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<li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Implementation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Implementation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rest of Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_revival_of_social_liberal_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_revival_of_social_liberal_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contemporary revival of social liberal thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_revival_of_social_liberal_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties_and_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_and_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Parties and organisations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parties_and_organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parties and organisations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parties_and_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_thinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_thinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable thinkers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_thinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Social liberalism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ليبرالية اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبرالية اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_liberalizm" title="Sosial liberalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial liberalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সামাজিক উদারনীতিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক উদারনীতিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сацыял-лібералізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыял-лібералізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Социален либерализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социален либерализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རང་མོས་རེང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རང་མོས་རེང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioliberalisme" title="Socioliberalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socioliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_liberalismus" title="Sociální liberalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální liberalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialliberalisme" title="Socialliberalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksliberalismus" title="Linksliberalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linksliberalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalliberalism" title="Sotsiaalliberalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalliberalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Κοινωνικός_φιλελευθερισμός_ή_σοσιαλφιλελευθερισμός" title="Φιλελευθερισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλελευθερισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioliberalismo" title="Socioliberalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socioliberalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialliberalismo" title="Socialliberalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialliberalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozioliberalismo" title="Sozioliberalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sozioliberalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سوسیال لیبرالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسیال لیبرالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialliberalisma" title="Sosialliberalisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sosialliberalisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-lib%C3%A9ralisme" title="Social-libéralisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Social-libéralisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjaalliberalisme" title="Sosjaalliberalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sosjaalliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="사회자유주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회자유주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սոցիալ-լիբերալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալ-լիբերալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalni_liberalizam" title="Socijalni liberalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalni liberalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisme_sosial" title="Liberalisme sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liberalisme sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_sociale" title="Liberalismo sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liberalismo sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99" title="ליברליזם חברתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליברליזם חברתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სოციალური ლიბერალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალური ლიბერალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81lliber%C4%81lisms" title="Sociālliberālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālliberālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_social" title="Liberalism social – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liberalism social" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1lliberalizmus" title="Szociálliberalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociálliberalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ليبراليه اشتراكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليبراليه اشتراكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisme_sosial" title="Liberalisme sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liberalisme sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaalliberalisme" title="Sociaalliberalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaalliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सामाजिक उदारवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सामाजिक उदारवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社会自由主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会自由主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialliberalisme" title="Sosialliberalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialliberalisme" title="Sosialliberalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialliberalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalliberalizm" title="Socjalliberalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalliberalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_social" title="Liberalismo social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberalismo social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_social" title="Liberalism social – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liberalism social" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Social liberals" redirects here. For the Austrian political party, see <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Liberals" title="The Social Liberals">The Social Liberals</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ideology. For liberalism as a social philosophy, see <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kulinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffals" title="Keffals">Sorrenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Finke" title="Leigh Finke">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pocan" title="Mark Pocan">Pocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Watson_Coleman" title="Bonnie Watson Coleman">Watson Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">Progressive era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Social liberalism<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and variety of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> that endorses <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> which favors <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and an overall more <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> style of governance. While both are committed to personal freedoms, social liberalism places greater emphasis on the role of government in addressing social inequalities and ensuring public welfare. Economically, social liberalism is based on the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a> and views the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a> as harmonious with the individual's freedom.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Social liberals overlap with <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> in accepting <a href="/wiki/Market_intervention" title="Market intervention">market intervention</a> more than other liberals;<a href="#cite_note-Slomp_2000-11">[10]</a> its importance is considered auxiliary compared to social democrats.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Ideologies that emphasize its economic policy include welfare liberalism,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal liberalism">New Deal liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> and Keynesian liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a> is an ideology that highlights its cultural aspects. The world has widely adopted social liberal policies.<a href="#cite_note-Faulks-16">[15]</a> Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>, although there are deviations from these positions to both the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political left or right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slomp_2000-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-hombachbodo-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-womenpower-19">[17]</a> Addressing economic and social issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> using government intervention, while emphasising individual rights and autonomy, are expectations under a social liberal <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In modern political discourse, social liberalism is associated with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> a left-liberalism contrasted to the right-leaning <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> and combines support for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with cultural liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Social liberalism may also refer to <a href="/wiki/American_progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="American progressive">American progressive</a> stances on sociocultural issues,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/American_social_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American social conservatism">American social conservatism</a>. Cultural liberalism is often referred to as social liberalism because it expresses the social dimension of liberalism; however, it is not the same as the broader political ideology known as social liberalism. In <a href="/wiki/American_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="American politics">American politics</a>, a social liberal may hold either <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberal">economic liberal</a>) or liberal (<a href="/wiki/Economic_progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic progressive">economic progressive</a>) views on <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse,_c1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg/170px-Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg/255px-Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg/340px-Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Leonard Hobhouse</a> was one of the originators of social liberalism, notably through his book Liberalism, published in 1911.</figcaption></figure> By the end of the 19th century, downturns in economic growth challenged the principles of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, a growing awareness of poverty and unemployment present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of <a href="/wiki/Organised_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised labour">organised labour</a>. A significant political reaction against the changes introduced by <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> came from <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">one-nation conservatives</a> concerned about social balance and the introduction of the famous <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Act 1870">Education Act 1870</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> later became a more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>—became early influential critics of social injustice.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept of <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a> to promote a rights based system.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a> for success.<a href="#cite_note-eatwell-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Liberals">New Liberals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Liberals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/TNL_(political_party)" title="TNL (political party)">The New Liberals</a> in Australia.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomashillgreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thomashillgreen.jpg/170px-Thomashillgreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Thomashillgreen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-freeden-1">[1]</a> The New Liberals, including intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Leonard Hobhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a>, saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a> In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> governments of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, mainly thanks to <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> and later Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, established the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in the United Kingdom before World War I. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after World War II, although primarily accomplished by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Attlee ministry</a>, was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (who laid the foundations in economics with the <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_Revolution" title="Keynesian Revolution">Keynesian Revolution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> (whose <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> was used to design the welfare system).<a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a> Historian Peter Weiler has argued: <blockquote>Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like <a href="/wiki/Max_Hirsch_(labor_economist)" title="Max Hirsch (labor economist)">Max Hirsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Duncker" title="Franz Duncker">Franz Duncker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch</a> established <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>—modelled on their British counterparts—to help workers improve working and economic conditions through reconciliation of interests and cooperation with their employers rather than class struggle. Schulze-Delitzsch is also the founding father of the German <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a> and the organiser of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a>. Some liberal economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_von_Schulze-G%C3%A4vernitz" title="Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz">Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik" title="Verein für Socialpolitik">Verein für Socialpolitik</a> (German Economic Association) in 1873 to promote social reform based on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a> and therefore rejecting <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a>, proposing a third way between <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester Liberalism</a> and socialist revolution in the 1871-founded <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the <a href="/wiki/German_Progress_Party" title="German Progress Party">German Progress Party</a> and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, which they called <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were: <ul><li>The national ambitions.</li> <li>The different substate people's goals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> against Schutzzollpolitik.