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Argizari galduzko galdaketa - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prozesua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prozesua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prozesua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prozesua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bitxien_eta_pieza_txikien_galdaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bitxien_eta_pieza_txikien_galdaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bitxien eta pieza txikien galdaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bitxien_eta_pieza_txikien_galdaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ehungintzaren_erabilera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ehungintzaren_erabilera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ehungintzaren erabilera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ehungintzaren_erabilera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_arkeologikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_arkeologikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historia arkeologikoa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia_arkeologikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia arkeologikoa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia_arkeologikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekialde_Ertaina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialde_Ertaina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ekialde Ertaina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialde_Ertaina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekialde_Hurbila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialde_Hurbila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ekialde Hurbila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialde_Hurbila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hego_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hego_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hego Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hego_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egipto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egipto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Egipto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egipto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grezia,_Erroma_eta_Mediterraneoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grezia,_Erroma_eta_Mediterraneoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Grezia, Erroma eta Mediterraneoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grezia,_Erroma_eta_Mediterraneoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekialdeko_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialdeko_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ekialdeko Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialdeko_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asiako_hego-ekialdea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asiako_hego-ekialdea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Asiako hego-ekialdea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asiako_hego-ekialdea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ipar_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ipar_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Ipar Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ipar_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mendebaldeko_Afrika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mendebaldeko_Afrika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Mendebaldeko Afrika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mendebaldeko_Afrika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latinoamerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinoamerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Latinoamerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinoamerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_literarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_literarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historia literarioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia_literarioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia literarioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia_literarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zeharkako_frogak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeharkako_frogak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Zeharkako frogak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeharkako_frogak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zuzeneko_frogak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zuzeneko_frogak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Zuzeneko frogak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zuzeneko_frogak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teofilo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teofilo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Teofilo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teofilo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Amerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Argizari galduzko galdaketa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 36 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="سبك بالشمع الضائع – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبك بالشمع الضائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perduda" title="Cera perduda – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cera perduda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_ztracen%C3%A9ho_vosku" title="Metoda ztraceného vosku – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metoda ztraceného vosku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8bning" title="Formstøbning – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formstøbning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachsausschmelzverfahren" title="Wachsausschmelzverfahren – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wachsausschmelzverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τεχνική του χαμένου κεριού – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνική του χαμένου κεριού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lost-wax casting" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksoperda_gisado" title="Vaksoperda gisado – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vaksoperda gisado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldeo_a_la_cera_perdida" title="Moldeo a la cera perdida – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moldeo a la cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduva_vaha_meetod" title="Kaduva vaha meetod – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaduva vaha meetod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ریخته‌گری لاست واکس – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریخته‌گری لاست واکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cire perdue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cire perdue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_na_c%C3%A9arach_caillte" title="Teilgean na céarach caillte – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean na céarach caillte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perdida" title="Cera perdida – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="שיטת השעווה האבודה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטת השעווה האבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postupak_izgubljenog_voska" title="Postupak izgubljenog voska – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Postupak izgubljenog voska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaszveszejt%C3%A9ses_%C3%B6nt%C3%A9s" title="Viaszveszejtéses öntés – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viaszveszejtéses öntés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cire perdue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_persa" title="Cera persa – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cera persa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ロストワックス – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロストワックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlorenwasmethode" title="Verlorenwasmethode – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verlorenwasmethode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8yping" title="Formstøyping – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Formstøyping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8ping" title="Formstøping – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formstøping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perduda" title="Cera perduda – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cera perduda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_wosku_traconego" title="Metoda wosku traconego – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metoda wosku traconego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perdida" title="Cera perdida – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%91_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Литьё по выплавляемым моделям – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литьё по выплавляемым моделям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgubljeni_vosak" title="Izgubljeni vosak – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/220px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/330px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/440px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption> Brontze likidoa 1200 °C-tan isurtzen da galdaketa molde lehor, beroa eta hutsean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/220px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/330px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/440px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption> Argizarizko sagarraren modeloa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/220px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/330px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/440px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption> Igeltsuzko eredutik silikonazko moldea egiten da. (Moldea igeltsuzko galdaketa sendoarekin agertzen da hemen)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/220px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/330px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/440px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption> Gomazko molde horretatik argizari hutsa edo parafina galdatua egiten da</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/220px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/330px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/440px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption> Argizari sagar hutsa erregogor azken molde batez estalita dago, kasu honetan buztinazkoa, ikuspegi irekiarekin. Nukleoa erregogor material berarekin ere betetzen da. Kontuan izan altzairu herdoilgaitzezko muin euskarriak. Hurrengo urratsean (ez da agertzen), moldea labean goitik behera berotzen da eta argizaria urtu eta ateratze da. Horri galtzea deitzen zaio.