委ねられ、早くから清朝に服属したハミやトゥルファンの支配者らにはジャサク制が適用され、爵位が与えられモンゴル人貴族と同様の特権が付与された。またタリム盆地の各オアシス都市の支配者に対しても清朝の官職が与えられ、自治を行わせるベグ官人制が行われ、在地の社会構造がそのまま温存された。</p> <p>全国は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="内地十八省 (存在しないページ)">内地十八省</a>と、<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%A7%90%E9%98%B2%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="駐防将軍 (存在しないページ)">駐防将軍</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A9%25BB%25E9%2598%25B2%25E5%25B0%2586%25E5%2586%259B" class="extiw" title="zh:驻防将军">中国語版</a>）</span></span>の5管区、<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%A7%90%E7%AE%9A%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="駐箚大臣 (存在しないページ)">駐箚大臣</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A7%2590%25E5%258A%2584%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2587%25A3" class="extiw" title="zh:駐劄大臣">中国語版</a>）</span></span>の2管区とあわせて25の行政区画と、内モンゴルなどの旗・盟に分けられ、それぞれの地域の接触を厳しく制限した。それぞれの地域を監督し、正式に行き来出来たのは八旗官僚のみであり、科挙の上位合格者を除き漢人科挙官僚は旧明領の統治にのみ用いられた。満洲語は各地に派遣された八旗官僚と中央との連絡に用いられた。</p> <p>清の末期、列強の進出や漢人の藩部への流出が強まる情勢下で、各地の旧行政制度では有効な統治を行えなくなってきた。そのため、このころには清朝は「満洲人とモンゴル人の同盟が漢人を支配し、チベットとイスラムを保護する」という体制から皇族と漢人有力者や知識人とによる「満漢連合政権」となっており、漢族有力者を用いて立て直しを図ったため光緒年間には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新疆省">新疆</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="奉天省">奉天</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吉林省">吉林</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黒竜江省">黒竜江</a>が相次いで省となり、内地と同様の行政制度を敷き中央集権化が図られ、それらの巡部など主要な役職は漢人によって占められた。そのため次第に外藩部では清朝の支配を受け入れていた要因自体が薄れていった。光緒三十四年（1908年）には清は22省と、チベット・外モンゴル・内モンゴル・青海などの地方となった。モンゴルとチベットも省にする案があったがモンゴルは独立し、チベットは支配強化のため侵攻中に辛亥革命が勃発し、清が崩壊したため実行されなかった。中華民国の成立後もモンゴルやチベットは中華民国の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="宗主権">宗主権</a>を認めず、それぞれロシアとイギリスを頼って実質的な独立状態を保った。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="内地の行政区画"><span id=".E5.86.85.E5.9C.B0.E3.81.AE.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E7.94.BB"></span>内地の行政区画</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 内地の行政区画" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="内地十八省 (存在しないページ)">内地十八省</a>」を参照 </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国本土">中国本土</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="中国内地">中国内地</a>」も参照 </div> <p>清の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山海関">山海関</a>の「内側」である、長城以南の漢人の多い地域は「内地」、「関内」または「漢地」と呼ばれ、明代の「両直十三省」の呼称を受け継いで「直省」と呼ばれていた。内地の行政区画は明代の「省―府（州）―県」の三段階からなる階級体制を受け継いでいる。一番上、一級政区は省で「行省」と俗称された。布政使司と呼ばれていたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="布政使">布政使</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9D%A3%E6%92%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="督撫">督撫</a>の属官になっていくにつれて、「布政使司」の名称は省に取って代わられていった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6_(%E6%B8%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嘉慶 (清)">嘉慶</a>年間に『一統志』が編纂された時には「省」は一級政区の正式な称号となっていた。その下、二級政区は府と直隷州があった。（直隷州と違って）府の下にある三級政区である州（散州、属州）の下に県が付くことはなかった。つまり、単式の三級制となっていた。清初年には臨時の役人だった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="巡撫">巡撫</a>が布政使に代わって省の長官になった。一部の民族の雑居地や戦略的要地には、新しい政区の「庁」が置かれ、それは省直轄の直隷庁と府の下にある散庁があった。少数の直隷庁の下には県があった。</p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">省／<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="布政使司">布政使司</a><br> （行省）</span></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%93%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道員">道</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直隷州">直隷州</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府 (行政区画)">府</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%81_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庁 (行政区画)">直隷庁</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td> <td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td> <td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="県">県</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="散州">散州</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="県">県</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%81_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庁 (行政区画)">散庁</a></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td> </tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="行省"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E7.9C.81"></span>行省</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 行省" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>行省の設置については、清は明代の両京と十三布政使司を基本的に踏襲して、山東・山西・河南・陝西・浙江・福建・江西・広東・広西・湖広・四川・雲南・貴州の13省を置いた。順治元年（1644年）に北京を都と定め、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>は留都（旧都）となった<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。二年（1645年）に北直隷を直隷省に、南直隷を江南省にした。康熙三年（1664年）、湖広を湖北と湖南の二省にした。康熙六年（1667年）、江南省は正式に江蘇と安徽の二省にした。康熙七年、甘粛省が設立され、これによっていわゆる「内地十八省」が定まった<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; color: inherit; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B7%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="直隷省">直隷省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江蘇省">江蘇省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安徽省">安徽省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山西省">山西省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山東省">山東省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河南省">河南省</a></li> </ul><p></p></td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陝西省">陝西省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%B2%9B%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甘粛省">甘粛省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浙江省">浙江省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江西省">江西省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湖北省">湖北省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="湖南省">湖南省</a></li> </ul><p></p></td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="四川省">四川省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="福建省">福建省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広東省">広東省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%83%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="広西省 (清) (存在しないページ)">広西省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雲南省">雲南省</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴州省">貴州省</a></li> </ul><p></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="清の経済"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E3.81.AE.E7.B5.8C.E6.B8.88"></span>清の経済</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清の経済" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の経済 (存在しないページ)">清の経済</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%25BB%258F%25E6%25B5%258E" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝经济">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%A4%E9%87%8F%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秤量貨幣">秤量貨幣</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="銀">銀</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E7%94%A8%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="信用貨幣">信用貨幣</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="銅銭">銅銭</a>の併用であり、銀は主に税金、八旗への給与、対外貿易に用いられ、銅銭は国内の商取引に用いられた。明代後期から出現した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%B7%E7%B4%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郷紳">郷紳</a>層による地方支配、外国産の銀の流通による経済の発達、良質な銅銭普及による対銀レートの高騰とそれによる八旗の困窮、銀東アジア交易網の隆盛などが明後期から清前期の特徴として挙げられる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="農業の発展と人口爆発"><span id=".E8.BE.B2.E6.A5.AD.E3.81.AE.E7.99.BA.E5.B1.95.E3.81.A8.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E7.88.86.E7.99.BA"></span>農業の発展と人口爆発</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 農業の発展と人口爆発" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">北宋</a>代に1億を超えたと言われる人口は増減を繰り返し、順治帝期の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1651%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1651年">1651年</a>の戸籍登録人口は約5300万、康熙帝期の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1685%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1685年">1685年</a>には約1億1000万、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1700%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1700年">1700年</a>に1億5000万、乾隆帝期の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1765%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1765年">1765年</a>には2億、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1770%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1770年">1770年</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1780%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1780年">1780年</a>にかけて2億8000万、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1790%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1790年">1790年</a>に3億、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>前半のアヘン戦争直前の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1833%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1833年">1833年</a>に4億を突破した（数字は全て推定）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人90-91_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA90-91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>この人口の爆発的増加の最大の理由は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陸">新大陸</a>原産の作物<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トウモロコシ">トウモロコシ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%84%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サツマイモ">サツマイモ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラッカセイ">落花生</a>などが導入されたことにある。これらは水がそれほど豊富でなくとも痩せた土地で育つ作物であり、それまで灌漑が不可能なるがゆえに見放されていた山地に漢人が進出できるようになった。また、当時の農業が労働集約的であり、生産性向上のために小作人を低賃金で大量に雇った方が利益を得られやすいという観点から、地主階級が貧しい農民の人口が増えることを歓迎していたことも、人口増加の背景となった<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人93_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA93-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。溢れる人口は領内だけでは収めきれず、満洲・モンゴル・青海と言った本来漢人の居住地ではない所にも進出し、牧草地や山地を農地に変えていった。更に陸地だけでも収まり切らず、明代から出現していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="華人">華人</a>が激増することになる。</p> <p>これらの漢人の進出は多くの場合、現地の民族との摩擦を引き起こし、時に現地の民族の経済的没落を招くことになった。これに不満を持ったモンゴル人・苗族などは何度か反乱を起こすが、数の圧力には逆らえず次第に勢力を減退させていった。また鄭一族の降伏により版図に入った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>にも数多くが進出し、開発が進む一方で原住民達は山間部に追いやられていった。