</li> <li>The building of the national economy.</li></ul> The term social liberalism (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Sozialliberalismus) was used first in 1891 by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungarian</a> economist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Hertzka" title="Theodor Hertzka">Theodor Hertzka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[c]</a> Subsequently, in 1893, the historian and <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">social reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Jastrow" title="Ignaz Jastrow">Ignaz Jastrow</a> also used this term and joined the <a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik" title="Verein für Socialpolitik">German Economic Association</a>. He published the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">socialist democratic</a> manifesto "Social-liberal: Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia" to create an "action group" for the general people's welfare in the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, which they rejected.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_(ca._1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National-Social_Association" title="National-Social Association">National-Social Association</a>, founded by the Protestant pastor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a> also maintained contacts with the left liberals.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> He tried to draw workers away from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism. In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, but it influenced local <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurlander-42">[39]</a> After 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democrats</a> included most of the social liberals while others joined the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>. Until the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a> was the model for Germany. It had a theoretical social liberal influence based on duty and rights.<a href="#cite_note-cis.org.au-43">[40]</a> As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> some members left the party and formed the social liberal <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Germany)" title="Liberal Democrats (Germany)">Liberal Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In France, <a href="/wiki/Social_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social solidarity">solidaristic</a> thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fouill%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Fouillée">Alfred Fouillée</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, developed the social-liberal theory in the Third Republic. <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians like <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a>. They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/225px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/300px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the 32nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> domestic policies defined <a href="/wiki/American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American liberalism">American liberalism</a> for the middle third of the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></div> Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">classical liberalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>. It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a> In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John Bates Clark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry Carter Adams</a>—influenced both by <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy toward <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labour unions</a>. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> published the two-volume Dynamic Sociology. He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a> ranked Ward alongside <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> and called him the father of the modern welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> A writer from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greater <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a> movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> which developed as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg/150px-David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg/225px-David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg/300px-David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, who became closely associated with this new liberalism and vigorously supported expanding social welfare</figcaption></figure> The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed market economy">mixed market economy</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Also called <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">embedded liberalism</a>, social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging the capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Boom_and_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom and bust">boom and bust</a> cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because the wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Social liberalism is also a generally <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> ideology.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal feminism</a> among other forms social progress.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Social liberals tend to find a compromise between the perceived extremes of unrestrained <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> to create an economy built on <a href="/wiki/Regulated_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulated capitalism">regulated capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Due to a reliance on what they believe to be a too <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized government</a> to achieve its goals, critics have called this strain of liberalism a more authoritarian ideological position compared to the original schools of liberal thought, especially in the United States, where conservatives have called presidents <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> authoritarians.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_liberalism#undue" title="Talk:Social liberalism">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National-insurance-act-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National-insurance-act-1911.jpg/220px-National-insurance-act-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National-insurance-act-1911.jpg/330px-National-insurance-act-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/National-insurance-act-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>British leaflet from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> expressing support for the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Health Insurance Act of 1911</a> and the legislation provided benefits to sick and unemployed workers, marking a major milestone in the development of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a></figcaption></figure> The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (United Kingdom)">Liberal Party</a> in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a>. The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, and <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">health, sickness, and unemployment insurance</a>. These changes were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Progressive_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive income tax">progressive taxation</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a> of 1909. The old system of charity relying on the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a> and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed the reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> (especially as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> parties in Europe (notably the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a>) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent_54-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg/220px-Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Alexander Rüstow</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Alexander Rüstow</a>, a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalism <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mises" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Mises">Ludwig Mises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a>—to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a>. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-cis.org.au-43">[40]</a> Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.<a href="#cite_note-cis.org.au-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></div> The Kemalist economic model was designed by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in 1930s, founder of the Republic of Turkey, after an unsuccessful attempt to embrace a <a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">regulated market economy</a> from <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Economic_Congress" title="İzmir Economic Congress">İzmir Economic Congress</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">1929 Depression</a>. He put the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Kemalism#Etatism" title="Kemalism">etatism</a>" in his <a href="/wiki/The_Six_Arrows" title="The Six Arrows">Six Arrows</a> and stated that <a href="/wiki/Kemalism#Etatism" title="Kemalism">etatism</a> was a unique economic system for Turkey and that it was different from <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Atatürk explained his economic idea as follows: <blockquote>State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a></blockquote> Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">markets</a> can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Also it was said by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> that Atatürk's principle of <a href="/wiki/Kemalism#Etatism" title="Kemalism">etatism</a> was <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> and a Turkish variant of <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Europe">Rest of Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rest of Europe">edit</a>]</div> The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>"The price of doing the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">same old thing</a> is far higher than the price of change." <div style="text-align: center;">—<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, 1993<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></div></figcaption></figure> American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> appeared <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesian</a>, there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a more <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> ideology as a result.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a> was likely the reason for the separate development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism in the United States</a>, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>' principal work, <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> A Theory of Justice countered <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> thinking in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, instead following the <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a> concept of a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, picturing society as a mutual agreement between <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental liberties</a>, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of <a href="/wiki/Justice_as_Fairness" title="Justice as Fairness">Justice as Fairness</a>. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent_54-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>, and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brittan" title="Samuel Brittan">Samuel Brittan</a>, whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and the United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. They pursued policies of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.<a href="#cite_note-Faulks-16">[15]</a> Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>, notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_revival_of_social_liberal_thought">Contemporary revival of social liberal thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary revival of social liberal thought">edit</a>]</div> From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (philosophy and economy), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> (philosophy of law), <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> (philosophy), <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ackerman" title="Bruce Ackerman">Bruce Ackerman</a> (constitutional law), and others.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties_and_organisations">Parties and organisations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parties and organisations">edit</a>]</div> In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Examples of successful European social liberal parties participating in government coalitions at national or regional levels include the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> in the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a> in the Netherlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Danish Social Liberal Party</a>. In continental European politics, social liberal parties are integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a> group in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, the third biggest group in the parliament, and includes social liberal parties, market liberal parties, and centrist parties. Other groups such as the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens–European Free Alliance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> also house some political parties with social-liberal factions. In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, social liberalism is held by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, social liberalism is a significant force within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, mainly because political organisations are not always ideologically pure, and party ideologies often change over time. However, peers such as the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Forum" title="European Liberal Forum">European Liberal Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a> or scholars usually accept them as parties who are following social liberalism as a core ideology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions">Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions">edit</a>]</div> Social liberal political parties that are more left-biased than general centre-left parties are not described here. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_progressive_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of progressive parties">list of progressive parties</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberals_for_%C3%85land" title="Liberals for Åland">Liberals for Åland</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Action_for_Andorra" title="Action for Andorra">Action for Andorra</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Liberal Party">Progressive Liberal Party</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9FI" title="DéFI">DéFI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Partei_f%C3%BCr_Freiheit_und_Fortschritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt">Party for Freedom and Progress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivant" title="Vivant">Vivant</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Our_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Our Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Our Party</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> : <a href="/wiki/Cidadania" title="Cidadania">Cidadania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">Brazilian Social Democracy Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile_(2018)" title="Radical Party of Chile (2018)">Radical Party of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Chile_(2013)" title="Liberal Party of Chile (2013)">Liberal Party of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats" title="Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats">Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Croatia-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Centre (Croatian political party)">Centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Liberal_Alliance" title="Civic Liberal Alliance">Civic Liberal Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Croatia-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">Istrian Democratic Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-Croatia-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Pirate_Party" title="Czech Pirate Party">Czech Pirate Party</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Danish Social Liberal Party</a><a href="#cite_note-kirchner-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-gary-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-almeida-102">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(Egypt)" title="Constitution Party (Egypt)">Constitution Party</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">Estonian Centre Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duvold2020-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Greens" title="Estonian Greens">Estonian Greens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia_200" title="Estonia 200">Estonia 200</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-EURACTIV-108">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Self-Government_(Faroe_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Government (Faroe Islands)">Self-Government Party</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Finland-111">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Finland-111">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party of Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)"> Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Progress" title="Territories of Progress">Territories of Progress</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Democrats" title="The New Democrats">The New Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Germany)" title="Liberal Democrats (Germany)">Liberal Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[d]</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Greenland)" title="Democrats (Greenland)">Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(Hungary)" title="Democratic Coalition (Hungary)">Democratic Coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-Hedetoft2020-123">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bright_Future_(Iceland)" title="Bright Future (Iceland)">Bright Future</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-NSGehlot1991-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-J.Soper-126">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Resilience_Party" title="Israel Resilience Party">Israel Resilience Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yesh_Atid" title="Yesh Atid">Yesh Atid</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">Italia Viva</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)" title="Action (Italian political party)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan">Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic Party of Kosovo">Democratic Party of Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Development/For!" title="Development/For!">Development/For!</a><a href="#cite_note-Duvold2020-105">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>: <a href="/wiki/Revolution_for_Prosperity" title="Revolution for Prosperity">Revolution for Prosperity</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: <a href="/wiki/Positive_Montenegro" title="Positive Montenegro">Positive Montenegro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Reform_Action" title="United Reform Action">United Reform Action</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Forces" title="Citizens' Forces">Citizens' Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Force" title="National Democratic Force">National Democratic Force</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a><a href="#cite_note-kirchner-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-gary-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-HloušekKopeček2010B-147">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a><a href="#cite_note-PHliberals-151">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">Polish Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Your_Movement" title="Your Movement">Your Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats" title="Union of European Democrats">Union of European Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Together_for_the_People" title="Together for the People">Together for the People</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Initiative" title="Liberal Initiative">Liberal Initiative</a> (faction)<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/PRO_Romania" title="PRO Romania">PRO Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Slovakia" title="Progressive Slovakia">Progressive Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marjan_%C5%A0arec" title="List of Marjan Šarec">List of Marjan Šarec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slovenia_2018-161">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Alenka_Bratu%C5%A1ek" title="Party of Alenka Bratušek">Party of Alenka Bratušek</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovenia_2018-161">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Justice Party (South Korea)">Justice Party</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">Liberals</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberati.se-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ideologi.se-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">Centre Party</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberati.se-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ideologi.se-167">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party of Switzerland</a> (faction)<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a>、<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwan People's Party">Taiwan People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Progress_Party" title="Democracy and Progress Party">Democracy and Progress Party</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kirchner-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-gary-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_social_liberal_parties_or_parties_with_social_liberal_factions">Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li>Andorra: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal_(Andorra)" title="Democratic Renewal (Andorra)">Democratic Renewal</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Sociaal-Liberale_Partij" title="Sociaal-Liberale Partij">Spirit</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/The_River_(Greece)" title="The River (Greece)">The River</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Iceland)" title="Liberal Party (Iceland)">Liberal Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberals_and_Leftists" title="Union of Liberals and Leftists">Union of Liberals and Leftists</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(Israel)" title="Independent Liberals (Israel)">Independent Liberals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-197">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kulanu" title="Kulanu">Kulanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Israel)" title="Progressive Party (Israel)">Progressive Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-197">[193]</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">Democratic Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Italy)" title="Democratic Union (Italy)">Democratic Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Italy)" title="The Democrats (Italy)">The Democrats</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Democratic Party of Japan">Democratic Party of Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Political_Change" title="Society for Political Change">Society for Political Change</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/New_Union_(Social_Liberals)" title="New Union (Social Liberals)">New Union (Social Liberals)</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)">Radical Socialist Party</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a></li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Malta)" title="Democratic Party (Malta)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Our_Moldova_Alliance" title="Our Moldova Alliance">Our Moldova Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl" title="Democratic Party – demokraci.pl">Democratic Party – demokraci.pl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spring_(political_party)" title="Spring (political party)">Spring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Constitutional Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_of_Slovenia" title="Liberal Democracy of Slovenia">Liberal Democracy of Slovenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-womenpower-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-almeida-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zares" title="Zares">Zares</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_1956)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 1956)">Progressive Party (1956)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uri_Party" title="Uri Party">Uri Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Democratic_New_Party" title="Grand Unified Democratic New Party">Grand Unified Democratic New Party</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">Union, Progress and Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Independents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring of Independents">Ring of Independents</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clark2012-221">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_thinkers">Notable thinkers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable thinkers">edit</a>]</div> Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a> (1748–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-cardosorosas-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">[221]</a> (1806–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-newliberalism-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalinternational-228">[224]</a> (1836–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1841–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a> (1844–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bernard Bosanquet</a><a href="#cite_note-newliberalism-227">[223]</a> (1848–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a> (1856–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a><a href="#cite_note-merquior-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-wrussel-232">[228]</a> (1858–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atkinson_Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Atkinson Hobson">John Atkinson Hobson</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-newliberalism-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalinternational-228">[224]</a> (1858–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a> (1859–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a><a href="#cite_note-leftliberalism-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> (1860–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_von_Schulze-G%C3%A4vernitz" title="Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz">Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a> (1864–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-richardson-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-newliberalism-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalinternational-228">[224]</a> (1864–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokuz%C5%8D_Fukuda" title="Tokuzō Fukuda">Tokuzō Fukuda</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> (1874–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-226">[222]</a> (1879–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a> (1881–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> (1882–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-226">[222]</a> (1883–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> (1897–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliot Trudeau">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1919–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> (1899–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Piero Gobetti</a><a href="#cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">[221]</a> (1901–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1902–1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Calogero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Calogero (page does not exist)">Guido Calogero</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Calogero" class="extiw" title="it:Guido Calogero">it</a>]<a href="#cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">[221]</a> (1904–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a> (1909–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Norberto Bobbio</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">[221]</a> (1909–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Maruyama_(scholar)" title="Masao Maruyama (scholar)">Masao Maruyama</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> (1914–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cardosorosas-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory2-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-vincentandrew-242">[238]</a> (1921–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Chipp" title="Don Chipp">Don Chipp</a><a href="#cite_note-australiademocrats-243">[239]</a> (1925–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Hermann_Flach" title="Karl-Hermann Flach">Karl-Hermann Flach</a><a href="#cite_note-flah-244">[240]</a> (1929–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlado_Gotovac" title="Vlado Gotovac">Vlado Gotovac</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> (1930–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a><a href="#cite_note-rodriguez-246">[242]</a> (1931–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a><a href="#cite_note-cardosorosas-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-vincentandrew-242">[238]</a> (1931–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a><a href="#cite_note-cardosorosas-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liberalism_is_the_best_Cure_for_Poverty-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-inclusivedemocracy-248">[244]</a> (born 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_G._Merquior" class="mw-redirect" title="José G. Merquior">José G. Merquior</a><a href="#cite_note-modern-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-tostomilton-249">[245]</a> (1941–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ackerman" title="Bruce Ackerman">Bruce Ackerman</a><a href="#cite_note-cardosorosas-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-vincentandrew-242">[238]</a> (born 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> (1946–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a><a href="#cite_note-Liberalism_is_the_best_Cure_for_Poverty-247">[243]</a> (born 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Grigory Yavlinsky</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> (born 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> (born 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Verhofstadt" title="Dirk Verhofstadt">Dirk Verhofstadt</a><a href="#cite_note-Liberalism_is_the_best_Cure_for_Poverty-247">[243]</a> (born 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> (born 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Biedro%C5%84" title="Robert Biedroń">Robert Biedroń</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> (born 1976)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism by country">Liberalism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">Social-liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Also known as new liberalism in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-freeden-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-adams-2">[2]</a> modern