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/220px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/330px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/440px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption> Brontzezko galdaketa, oraindik galdaketa arbolarekin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Argizari galduzko galdaketa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Frantses" title="Frantses">frantsesetik</a> hartutako <i><b>cire perdue</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eskulturagintza" title="Eskulturagintza">eskultura original batetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalezko</a> eskultura (askotan <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi">letoia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontzea</a>) lortzeko prozesua da. </p><p>Teknika horren adibiderik zaharrena, orain dela 6000 urteko <a href="/wiki/Indus_haraneko_kultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus haraneko kultura">Indus Haraneko Kulturaren</a> amuletoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoury2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoury2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Garai berantiarragoen beste adibide batzuk hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> K.a. hirugarren milurtekoan eta <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>ko hegoaldean <a href="/wiki/Kalkolitoa" title="Kalkolitoa">Kalkolito</a> garaikoak (K.a. 4500 – 3500) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Mismar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Mismar (sortu gabe)">Altxorraren Haitzuloan (Nahal Mishmar)</a> aurkitutako objektuak. Argizari galduzkoa teknika oso zabaldua izan zen Europan. Era berdintsuan egiten zen XVIII. mendera arte, orduan pieza-moldearen teknika nagusitzen hasi zenean. </p><p>Brontzezko eskultura txikiak galdaketan erabiltzen diren urratsak nahiko estandarizatuak daude, nahiz eta gaur egun prozesua ezberdina den <a href="/wiki/Galdategi" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdategi">galdategi</a> batetik bestera. (Erabilera industrial modernoan, prozesuari inbertsio galdaketa deitzen zaio). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Etapes_cire_perdue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etapes_cire_perdue.png/220px-Etapes_cire_perdue.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etapes_cire_perdue.png/330px-Etapes_cire_perdue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etapes_cire_perdue.png/440px-Etapes_cire_perdue.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Argizari galduaren prozesua pausoz pauso. Zuzeneko metodoa (frantsesez)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prozesua">Prozesua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Prozesua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Prozesua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prozesu nagusiak hauexek dira: argizarizko eredua hasieratik sortzea, metodo zuzena deritzona, edo argizariazko ez den modelo baten argizariazko kopia bat egitea, zeharkako metodoa deitua. Hauek dira zeharkako prozesuaren urratsak (zuzeneko metodoa 7. urratsean hasten da): </p> <ol><li><b>Modelua sortzea:</b> Artista edo modelogile batek <a href="/wiki/Buztin" title="Buztin">buztin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskaiola" title="Eskaiola">eskaiola</a>, egur edo beste material batekin jatorrizko modelo edo eskultura bat sortzen du.</li> <li><b>Moldegintza.</b> Jatorrizko modeloarekin edo eskulturarekin molde bat egiten da. Molde hori, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieza-moldea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieza-moldea (sortu gabe)">pieza-moldea</a> edo molde malgua izan daiteke. Ohikoena, malgua izatea da. Kanpoko molde zurrunek barneko molde leunagoa dute, hau da, jatorrizko ereduaren negatibo zehatza. <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Barruko moldeak latexez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliuretano" title="Poliuretano">poliuretanoz, kautxuz</a> edo, batez ere, <a href="/wiki/Silikona" title="Silikona">silikonaz</a> egin ohi dira, kanpoko moldeak eusten dituena. Kanpoko moldea <a href="/wiki/Igeltsu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Igeltsu">igeltsuz</a>, erretxina gehi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beiraz_indartutako_plastikoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beiraz indartutako plastikoa (sortu gabe)">beira-zuntzez</a> edo beste material zurrunez egin daiteke. Molde gehienak gutxienez bi piezaz eginak daude, eta piezaren artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shim_(ingeniaritza)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shim (ingeniaritza) (sortu gabe)">giltzadun koska</a> batzuk jartzen dira egiterakoan, moldea zehaztasunez elkartu ahal izateko. Eredutik ateratako pieza luze eta meheak badaude, maiz jatorrizkoa moztu eta bereizita moldatzen dira. Batzuetan, molde asko behar dira jatorrizko eredua birsortzeko, batez ere modelo handietarako.</li> <li><b>Argizaria.</b> Moldea amaitutakoan, urtutako <a href="/wiki/Argizari" title="Argizari">argizaria</a> isurtzen da eta biraka botatzen da estaldura berdina izan arte, normalean 3&#160;mm inguruko (<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub></span>&#160;hazbeteko) lodiera, moldearen barruko gainazala estaltzen du. Hau nahi den lodiera lortu arte errepikatzen da. Beste metodo bat molde osoa argizari urtuarekin betetzea da eta hozten uztea moldearen gainazalean nahi den lodiera ezarri arte. Honen ondoren gainerako argizaria berriro botatzen da, moldea hankaz gora jartzen da eta argizari geruza hozten eta gogortzen uzten da. Metodo honekin zailagoa da argizari geruzaren lodiera orokorra kontrolatzea. Askotan bi argizari mota erabiltzen dira: alde batetik, moldearekin kontaktuan dagoena, eta horregatik ereduaren geruza moldetik kopiatu behar duena, biguinagoa da eta, beste aldetik, horren atzean, kopiaren barruan, jartzen dena, zurrunagoa, bere betebeharra kopiari sendotasuna ematea bait da. Osotara arigaziariaren lodiera metalarena izango da, fina eta homogeneoa ahal den neurrian.</li> <li><b>Kopia ateratzea</b>. Jatorrizko modeloaren argizari hutsezko kopia hau moldetik kentzen da. Moldegileak moldea berrerabili ahal izango du hainbat kopia egiteko, moldearen iraunkortasunak soilik mugatuta. Kontuan izan behar da brontzezko kopia bakoitzerako argizarizko kopia horietako bat beharko dela.</li> <li><b>Errepasatzea</b>. Gero, argizari hutsezko kopia bakoitza errepasatzen da: metalezko tresna berotuak erabiltzen dira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banaketa-lerroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Banaketa-lerroa (sortu gabe)">zatiketa-lerroa</a> erakusten dituzten markak moldearen zatiak elkartzen ziren tokian, aire burbuilak utzitako hutsuneak edo beste edozein akatza ere kendu ahal izateko. Argizaria gehitzen da akatsak ezkutatzeko. Orduan amaitutako piezaren itxura du argizariak. Bereiz moldatzen ziren argizarizko piezak orain berotu eta erantsi daitezke; burdinolek maiz erabiltzen dituzte erregistro-markak nora doazen zehatz-mehatz adierazteko.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galdaketa_zuhaitza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Galdaketa zuhaitza (sortu gabe)">Galdaketa zuhaitza</a>.</b> Argizarizko kopia argizarizko zuhaitz itxurako egitura batekin hazten da, azkenean urtutako galdaketa-materiala isurtzeko adar batzuetatik, eta airea eta gasak ihes egiteko bideak emango dituena, beste adar besteetatik. Arretaz planifikatutako hazkuntza, normalean, goiko aldean (edo alde zabaleenean) hasten da argizarizko "kopa" edo "inbutu" batekin, argizarizko zilindroen bidez lotzen dena argizarizko kopiaren hainbat puntutan. Tutuak ez dira hutsik izan behar, prozesuan geroago urtu egingo bait dira.</li> <li><b>Molde erregogorra.</b> Argizariaren zuhaitza kopia <a href="/wiki/Silize" class="mw-redirect" title="Silize">silizezko</a> lohi beteko ontzian sartzen da, gero harearen antzeko iztuku batean, edo kontrolatutako pikor-tamaina bateko kristal-silize lehorrean. Oskol hori lehortu egin daiteke, eta prozesua errepikatu egiten da, gutxienez hazbete erdiko estaldura batek pieza osoa estali arte. Lohi eta elementu solidoen konbinazioa zeramikazko moldearen materiala deitzen da, literalki zeramikazkoa ez den arren. Pieza zenbat eta handiagoa izan, orduan eta lodiagoa izan behar du oskolak. Koparen barrualdea bakarrik dago estali gabe, eta katiluaren goiko alde lauak piezaren oinarri gisa balio du prozesu honetan. Nukleoa ere material erregogorrez beteta dago. Barrualde erregogor hau kanpokoari aurrez jarritako iltze batzuen bidez finko mantentzen da</li> <li><b>Argizarien erretzea.</b> Buztinez estalitako pieza labe batean jartzen da. Labe horren beroak silizezko estaldurak gogortu egiten ditu, eta argizaria urtu eta agortu egiten da. Erretako argizaria berreskuratu eta berrerabil daiteke, nahiz eta askotan erre besterik ez den egiten. Orain, jatorrizko lanetik geratzen den guztia lehen argizariak okupatzen zuen espazio negatiboa da, gogortutako zeramikazko oskolaren barruan. Sartzeko kopa, aireztapen-hodiak eta tutuak ere hutsik daude orain. Nukleoa hutsean mugi ez dadin, aldez aurretik elementu metalikoekin kanpoko oskolari lotuta daude.</li> <li><b>Probak.</b> Zeramikazko oskola hozten uzten da, gero probatu egiten da elikatze eta aireztapen-hodietatik ura libreki isuriko den ikusteko. Pitzadurak edo ihesak ore erregogor lodiarekin adabaki daitezke. Lodiera probatzeko, zuloak egin daitezke maskorrean, eta ondoren adabaki.</li> <li><b>Isurketa.</b> Oskola labean berriro berotzen da adabakiak gogortzeko eta hezetasun aztarna guzti-guztiak kentzeko. Gero kopa gorantz jartzen da hareaz betetako ontzi batean. Metala <a href="/wiki/Arragoa" title="Arragoa">arragoa</a> batean urtzen da labe batean, eta gero kontu handiz isurtzen da oskolara. Oskolak beroa izan behar du, bestela tenperatura-aldeak apurtuko lukeelako. Ondoren, betetako moldeak hozten uzten dira.</li> <li><b>Askatzea.</b> Oskola mailukatu edo hareaz botatzen da, galdaketa zakarra askatuz. Isurbide hauek ere zintzoki metalean birsortzen direnak, mozten dira, materiala beste galdaketa batean berrerabiliko da.