その中で清の故地である満洲は満洲人の保護の意味から漢人の移住を禁止していたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>末になって、この地方にロシアの圧力がかかってくるようになると領土権の保持と防衛のために禁を解除し、この地も漢人の農地が広がることになる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="税制"><span id=".E7.A8.8E.E5.88.B6"></span>税制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 税制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>清初には税制も明から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E9%9E%AD%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一条鞭法">一条鞭法</a>を引き継いでいたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%81%E9%8A%80%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="地丁銀制">地丁銀制</a>に切り替えた。これはそれまでが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD%E7%A8%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人頭税">人頭税</a>（人丁）・土地税（地丁）の二本立てであった税を土地税一本にするものである。それまでは郷紳勢力には免税特権が与えられており、また人頭税逃れのために戸籍に登録しようとしない者も多く、これらの対策のために完全に土地による税制に切り替えたのである。この制度が行われた後には隠す必要が無くなった人々が戸籍に登録されるようになり、前述の人口増加はこれが原因の一端と見られている。それと共に戸籍制度もそれまでの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%94%B2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="里甲制">里甲制</a>から変えて、新しく作り直した。こうした政策によって、清朝中ごろまでは円滑に、あるいは曲がりなりにも税制は機能したが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アヘン戦争">アヘン戦争</a>前後より貿易不均衡により清からの銀の流出は著しくなり、これが清国内での銀価格を吊り上げ、反対に銅銭や穀物の相場は相対的に低下した。結果的に、銀納を義務付けられた庶民の納税の負担は上昇して、困窮、清の衰退の主因の一つになった。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="商業"><span id=".E5.95.86.E6.A5.AD"></span>商業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 商業" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>明代から引き続いて全国的に手工業が大いに盛んであり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9%E7%B9%94%E7%89%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹織物">絹織物</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E7%B9%94%E7%89%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="綿織物">綿織物</a>に加えて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%89%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鉄">鉄</a>の加工販売が盛んとなり、増大する人口と農地に必要な農具が大量に作られていた。だが、清朝初期には海禁政策の影響で海外からの銀の流入が止まって、極端な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="デフレーション">デフレ</a>状態に陥って「銀荒穀賤」と呼ばれて民衆は勿論、有力者の中にも破綻するものが相次いだ。この傾向は鄭氏政権の崩壊によって海禁政策が緩和されるとともに落ち着くようになる。三藩の乱後は良質な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清朝銭">銅銭</a>の普及に力を入れたため、銅銭の信用が増し広く流通するようになり、銅銭の供給量が増えているにもかかわらず対銀レートが高騰する銭貴という状態になった。これは俸給を銀で受け取り、銅銭に換金して生活必需品を購入していた旗人達に打撃を与え後の困窮に繋がる要因の一つとなった。</p> <p>そして商業も非常に活発となり、それに伴い商業システムの発展が随所に見られる。典舗・当舗と呼ばれる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%B1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="質屋">質屋</a>は貸付・預金業を行い、独自に銀と兌換が出来る銀票を発行した。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%82%BA%E6%9B%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="為替">為替</a>業務を行う票号という機関もあった。これらの中心となっていたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA" title="山西省">山西商人</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山西省">山西省</a>出身）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新安商人">新安商人</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>出身）と呼ばれる商人の集団で、山西商人などは豊富な資金を背景に皇族とも密接に関わり、政府資金の運用にも関わっていたと言われる。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 文化" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png/220px-K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png/220px-K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png/330px-K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png/440px-K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 康熙字典 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Chinese_musicians.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chinese_musicians.jpg/220px-Chinese_musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chinese_musicians.jpg/220px-Chinese_musicians.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chinese_musicians.jpg/330px-Chinese_musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chinese_musicians.jpg/440px-Chinese_musicians.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 音楽家 </figcaption> </figure> <p>後金から清成立時にはモンゴル文字から満洲文字が作られ、歴史記録の編纂が始まった。この初期の記録は後に20世紀初に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%97%A4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内藤湖南">内藤湖南</a>により発見され、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%96%87%E8%80%81%E6%A1%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満文老档">満文老档</a>」と名付けられている。</p> <p>順治帝は漢文化に傾倒したことで有名であり、康熙・雍正・乾隆の三世はいずれも類稀な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="文人">文人</a>でもある。しかしそのことは文化の保護に繋がらず、逆に弾圧に繋がった。異民族支配による文人達の反抗を抑えるために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E7%8D%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文字の獄">文字の獄</a>と呼ばれる厳しい弾圧を行い、幾人もの文人が死罪になっている。初期清朝は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八旗">満洲旗人</a>達の教育に有用な漢籍を「官書」として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>訳して読ませたり、旗人達に漢字の習得を義務化した。</p> <p>清初期ではイエズス会の宣教師等を通じて数理天文学、数学、測量技術、医学、解剖学等の西洋科学の導入が進んだ。使用言語に関してはフランス語等の西洋諸語から漢語文言文（漢文）、西洋諸語から満洲語に訳されたものが漢語文言文へという流れが存在した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フェルディナント・フェルビースト">フェルディナント・フェルビースト</a>は満洲語を習得し康熙帝に進講している。</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/200px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="1025"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 369px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/200px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="369" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/300px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/400px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 「御製五体清文鑑」の一部。上から満洲語、チベット語、チベット語の発音を満洲文字で示したもの、モンゴル語、ウイグル語（アラビア文字表記）、ウイグル語の発音を満洲文字で示したもの、漢文 </figcaption> </figure> <p>上記三世の皇帝は康熙期の『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙字典">康熙字典</a>』、乾隆期の『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="四庫全書">四庫全書</a>』などの文化事業を行ったが、それは同時に政府の近くに文人達を集めることによる言論統制の意味があった。</p> <p>一方で満洲語を習得している満洲八旗が減少していることを危惧し、特に乾隆帝の勅命により1787-94年（乾隆52-59）ごろに満洲語、チベット語、モンゴル語、ウイグル語（アラビア文字表記）、漢語に対応した辞書の「御製五体清文鑑」 (han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe) が編纂された。</p> <p>清の文化は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベトナム">越南</a>に多大な影響を与えている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="思想"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>思想</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 思想" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>厳しい思想統制が行われる中で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%80%83%E8%A8%BC%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="考証学">考証学</a>と呼ばれる新しい分野が生まれた。</p> <p>これは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="聖人">聖人</a>の教えを精釈して、忠実な思想を受け継ごうというものである。具体的にはそれまでの主観的に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9B%B8%E4%BA%94%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="四書五経">四書五経</a>を読み解いている（と考えられる）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朱子学">朱子学</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陽明学">陽明学</a>を批判して、過去の経書に遡って解釈を行うこととなる。そして最も重視されたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a>代のものである。</p> <p>考証学では全ての経書に細密な考証が加えられ、その結果、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孔子">孔子</a>の子孫の家の壁から現れたと言う『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="尚書">古文尚書</a>』が後に作られた偽作であると判明した。このようにそれまで絶対視されてきた経書にも疑問が投げかけられ、儒教自体が相対化されることになる。</p> <p>また史書・地理志にも考証学の技法が用いられて、それらの誤脱を見極めて正しい事柄を見極めようとした。この分野では『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%AE%9A%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二十二史箚記">二十二史箚記</a>』の著者<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E7%BF%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="趙翼">趙翼</a>が有名である。</p> <p>しかしこの分野は政府による文字の獄の中で次第に政府を刺激するような物は避けられるようになった。確かに研究の上では非常に大きな成果をもたらしたが、技術のための技術へとなってしまい、純粋な学問となってしまったとの批判がある。日本では学問が浮世離れしていてもごく普通に感じるかもしれないが、中国では学問とは何よりも政治のためのものであって、現実世界に寄与しない学問は無意味であるとの考え方が強い。これらの批判を受けた学者達は『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E4%BC%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春秋公羊伝">春秋公羊伝</a>』を経典とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊学">公羊学</a>を行うようになる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="文学"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6"></span>文学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 文学" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の文学 (存在しないページ)">清の文学</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25A6" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝文学">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」を参照 </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg/200px-Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="318"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 242px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg/200px-Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 紅楼夢の挿絵 </figcaption> </figure> <p>清代に入り、それまでの中国的な文人像が相対化されたことでそれまではこれをしなければ文人にあらずと思われていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%A9%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢詩">漢詩</a>の分野もまた相対化されて、必須のものではなくなった。もちろん多数の作者により、多数の作品が作られており、全体的には高いレベルにあったが、しかし飛び抜けた天才・名作は無い。</p> <p>一方、明代から引き継いで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小説">小説</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%AF%E6%9B%B2_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戯曲 (中国)">戯曲</a>の大衆文化は盛んであり、小説では『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E6%96%8E%E5%BF%97%E7%95%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="聊斎志異">聊斎志異</a>』『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%A5%BC%E5%A4%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紅楼夢">紅楼夢</a>』、戯曲では『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%BF_(%E6%88%AF%E6%9B%B2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長生殿 (戯曲)">長生殿伝奇</a>』『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A1%83%E8%8A%B1%E6%89%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="桃花扇">桃花扇伝奇</a>』などが作られている。それまでは俗と考えられていたこの分野もこの時代になるとそうは捉えられなくなり、官僚層の間でも小説を評価する動きが出てきた。</p> <p>現代中国で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通話">普通話</a>のもととなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京語">北京語</a>が成立したのも清代である。