liberalism in the United States (where it is also simply known as liberalism),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> left-liberalism (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Linksliberalismus) in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and progressive liberalism (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: liberalismo progresista) in <a href="/wiki/Spanish-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-speaking countries">Spanish-speaking countries</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Such as <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>'s centre to centre-right <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9FI" title="DéFI">DéFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s centre to <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> social liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>'s centre to centre-right <a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Greenland)" title="Democrats (Greenland)">Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s centre-right <a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>'s centre-left to left-wing liberal <a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">Polish Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s left-wing liberal <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Statebuilding_Party" title="Taiwan Statebuilding Party">Taiwan Statebuilding Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s left-wing liberal <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_2017)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)">Progressive Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s liberal <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing populist">left-wing populist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Tarō Yamamoto</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Hertzka was from <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, now the capital of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. At the time of his birth, Hungary was the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> majority of the SPD politicians with social liberal ideology are members of <a href="/wiki/Seeheimer_Kreis" title="Seeheimer Kreis">Seeheimer Kreis</a> wing </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-freeden-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freeden_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freeden_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden, Michael</a> (1978). The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_2-11">l</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam">Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)</a>. 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Center for American Progress. 26 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172614/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/think-again-how-classical-liberalism-morphed-into-new-deal-liberalism/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. 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Great Courses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Political+Tradition%3A+Episode+17%3A+Progressivism+and+New+Liberalism&rft.pub=Great+Courses&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_HardacreTimothy_S._GeorgeKeigo_KomamuraFranziska_Seraphim2021" class="citation book cs1">Helen Hardacre; Timothy S. George; Keigo Komamura; Franziska Seraphim, eds. (2021). Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136, 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Constitutional+Revisionism+and+Civic+Activism&rft.pages=136%2C+162&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzammil_Quraishi2020" class="citation book cs1">Muzammil Quraishi, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQzWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Progressivism+%22left-liberalism%22&pg=PA83">Towards a Malaysian Criminology: Conflict, Censure and Compromise</a>. Springer Nature. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137491015" title="Special:BookSources/9781137491015"><bdi>9781137491015</bdi></a>. <q>The urgent need for a meaningful theoretical perspective and research agenda is driven by an observation that both left liberalism (progressivism) and right liberalism (neoliberalism) have neutralised traditional conservative socialist discourses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Malaysian+Criminology%3A+Conflict%2C+Censure+and+Compromise&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781137491015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQzWDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DProgressivism%2B%2522left-liberalism%2522%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_M._Hoeffel2014" class="citation book cs1">Joseph M. Hoeffel, ed. (2014). Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <q>Modern American progressive thought combines social liberalism, including its government spending programs and mix of private enterprise and government regulation, with liberal cultural causes including voting rights for minorities, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+the+Progressive+Center+in+the+Age+of+Trump&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26495780">"They retain meaning across populations and through time. That's the whole point ... | Hacker News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052049/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26495780">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=They+retain+meaning+across+populations+and+through+time.+That%27s+the+whole+point+...+%26%23124%3B+Hacker+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ycombinator.com%2Fitem%3Fid%3D26495780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChideya2004" class="citation book cs1">Chideya, Farai (2004). "The Red and the Blue: A Divided America". Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. pp. 33–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932360264" title="Special:BookSources/9781932360264"><bdi>9781932360264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+the+Blue%3A+A+Divided+America&rft.btitle=Trust%3A+Reaching+the+100+Million+Missing+Voters+and+Other+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=33-46&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781932360264&rft.aulast=Chideya&rft.aufirst=Farai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Richardson, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/utilitarianism-and-new-liberalism,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history">"Utilitarianism and the New Liberalism | History of ideas and intellectual history"</a>. 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(18 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter/161685296">"Liberalism, utilitarianism, and rights"</a>. Mill's Progressive Principles. pp. 214–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199672141.003.0009">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672141.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967214-1"><bdi>978-0-19-967214-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052049/https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter-abstract/161685296?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826451736" title="Special:BookSources/9780826451736"><bdi>9780826451736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780826451736&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wright%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Weiler, Peter (2016). "New Liberalism". In Leventhal, Fred M., ed. (1995). Twentieth-century Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland. pp. 564–565. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Weiler, Peter (2016). The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528">Excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019022114/https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528">Archived</a> 19 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Theodor Hertzka: Socialdemokratie und Socialliberalismus (German). Dresden/Leipzig: Pierson. 1891. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa200" class="citation book cs1">Na, Inho (200). Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04. 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Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Trennung+nach+13+gemeinsamen+Jahren&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Ftrennung-nach-13-gemeinsamen-jahren.724.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D98885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/">"Bundestagswahl 2021: alle teilnehmenden Parteien"</a>. bundestagswahl-2021.de (in German). 14 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914172805/https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2021. 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Richardson, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38">38–41</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131074102/http://www.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&lpg=PP1&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38">Archived</a> 31 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780">A Theory of Justice — John Rawls</a>. Belknap Press. 30 September 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674000780" title="Special:BookSources/9780674000780"><bdi>9780674000780</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929164001/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Justice+%E2%80%94+John+Rawls&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft.isbn=9780674000780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674000780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowing2000" class="citation book cs1">Browing, Gary (2000). Contemporary liberalism. SAGE Publications. pp. 154–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+liberalism&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Browing&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Harr, Edwin van de (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. Transaction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+of+Freedom%3A+Liberal+Political+Philosophy+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Harr&rft.aufirst=Edwin+van+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm">"American Rhetoric: Ronald Reagan -- Radio Address on Socialized Medicine"</a>. www.americanrhetoric.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120172838/https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanrhetoric.com&rft.atitle=American+Rhetoric%3A+Ronald+Reagan+--+Radio+Address+on+Socialized+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Fspeeches%2Fronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Richardson, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2004" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/193933532">The nature of political theory</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929795-5"><bdi>978-0-19-929795-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/193933532">193933532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+political+theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F193933532&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929795-5&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F193933532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchner2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirchner, Emil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc">Liberal parties in Western Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc/page/n370">356</a>–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521323949" title="Special:BookSources/9780521323949"><bdi>9780521323949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521323949&rft.aulast=Kirchner&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberalpartieswe00kirc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2019" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html">"Parties and Elections in Europe"</a>. Parties-and-elections.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330115708/http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties-and-elections.eu&rft.atitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparties-and-elections.eu%2Faland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/andorra.html">"Parties and Elections in Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fandorra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Godio, Julio; Robles, Alberto José (2008). El tiempo de CFK; entre la movilización y la institucionalidad: El desafío de organizar los mercados (in Spanish). Corregidor. p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Mendes2007" class="citation book cs1">Philip Mendes, ed. (2007). Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies. Springer Nature. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868409917" title="Special:BookSources/9780868409917"><bdi>9780868409917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Welfare+Wars+Revisited%3A+The+Players%2C+the+Politics+and+the+Ideologies&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780868409917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodney_SmithAriadne_VromenIan_Cook2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodney Smith; Ariadne Vromen; Ian Cook, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSTxLmZaw0C&pg=PA103">Keywords in Australian Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521672832" title="Special:BookSources/9780521672832"><bdi>9780521672832</bdi></a>. <q>The ideology of the Liberal Party has in fact always been a mixture of conservatism, social liberalism and classical or neo-liberalism ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords+in+Australian+Politics&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521672832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMSTxLmZaw0C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Brett1994" class="citation book cs1">Judith Brett (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5">"Ideology"</a>. In Judith Brett; James A. Gillespie; Murray Goot (eds.). Developments in Australian Politics. Macmillan Education AU. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7329-2009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7329-2009-8"><bdi>978-0-7329-2009-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052051/https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Scribe Publications. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long%2C+Slow+Death+of+White+Australia&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Scribe+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Gwenda+Tavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuo2009" class="citation book cs1">Huo, Jingjing (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79">Third Way Reforms: Social Democracy After the Golden Age</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51843-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51843-7"><bdi>978-0-521-51843-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052053/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Reforms%3A+Social+Democracy+After+the+Golden+Age&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51843-7&rft.aulast=Huo&rft.aufirst=Jingjing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJgpkhbCDZ0C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh2019" class="citation news cs1">Leigh, Andrew (29 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366">"Social liberalism fits Labor"</a>. The Saturday Paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811161611/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Paper&rft.atitle=Social+liberalism+fits+Labor&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaturdaypaper.com.au%2Fopinion%2Ftopic%2F2019%2F06%2F29%2Fsocial-liberalism-fits-labor%2F15617304008366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117">"Haiti's future is secure! It has lots of children"</a>. The Nassau Guardian. 22 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083233/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nassau+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+future+is+secure%21+It+has+lots+of+children&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenassauguardian.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F61117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html">"Les couleurs politiques en Belgique"</a>. Cultures&Santé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421100415/https://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+couleurs+politiques+en+Belgique&rft.pub=Cultures%26Sant%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultures-sante.be%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitem%2F256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2019" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html">"German-speaking Community/Belgium"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004203126/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=German-speaking+Community%2FBelgium&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fdg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSejfija2013" class="citation cs2">Sejfija, Ismet (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berghof-conflictresearch.org/documents/publications/book_sections/Chapter7a.pdf">"Analysis of Interviews with Representatives of Political Parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina"</a> (PDF), Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans. 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Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puljak%3A+%C5%BDelimo+se+maknuti+od+%2741.%2C+%2771.+i+%2791.+godine&rft.pub=N1&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhr.n1info.com%2Fa81993%2FVijesti%2FPuljak-Zelimo-se-maknuti-od-41.-71.-i-91.-godine-i-misliti-na-2031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamir_Petranović2017" class="citation web cs1">Damir Petranović (26 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323">"'Spavam 3-4 sata, više otkidam od obitelji nego od banke, a nisam ni lijevo ni desno'"</a>. tportal.hr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141751/https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Spavam+3-4+sata%2C+vi%C5%A1e+otkidam+od+obitelji+nego+od+banke%2C+a+nisam+ni+lijevo+ni+desno%27&rft.pub=tportal.hr&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft.au=Damir+Petranovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tportal.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fclanak%2Fspavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb">"Croatia Elections 2015: Overview of the Parties - IDS and HDSSB"</a>. 9 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225610/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Croatia+Elections+2015%3A+Overview+of+the+Parties+-+IDS+and+HDSSB&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.total-croatia-news.com%2Fpolitics%2F1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Maškarinec, Pavel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf">"The Czech Pirate Party in the 2010 and 2013 Parliamentary Elections and the 2014 European Parliament Elections: Spatial Analysis of Voter Support"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702013936/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf">Archived</a> 2 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Atlantic Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151545/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/egyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Social+Democratic+Party+Elections+Highlight+a+Deep+Rift&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Dawoud&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Fegyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakke2010" class="citation book cs1">Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79">Central and East European party systems since 1989</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48750-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052117/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+East+European+party+systems+since+1989&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48750-4&rft.aulast=Bakke&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Duvold2020-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duvold2020_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duvold2020_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjetil_DuvoldSten_BerglundJoakim_Ekman2020" class="citation book cs1">Kjetil Duvold; Sten Berglund; Joakim Ekman (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">Political Culture in the Baltic States: Between National and European Integration</a>. Springer Nature. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-21844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-21844-7"><bdi>978-3-030-21844-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052054/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+the+Baltic+States%3A+Between+National+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-21844-7&rft.au=Kjetil+Duvold&rft.au=Sten+Berglund&rft.au=Joakim+Ekman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNka5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2011" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224030925/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html">"Estonia"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Estonia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparties-and-elections.eu%2Festonia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list">"Estonia 200 unveils its full election candidate list"</a>. ERR News. <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a>. 17 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061416/https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ERR+News&rft.atitle=Estonia+200+unveils+its+full+election+candidate+list&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F899167%2Festonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EURACTIV-108"><a href="#cite_ref-EURACTIV_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebaldMatthews-FerreroPapalamprouSteenland2019" class="citation news cs1">Sebald, Christoph; Matthews-Ferrero, Daniel; Papalamprou, Ery; Steenland, Robert (14 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/">"EU country briefing: Estonia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EURACTIV" class="mw-redirect" title="EURACTIV">EURACTIV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123919/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Faroe+Islands&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Ffaroes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finland-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finland_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finland_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europarlamentti.info/en/elections/political-parties/Finland-parties/">"Finland's largest political parties"</a>. 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University of Turku. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-45-9652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-45-9652-0"><bdi>978-951-45-9652-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052114/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/18517">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomalainen+oikeisto+ja+%22kansankoti%22+%3A+Kansallisen+kokoomuksen+suhtautuminen+pohjoismaiseen+hyvinvointivaltiomalliin+j%C3%A4lleenrakennuskaudelta+konsensusajan+alkuun&rft.pub=University+of+Turku&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-951-45-9652-0&rft.aulast=Smolander&rft.aufirst=Jyrki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3ANBN%3Afi%3AELE-757619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopeček2010" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204">Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7840-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-7840-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052121/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Manchester University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2036-6"><bdi>978-1-5261-2036-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centre-left+parties+and+the+European+Union%3A+Power%2C+accountability+and+democracy&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-2036-6&rft.aulast=Hertner&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaRTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempf2007" class="citation book cs1">Kempf, Udo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BVfgYBUSwsC&pg=PA190">Das politische System Frankreichs</a>. Springer DE. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-32973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-32973-4"><bdi>978-3-531-32973-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+politische+System+Frankreichs&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Springer+DE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-531-32973-4&rft.aulast=Kempf&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BVfgYBUSwsC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeelects.eu/france/">"France - Europe Elects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820011956/https://europeelects.eu/european-union/france/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+-+Europe+Elects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeelects.eu%2Ffrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Thomas Bräuninger and Marc Debus (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/parteien/wer-steht-zur-wahl/baden-wuerttemberg-2021/326189/buendnis-90-die-gruenen/">BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20">Party Politics in the New Germany</a>. A&C Black. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855673113" title="Special:BookSources/9781855673113"><bdi>9781855673113</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052112/https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+the+New+Germany&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781855673113&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbaa_OhYsv6wC%26q%3Dgermany%2B1982%2Bliberal%2Bdemocrats%2Bsocial%2Bliberalism%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Breyman, Steve (2019). Movement Genesis: Social Movement Theory And The West German Peace Movement. "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative." </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaron2017" class="citation web cs1">Maron, Thomas (28 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html">"Das Sozialliberale ist tief in der SPD verwurzelt"</a>. Stuttgarter Zeitung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220918170901/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Sozialliberale+ist+tief+in+der+SPD+verwurzelt&rft.pub=Stuttgarter+Zeitung&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.aulast=Maron&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgarter-zeitung.de%2Finhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2021" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html">"Parties and Elections in Europe"</a>. Parties-and-elections.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705175227/http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties-and-elections.eu&rft.atitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparties-and-elections.eu%2Fgreenland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedetoft2020-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Hedetoft2020_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlf_Hedetoft2020" class="citation book cs1">Ulf Hedetoft (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133">Paradoxes of Populism: Troubles of the West and Nationalism's Second Coming</a>. Anthem Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78527-216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78527-216-5"><bdi>978-1-78527-216-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052126/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradoxes+of+Populism%3A+Troubles+of+the+West+and+Nationalism%27s+Second+Coming&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78527-216-5&rft.au=Ulf+Hedetoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZ3SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/">"Politics in Iceland: A beginner's guide"</a>. Iceland Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203104324/http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Monitor&rft.atitle=Politics+in+Iceland%3A+A+beginner%27s+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficelandmonitor.mbl.is%2Fnews%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2016%2F03%2F09%2Fpolitics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSGehlot1991-125"><a href="#cite_ref-NSGehlot1991_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._S._Gehlot1991" class="citation book cs1">N. S. Gehlot (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177">The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance</a>. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 150–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-306-8"><bdi>978-81-7100-306-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052105/https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+Party+in+India%3A+Policies%2C+Culture%2C+Performance&rft.pages=150-200&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-306-8&rft.au=N.+S.+Gehlot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06HLD2_3Qj4C%26pg%3DPAPM177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.Soper-126"><a href="#cite_ref-J.Soper_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoperFetzer2018" class="citation book cs1">Soper, J. Christopher; Fetzer, Joel S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ">Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 200–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18943-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18943-0"><bdi>978-1-107-18943-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052102/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=200-210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18943-0&rft.aulast=Soper&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rft.au=Fetzer%2C+Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7BoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahav_Harkov2019" class="citation web cs1">Lahav Harkov (16 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853">"Histadrut chief Avi Nissenkorn joins Gantzs Israel Resilience Party"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805164045/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Histadrut+chief+Avi+Nissenkorn+joins+Gantzs+Israel+Resilience+Party&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft.au=Lahav+Harkov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-Elections%2FHistadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/">"Yesh Atid unveils detailed policy plan to promote LGBT equality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055214/https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Yesh+Atid+unveils+detailed+policy+plan+to+promote+LGBT+equality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fyesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lucia2017" class="citation book cs1">De Lucia, Dario (2017). Dal PCI al PD. Imprimatur editore. <q>Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale [The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+PCI+al+PD&rft.pub=Imprimatur+editore&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=De+Lucia&rft.aufirst=Dario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegond2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segond, Valérie (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917">"Italie: Matteo Renzi fausse compagnie au Parti démocrate"</a>. Le Figaro (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219033611/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Italie%3A+Matteo+Renzi+fausse+compagnie+au+Parti+d%C3%A9mocrate&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.aulast=Segond&rft.aufirst=Val%C3%A9rie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2Fmatteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPridham1988" class="citation book cs1">Pridham, Geoffrey (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29">"Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicana Italiano and the Partito Liberale Italiano"</a>. In Emil J. Kirchner (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9"><bdi>978-0-521-32394-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052057/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+A+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39182-8&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmfAPmwE6YYC%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKölling2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kölling, Martin (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022233126/http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html">"Abe siegt und verbirgt seine Schwäche"</a> [Abe wins and hides his weakness]. <a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=Abe+siegt+und+verbirgt+seine+Schw%C3%A4che&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6lling&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpolitik%2Finternational%2Fwahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist%2F20488336-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/kosovo.html">"Parties and Elections in Europe"</a>. Parties-and-elections.