</li> <li><b>Errepasaketa</b> Argizarizko kopiekin lehen egin dugun bezala, galdaketa lantzen da galdaketa-prozesuaren seinale adierazgarriak kendu arte, galdaketak jatorrizko ereduaren itxura izan dezan. Galdaketan aire-burbuilek utzitako hobiak, edo metala ez ailegatzeagatik gertatutako hutsuneak metal berarekin estaltzen dira; pieza desberdinetan galdatu bada figura orain soldatzen da eta imperfekzio guztiak zinzelatu eta leundu egiten dira.</li> <li><b>Patinatzea.</b> Lanaren kanpoko itxura produktu kimikoen eta beroaren bidez bukatze da, nahi den itxura har dezan. Hala, adibidez, brontzearen gaineko kobre nitratoak brontze eskultorikoaren bereizgarri berdea lortzen lagunduko digu.</li></ol> <p>Silize-oinarritutako galdaketa-moldeen aurretik, molde hauek erregogor beste hainbat materialez eginak zeuden, ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Igeltsu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Igeltsu">igeltsu-</a>oinarritutakoak, erregogor hautsa gehitua (adreilu txitkituak, adibidez) eta <a href="/wiki/Buztin" title="Buztin">buztinezko</a> oinarriak izanik. Silikona moldeen aurretik gelatina naturalak erabiltzen ziren. </p><p>Argizari galduzko prozesua erre, <a href="/wiki/Urtze" title="Urtze">urtu</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Lurrunketa" title="Lurrunketa">lurrundu</a> daitekeen edozein materialekin erabil daiteke moldearen barrunbe bat uzteko. Auto-fabrikatzaile batzuek foam galduaren teknika erabiltzen dute <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorraren_blokea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorraren blokea (sortu gabe)">motorraren blokea</a>k egiteko. Eredua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliestireno-aparra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliestireno-aparra (sortu gabe)">poliestireno-aparr</a>ez egina dago, bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galdaketa_matrazea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Galdaketa matrazea (sortu gabe)">galdaketa-matraze</a> artean jartzen dena, eta gero galdaketa-hondarrez betetzen da. Aparrak hareari eusten dio, prozesua hondarrean bakarrik oinarritu beharko balitz ezinezkoak izango liratekeen formak ahalbidetuz. Metala isurtzen da, bere beroarekin aparra lurrunduz. Prozesu honi harea-galdaketa deitzen zaio. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Argizari galduzko galdaketarekin loturiko materialen urtze eta irakite tenperaturak </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">Elementu</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">kimikoa</a> </p> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">Densitatea</a><span style="white-space:nowrap">(<span style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></span><span class="visualhide">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cent%C3%ADmetro_c%C3%BAbico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centímetro cúbico (sortu gabe)">cm³</a></span></span></span>)</span> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu">Urtze-puntua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Irakite-puntu" title="Irakite-puntu">Irakite-puntua</a><b> <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius"><b>(°C)</b></a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">Aluminio</a><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">a</a> </td> <td>2,698 </td> <td>660,32 </td> <td>2.519 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">Berun</a><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">a</a> </td> <td>11,342 </td> <td>327,46 </td> <td>1.749 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">Burdina</a> </td> <td>7,874 </td> <td>1.538 </td> <td>2861 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">Ezta</a><a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">inua</a> </td> <td>7,3 </td> <td>231.93 </td> <td>2602 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">Kobre</a><a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">a</a> </td> <td>8,96 </td> <td>1.084,62 </td> <td>2562 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">a</a> </td> <td>8.912 </td> <td>1.455 </td> <td>2.913 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina">Parafina</a> </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">Urre</a><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">a</a> </td> <td>19.282 </td> <td>1.064,18 </td> <td>2.856 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">Zilar</a><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">ra</a> </td> <td>10.501 </td> <td>961,78 </td> <td>2.162 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">Zink</a><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">a</a> </td> <td>7.134 </td> <td>419,53 </td> <td>907 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bitxien_eta_pieza_txikien_galdaketa">Bitxien eta pieza txikien galdaketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bitxien eta pieza txikien galdaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bitxien eta pieza txikien galdaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Centrifugal_casting,_The_Dental_cosmos_(1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/220px-Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/330px-Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/440px-Centrifugal_casting%2C_The_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Bitxigintzan eta hortz protesi laborategietan erabiltzen den zentrifugagailua</figcaption></figure> <p>Pieza txikietarako eta <a href="/wiki/Bitxigintza" title="Bitxigintza">bitxigintzan</a> erabiltzen diren metodoak eskulturarako erabiltzen direnekin alderatuta zertxobait desberdinak dira. Argizarizko modelo bat gomazko molde batean injektatuz edo tailatuz lortzen da. Argizaria edo argizariak eta isurbideak gomazko oinarri batean fusionatzen dira, "isurbide base" izenekoa. Ondoren, metalezko <a href="/wiki/Matraze" class="mw-disambig" title="Matraze">matraze</a> bat, gutxi gorabehera 3,5 eta 15 zentimetro arteko altuera eta zabalera duen altzairuzko hodi labur batean, isurbide basearen eta argizariaren gainean jartzen da. Isurbide-oinarri gehienek ertz zirkular bat dute, tamaina estandarreko matrazeari eusten diona, bere lekuan eusten duena. Igeltsu erregogorra nahastu eta matrazera isurtzen da, betez. Gogortu egiten da, eta gero erre egiten da goian adierazi bezala. Galdaketa labetik zuzenean egiten da normalean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galdaketa_zentrifugoa_(industriala)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Galdaketa zentrifugoa (industriala) (sortu gabe)">galdaketa zentrifugoaren</a> bidez edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutsean_moldaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutsean moldaketa (sortu gabe)">hutsean moldaketa</a>. </p><p>Odontologian, urrezko koroak, <i>inlays</i> eta <i>onlays</i> argizari galduzko teknikaren bidez egiten dira. Argizari galduzko teknikaren aplikazioa fundiziozko inkrustazioak fabrikatzeko Taggart-ek jakinarazi zuen lehen aldiz. Urrezko aleazio tipikoa&#160;% 60 urrea eta&#160;% 28 zilarrekoa da, kobrea eta gainerako metalak osatzen dutenak. Hortzak prestatzeari, inpresioak hartzeari eta laborategiko teknikari arreta handia eman behar zaio zaharberritze mota hau arrakastatsua izan dadin. Hortz laborategiek beste elementu batzuk ere egiten dituzte horrela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ehungintzaren_erabilera">Ehungintzaren erabilera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ehungintzaren erabilera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ehungintzaren erabilera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prozesu horretan, argizaria eta ehuna biak metalak ordezkatzen ditu galdaketa prozesuan, eta ondorioz, ehunaren errefortzuak eredu meheagoa ahalbidetzen du, eta horrela moldean gastatzen den metal kopurua murrizten da. Prozesu horren froga objektuen atzeko aldean dagoen ehungintzaren erliebeak ikusten du eta batzuetan "argizari galdua, ehun galdua" esaten zaio. Ehungintza erliebe mota honetakoak hegoaldeko <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>ko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaldiaren_etxekotzea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaldiaren etxekotzea (sortu gabe)">antzinako zaldi kulturen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulu" title="Tumulu">tumulu</a>etan aurkitutako urrezko apaingarriaetan ikusgai dago, esaterako <i>openwork</i> urrezko plaka multzo berezia <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museoa" title="Hermitage Museoa">Hermitage Museoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo">San Petersburgo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Han</a> adibide bakanek eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xigou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xigou (sortu gabe)">Xigou</a>ko hilerrian aurkitutako brontzezko belarriek eta urrezko plakek.adierazten dutenez, teknikak <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Urruna" title="Ekialde Urruna">Ekialde Urrun</a>ean izan dezake jatorria<a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">.</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baliteke teknika hori <a href="/wiki/Bikingoen_Aro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikingoen Aro">Bikingoen Aro</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Paparreko" title="Paparreko">brotxe</a> <a href="/wiki/Obalo_(geometria)" title="Obalo (geometria)">obalatuak</a> fabrikatzeko ere erabili izana<a href="/wiki/Castletown_(Highland)" title="Castletown (Highland)">, Castletowneko (Eskozia)</a> bezalako ehun-markadun adibide ugarik adierazten dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_arkeologikoa">Historia arkeologikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia arkeologikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historia arkeologikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/220px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/330px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/440px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption> Nahal Mishmar-eko brontzezko zetro baten erreplika.