本来北京周辺で話されていた言葉と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲語">満洲語</a>の語彙が混じり合ったものとなったため、北京語は他の方言とは異なる特徴を持つ言葉となった。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="美術"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E8.A1.93"></span>美術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 美術" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>絵画の分野では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イエズス会">イエズス会</a>士<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BC%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジュゼッペ・カスティリオーネ">ジュゼッペ・カスティリオーネ</a>（郎世寧）によってもたらされた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E8%BF%91%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遠近法">遠近法</a>を取り入れた新しい絵画の誕生が見られる。また明初の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%BF%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="石濤">石濤</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="八大山人">八大山人</a>といった明の遺民たちは清に対する抵抗を絵に描き表した。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%A3%81%E5%99%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶磁器">陶磁器</a>の分野では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%BE%B3%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="景徳鎮">景徳鎮</a>は陶磁器生産の大工場としての地位を保っており、明代から引き継いで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%99%B6%E7%A3%81%E5%99%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の陶磁器">赤絵</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E4%BB%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="染付">染付</a>などの生産が行われた。しかし乾隆以降はこれらは急速に下火になり、質的にも大きく劣ると評価される。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>にある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="瀋陽故宮">清の旧王宮</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E3%81%A8%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%98%8E%E3%83%BB%E6%B8%85%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京と瀋陽の明・清王朝皇宮">北京と瀋陽の明・清王朝皇宮</a>として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世界遺産">世界遺産</a>に登録されている。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="国際関係"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E9.96.A2.E4.BF.82"></span>国際関係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国際関係" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="清の外交 (存在しないページ)">清の外交</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25A4%2596%25E4%25BA%25A4" class="extiw" title="zh:清朝外交">中国語版</a>）</span></span>」を参照 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="前期"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E6.9C.9F"></span>前期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 前期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>明代の1543年にポルトガル人が日本の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="種子島">種子島</a>に漂着して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%B8%84%E9%8A%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="火縄銃">火縄銃</a>と引き換えに日本銀を得るようになるが（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%9B%AE%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南蛮貿易">南蛮貿易</a>）、同時に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="銀">銀</a>需要の増大した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a>のために、日本銀を中国生糸と交換し<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、この利益を得るため1557年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マカオ">マカオ</a>に拠点を設立しており、明皇帝が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>撃退のために公布した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="海禁">渡航禁止令</a>の対象からも除外されていた<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>清朝はすでに後金時代にモンゴルの諸部族を併合し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李氏朝鮮">朝鮮</a>に朝貢させており、清軍が華南に進むにつれて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="琉球諸島">琉球</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マカオ">マカオ</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポルトガル">ポルトガル</a>人、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベトナム">ベトナム</a>（安南）が朝貢してきた。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉三桂">呉三桂</a>が南明の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%9A%A6%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永暦帝">永暦帝</a>を追って<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雲南省">雲南</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ミャンマー">ビルマ</a>に入った。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三藩の乱">三藩の乱</a>や台湾<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9_(%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鄭氏政権 (台湾)">鄭氏政権</a>の抵抗のため、海上からの朝貢は鄭氏が投降するまで本格的に始まらなかった。</p> <p>その後、広州などを開放して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東南アジア">東南アジア</a>諸国や英仏などとの交易を許した。特にタイの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A6%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アユタヤ王朝">アユタヤ王朝</a>は清朝の要請を受けて、タイ米を広東や福建に輸出した。清朝は明朝と違い、厳格な海禁政策は取らなかった。日本の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江戸幕府">江戸幕府</a>は朝貢してこなかったので外交関係はなかったが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長崎貿易">長崎貿易</a>は許されていた。ただし、日本漂流民の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B0%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%B3%E8%A1%9B%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="国田兵右衛門 (存在しないページ)">国田兵右衛門</a>ら15人が清国に流れ着いた時は、日本に帰国させている。これは明の遺民が日本に亡命しており、牽制の意味も持っていた。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><br> 欧州との関係についていえば、マカオ経由で入国したイエズス会員ら<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カトリック教会">カトリック</a>宣教師が明末以来引き続き北京に滞在し、主に科学技術や芸術技能をもって朝廷に仕えていた。1793年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリス">イギリス</a>の<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E4%BD%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="マカートニー使節団 (存在しないページ)">マカートニー使節団</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macartney_Embassy" class="extiw" title="en:Macartney Embassy">英語版</a>）</span></span>が渡来した。また、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オランダ東インド会社">オランダ東インド会社</a>も何回か使節団を派遣しているが、1794年から1795年にかけて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>在位60年を祝う使節団を派遣した。このときの正使は1779年には元<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="出島">出島</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E5%95%86%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オランダ商館">オランダ商館</a>長でのちに同社総督となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イサーク・ティチング">イサーク・ティチング</a>であった<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>北辺ではシベリアに進出した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア帝国">ロシア</a>がアムール川左岸に到達すると、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ネルチンスク条約">ネルチンスク条約</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1727%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キャフタ条約 (1727年)">キャフタ条約</a>によって清露国境が定められ、ロシアは満洲から追放された。しかし後にロシアはアムール川開発を目指して満洲に進攻することとなる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="後期"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E6.9C.9F"></span>後期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 後期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/250px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="4267"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 342px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/250px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="342" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/375px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/500px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 中国（CHINE）と書かれたパイが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%BC%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="列強">列強</a>により分割されている風刺画（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アンリ・メイエ">アンリ・メイエ</a>作、1898年）。人物は前列の左からそれぞれ、イギリス・ドイツ・ロシア・フランス・日本を表し、後列の手を挙げている人物は、清を示している。 </figcaption> </figure> <p>19世紀に入るとそれまで世界最大の経済大国だった清と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="産業革命">産業革命</a>が進む欧米の力関係が逆転し、特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナポレオン戦争">ナポレオン戦争</a>後の世界の覇権を握ったイギリスを中心として侵略が開始され、後発のドイツ、フランス、ロシア、日本もこれに加わった。その結果、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アヘン戦争">アヘン戦争</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アロー戦争">アロー戦争</a>によって不平等条約を結ばされ、外国商品の流入によって勃興しつつあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%A0%B4%E5%88%B6%E6%89%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="工場制手工業">工場制手工業</a>に大きな被害を受けた。</p> <p>さらに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%8F%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清仏戦争">清仏戦争</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日清戦争">日清戦争</a>、と相次ぐ戦争によって次々と冊封国を失い、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封体制">冊封体制</a>に基づく東アジアの伝統的な国際秩序は崩れた。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="義和団の乱">義和団の乱</a>が起こり、列強による勢力分割や主要な港湾の租借が行なわれ、半植民地化が進んだ。</p> <p>そのため朝鮮に対しては、1882年に壬午事変が起こると、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソウル特別市">漢城</a>を占領したうえで、不平等条約である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9D%E5%95%86%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中朝商民水陸貿易章程">中朝商民水陸貿易章程</a>を締結させ、租界を設けるなど清の一部にしようとしていた。下関条約後には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%9F%93%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中韓通商条約 (存在しないページ)">中韓通商条約</a>で対等条約が結ばれたものの、租界は手放さなかった。</p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="新清史"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E6.B8.85.E5.8F.B2"></span>新清史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 新清史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Qing_History" class="extiw" title="en:New Qing History">en:New Qing History</a>」も参照 </div> <p>新清史は1990年代半ばに始まる歴史学的傾向であり、清王朝の満洲人王朝としての性質を強調している。以前の歴史観では中国の歴史家を中心に漢人の力を強調し、清は中華王朝として満洲人と漢人が同化したこと、つまり「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国化">漢化</a>」が大きな役割を果たしたとされていた。しかし1980年代から1990年代初頭にかけて、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハーバード大学">ハーバード大学</a>の<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Elliott_(historian)" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Elliott (historian)">マーク・エリオット</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E7%94%B0%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岡田英弘">岡田英弘</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杉山正明">杉山正明</a>などの日本やアメリカの学者たち<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>は満洲語やモンゴル語、チベット語やロシア語等の漢字文献以外の文献と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フィールドワーク">実地研究</a>を重視し、満洲人は満洲語や伝統である騎射を保ち、それぞれの地域で異なった体制で統治していたため長期的支配が行えたとし、中華王朝よりも中央ユーラシア的な体制を強調している。満洲人の母語はアルタイ系言語である満洲語であったこと、広大な領域を有した領土の4分の3が非漢字圏であったことなど「清朝は秦・漢以来の中国王朝の伝統を引き継ぐ最後の中華王朝である」という一般に流布している視点は正確ではないとしており<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE清朝とは何か_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、中華王朝という意味の中国はあくまで清の一部であり清は中国ではないとしている。</p> <p>中国国内では「新清史」の学術的成果は認められつつあるものの、「漢化」を否定する主張については反対が根強くある。2016年においても劉文鵬が「内陸亜洲視野下的“新清史”研究」で「『新清史』は内陸アジアという地理的、文化的概念を政治的概念に置き換えたことにより<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民族">中国の多民族的国家の正統性</a>を批判している」としていることからも、現在の中国においては新清史の学術的価値は認められつつも、その主張には依然として反対する流れに変化は無いようである<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 2023年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>で新清史の作品を積極的に翻訳し公刊していた八旗文化出版の編集長・富察（フーチャー）氏が中華人民共和国の当局に拘束されている。</p> <p>なお「新清史」は、2003年に中国国務院によって承認された新清史とは無関係である。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="清朝を題材にした作品"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.E3.82.92.E9.A1.8C.E6.9D.90.E3.81.AB.E3.81.97.E3.81.9F.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>清朝を題材にした作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 清朝を題材にした作品" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="小説"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E8.AA.AC"></span>小説</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 小説" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%A5%E8%99%8E%E8%94%B5%E9%BE%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="臥虎蔵龍">臥虎蔵龍</a>』（1938年 - 1942年中華民国、著：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%BA%A6%E5%BB%AC&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="王度廬 (存在しないページ)">王度廬</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%89%A3%E6%81%A9%E4%BB%87%E9%8C%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="書剣恩仇録">書剣恩仇録</a>』（1969年 - 1972年香港、著：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%BA%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金庸">金庸</a>） ※映画・TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E8%A1%80%E5%89%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="碧血剣">碧血剣</a>』（1956年香港、著：金庸） ※TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1%E9%A3%9B%E7%8B%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雪山飛狐">雪山飛狐</a>』（1959年香港、著：金庸） ※映画・TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%8B%90%E5%A4%96%E4%BC%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="飛狐外伝">飛狐外伝</a>』（1960年 - 1961年香港、著：金庸） ※映画・TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%B4%9B%E9%B4%A6%E5%88%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鴛鴦刀">鴛鴦刀</a>』（1961年香港、著：金庸）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%BC%8E%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鹿鼎記">鹿鼎記</a>』（1969年 - 1972年香港、著：金庸）※映画・TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9D%82%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E9%9B%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="坂の上の雲">坂の上の雲</a>』（1968年 - 1972年日本、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝春秋社">文藝春秋社</a>刊、著：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%BC%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="司馬遼太郎">司馬遼太郎</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E7%96%BE%E9%A2%A8%E9%8C%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韃靼疾風録">韃靼疾風録</a>』（1984年 - 1987年日本、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中公文庫">中公文庫</a>刊、著：司馬遼太郎）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%92%BC%E7%A9%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%98%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蒼穹の昴">蒼穹の昴</a>』（1996年日本、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社">講談社</a>刊、著：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E7%94%B0%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浅田次郎">浅田次郎</a>） ※TVドラマ化されている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="珍妃の井戸">珍妃の井戸</a>』（1997年日本、講談社刊、著：浅田次郎）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%99%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中原の虹">中原の虹</a>』（2006年 - 2007年日本、講談社刊、著：浅田次郎）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="マンチュリアン・レポート (存在しないページ)">マンチュリアン・レポート</a>』（2010年日本、講談社刊、著：浅田次郎）</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="漫画"><span id=".E6.BC.AB.E7.94.BB"></span>漫画</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 漫画" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%BC%9D%E3%81%BE%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一輝まんだら">一輝まんだら</a>』（1974年 - 1975年日本、講談社・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大都社">大都社</a>刊、作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%A1%9A%E6%B2%BB%E8%99%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="手塚治虫">手塚治虫</a>） ※未完作品</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%95%AA!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華一番!">中華一番!</a>』（1995年 - 1999年日本、講談社刊、作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%A6%E5%8F%B8_(%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小川悦司 (漫画家)">小川悦司</a>） ※TVアニメ、実写ドラマ化もされている。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%83%85%E6%9B%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="花情曲">花情曲</a>』（1991年 - 1998年日本、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="角川書店">角川書店</a>刊、作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="皇なつき">皇なつき</a>）</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="映像"><span id=".E6.98.A0.E5.83.8F"></span>映像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 映像" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%BC%93-KAMIYUMI-?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神弓-KAMIYUMI-">神弓-KAMIYUMI-</a>』（2011年韓国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="キム・ハンミン (存在しないページ)">キム・ハンミン</a>）　※劇中の満洲人が満洲語を使用している。</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E3%83%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E3%81%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天皇・皇后と日清戦争">天皇・皇后と日清戦争</a>』（1958年日本、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E6%9C%A8%E9%8F%A1%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="並木鏡太郎">並木鏡太郎</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E3%81%AE55%E6%97%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北京の55日">北京の55日</a>』（1963年アメリカ、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ニコラス・レイ">ニコラス・レイ</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%88%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="少林寺三十六房">少林寺三十六房</a>』（1978年香港、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラウ・カーリョン">ラウ・カーリョン</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC_%E9%85%94%E6%8B%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドランクモンキー酔拳">酔拳シリーズ</a>』（1978年、1994年香港、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ユエン・ウーピン">ユエン・ウーピン</a>、ラウ・カーリョン）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西太后 (映画)">西太后</a>』（1984年中華人民共和国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BF%B0%E7%A5%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李翰祥">李翰祥</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清朝皇帝 (映画)">清朝皇帝</a>』（1987年中華人民共和国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E9%9E%8D%E8%8F%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="許鞍華">許鞍華</a>、原作：金庸）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89_(1997%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="阿片戦争 (1997年の映画) (存在しないページ)">阿片戦争</a>』（1997年中華人民共和国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="謝晋">謝晋</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラストエンペラー">ラストエンペラー</a>』（1987年<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イタリア">イタリア</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリス">イギリス</a>・中国合作、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベルナルド・ベルトルッチ">ベルナルド・ベルトルッチ</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ワンス・アポン・ア・タイム・イン・チャイナ">ワンス・アポン・ア・タイム・イン・チャイナ</a>シリーズ』（1991年-1997年中華人民共和国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ツイ・ハーク">ツイ・ハーク</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サモ・ハン・キンポー">サモ・ハン・キンポー</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍正王朝">雍正王朝</a>』（1999年中華人民共和国、監督：胡攻、原作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二月河">二月河</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="康熙王朝">康熙王朝</a>』（2001年中華人民共和国、監督：陳家林、原作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二月河">二月河</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾隆王朝">乾隆王朝</a>』（2003年中華人民共和国、監督：葉大鷹、原作：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二月河">二月河</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="グリーン・デスティニー">グリーン・デスティニー</a>』（2000年中国・香港・台湾・アメリカ合作、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アン・リー">アン・リー</a>、原作：王度廬）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E5%90%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="走向共和">走向共和</a>』（2003年中華人民共和国<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8F%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国中央電視台">CCTV</a>、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E9%BB%8E_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="張黎 (映画監督) (存在しないページ)">チャン・リー</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPIRIT_(2006%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SPIRIT (2006年の映画)">SPIRIT</a>』（2006年香港、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロニー・ユー">ロニー・ユー</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87%E3%81%AE%E7%BE%A9%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孫文の義士団">孫文の義士団</a>』（2009年香港・中国合作、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="テディ・チャン">テディ・チャン</a>）</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%92%BC%E7%A9%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%98%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蒼穹の昴">蒼穹の昴</a>』（2010年日本・中国合作、監督：<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%AA%E4%BF%8A&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="汪俊 (存在しないページ)">汪俊</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B1%25AA%25E4%25BF%258A" class="extiw" title="zh:汪俊">中国語版</a>）</span></span>（ワン・チュン））</li> <li>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="馬医">馬医</a>』（2012年韓国、監督：<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イ・ビョンフン">イ・ビョンフン</a>）</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 脚注" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> [<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:脚注/読者向け"><span title="この欄の操作法">脚注の使い方</span></a>] </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="注釈"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.88"></span>注釈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 注釈" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">光緒末年から宣統改元に作成され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%86%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="篆書体">篆書体</a>で「<span lang="zh-hant">大清帝國之璽</span>」と書かれている。