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekialde_Ertaina">Ekialde Ertaina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialde Ertaina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ekialde Ertaina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argizari galduzko teknikaren adibiderik zaharrenetako batzuk <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestinako</a> hegoaldeko Nahal Mishmar-en gordelekuan aurkitutako objektuak dira, eta <a href="/wiki/Kalkolitoa" title="Kalkolitoa">Kalkolito</a> garaikoak (K.a. 4500–3500). <a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">Karbono-14</a> kalkulu kontserbadoreen arabera, elementuak K.a. 3700 inguruan datatzen dira, eta 5700 urte baino gehiago dituzte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekialde_Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialde Hurbila»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ekialde Hurbila"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a>, K.a. 3500–2750tik aurrera, argizari galduzko teknika erabili zen eskala txikirako, eta gero eskala handiko kobre eta brontzezko estatuak egiteko. Bizirauten den argizari galdaketarik zaharrenetariko bat <a href="/wiki/Uruk_Aroa" title="Uruk Aroa">Uruk IV.aren</a> lehoi zintzilikario txiki bat da. <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Metalgintzako sumeriar</a> langileak argizaria galtzeko galdaketa egiten ari ziren gutxi gorabehera K.a. 3500–3200an <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Askoz geroago Mesopotamia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliako</a> ipar-ekialdeko adibideen artean <a href="/wiki/Gordio" title="Gordio">Gordion-</a>eko Tumulu Handia (K.a. VIII. mendearen amaieran) eta <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertz" title="Pertz">pertzaren</a> eranskinak daude. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:AT_WORKSHOP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/220px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/330px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/440px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Argizari galduko prozesu baten bidez eskultura egitea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastar_auzoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastar auzoa (sortu gabe)">Bastar auzoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hego_Asia">Hego Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hego Asia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hego Asia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argizari galduzko teknikaren adibiderik zaharrena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehrgarh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehrgarh (sortu gabe)">Mehrgarh</a>-en (Pakistan) aurkitutako 6.000 urteko (K.a. 4000 inguru) kobrezko gurpil-formako amuleto batetik dator.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoury_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoury-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indus_haraneko_kultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus haraneko kultura">Indus Haraneko zibilizazioaren</a> metal galdaketa K.a. 3500 inguruan hasi zen <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjodaro</a> eremuan, non argizari galduko galdaketaren adibiderik ezagunenetako bat ekoitzi zuen, " neska dantzaria" izeneko brontzezko irudi indiar bat, ia 5.000 urtekoa, <a href="/wiki/Indus_haraneko_kultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus haraneko kultura">Harappan</a> arokoa (Ka 3300-1300 urte bitartekoa).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beste adibide artean, bufalo, zezen eta txakurra Mohenjodaron aurkitutakoak eta <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kenoyer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenoyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> bi <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobre</a>zko figurak Harappan gunean aurkitutitakoak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothal (sortu gabe)">Lothal</a>en, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarateko</a> Ahmedabad auzoan,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Litekeena ere bada galdutako gurpilekin gurdi estali bat eta gurdi osoa gidariarekin, Chanhudaron aurkituak, teknika horrekin eginak izatea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenoyer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenoyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harappan osteko garaian, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_(India)" title="Bihar (India)">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Bengala" title="Mendebaldeko Bengala">Mendebaldeko Bengalan</a> argizaria galduaren prozesuaren bidez egindako kobre eta brontzezko tresna pila ezagutzen dira. Urrezko eta kobrezko apaingarriak, itxuraz <a href="/wiki/Garai_helenistikoa" title="Garai helenistikoa">helenistikoak</a>, <i>cire perdue</i> bidez egindakoak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirkap (sortu gabe)">Sirkapeko</a> hondakinetan aurkitu ziren. Arte indo-greko horren adibide bat K.a. I. mendekoa da, <a href="/wiki/Taksila" title="Taksila">Taksilan</a> induskatutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpocrates&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harpocrates (sortu gabe)">Harpocrates</a> gaztearen irudia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brontzezko <a href="/wiki/Ikono" title="Ikono">ikonoak</a> III. eta IV. mendeetan ekoiztu ziren, hala nola, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amaravathi_herria,_Guntur_barrutia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amaravathi herria, Guntur barrutia (sortu gabe)">Amaravatiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Budaren</a> irudia, eta Andhra Pradesheko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guntur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guntur (sortu gabe)">Guntur</a> barrutian <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> eta Kartikeyaren irudiak.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsva&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsva (sortu gabe)">Parsvanatha-ren</a> brontzezko beste bi irudi eta zezen fundizio txiki bat Sahribahloltik, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharatik</a>, etorri ziren, eta hemen aipatu behar da, halaber, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirtankara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirtankara (sortu gabe)">Tirtankara</a> zutikako figura bat (K.a. II. mendea, III. mendea) Chausaren, Bihar-en.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beste brontzezko figura eta irudi aipagarri batzuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupar (sortu gabe)">Ruparren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> (Uttar Pradesh) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmapura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmapura (sortu gabe)">Brahmapuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra,</a> aurkitu dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gupta eta Gupta-osteko brontzezko irudiak aztarnategi hauetan aurkitu dira: <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Saranath</a>, Mirpur-Khas (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>), Sirpur (Raipur barrutia), Balaighat (Mahasthan ondoan gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshen</a>), Akota (<a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, Gujarat ondoan), Vasantagadh, Chhatarhi, Barmer eta <a href="/wiki/Rajastan" title="Rajastan">Chambi</a> (Rajesthanen). Brontzezko galdaketa-teknikak eta ikono tradizionalen brontzezko irudiak egiteak garapen-fase handira iritsi ziren Indiako hegoaldean Erdi Aroan. VIII eta IX. mendeetan Pallava Garaian brontzezko irudiak modelatu eta galdatu zituzten arren, estatua eder eta bikainenetako batzuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_artea_eta_arkitektura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chola artea eta arkitektura (sortu gabe)">Tamil Naduko Chola</a> Garaian egin ziren X. eta XII. mende bitartean. Brontzezko irudiak moldatzeko teknika eta artea trebeziaz lantzen da oraindik ere Indiako hegoaldean, bereziki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbakonam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbakonam (sortu gabe)">Kumbakonam</a>-en. X.mendeko patroi gorena Cholaren erregina alarguna,Sembiyan Maha Dev, izan zen. Hori dela eta, Chola brontzeak mundu osoko arte-zaleek bildumazale <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kefa107.pdf">gehien bilatzen dituztenak dira</a>. Teknika India osoan erabili zen, baita <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Birmania</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia">Siam</a> inguruko herrialdeetan ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egipto">Egipto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egipto»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Egipto"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto">Egiptoarrak</a> <i>cire perdue</i> praktikatzen ari ziren K.a. III. milurtekoaren erdialdetik aurrera, <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Aro_Dinastiko_Goiztiarra" title="Egiptoko Aro Dinastiko Goiztiarra">Aro Dinastiko Goiztiarra</a>ko eskumuturrekoek eta urrezko bitxiek horren adibideak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darling_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_IV._dinastia" title="Egiptoko IV. dinastia">Laugarren Dinastiako (Erresuma Zaharreko)</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitxer" title="Pitxer">ewerketarako</a> (kobrezko ur-ontzietarako) txertatutako isurketak argizari galduzko metodoaren bidez egin ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-Darling_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Galdaketa hutsak, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_museoa" title="Louvre museoa">Louvreko</a> <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Fayum-eko</a> estatuatxoak<a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Inperio_Ertaina" title="Egiptoko Inperio Ertaina">, Erdi Erresumaren</a> garaian agertu ziren, eta ondoren, bigarren Ertaineko/Hasierako <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Inperio_Berria" title="Egiptoko Inperio Berria">Erresuma Berriko</a> galdatutako estatua trinkoak (adibidez, Brooklynengo ama eradoskitzen, kokorikatzean).