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">五行相克では、 <ul> <li>木徳→土徳→水徳→火徳→金徳→（木徳に戻る）</li> </ul> 「水克火（水は火に克つ）」となる。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">大清皇帝に即位し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="崇徳">崇徳</a>と改元。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">一旦「祺祥」と公布されたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%89%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="辛酉政変">辛酉政変</a>のため改元前に同治と変更された。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004年">2004年</a>、愛新覚羅家より廟号「恭宗」、諡号「愍皇帝」が追贈された。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">清朝の滅亡後は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1924%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1924年">1924年</a>の優待条件修正案公布まで紫禁城内でのみ使用。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">日本銀は16世紀中期以降、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%A6%8B%E9%8A%80%E5%B1%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="石見銀山">石見銀山</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%86%E9%A6%AC%E9%8A%80%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="但馬銀山 (存在しないページ)">但馬銀山</a>などでの生産が急増し、16世紀後半には1200〜1300トン、17世紀前半には2400トンの銀が中国に流れた<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。南蛮貿易はのち、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%A4%E5%A0%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安平古堡">安平古堡</a>と長崎の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="出島">出島</a>を拠点とする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロテスタント">プロテスタント</a>勢力の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オランダ東インド会社">オランダ東インド会社</a>に引き継がれた。その後の江戸には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蘭学">蘭学</a>は広まったが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%BC%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フリントロック式">フリントロック式</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%87%A7%E7%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="燧石">燧石</a>銃）はほとんど輸入されなかった。</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="出典"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.B8"></span>出典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 出典" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JBpress3-3">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JBpress3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JBpress3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation news"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E7%92%90%E7%BE%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="譚璐美">譚璐美</a> (2021年6月23日). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623060906/https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/65762?page%3D3">“狙いは民族抹消、中国が「教育改革」称してモンゴル人に同化政策”</a>. <i><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JBpress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JBpress">JBpress</a></i> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本ビジネスプレス">日本ビジネスプレス</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/65762?page%3D3">オリジナル</a>の2021年6月23日時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623060906/https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/65762?page%3D3">https://web.archive.org/web/20210623060906/https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/65762?page=3</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E7%8B%99%E3%81%84%E3%81%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%8A%B9%E6%B6%88%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E3%80%8D%E7%A7%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJBpress%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E8%AD%9A%E7%92%90%E7%BE%8E%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E8%AD%9A%E7%92%90%E7%BE%8E%5D%5D&rft.date=2021%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210623060906%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fjbpress.ismedia.jp%2Farticles%2F-%2F65762%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">宣和堂 (2017年5月21日). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sengna.com/2017/05/21/mahakala/">その後の「制誥之寶」とマハーカーラ像</a>”. <i>宣和堂遺事</i>. <span title="">2019年11月16日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://museum.sinica.edu.tw/education_detail.php?id%3D102">中研院歷史語言研究所歷史文物陳列館</a>”. <i>museum.sinica.edu.tw</i>. <span title="">2019年11月16日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人92-6"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA92_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA">貝と羊の中国人</a>, p. 92.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if%3Den%26chapter%3D523223">ネルチンスク条約</a>：「凡山南一帶，流入黑龍江之溪河，盡屬中國（中国）。山北一帶之溪河，盡屬鄂羅斯（ロシア）...將流入黑龍江之額爾古納河為界，河之南岸屬於中國（中国），河之北岸屬於鄂羅斯（ロシア）...中國（中国）所有鄂羅斯之人（ロシア人），鄂羅斯（ロシア）所有中國之人（中国人），仍留不必遣還」</span></li> <li id="cite_note-一統志序-12"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%BF%97%E5%BA%8F_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道光帝">道光帝</a>. <i>『御製大清一統志序』</i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E5%BE%A1%E8%A3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%BF%97%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8F&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-清史稿地理一-13"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%B8%80_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"> <i>『清史稿』志二十九地理一</i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E3%80%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-清史稿東北-14"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"> <i>『清史稿』志三十、三十一、三十二地理志二、三、四</i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E3%80%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9B&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">『大清一統志』盛京</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">清史稿地理一</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人90-91-17"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA90-91_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA">貝と羊の中国人</a>, p. 90-91.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE貝と羊の中国人93-18"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA93_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA">貝と羊の中国人</a>, p. 93.</span></li> <li 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(<特集>東アジア学のフロンティア : 清朝・満州史研究の現在)</a>」『東洋文化研究』第10巻、学習院大学東洋文化研究所、2008年3月、307-307頁、<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001338012832128">1050001338012832128</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E3%81%AF%E3%81%98%E3%82%81%E3%81%AB+%28%3C%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%86%3E%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2+%3A+%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%83%BB%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AE%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%29&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.aulast=%E6%A5%A0%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%A2%E9%81%93&rft.au=%E6%A5%A0%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%A2%E9%81%93&rft.date=2008-03&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=307-307%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E5%AD%A6%E7%BF%92%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=info:hdl/10959%2F2879&rft.issn=1344-9850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10959%2F2879&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/youkaiei/2023/05/post-76.php">上海で拘束された台湾「八旗文化」編集長、何が中国を刺激したのか？</a> Newsweek</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE清朝とは何か-27"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B">清朝とは何か</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">金振雄「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10108/91617">日本における「清朝史」研究の動向と近年の「新清史」論争について : 加藤直人著『清代文書資料の研究』を中心に</a>」『四分儀 : 地域・文化・位置のための総合雑誌 : クァドランテ』第20号、東京外国語大学海外事情研究所、2018年3月、169-174頁、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.15026%252F91617">10.15026/91617</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:1344-5987">1344-5987</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120006457726">120006457726</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E5%90%91%E3%81%A8%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6+%3A+%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E7%9B%B4%E4%BA%BA%E8%91%97%E3%80%8E%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8F%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB&rft.jtitle=%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%84%80+%3A+%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E3%83%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%83%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C+%3A+%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A1%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86&rft.aulast=%E9%87%91%E6%8C%AF%E9%9B%84&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E6%8C%AF%E9%9B%84&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=169-174%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%8B%E6%83%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=info:doi/10.15026%2F91617&rft.issn=1344-5987&rft_dat=naid/120006457726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10108%2F91617&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 参考文献" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A2%97%E4%BA%95%E7%B5%8C%E5%A4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="増井経夫">増井経夫</a> 『大清帝国』 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社学術文庫">講談社学術文庫</a>、2002年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4061595261?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 406-1595261</a> <dl> <dd> 『中国の歴史第7巻清帝国』（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社">講談社</a>、1974年）を、改題文庫化 </dd> </dl></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宮崎市定">宮崎市定</a> 『中国文明の歴史9 清帝国の繁栄』 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中公文庫">中公文庫</a>、2000年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4122037379?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 412-2037379</a> <dl> <dd> 『東洋の歴史第9巻清帝国の繁栄』（人物往来社、1967年）を、改題文庫化 </dd> <dd> 『宮崎市定全集13 明清』（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、1992年）に収録。 </dd> </dl></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF貝と羊の中国人"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E5%BE%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="加藤徹">加藤徹</a>『貝と羊の中国人』2006年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784106101694?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/9784106101694">9784106101694</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%BE%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA&rft.aulast=%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E5%BE%B9&rft.au=%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E5%BE%B9&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9784106101694&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="関連文献（近年刊行）"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.EF.BC.88.E8.BF.91.E5.B9.B4.E5.88.8A.E8.A1.8C.EF.BC.89"></span>関連文献（近年刊行）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連文献（近年刊行）" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上田信 (歴史学者)">上田信</a> 『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の歴史 (講談社)">中国の歴史09 海と帝国</a>－明清時代』 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社">講談社</a>、2005年</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E6%B1%A0%E7%A7%80%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="菊池秀明">菊池秀明</a> 『中国の歴史10 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラストエンペラー">ラストエンペラー</a>と近代中国－清末中華民国』講談社、2005年</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%87%8E%E8%81%A1_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平野聡 (歴史学者)">平野聡</a> 『興亡の世界史17 大清帝国と中華の混迷』講談社、2007年／<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社学術文庫">講談社学術文庫</a>、2018年</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF清朝とは何か"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E7%94%B0%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岡田英弘">岡田英弘</a>『別冊環(16) 清朝とは何か』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藤原書店">藤原書店</a>、2009年。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A%E7%92%B0%2816%29+%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B&rft.aulast=%E5%B2%A1%E7%94%B0%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%98&rft.au=%E5%B2%A1%E7%94%B0%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%98&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%BE%A4%E8%AA%A0%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吉澤誠一郎">吉澤誠一郎</a> 『清朝と近代世界シリーズ中国近現代史①』 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岩波新書">岩波新書</a>、2010年－「清」の後半期</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E6%9C%A8%E9%A0%BC%E5%AF%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="並木頼寿">並木頼寿</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E8%A3%95%E6%AD%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="井上裕正">井上裕正</a> 『世界の歴史(19) 中華帝国の危機』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央公論新社">中央公論社</a>、1997年／<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中公文庫">中公文庫</a>、2008年－「清」の後半期</li> <li>石橋崇雄『大清帝国への道』講談社学術文庫、2011年－「清」の前半期</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E7%94%B0%E9%9A%86%E4%BF%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寺田隆信">寺田隆信</a> 『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>史話－中国皇帝政治の桧舞台』 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AC%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中公新書">中公新書</a>、1999年－明清両王朝の皇帝の通史</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="岩井,_2012"></span><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">岩井優典「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00021033/">明末清初におけるオランダ東インド会社の動向 : 一六五五年の遣清使節を中心に</a>」『立教史学 : 立教大学大学院文学研究科史学研究室紀要』第3号、立教大学大学院文学研究科史学研究室、2012年2月、55-63頁、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.14992%252F00021033">10.14992/00021033</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:2185-193X">2185-193X</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120007149088">120007149088</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E5%90%91+%3A+%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E9%81%A3%E6%B8%85%E4%BD%BF%E7%AF%80%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB&rft.jtitle=%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6+%3A+%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.aulast=%E5%B2%A9%E4%BA%95%E5%84%AA%E5%85%B8&rft.au=%E5%B2%A9%E4%BA%95%E5%84%AA%E5%85%B8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=55-63%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=info:doi/10.14992%2F00021033&rft.issn=2185-193X&rft_dat=naid/120007149088&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1062%2F00021033%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="ブリュッセイ,_2019年"></span><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">レオナルト・ブリュッセイ「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publication/kiyo/29/kiyo0029-17.pdf">東アジアにおけるオランダ東インド会社の盛衰 : 1640-60年代のオランダ商館長日記に関する省察</a>」（PDF）『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publication/kiyo/">東京大学史料編纂所研究紀要</a>』第29号、東京大学史料編纂所、2019年3月、36-51頁、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:0917-2416">0917-2416</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40022110710">40022110710</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%9B%E8%A1%B0+%3A+1640-60%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E5%95%86%E9%A4%A8%E9%95%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E7%9C%81%E5%AF%9F&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fpublication%2Fkiyo%2F+%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E6%89%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81%5D&rft.aulast=%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4&rft.au=%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=36-51%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E6%89%80&rft.issn=0917-2416&rft_dat=naid/40022110710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fpublication%2Fkiyo%2F29%2Fkiyo0029-17.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B8%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連項目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E5%BB%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太子密建">太子密建</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="香港上海銀行">香港上海銀行</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="外部リンク"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"></span>外部リンク</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 外部リンク" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> ウィキメディア・コモンズには、<b>清</b>に関連する<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D?uselang%3Dja">メディア</a></span></b>および<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qing_Dynasty?uselang%3Dja">カテゴリ</a></span></b>があります。 </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beiyang.org/tdym.htm">海军公所（簡体中国語）</a></li> <li>『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B8%2585">清</a>』 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コトバンク">コトバンク</a></li> </ul> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 41em; margin: 1px auto; padding: 0.25em 0; clear: both; text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-right: #ccc 1px solid;width:33%"> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> 先代 </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a> </dd> </dl></td> <td> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> <b>清</b> </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> 1636年 - 1912年 </dd> </dl></td> <td style="border-left: #ccc 1px solid;width:33%"> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> 次代 </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1913%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国臨時政府 (1912年-1913年)">中華民国臨時政府</a> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> 「<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E6%B8%85%26oldid%3D103478670">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清&oldid=103478670</a>」から取得 </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Kocgs" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1737790921"> <span>最終更新: 2025年1月25日 (土) 07:42</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>言語</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dinastie" title="アフリカーンス語: Qing-dinastie" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Qing-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="スイスドイツ語: Qing-Dynastie" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583_%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D2%25A5_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="南アルタイ語: Улу Чиҥ каандык" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Улу Чиҥ каандык" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="南アルタイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%258C%25AA%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D_%25E1%2588%25A5%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258B%2588_%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2588%25A5%25E1%2589%25B5" title="アムハラ語: የጪንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጪንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="アムハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Qing" title="アラゴン語: Dinastía Qing" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="アンギカ語: किंग वंश" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="किंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="アンギカ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25BA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9" title="アラビア語: سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC" title="エジプト・アラビア語: سلالة تشينج" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلالة تشينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="エジプト・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Qing" title="アストゥリアス語: Dinastía Qing" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_s%25C3%25BClal%25C9%2599si_(1644%25E2%2580%25931911)" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Sin sülaləsi (1644–1911)" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sin sülaləsi (1644–1911)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D9%2582_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="South Azerbaijani: چینق سولاله‌سی" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چینق سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="バシキール語: Цин империяһы" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="バリ語: Dinasti Qing" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="バリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258Cing_dinast%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="サモギティア語: Čing dinastėjė" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čing dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="サモギティア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qing" title="ビコール語: Dinastiyang Qing" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Qing" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ビコール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="ベラルーシ語: Імперыя Цын" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Цын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Дынастыя Цын" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Цын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_(17_%25E2%2580%2593_20_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA)" title="ブルガリア語: Цин (17 – 20 век)" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цин (17 – 20 век)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259B%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2582_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="ベンガル語: ছিং সাম্রাজ্য" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছিং সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BE%2592%25E0%25BE%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="チベット語: ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="チベット語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Qing" title="ブルトン語: Tierniezh Qing" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Qing" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="ボスニア語: Dinastija Qing" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="ブリヤート語: Манжын гүрэн" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Манжын гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ブリヤート語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="カタロニア語: Dinastia Qing" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C4%25ADng-di%25C3%25A8u" title="閩東語: Chĭng-dièu" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chĭng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="チェチェン語: Цийн импери" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="チェチェン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="中央クルド語: ئیمپراتۆریەتیی چینگ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی چینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587i%25C3%25B1_s%25C3%25BCl%25C3%25A2lesi" title="クリミア・タタール語: Çiñ sülâlesi" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çiñ sülâlesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="クリミア・タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1e_%25C4%258Cching" title="チェコ語: Říše Čching" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Čching" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25C4%2595" title="チュヴァシ語: Цин империйĕ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цин империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qing" title="ウェールズ語: Brenhinllin Qing" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Qing" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastiet" title="デンマーク語: Qing-dynastiet" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qing-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="ドイツ語: Qing-Dynastie" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25A4%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA" title="ギリシャ語: Δυναστεία Τσινγκ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Τσινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="英語: Qing dynasty" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Qing dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Qing" title="エスペラント語: Dinastio Qing" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Qing" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Qing" title="スペイン語: Dinastía Qing" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingi_d%25C3%25BCnastia" title="エストニア語: Qingi dünastia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Qingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dinastia" title="バスク語: Qing dinastia" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qing dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="ペルシア語: دودمان چینگ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان چینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastia" title="フィンランド語: Qing-dynastia" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qing-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingi_d%25C3%25BCnastia" title="ヴォロ語: Qingi dünastia" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Qingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ヴォロ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Qing" title="フランス語: Dynastie Qing" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Qing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-D%25C3%25BCnastii" title="北フリジア語: Qing-Dünastii" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Qing-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585" title="贛語: 清" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="清" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Qing" title="ガリシア語: Dinastía Qing" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_%25C3%25B1emo%25C3%25B1anga" title="グアラニー語: Qing ñemoñanga" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Qing ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="グアラニー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%25C3%25AEn-chh%25C3%25A8u" title="客家語: Chhîn-chhèu" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhîn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A6%2527%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592" title="ヘブライ語: שושלת צ'ינג" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת צ'ינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ヒンディー語: चिंग राजवंश" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Qing Dynasty" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Qing Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="クロアチア語: Dinastija Qing" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="ハイチ・クレオール語: Dinasti Qing" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ハイチ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csing-dinasztia" title="ハンガリー語: Csing-dinasztia" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csing-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2591%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="アルメニア語: Ցին կայսրություն" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցին կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="インドネシア語: Dinasti Qing" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_a_Dinastia" title="イロカノ語: Qing a Dinastia" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Qing a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="イロカノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Qing" title="イド語: Dinastio Qing" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Qing" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjingveldi%25C3%25B0" title="アイスランド語: Tjingveldið" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="イタリア語: Dinastia Qing" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Qing" title="ジャワ語: Wangsa Qing" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Qing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ジョージア語: ცინგის დინასტია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცინგის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%25C5%258B_Kewiya%25C9%25A3_K%25C9%25A9%25C9%2596%25C9%259Bza%25C9%25A3" title="Kabiye: Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="カザフ語: Цинь империясы" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цинь империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2588%25E1%259E%25B8%25E1%259E%2584" title="クメール語: រាជវង្សឈីង" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សឈីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="クメール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B2%25AD%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC" title="韓国語: 청나라" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="カラチャイ・バルカル語: Цин династия" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Цин династия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="カラチャイ・バルカル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Qing" title="クルド語: Xanedana