<sup id="cite_ref-Ogden_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Estatuen galdaketa hutsa Erresuma Berrian <a href="/wiki/Tutmosis_IV.a" title="Tutmosis IV.a">Tuthmosis IV.aren</a> estatua <a href="/wiki/Belaunikaldi" title="Belaunikaldi">belaunikatuak</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Ramses_V.a" title="Ramses V.a">Ramses V.aren</a> buru-zatiak (<a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, Cambridge) irudikatzen ditu. Galdaketa hutsak zehatzagoak dira eta <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_XVIII._dinastia" title="Egiptoko XVIII. dinastia">XVIII. Dinastian</a> jarraitzen dute, <a href="/wiki/Tutankamon" title="Tutankamon">Tutankamonen</a> brontzezko irudi belaunikatu beltzak erakusten duenez (Pensilvaniako Unibertsitateko Museoa). <i>Cire Perdue</i> <a href="/wiki/Kateko_ekoizpen" title="Kateko ekoizpen">masa-ekoizpenean</a> <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Aro_Berantiarra" title="Egiptoko Aro Berantiarra">Aro Berantiarratik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolomeotar_Erresuma" title="Ptolomeotar Erresuma">greko-</a><a href="/wiki/Egipto_(erromatar_probintzia)" title="Egipto (erromatar probintzia)">erromatarren</a> garaian erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Jainko_(deitatea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainko (deitatea)">jainkoen</a> irudiak debozio pertsonalerako eta <a href="/wiki/Zinopari" title="Zinopari">tenplu-eskaintzak egiteko</a> . Emakume biluzi itxurako kirtenak brontzezko ispiluetan argizari galduzko prozesuarekin eginak ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG/220px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG/330px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG/440px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> Zikladiaren amaierako urrezko ibex iruditxoa (K.a. XVII. mendea). 10 cm inguruko luzera, argizaria galdutako oinekin eta buruarekin eta gorpuz betea, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santoriniko</a> indusketa batetik.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grezia,_Erroma_eta_Mediterraneoa"><span id="Grezia.2C_Erroma_eta_Mediterraneoa"></span>Grezia, Erroma eta Mediterraneoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Grezia, Erroma eta Mediterraneoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Grezia, Erroma eta Mediterraneoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man,_the_%22Praying_Boy,%22_c._300_BC,_from_Rhodes,_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos,_Sicyon_(28123382363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg/220px-Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg/330px-Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg/440px-Greek_Bronze_Statue_of_Young_Man%2C_the_%22Praying_Boy%2C%22_c._300_BC%2C_from_Rhodes%2C_Attributed_to_School_of_Lysippos%2C_Sicyon_%2828123382363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Lisiposen eskolako "Praying Boy"</figcaption></figure> <p>Argizari galduzko teknika <a href="/wiki/Egear_zibilizazio" title="Egear zibilizazio">Egeoan</a> ezaguna zen <a href="/wiki/Brontze_Aroa" title="Brontze Aroa">Brontze Aroan</a>, bereziki <a href="/wiki/K.a._2._milurtekoa" title="K.a. 2. milurtekoa">Kristo aurreko bigarren milurtekoan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ekialdea_(kultura)" title="Ekialdea (kultura)">Ekialdeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siriako_historia" title="Siriako historia">Siria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palestinako_historia" title="Palestinako historia">Palestinako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zipre" title="Zipre">Zipreko</a> estatuatxoen zuzeneko imitazioak eta tokiko deribazioak Azkeneko Brontze Aroan <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> aurki daitezke, K.a. XI. eta X. mendeetan tokiko ekoizpena egon zen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zipreko Brontze Aroko amaierako aztarnategi batzuek gizakien eta animalien brontzezko irudiak sortu dituzte. Adibide bat <a href="/wiki/Enkomi" title="Enkomi">Enkomi</a>-n aurkitutako gizonezko figura da. Zipreko hiru objektu (New Yorkeko <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art-</a>en daude) argizari galduzko teknikaren bidez eginak ziren K.a. XIII. eta XII. mendeetan, hots, <a href="/wiki/Anfora" title="Anfora">anforaren</a> ertza, hagaxka-tripodea eta fundiziozko tripodea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paularo" title="Paularo">Paularoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Nekropoli" title="Nekropoli">nekropoli</a>an (Italiako Ekialdeko Alpeak) errausketa <a href="/wiki/Hilobi" title="Hilobi">hilobi</a>etan (batez ere K.a. VIII.-VII. mendeetan, baina IV. mendeko hasiera arte) jasotako <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(arropa)" title="Fibula (arropa)">fibulak</a>, zintzilikarioak eta beste kobrez egindako objektuak argizari galduzko prozesuarekin egindak dira. <a href="/wiki/Etruriar" title="Etruriar">Etruriar</a> adibideak, hala nola, Bocchi bildnumako brontzezko kirten <a href="/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo">antropomorfoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a>ko Arkeologia Museo Nazionala), K.a. V. edo VI. mendekoa baino lehenagoak dira eta <i>ciré perdue</i> eginak daude.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adrian (<a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>) aurkitutako brontzezko ontzi batzuk ere argizari galduzko teknika erabiliz egin ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mundu klasikoko argizariaz ekoitzitako elementu ezagunenen artean <i>"Praying Boy"</i>, K.a. 300 urte ingurukoa (Berlineko <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes</a> Museoan), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Volci (sortu gabe)">Vulciko</a> <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">(Etruria) Heraren</a> estatua, estatua gehienak bezala, hainbat zatitan galdatu zen eta gero zatiak batu ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuburger_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Argizari galduzko piezen muntaketa hau erakusten duten lehenagoko beste adibide batzuen artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatsworth_burua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatsworth burua (sortu gabe)">Chatsworth Apolloren</a> brontzezko burua eta British Museumeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satala (sortu gabe)">Satala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia">Turkia</a><a href="/wiki/Afrodita" title="Afrodita">) Afroditaren brontzezko burua daude.</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_(Venezia)" title="San Marco (Venezia)">San Markoko</a> kobrezko lau zaldiak (<a href="/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia">Venezia</a>, ziurrenik II. mendea) bezalako brontze geometrikoak dira zati askotan galdatutako estatuen beste adibide nagusi batzuk.<sup id="cite_ref-Darling_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/220px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/330px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/440px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Eredu zabalekin brontzezko aldare errituala. Txina erdialdeko Chu Estatuatik, K.a. 552 baino lehen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekialdeko_Asia">Ekialdeko Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialdeko Asia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ekialdeko Asia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/220px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/330px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/440px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption> Argizarizko formak brontzezko estatuak galdaketarako Tibetar monasterio batean, Kullutik gertu, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Aldakortasun handia dago argizaria galduaren metodoaren erabileran <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asia" title="Ekialdeko Asia">Asia ekialdean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shang_dinastia" title="Shang dinastia">Shang</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dinastia" title="Zhou dinastia">Zhou dinastietan</a> (K.a. 1500-500 inguruan) brontzea galdaketa metodoa molde galduaren metodoa dela uste izan ohi da. Ikerketa gehiagok agerian utzi dute hori ez dela horrela, argi baitago <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a> pieza-moldeko galdaketa metodoa izan zela brontzezko ontziak fabrikatzeko erabilitako teknika nagusia. Argizari galduzko teknika ez zen Txinako iparraldean agertu K.a. VI. mendera arte. Argizari galduko galdaketa <a href="/wiki/Japoniera" title="Japoniera">japonieraz</a> <i>rōgata</i> izenez ezagutzen da, eta <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_Aroa" title="Yayoi Aroa">Yayoi Aroakoa</a> da, K.a. 200 ingurukoa<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Ciré Perdue</i> egindako pieza arrakastatsuena <a href="/wiki/Aintzinako_Narako_monumentu_historikoak" title="Aintzinako Narako monumentu historikoak">Nara</a> monastegian dagoen<a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Todaiji</a> tenpluko brontzezko Buda irudia da.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 743 eta 749 urte bitarteko tarteetan egin zen, ustez zazpi tona argizari erabiliz.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asiako_hego-ekialdea">Asiako hego-ekialdea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Asiako hego-ekialdea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Asiako hego-ekialdea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ban Na Di-ko biztanleek K.a. 1200etik 200era, argizari galduzko teknika erabiltzen zuten eskumuturrekoak fabrikatzeko. Argizari galduzko prozesuaren bidez egindako eskumuturrekoak <a href="/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia">Thailandiako</a> ipar-ekialdean oso tipikoak dira. Ban Na Di-ren eskumuturreko batzuek substantzia gris ilun bat agerian utzi zuten erdiko buztinen nukleoaren eta metalaren artean, analisian <a href="/wiki/Intsektu" title="Intsektu">intsektuen</a> argizaria findu gabeko forma gisa identifikatu zena.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Litekeena da Non Nok Tha eta Ban Chiang-en dekorazio-elementuak, <a href="/wiki/Besoko" title="Besoko">eskumuturrekoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eraztun" title="Eraztun">eraztunak</a> bezalakoak, <i>cire perdue-</i> teknikarekin egin izana.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tailandiako ipar-ekialdeko eta <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamen</a> arteko paralelismo teknologiko eta materialak daude argizari galduzko teknikaren inguruan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vietnamen molde-galduaren bidez egindako objektuak, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Son_bateria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Son bateria (sortu gabe)">Dong Son danborrak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Son_kultura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Son kultura (sortu gabe)">Dong Son</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phung_Nguyen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phung Nguyen (sortu gabe)">Phung Nguyen</a> kulturetatik datoz;<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> modu berean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Mun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Go Mun (sortu gabe)">Go Muneko</a> (Phung Nguyen ondoan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bac_Bo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bac Bo (sortu gabe)">Bac Bo</a> eskualdean), <a href="/wiki/Igitai" title="Igitai">igitaia</a> eta figura eseria Go Mun fasekoa (B aroaren amaiera, K.a. VII. mendera arte).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/220px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/330px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/440px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Gloucesterreko argimutila XII. mendearen hasieran, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&amp;A Museum</a> zk. 7649-1861</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ipar_Europa">Ipar Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ipar Europa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ipar Europa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunaverney (K.a. 1050–910) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thetford_haragi_txikia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thetford haragi txikia (sortu gabe)">Little Thetford</a> (K.a. 1000–701) haragi-amuak argizari galduko prozesu baten bidez egiten direla frogatu da. Little Thetford haragi-amuak, bereziki, eraikuntza-metodo asmatzaile nabarmenak erabiltzen zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucester_kandeleroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloucester kandeleroa (sortu gabe)">Gloucesterreko argimutila</a> korapilatsua (1104-1113 AD) pieza bakarreko argizarizko eredu gisa egin zen, gero isuribide eta aireabide sistema konplexu bat eman zitzaion molde batean inbertitu aurretik. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/220px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/330px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/440px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> Suge kiribildu baten brontzezko IX. mendeko xehatua, argizari galduzko metodoarekin egindakoa. Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ife_Kings_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ife_Kings_Head.jpg/220px-Ife_Kings_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ife_Kings_Head.jpg/330px-Ife_Kings_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ife_Kings_Head.jpg/440px-Ife_Kings_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ife</a> estatuko eskultura argizari galduko galdaketa-teknika erabiliz, Nigeria, XI-XIV.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mendebaldeko_Afrika">Mendebaldeko Afrika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mendebaldeko Afrika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mendebaldeko Afrika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ezagutzen da brontze urtua Afrikan ekoiztu zela <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeriako</a> Igboland (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo-Ukwu-ren_arkeologia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo-Ukwu-ren arkeologia (sortu gabe)">Igbo-Ukwu</a>) IX. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Joruba_Herria" title="Joruba Herria">Yorubalanden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ife</a>) <a href="/wiki/Beningo_brontzeak" title="Beningo brontzeak">XII. mendean eta Beningo erreinuan</a> K.o. XV. mendean. Erretratu buru batzuk geratzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Beningo_brontzeak" title="Beningo brontzeak">Beninek</a> brontzea menderatu zuen XVI. mendean, erretratuak eta erliebeak egin zituen metalean argizari galduzko prozesua erabiliz.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latinoamerika">Latinoamerika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Latinoamerika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Latinoamerika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argizari galduzko galdaketa tradizioa <a href="/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua">Nikaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolonbia" title="Kolonbia">Kolonbia</a><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">, Ipar-mendebaleko Venezuela</a>, Andeetako Amerika eta <a href="/wiki/Hego_Amerika" title="Hego Amerika">Hego Amerikako</a> mendebaldeko herriek garatu zuten. Argizari galduzko galdaketak eskualdeko urrezko <a href="/wiki/Alanbre" title="Alanbre">alanbre</a> tipiko batzuk eta alanbre apaingarri delikatuak ekoizten zituen, hala nola belarritako apaingarri finak. Prozesuan <a href="/wiki/Kolonaurreko_Amerika" title="Kolonaurreko Amerika">Kolonaurreko Ameriakan</a> Kolonbiako <a href="/wiki/Txibtxa" title="Txibtxa">Muisca</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen%C3%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenú (sortu gabe)">sinu</a> kulturak eremuetan erabiltzen zen.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bi argizari galduzko teknika erabiltzeko moldeak, osoa bata eta partzialki hautsitakoa bestea, aurkitu ziren Pueblo Tapadoko (Montenegro udala, Quindío departamentua) hilobiaren, gutxi gorabehera Kolonaurreko arokoak. Argizari galduzko metodoa ez zen X. mendera arte agertu <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexikon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mexiko mendebaldean kanpai forma ugari egiteko erabili zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_literarioa">Historia literarioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia literarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historia literarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeharkako_frogak">Zeharkako frogak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zeharkako frogak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Zeharkako frogak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/220px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/330px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/440px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption> Berlingo Fundizio Kopa, K.a. V. mendearen hasieran</figcaption></figure> <p>Hasierako <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatur lan</a> batzuek argizari galduzko galdaketari egiten diote erreferentzia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columella&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Columella (sortu gabe)">Columellak,</a> K.o I. mendeko erromatar idazleak<a href="/wiki/Erlauntz" title="Erlauntz">, erlauntzetako</a> argizaria prozesatzea aipatzen du <i>De Re Rustica-n</i>, agian galdaketarako. <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Zaharra" title="Plinio Zaharra">Plinio Zaharrak</a> argizari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punikoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Punikoa (sortu gabe)">punikoa</a> egiteko prozedura sofistikatua zehazten du. Greziako <a href="/wiki/Epigrafia" title="Epigrafia">inskripzio</a> batek artisau bati beren <a href="/wiki/Atenas" title="Atenas">Atenaseko</a> <a href="/wiki/Erekteion" title="Erekteion">Erekteionen</a> egindako lanagatik ordaintzeko aipatzen du (K.a.408/7-407/6). Buztin-modelatzaileek buztinezko moldeak erabil zitzaketen <a href="/wiki/Terrakota" title="Terrakota">galdaketarako terrakota</a> negatiboak egiteko edo argizaria positiboak ekoizteko.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pliniok Zenodorus antzinako brontzezko estatuen artista ospetsu gisa ondo erretratatzen du,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/wiki/Sizion" title="Sizion">Sizioneko</a> Lysistratos deskribatzen du,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nork igeltsuzko aurpegi moldeak hartzen zituen zuzenean modeluetatik argizaria galdaketarako zeharkako prozesua erabiliz.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antzinatean brontzezko estatua edo estatuen zati asko galtzen ziren argizari galduzko prozesua erabiliz. Samoseko Teodoro brontzezko galdaketarekin erlazionatu ohi da.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pliniok <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">berunaren</a> erabilera ere aipatzen du, brontze urtua molde konplexuen eremu eta zati guztietaraino ailegatzen laguntzen dena. <a href="/wiki/Kintiliano" title="Kintiliano">Quintilianok</a> estatuak zatika galdaketa dokumentatzen du, haien moldeak argizari galduzko prozesuaren bidez sortuak izan zitezkeen. K.a. V. mende hasierako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlingo_Galdaketa_Kopa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlingo Galdaketa Kopa (sortu gabe)">Berlingo Fundizio Kopa-</a>ko eszenek brontzezko estatugintzaren sorrera irudikatzen dute, ziurrenik argizari galduzko galdaketa zeharkako metodoaren bidez.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattusch_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattusch-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zuzeneko_frogak">Zuzeneko frogak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zuzeneko frogak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Zuzeneko frogak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «India»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: India"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argizari galduzko metodoa ondo dokumentatuta dago Indiako antzinako literatur iturrietan. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilpa_Shastras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilpa Shastras (sortu gabe)">Shilpa Shastras-ek</a></i><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Inperioa" title="Gupta Inperioa">, Gupta Garaiko</a> testuak (K.a. 320-550 urteak), metalean irudiak galdaketari buruzko informazio zehatza dauka. K.o V. mendeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnusamhita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnusamhita (sortu gabe)">Vishnusamhita</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnu Purana (sortu gabe)">Vishnu Puranaren</a></i> eranskina, metalezko objektuak egiteko argizaria modelatzeari egiten dio erreferentzia zuzenean XIV. kapituluan: "irudi bat metalezkoa izan behar bada, lehenik argizarizkoa izan behar da". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81nas%C4%81ra_Silpa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mānasāra Silpa (sortu gabe)">Mānasāra Silpa</a></i> antzinako sanskritoko testuaren 68. kapituluak <a href="/wiki/Jainkoaizun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainkoaizun">idoloak</a> argizarian egitea zehazten du eta <i>Maduchchhista Vidhānam</i> edo "argizari galduzko metodoa" izena du prozesu horrek.