Qing" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Qing" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Qing" title="コーンウォール語: Ternieth Qing" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Qing" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="コーンウォール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="キルギス語: Цин империясы" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цин империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Cim" title="ラテン語: Familia Cim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Cim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Dinastia Qing" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Ladin: Dinastia Qing" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="ロンバルド語: Dinastia Qing" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ロンバルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%258A%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25BB%25E0%25BA%2587%25E0%25BA%258A%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2587" title="ラオ語: ລາຊະວົງຊິງ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງຊິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ラオ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258Cing%25C5%25B3_dinastija" title="リトアニア語: Čingų dinastija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjinu_dinastija" title="ラトビア語: Cjinu dinastija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cjinu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D1%2598%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3_(%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0)" title="マケドニア語: Чјинг (династија)" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чјинг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%2582" title="マラヤーラム語: ചിങ് രാജവംശം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581" title="モンゴル語: Чин улс" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2580%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%25A1_%25EA%25AF%2597%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%258F%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%2581%25EA%25AF%25AD%25EA%25AF%2587%25EA%25AF%25A4" title="マニプリ語: ꯀꯤꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤ" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯤꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="マニプリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="マラーティー語: छिंग राजवंश" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="マラーティー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="マレー語: Dinasti Qing" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ミャンマー語: ရှင်းတိုင်းပြည်" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်းတိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2587" title="マーザンダラーン語: چینگ سلسله" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="マーザンダラーン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="低地ドイツ語: Qing-Dynastie" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2599_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ネパール語: चिङ वंश" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ネパール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ネワール語: चिङ्ग राजवंश" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ネワール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastie" title="オランダ語: Qing-dynastie" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qing-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Qing" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastiet" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Qing-dynastiet" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qing-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="オック語: Dinastia Qing" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597_%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC" title="パンジャブ語: ਚਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Qing" title="ポーランド語: Dynastia Qing" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="Western Punjabi: چنگ سلطنت" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چنگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AB_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25DB%258D" title="パシュトゥー語: د چینګ کورنۍ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چینګ کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="パシュトゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="ポルトガル語: Dinastia Qing" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="ルーマニア語: Dinastia Qing" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="ロシア語: Империя Цин" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Цин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="サハ語: Цин династия" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Цин династия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Dinastija Qing" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A0%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%2582_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B7%2581%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="シンハラ語: චිං රාජවංශය" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="シンハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="シンプル英語: Qing dynasty" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qing dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258Cching" title="スロバキア語: Čching" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čching" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%25C4%258Cing" title="スロベニア語: Dinastija Čing" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Čing" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="アルバニア語: Dinastia Qing" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D0%258B%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="セルビア語: Династија Ћинг" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Ћинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="おすすめ記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="スウェーデン語: Qingdynastin" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Qing" title="スワヒリ語: Nasaba ya Qing" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Qing" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastyj%25C5%258F_Qing" title="シレジア語: Dynastyjŏ Qing" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dynastyjŏ Qing" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="シレジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="タミル語: சிங் அரசமரபு" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2587" title="タイ語: ราชวงศ์ชิง" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ชิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_nasil%25C5%259Falygy" title="トルクメン語: Sin nasilşalygy" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sin nasilşalygy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="トルクメン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qing" title="タガログ語: Dinastiyang Qing" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Qing" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587ing_Hanedan%25C4%25B1" title="トルコ語: Çing Hanedanı" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çing Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D2%25A3_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5" title="タタール語: Чиң династиясе" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чиң династиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B" title="トゥヴァ語: Цин империязы" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Цин империязы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="トゥヴァ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2589%25DA%25AD_%25D8%25B3%25DB%2587%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="ウイグル語: چىڭ سۇلالىسى" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ウイグル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A6%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD" title="ウクライナ語: Династія Цін" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Цін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25DB%2581" title="ウルドゥー語: چنگ شاہی سلسلہ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چنگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(sulola)" title="ウズベク語: Sin (sulola)" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sin (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="ヴェネト語: Dinastia Qing" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ヴェネト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25A0_Thanh" title="ベトナム語: Nhà Thanh" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Qing" title="ワライ語: Dinastiya Qing" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Qing" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D" title="呉語: 清朝" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="清朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="メグレル語: ცინიშ დინასტია" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="メグレル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592_%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2590%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="イディッシュ語: טשינג דינאסטיע" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingciuz" title="チワン語: Cingciuz" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cingciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="チワン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%259C%259D" title="中国語: 清朝" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="清朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%2585" title="漢文: 清" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="漢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng-kok" title="閩南語: Chheng-kok" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%2585" title="広東語: 大清" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大清" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ja.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="20" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">最終更新 2025年1月25日 (土) 07:42 （日時は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#mw-prefsection-rendering" title="特別:個人設定">個人設定</a>で未設定ならば<a 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