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendebaldeko_Chalukya_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendebaldeko Chalukya Inperioa (sortu gabe)">Mendebaldeko Chalukya Inperioko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Someshvara_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Someshvara III (sortu gabe)">Someshvara III.a</a> erregeak ustez idatzitako Mānasollāsa XII. mendeko testuak argizari galduari eta beste galdaketa prozesuei buruzko xehetasunak ere eskaintzen ditu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>XVI. mendeko tratatu batean, Srïkumārak idatzitako Śilparatnako <i>Uttarabhaga</i>, 2. kapituluaren (<i>"Linga Lakshanam")</i> 32-52 bitarteko bertsoak, argibide zehatzak galdaketa hutsa egiteko ematen ditu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teofilo">Teofilo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teofilo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Teofilo"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa,_Benvenuto_Cellini,_Florencia,_Italia,_2019_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg/220px-Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg/330px-Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg/440px-Perseo_con_la_cabeza_de_Medusa%2C_Benvenuto_Cellini%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2019_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>Perseo</i>, Cellini</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofilo_Presbiteroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofilo Presbiteroa (sortu gabe)">Teofilo Presbiteroak</a>, Erdi Aroko hasierako idazlea, Helmarshausengo Roger <a href="/wiki/San_Benediktoren_Ordena" title="San Benediktoren Ordena">monje beneditar</a> eta metalgintzako langilea zela uste denak, tratatu bat idatzi zuen XII. mendearen hasieratik erdialdera, jatorrizko lanak eta beste iturri batzuetatik kopiatutako informazioa biltzen dituena, adibidez, <i>Mappae. clavícula</i> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eraclius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraclius (sortu gabe)">Eraclius</a>-en, <i>De dolorous et artibus Romanorum.</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hainbat artikulu egiteko pausoz pauso prozedurak ematen ditu, batzuk argizari galduzko galdaketaz: "Kobrezko Haize-kutxa eta Bere Eroale" (84. kapitulua); "Estainuzko Ospinontzia" (88. kapitulua) eta "Kanpaien Galdaketa" (85. kapitulua), argizariaren ordez "seboa" erabiltzea eskatzen dutenak; eta "Intsentsu-ontzi galdaketa". 86. eta 87. kapituluetan Teofilok argizaria <a href="/wiki/Arrazoi_(matematika)" title="Arrazoi (matematika)">proportzio</a> ezberdinetan nola banatu zehazten du moldatu eta galdaketa aurretik, zehaztasunez afinatutako <a href="/wiki/Ezkila" title="Ezkila">kanpai</a> musikal txikiak lortzeko. <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">XVI. mendeko Benvenuto Cellini</a> eskultore florentziarrak Teofiloren idatziak agian erabili zituen bere brontzezko <i><a href="/wiki/Pertseo_Medusaren_buruarekin" title="Pertseo Medusaren buruarekin">Perseo Medusaren Buruarekin</a></i> galdatu zuenean.<sup id="cite_ref-M_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amerika">Amerika</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Amerika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Amerika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Releigh idazle espainiarraren 1596ko kontakizun labur batek <a href="/wiki/Azteka" title="Azteka">azteken</a> galdaketari egiten dio erreferentzia.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 789px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Argizarizko modelo bat metala galdaketarako eta airea askatzeko aterabideak ditu eta material erregogorra batez estalita dago."><img alt="Argizarizko modelo bat metala galdaketarako eta airea askatzeko aterabideak ditu eta material erregogorra batez estalita dago." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/81px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/121px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/162px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Argizarizko modelo bat metala galdaketarako eta airea askatzeko aterabideak ditu eta material erregogorra batez estalita dago.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brontzezko fundizioa, oraindik galdaketa-zuhaitzarekin."><img alt="Brontzezko fundizioa, oraindik galdaketa-zuhaitzarekin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/83px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/125px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/166px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="2208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brontzezko fundizioa, oraindik galdaketa-zuhaitzarekin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brontzezko fundizioa, galdaketa-zuhaitz zati bat kenduta."><img alt="Brontzezko fundizioa, galdaketa-zuhaitz zati bat kenduta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/87px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="87" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/131px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/175px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brontzezko fundizioa, galdaketa-zuhaitz zati bat kenduta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ia amaitutako brontzezko galdaketa. Oinarrizko euskarriak baino ez dira kendu eta itxi"><img alt="Ia amaitutako brontzezko galdaketa. Oinarrizko euskarriak baino ez dira kendu eta itxi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/103px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/155px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/207px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ia amaitutako brontzezko galdaketa. Oinarrizko euskarriak baino ez dira kendu eta itxi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Encyclopedie_volume_7-288.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diderot eta D&#39;Alambert Enziklpedia. Zaldi-estatua galdaketa (288)"><img alt="Diderot eta D&#39;Alambert Enziklpedia. 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Zaldi-estatua galdaketa (290)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png/120px-Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png/180px-Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png/241px-Encyclopedie_volume_7-290.png 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="3639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diderot eta D'Alambert Enziklpedia. Zaldi-estatua galdaketa (290)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Encyclopedie_volume_7-291.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diderot eta D&#39;Alambert Enziklpedia. Zaldi-estatua galdaketa (291)"><img alt="Diderot eta D&#39;Alambert Enziklpedia. 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Zaldi-estatua galdaketa (292)</div> </li> </ul><div style="clear:both;"></div><p>&#160; </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Azala?uselang=eu">Wikimedia Commons</a>en</span> badira fitxategi gehiago, gai hau dutenak: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lost-wax_casting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lost-wax casting">Argizari galduzko galdaketa</a></b></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814" title="Aldatu lotura Wikidatan"><img alt="Aldatu lotura Wikidatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ehu.eus/manufacturing/docencia/935_eu.pdf">http://www.ehu.eus/manufacturing/docencia/935_eu.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jakinbai.eus/edukiak/Galdaketa_Prozesuak03">https://jakinbai.eus/edukiak/Galdaketa_Prozesuak03</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wikiteka.com/document/fabricacion-2/">https://www.wikiteka.com/document/fabricacion-2/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ares.cnice.mec.es/gtm/web/index_es_resultado_final.php?num=1122311%7C297854%7C1112629%7C291288%7C294861%7C297881%7C296783%7C291392%7C1116622%7C294944%7C1121810%7C294945%7C1113068%7C1113069%7C294946%7C1113070%7C294980%7C1113427%7C1121311%7C1121310%7C1113458%7C1117159%7C1113991%7C1114091%7C1114284%7C1114287%7C1117449%7C1114456%7C234325%7C1117493%7C1117496%7C239985%7C292211%7C1114690%7C229304%7C292334%7C1115017%7C295763%7C1122267%7C1115747%7C298304%7C296583%7C&amp;Buscar=Acera%7CAnilox%20cerámico%7CAuditoría%20de%20tercera%20parte%7CBoquilla%20de%20cerámica%7CCabecera%7CCabecera%20de%20página%7CCabecera%20de%20tabla%7CCarburo%20cerámico%7Ccarne%20de%20tercera%7CCera%7CCera%20de%20abeja%7CCera%20de%20carnauba%7CCera%20granulada%20verde%7CCera%20turquesa%7CCerambícidos%7CCerámica%7CChumacera%7CCrisol%20para%20fundición%20a%20la%20cera%20perdida%7CCubiertas%20cerámicas%20inclinadas%7CCubiertas%20cerámicas%20planas%7CCuerda%20encerada%7Ceviscerar%7CFundición%20a%20la%20cera%20perdida%7CHaluro%20metálico%20cerámico%7CInyectado%20de%20cera%7CInyectora%20de%20cera%7Clepiota%20procera%7CLicuadora%20de%20cera%7CMaceración%7Cmacerar%7Cmacrolepiota%20procera%7CMapa%20ceraúnico%7CMaterial%20cerámico%7CModelo%20en%20cera%7CMuela%20carnicera%7CÓxido%20cerámico%7CPalillo%20de%20cera%7CSierra%20bracera%7CSolado%20de%20aceras%7CSoldador%20de%20cera%7CTítulo%20de%20cabecera%7CÚlceras%7C&amp;volver=Cera&amp;cual=22&amp;gtm=733ea069987e91dbc4d2eff6cc729bbd">Kontzeptu bera bederatzi hizkuntzatan</a></li> <li>Corredor Martínez, J.A. <i>Técnicas de Fundición Artística.</i> 1999 Ed. 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Lost Wax and Lost Textile: An Unusual Ancient Technique for Casting Gold Belt Plaques. In Maddin 1988.</li> <li>[Kuppuram, Govindarajan (1989). Ancient Indian Mining, Metallurgy, and Metal Industries. Sundeep Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-85067-28-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-85067-28-5">ISBN 978-81-85067-28-5</a>.]</li></ul> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoury2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Thoury2_2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13356">10.1038/ncomms13356</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27843139">27843139</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713356T">2016NatCo...713356T</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolmanLawrenceBarr1895">Holman,&#32;S. W.&#59;&#32;Lawrence,&#32;R. R.&#59;&#32;Barr,&#32;L.. &#32;(1895).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/20020628?origin=crossref">«Melting Points of Aluminum, Silver, Gold, Copper, and Platinum»</a>&#32;<i>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>&#32;31: 218.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F20020628">10.2307/20020628</a></span>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004439931_003">«Lost-Wax Casting»</a>&#32;<i>Finding Lost Wax</i>&#32;(BRILL): 9–17.&#32;2020-10-19&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Zhungeer Banner, western inner Mongolia, 3rd-1st centuries BC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoury-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Thoury_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFThoury">Thoury,&#32;M..&#32;<i>High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object. </i>&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13356">10.1038/ncomms13356</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/5116070">.5116070</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27843139">27843139</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713356T">2016NatCo...713356T</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAuteur.cop._1976">Auteur.,&#32;Krishnan, M. V... &#32;(cop. 1976).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/932247758"><i>Cire perdue casting in India. </i></a>&#32;Kanak publications, books India&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=932247758">932247758</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-8"><sup><b>i</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-9"><sup><b>j</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKuppuram1989">Kuppuram,&#32;G.. &#32;(1989).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21044164"><i>Ancient Indian mining, metallurgy, and metal industries. </i></a>&#32;Sundeep Prakashan&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-85067-28-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-85067-28-7">81-85067-28-7</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=21044164">21044164</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenoyer-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenoyer_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenoyer_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Kenoyer, J. M. &amp; H. M.-L. Miller, (1999). Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India., in <i>The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World</i>., ed. V. C. Pigott. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darling-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_10-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_10-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_10-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Darling, A. S., (1990). Non-Ferrous Materials, in <i>An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology</i>, ed. I. McNeil London and New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogden-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogden_11-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogden_11-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Ogden, J. (2000). Metals, in <i>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology</i>, eds. P. T. Nicholson &amp; I. Shaw Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheel2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Scheel2_12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7478-0001-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7478-0001-9">978-0-7478-0001-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchiavoMaddinMuhlyStech1985-04">Schiavo,&#32;Fulvia Lo&#59;&#32;Maddin,&#32;Robert&#59;&#32;Muhly,&#32;James D.&#59;&#32;Stech,&#32;Tamara. &#32;(1985-04).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/504336">«Preliminary Research on Ancient Metallurgy in Sardinia: 1984»</a>&#32;<i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>&#32;89&#32;(2): 316.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F504336">10.2307/504336</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMolloy">Molloy,&#32;Barry.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316884522.007">«Bronze Weaponry and Cultural Mobility in Late Bronze Age Southeast Europe»</a>&#32;<i>Warfare in Bronze Age Society</i>&#32;(Cambridge University Press): 81–100.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-1978-150505">«International Symposium on Quantitative Metallography Organized by the Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia under the auspices ofthe CCE»</a>&#32;<i>Practical Metallography</i>&#32;15&#32;(5): 255–255.&#32;1978-05-01&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fpm-1978-150505">10.1515/pm-1978-150505</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2195-8599">2195-8599</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuburger-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Neuburger, A., 1930. <i>The Technical Arts and Sciences of the Ancients</i>, London: Methuen &amp; Co. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFV.1976">V.,&#32;Krishnan, M.. &#32;(1976).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1171718703"><i>Cire perdue casting in India. </i></a>&#32;Kanak Publications, Books India Project&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1171718703">1171718703</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMADDIN1975">MADDIN,&#32;Robert. &#32;(1975).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.15.59">«Early Iron Metallurgy in the Near East»</a>&#32;<i>Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan</i>&#32;15&#32;(2): 59–68.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2355%2Fisijinternational1966.15.59">10.2355/isijinternational1966.15.59</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-1583">0021-1583</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHighamHigham2009-03-01">Higham,&#32;Charles&#59;&#32;Higham,&#32;Thomas. &#32;(2009-03-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098136">«A new chronological framework for prehistoric Southeast Asia, based on a Bayesian model from Ban Non Wat»</a>&#32;<i>Antiquity</i>&#32;83&#32;(319): 125–144.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00098136">10.1017/s0003598x00098136</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAgrawal2000">Agrawal,&#32;D. P.. &#32;(2000).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43317782"><i>Ancient metal technology and archaeology of South Asia&#160;: a Pan-Asian perspective. </i></a>&#32;Aryan Books International&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-7305-177-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-7305-177-1">81-7305-177-1</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=43317782">43317782</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBowman">Bowman,&#32;Sheridan.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sal.org.uk/books/theantiquariesjournal/volume872007/"><i>The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: history, technology and their position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone feasting complex. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBowman">Bowman,&#32;S.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8392&amp;resourceID=1000"><i>Late Bronze Age flesh hook, Little Thetford. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Basil (1971). <i>African Kingdoms</i>. New York: Time-Life Books, pp. 146(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_24-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFScott">Scott,&#32;D.A..&#32;<i>Technical Examination of Some Gold Wire from Pre-Hispanic South America. </i>&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.1991.36.2.65">10.1179/sic.1991.36.2.65</a></span>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_25-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hodges, H., 1970. <i>Technology in the Ancient World</i>, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHumphrey1998">Humphrey,&#32;John William. &#32;(1998).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1086569084"><i>Greek and Roman technology&#160;: a sourcebook&#160;: annotated translations of Greek and Latin texts and documents. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-41325-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-41325-8">978-0-203-41325-8</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1086569084">1086569084</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Historia Naturala. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBieberJex-Blake1968-10">Bieber,&#32;Margarete&#59;&#32;Jex-Blake,&#32;K.. &#32;(1968-10).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/503847">«The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art»</a>&#32;<i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>&#32;72&#32;(4): 402.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F503847">10.2307/503847</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Description of Greece 8.14.8. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattusch-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattusch_30-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMattusch">Mattusch,&#32;C.C..&#32;<i>The Berlin Foundry Cup: The Casting of Greek Bronze Statuary in the Early Fifth Century B.C.. </i>&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F504071">10.2307/504071</a></span>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAuteur.cop._1976">Auteur.,&#32;Krishnan, M. V... &#32;(cop. 1976).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/932247758"><i>Cire perdue casting in India. </i></a>&#32;Kanak publications, books India&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=932247758">932247758</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTheophilus1979">Theophilus,&#32;Presbyter, activeth century. &#32;(1979).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5536951"><i>On divers arts&#160;: the foremost medieval treatise on painting, glassmaking, and metalwork. </i></a>&#32;Dover Publications&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-486-23784-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-486-23784-2">0-486-23784-2</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=5536951">5536951</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-33"><a href="#cite_ref-M_33-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFM._D.">M. D..&#32;<i>Cire Perdue. </i>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944SciMo..58..158D">1944SciMo..58..158D</a>.</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q765814">Q765814</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lost-wax_casting">Lost-wax casting</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q765814%22">Q765814</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471439z">12471439z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471439z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4188794-3">4188794-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106232">sh85106232</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033904545">033904545</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300053113">300053113</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/lost-wax-process">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q765814">Q765814</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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