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043009/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/kosovo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties-and-elections.eu&rft.atitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fkosovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/lesotho-s-new-party-expected-to-win-polls-early-results-show-/6783567.html">"Lesotho's New Party Expected to Win Polls, Early Results Show"</a>. VOA. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Lesotho%27s+New+Party+Expected+to+Win+Polls%2C+Early+Results+Show&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Flesotho-s-new-party-expected-to-win-polls-early-results-show-%2F6783567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil Joseph (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–395. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9">978-0-521-32394-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Terzis, Georgios (2007). European Media Governance: National and Regional Dimensions. Intellect Books. p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-192-5">978-1-84150-192-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Magone, José (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 436. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84639-1">978-0-203-84639-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNam-Kook_Kim2016" class="citation book cs1">Nam-Kook Kim, ed. 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The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Challenges+and+Redefining+Identity+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317093671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGscFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Senkyr, Jan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006">"Political Awakening in Malaysia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164909/http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+A+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39182-8&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmfAPmwE6YYC%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterud2013" class="citation book cs1">Osterud, Oyvind (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy</a>. Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97037-8"><bdi>978-1-317-97037-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97344-5"><bdi>978-0-275-97344-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052026/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5foejvv3sMC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+Post-Soviet+Space%3A+Russia%2C+Belarus%2C+Ukraine%2C+Moldova%2C+and+the+Baltics&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97344-5&rft.aulast=Kulik&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Pshizova%2C+Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5foejvv3sMC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation book cs1">White, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2">The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4675-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4675-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4675-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052727/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Democratic+Party+Yabloko%3A+Opposition+in+a+Managed+Democracy&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4675-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_tJDI11ZIcC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlović,_SlavišaAntonićVukomanovićStojiljković2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlović, Slaviša; Antonić, Slobodan; Vukomanović, Dijana; Stojiljković, Zoran; Vujačić, Ilija; Đurković, Miša; Mihailović, Srećko; Gligorov, Vladimir; Komšić, Jovan; Pajvančić, Marijana; Pantić, Dragomir (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127041235/http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf">Ideologija i političke stranke u Srbiji</a> [Ideology and Political Parties in Serbia] (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute for Humanities. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-83767-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-83767-23-6"><bdi>978-86-83767-23-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologija+i+politi%C4%8Dke+stranke+u+Srbiji&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Friedrich+Ebert+Stiftung%2C+Faculty+of+Political+Sciences%2C+Institute+for+Humanities&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-86-83767-23-6&rft.au=Orlovi%C4%87%2C+Slavi%C5%A1a&rft.au=Antoni%C4%87%2C+Slobodan&rft.au=Vukomanovi%C4%87%2C+Dijana&rft.au=Stojiljkovi%C4%87%2C+Zoran&rft.au=Vuja%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Ilija&rft.au=%C4%90urkovi%C4%87%2C+Mi%C5%A1a&rft.au=Mihailovi%C4%87%2C+Sre%C4%87ko&rft.au=Gligorov%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Jovan&rft.au=Pajvan%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Marijana&rft.au=Panti%C4%87%2C+Dragomir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizbornareforma.rs%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fresurscentar%2FIdeologija%2520i%2520politicke%2520stranke%2520u%2520Srbiji.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Matthews-FerreroPatrik_FritzRobert_Steenland2019" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Matthews-Ferrero; Patrik Fritz; Robert Steenland (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/">"EU country briefing: Slovakia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EURACTIV" class="mw-redirect" title="EURACTIV">EURACTIV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807062013/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020. <q>Recent presidential elections were seen as a crossroads: sticking with the old establishment in the form of SMER-supported EC Vice-President for Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, or a desire for change embodied in the political novice Zuzana Čaputová from the relatively new social liberal Progressive Slovakia (PS) party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=EU+country+briefing%3A+Slovakia&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.au=Daniel+Matthews-Ferrero&rft.au=Patrik+Fritz&rft.au=Robert+Steenland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feu-elections-2019%2Fnews%2Feu-country-briefing-slovakia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2020" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html">"Slovakia"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302034813/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Slovakia&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fslovakia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovenia_2018-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slovenia_2018_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slovenia_2018_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2018" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html">"Slovenia"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120016/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Slovenia&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fslovenia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Denney, Steven (31 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/">"An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065138/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December." </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/">"Seoul Mayor's Death Shocks South Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. 9 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024852/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. <q>Ryu Ho-jeong of the small liberal opposition Justice Party wrote on Facebook that she won't pay respects to Park, saying she doesn't want the alleged victim to "feel lonely." Her message drew both strong support and opposition online.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Seoul+Mayor%27s+Death+Shocks+South+Korea&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fseoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/4ayjx9/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church">"This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>. 2 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141845/https://www.vice.com/en/article/4ayjx9/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2021. <q>The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=This+South+Korean+Pastor+%27Blessed%27+a+Queer+Festival.+He%27s+Now+Being+Investigated.&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F4ayjx9%2Fsouth-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnesley2013" class="citation book cs1">Annesley, Claire, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228">A Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe</a>. Routledge. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40341-9"><bdi>978-0-203-40341-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052734/https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+Western+Europe&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40341-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRefH7Ya5kU4C%26pg%3DPT228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberati.se-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberati.se_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberati.se_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberati.se/liberala-partier/">"Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag & deras ideologiska hållning"</a>. liberati.se.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liberati.se&rft.atitle=Liberala+partier+i+Sveriges+riksdag+%26+deras+ideologiska+h%C3%A5llning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberati.se%2Fliberala-partier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideologi.se-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ideologi.se_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideologi.se_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideologi.se/politiska-ideologier/socialliberalism/">"Vad är socialliberalism?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vad+%C3%A4r+socialliberalism%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideologi.se%2Fpolitiska-ideologier%2Fsocialliberalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Slomp, Hans (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA437">Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics</a>. 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The National Interest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182244/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/time-start-worrying-about-taiwan-16551">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. 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Caribbeanelections.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813122435/http://caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/parties/tt_parties/pnm.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbeanelections.com&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Elections+-+People%27s+National+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fknowledge%2Fparties%2Ftt_parties%2Fpnm.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmrah_Aslan_-_daktilo1984.com2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Emrah Aslan - daktilo1984.com (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daktilo1984.com/wp-content/uploads/I%CC%87YI%CC%87-Parti-Raporu.pdf">"İyi Parti Raporu"</a> (PDF) (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220054405/https://daktilo1984.com/wp-content/uploads/I%CC%87YI%CC%87-Parti-Raporu.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. <q>Kamu yatırımlarına ve devlet müdahalesine dönük güçlü söylemler, devlet müdahalesi ile serbest piyasa vurgusu ve mali disiplin ile geniş kamu desteklerinin birlikte ifade edilmesi, İyi Parti'nin sosyal liberal olarak ifade edebileceğimiz karma bir ekonomik modele yakın durabileceğini göstermektedir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0yi+Parti+Raporu&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.au=Emrah+Aslan+-+daktilo1984.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaktilo1984.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FI%25CC%2587YI%25CC%2587-Parti-Raporu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indyturk.com/node/411481/siyaset/babacan-sosyal-koruma-ve-güvenlik-sistemini-açıkladı-sosyal-yardımları-tek-bir">"Babacan sosyal koruma ve güvenlik sistemini açıkladı"</a> (in Turkish). Indy Turk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Babacan+sosyal+koruma+ve+g%C3%BCvenlik+sistemini+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klad%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indyturk.com%2Fnode%2F411481%2Fsiyaset%2Fbabacan-sosyal-koruma-ve-g%C3%BCvenlik-sistemini-a%C3%A7%C4%B1klad%C4%B1-sosyal-yard%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1-tek-bir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Slomp, Hans (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343">Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39182-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052714/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+A+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39182-8&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmfAPmwE6YYC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/">"Introduction to The Liberal Party Policies"</a>. liberal.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524051332/https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liberal.org.uk&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+The+Liberal+Party+Policies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberal.org.uk%2Fintroduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigsby2008" class="citation book cs1">Grigsby, Ellen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig">Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Politics Science</a>. Florence: Cengage Learning. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig/page/n118">106</a>–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495501121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495501121"><bdi>978-0495501121</bdi></a>. <q>Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Politics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Politics+Science&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495501121&rft.aulast=Grigsby&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanalyzingpolitic00grig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2009" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, N. Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg">Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation</a>. Florence: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg/page/n15">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495501121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495501121"><bdi>978-0495501121</bdi></a>. <q>Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imposing+values%3A+an+essay+on+liberalism+and+regulation&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0495501121&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=N.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordclinicalda00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2009" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430114727/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/andorra.html">"Andorra"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Andorra&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparties-and-elections.de%2Fandorra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2010" class="citation book cs1">Walter, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430">What Were They Thinking?: The Politics of Ideas in Australia (Large Print 16pt)</a>. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0494-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0494-0"><bdi>978-1-4596-0494-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052634/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Were+They+Thinking%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+Ideas+in+Australia+%28Large+Print+16pt%29&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4596-0494-0&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7xlarxLrK4C%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIcon_Group_International2009" class="citation book cs1">Icon Group International (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207">European: Webster's Timeline History 1973–1977</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780546976427" title="Special:BookSources/9780546976427"><bdi>9780546976427</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052635/https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European%3A+Webster%27s+Timeline+History+1973%E2%80%931977&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780546976427&rft.au=Icon+Group+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFLWW7_qFg34C%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirow2016" class="citation book cs1">Mirow, Wilhelm (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXL7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189">Strategic Culture, Securitisation and the Use of Force: Post-9/11 Security Practices of Liberal Democracies</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40660-0"><bdi>978-1-317-40660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Culture%2C+Securitisation+and+the+Use+of+Force%3A+Post-9%2F11+Security+Practices+of+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40660-0&rft.aulast=Mirow&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXL7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWautersLisiTeruel2016" class="citation book cs1">Wauters, Bram; Lisi, Marco; Teruel, Juan-Rodríguez (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">"Democratising Party Leadership Selection in Belgium and Israel"</a>. In Sandri, Giulia; Seddone, Antonella; Venturino, Fulvio (eds.). Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-08356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-08356-6"><bdi>978-1-317-08356-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratising+Party+Leadership+Selection+in+Belgium+and+Israel&rft.btitle=Party+Primaries+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-08356-6&rft.aulast=Wauters&rft.aufirst=Bram&rft.au=Lisi%2C+Marco&rft.au=Teruel%2C+Juan-Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlOrCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184255/https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/">"Étiquette : Mouvement Radical Social Libéral la revue des vœux des leaders de toute la Droite"</a>. Dtom.fr (in French). 6 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/">the original</a> on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dtom.fr&rft.atitle=%C3%89tiquette+%3A+Mouvement+Radical+Social+Lib%C3%A9ral+la+revue+des+v%C5%93ux+des+leaders+de+toute+la+Droite&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdtom.fr%2Ftag%2Fmouvement-radical-social-liberal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlander2007" class="citation book cs1">Kurlander, Eric (2007). The Landscapes of Liberalism: Particularism and Progressive Politics in Two Borderland Regions. University of Toronto Press. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landscapes+of+Liberalism%3A+Particularism+and+Progressive+Politics+in+Two+Borderland+Regions&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kurlander&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber1997" class="citation book cs1">Sperber, Jonathan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper">The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521591386" title="Special:BookSources/9780521591386"><bdi>9780521591386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+Voters%3A+Electors+and+Elections+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521591386&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkaisersvotersele0000sper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucker1975" class="citation book cs1">Zucker, Stanley (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck">Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Political and Social Critic, 1823-1899</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck/page/239">239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822932987" title="Special:BookSources/9780822932987"><bdi>9780822932987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludwig+Bamberger%3A+German+Liberal+Political+and+Social+Critic%2C+1823-1899&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780822932987&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fludwigbambergerg0000zuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLash1987" class="citation book cs1">Lash, Scott (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27">The End of Organized Capitalism</a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11670-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11670-5"><bdi>978-0-299-11670-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Organized+Capitalism&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11670-5&rft.aulast=Lash&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntmwoaZDR0UC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrift2012" class="citation book cs1">Grift, Liesbeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41">Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-1948</a>. Lexington Books. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7178-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7178-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-7178-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052735/https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+Communist+State%3A+The+Reconstruction+of+Coercive+Institutions+in+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Germany+and+Romania%2C+1944-1948&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7178-3&rft.aulast=Grift&rft.aufirst=Liesbeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D357l_mF6lp4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Stargardt, Nicholas (1994). The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Winkler, Jürgen R. (1995). Sozialstruktur, politische Traditionen und Liberalismus. Eine empirische Längsschnittstudie zur Wahlentwicklung in Deutschland, 1871–1933. Springer. p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Sperber, Jonathan (1997). The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedermayer2006" class="citation book cs1">Niedermayer, Oskar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109">"Das Parteiensystem Deutschelands"</a>. In Niedermayer, Oskar; Stöss, Richard; Haas, Melanie (eds.). Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-90061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-90061-2"><bdi>978-3-531-90061-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052733/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Parteiensystem+Deutschelands&rft.btitle=Die+Parteiensysteme+Westeuropas&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-531-90061-2&rft.aulast=Niedermayer&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6BA2dHeoS0C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTräger2015" class="citation book cs1">Träger, Hendrik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kURvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">"Die Europawahl 2014 als second-order election"</a>. In Kaeding, Michael; Switek, Niko (eds.). Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler. Springer-Verlag. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-05738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-05738-1"><bdi>978-3-658-05738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Europawahl+2014+als+second-order+election&rft.btitle=Die+Europawahl+2014%3A+Spitzenkandidaten%2C+Protestparteien%2C+Nichtw%C3%A4hler&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-658-05738-1&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkURvBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopeček2010" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115">Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9661-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-9661-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052822/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-9661-2&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kope%C4%8Dek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK79sdX-amEgC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206033513/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/iceland/parties.html">"European Election Database (EED)"</a>. Nsd.uib.no. 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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15171-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15171-0"><bdi>90-04-15171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+European+Union+Seen+From+the+Top+%E2%80%93+the+View+of+an+Inside-Outsider&rft.btitle=Nordic+And+Other+European+Constitutional+Traditions&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-15171-0&rft.aulast=Aranson&rft.aufirst=Agust+Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-uO_MmjwI0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Amir (Spring 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10234084">"'We Have a Rendezvous With Destiny'—The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Alternative"</a>. Israel Studies. 16 (1): 27, 32, 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fisr.2011.16.1.26">10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143487617">143487617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711211844/https://www.academia.edu/10234084">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020. <q>Thus, the PP continued to represent mostly white collar and government workers, intellectuals, and the labor intelligentsia, all of whom favored the social liberalism, broadly-based universal views, and social and religious pluralism that the party stood for.4(27); Kol wrote to Goldmann...: 'But the party must be founded on a clear ideological basis, and no such basis exists between our progressive humanistic liberalism and Herut.'20(32); Kol emphasized that, 'The Herut Movement and social liberalism cannot dwell together in the same house.'(47)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=%27We+Have+a+Rendezvous+With+Destiny%27%E2%80%94The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Liberal+Alternative&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27%2C+32%2C+47&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fisr.2011.16.1.26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143487617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10234084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiestra2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riestra, Laura (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html">"Las claves de las elecciones en Israel"</a> (in Spanish). ABC Internacional. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164713/https://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. 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Oxford University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966974-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966974-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052742/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWS8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Democracy+in+power%2C+1946%E2%80%9363&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Italian+Politics&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966974-5&rft.aulast=Pombeni&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWS8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeißelberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Seißelberg, Jörg (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">"Berlusconis Forza Italia. Wahlerfolg einer Persönlichkeitspartei"</a>. In Steffani, Winfried; Thaysen, Uwe (eds.). Demokratie in Europa: Zur Rolle der Parlamente. Springer-Verlag. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-322-93517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-322-93517-5"><bdi>978-3-322-93517-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlusconis+Forza+Italia.+Wahlerfolg+einer+Pers%C3%B6nlichkeitspartei&rft.btitle=Demokratie+in+Europa%3A+Zur+Rolle+der+Parlamente&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-322-93517-5&rft.aulast=Sei%C3%9Felberg&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxT0BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Stockwin2022" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Stockwin, ed. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2qLEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22left+liberal%22+JSP+japan&pg=PT65">The Failure of Political Opposition in Japan: Implications for Democracy and a Vision of the Future</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811920769" title="Special:BookSources/9789811920769"><bdi>9789811920769</bdi></a>. <q>The Murayama government had a number of broadly left-liberal reforms to its credit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Opposition+in+Japan%3A+Implications+for+Democracy+and+a+Vision+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789811920769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2qLEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522left%2Bliberal%2522%2BJSP%2Bjapan%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_StockwinKweku_Ampiah2017" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Stockwin; Kweku Ampiah, eds. (2017). Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498537933" title="Special:BookSources/9781498537933"><bdi>9781498537933</bdi></a>. <q>... of the debate is the left/liberal "peace movement" currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Japan%3A+The+Politics+of+Contested+Nationalism&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781498537933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetsuya_Kataoka1992" class="citation book cs1">Tetsuya Kataoka, ed. (1992). Creating Single-party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System. Hoover Institution Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817991111" title="Special:BookSources/9780817991111"><bdi>9780817991111</bdi></a>. <q>The constitution was defended by the JSP, the mainstay of kakushin (radical-liberal forces), ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Single-party+Democracy%3A+Japan%27s+Postwar+Political+System&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780817991111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Franičević, Vojimir; Kimura, Hiroshi, eds. (2003) Globalization, Democratization and Development: European and Japanese Views of Change in South East Europe. "Towards the end of the 1990s the social-liberal Minshuto (Democratic Party of Japan, DPJ) consolidated and replaced Shinshinto as a rival of LDP." </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaramani2013" class="citation book cs1">Caramani, Daniele (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310">The Europeanization of Politics</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11867-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11867-6"><bdi>978-1-107-11867-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052746/https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeanization+of+Politics&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11867-6&rft.aulast=Caramani&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPlfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuziasLabourdette2012" class="citation book cs1">Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_8ZQ5EXeIcC&pg=PT22">Vilnius 2012 (avec cartes et avis des lecteurs)</a>. Petit Futé. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-6092-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-6092-3"><bdi>978-2-7469-6092-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vilnius+2012+%28avec+cartes+et+avis+des+lecteurs%29&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7469-6092-3&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Labourdette%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_8ZQ5EXeIcC%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–395. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32394-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32394-0">0-521-32394-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodakiewicz2012" class="citation book cs1">Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4zSGR3fBfUcC&pg=PA331">Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4786-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-4786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermarium%3A+The+Land+between+the+Black+and+Baltic+Seas&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4786-5&rft.aulast=Chodakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4zSGR3fBfUcC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoldenhauer2001" class="citation book cs1">Moldenhauer, Gebhard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113">Die Niederlande und Deutschland: einander kennen und verstehen</a>. Waxmann Verlag. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89325-747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89325-747-8"><bdi>978-3-89325-747-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052642/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Niederlande+und+Deutschland%3A+einander+kennen+und+verstehen&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-89325-747-8&rft.aulast=Moldenhauer&rft.aufirst=Gebhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm_h-NPz1T8C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopeček2010" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA121">Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7840-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-7840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7840-3&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kope%C4%8Dek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK79sdX-amEgC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardiancich2012" class="citation book cs1">Guardiancich, Igor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APcO_fndhx0C&pg=PA144">Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis</a>. Routledge. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22595-6"><bdi>978-1-136-22595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pension+Reforms+in+Central%2C+Eastern+and+Southeastern+Europe%3A+From+Post-Socialist+Transition+to+the+Global+Financial+Crisis&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22595-6&rft.aulast=Guardiancich&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPcO_fndhx0C%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html">"Kann dieser schwule Atheist Polen verändern?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080801/https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a>. 5 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html?dram:article_id=440070">""Frühling" macht der linken Mitte Hoffnung"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706174939/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html%3Fdram:article_id%3D440070">Archived</a> 6 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>. 3 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruve1932" class="citation book cs1">Struve, Peter (1932). The Social Liberalism. Internationales Handwtsrterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesens. pp. 412–423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Liberalism&rft.pages=412-423&rft.pub=Internationales+Handwtsrterbuch+des+Gewerkschaftswesens.&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Struve&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropa1999" class="citation book cs1">Europa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NU07cD6NEJQC&pg=PA332">The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 1999</a>. Psychology Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-056-1"><bdi>978-1-85743-056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+Encyclopedia+and+Directory+1999&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-056-1&rft.au=Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNU07cD6NEJQC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeida2012" class="citation book cs1">Almeida, Dimitri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PT102">The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0"><bdi>978-1-136-34039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+European+Integration+on+Political+Parties%3A+Beyond+the+Permissive+Consensus&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-34039-0&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoD7bKbo0FYEC%26pg%3DPT102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopecek2013" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopecek, Lubomír (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120">Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-9977-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052909/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9977-0&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kopecek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3wHffNQ7owC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html">"Spain"</a>. Parties and Elections in Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042541/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015. <q>Unión, Progreso y Democracia (UPD): Social liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain&rft.pub=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fspain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf">"UPyD. Ideology: centralism, social liberalism. Political Position: Centre"</a>. European Social Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171000/http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachner2006" class="citation cs2">Lachner, Andreas (2006), "Das Parteiensystem der Schweiz", Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas, VS Verlag, p. 400</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Parteiensysteme+Westeuropas&rft.atitle=Das+Parteiensystem+der+Schweiz&rft.pages=400&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lachner&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2012-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark2012_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Alistair (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"The Liberal Democrats"</a>. Political Parties in the UK. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36868-2"><bdi>978-0-230-36868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Democrats&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+the+UK&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36868-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsAcBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1998" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63">Ideology and Politics in Britain Today</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5056-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052730/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Britain+Today&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7t714alm68C%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver2011" class="citation book cs1">Driver, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117">Understanding British Party Politics</a>. Polity. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4077-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-4077-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052825/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+British+Party+Politics&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4077-8&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_Qq6RJr6_QC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardosorosas-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cardosorosas_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardosorosas_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardosorosas_224-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardosorosas_224-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardosorosas_224-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardoso_Rosas2008" class="citation web cs1">Cardoso Rosas, João (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115064405/http://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html">"Socialismo ou liberalismo social?"</a>. Diario Economico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+Economico&rft.atitle=Socialismo+ou+liberalismo+social%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cardoso+Rosas&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiarioeconomico.sapo.pt%2Fedicion%2Fdiarioeconomico%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnistas%2Fpt%2Fdesarrollo%2F1123500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bresser-pereira-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bresser-pereira_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bresser-pereira_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bresser-pereira_225-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bresser-pereira_225-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bresser-pereira_225-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresser-Pereira2003" class="citation book cs1">Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?view=usa&cp=25347&ci=9780199261185">Building the Republican State</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199261185" title="Special:BookSources/9780199261185"><bdi>9780199261185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Republican+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199261185&rft.aulast=Bresser-Pereira&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26cp%3D25347%26ci%3D9780199261185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberalhistory-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberalhistory_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalhistory_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalhistory_226-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalhistory_226-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalhistory_226-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadowcroft2000" class="citation journal cs1">Meadowcroft, John (Autumn 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162437/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf">"The Origins of Community Politics"</a> (PDF). Journal of Liberal Democrat History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberal+Democrat+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Community+Politics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Meadowcroft&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalhistory.org.uk%2Fuploads%2F28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newliberalism-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newliberalism_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newliberalism_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newliberalism_227-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newliberalism_227-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimhonyWeinstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Simhony, Avital; Weinstein, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048">The new liberalism: reconciling liberty and community</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794046" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794046"><bdi>9780521794046</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812235839/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+liberalism%3A+reconciling+liberty+and+community&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521794046&rft.aulast=Simhony&rft.aufirst=Avital&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521794048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberalinternational-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberalinternational_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalinternational_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberalinternational_228-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331164048/http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682">"James Hobson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682">the original</a> on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Hobson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberal-international.org%2Feditorial.asp%3Fia_id%3D682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modern-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_229-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizGellnerMerquiorEmil1996" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, Cansino; Gellner, Ernest; Merquior, José Guilherme; Emil, César Cansino (1996). Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior. 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Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805786279" title="Special:BookSources/0805786279"><bdi>0805786279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+Old+and+New&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0805786279&rft.aulast=Merquior&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2004" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Steven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contestedknowled0000seid_x2i5">Contested knowledge: social theory today</a>. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631226710" title="Special:BookSources/9780631226710"><bdi>9780631226710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+knowledge%3A+social+theory+today&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780631226710&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontestedknowled0000seid_x2i5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrussel-232"><a href="#cite_ref-wrussel_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Russell2006" class="citation book cs1">W. Russell, James (2006). Double standard: social policy in Europe and the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742546936" title="Special:BookSources/9780742546936"><bdi>9780742546936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+standard%3A+social+policy+in+Europe+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742546936&rft.aulast=W.+Russell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leftliberalism-233"><a href="#cite_ref-leftliberalism_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Alastair (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430">Left Liberals, the State, and Popular Politics in Wilhelmine Germany</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198205432" title="Special:BookSources/9780198205432"><bdi>9780198205432</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132740/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+Liberals%2C+the+State%2C+and+Popular+Politics+in+Wilhelmine+Germany&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198205432&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2F%3Fcp%3D24301%26view%3Dusa%26ci%3D0198205430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Biagini2002" class="citation book cs1">F. Biagini, Eugenio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607">Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931</a>. Cambridge: Published by Cambridge University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521893602" title="Special:BookSources/9780521893602"><bdi>9780521893602</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111333/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. 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Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299226947" title="Special:BookSources/9780299226947"><bdi>9780299226947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Other+Germans%3A+Civil+Society%2C+Religious+Diversity%2C+and+Urban+Politics+in+Breslau%2C+1860%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780299226947&rft.aulast=Rahden&rft.aufirst=Till&rft.au=Brainard%2C+Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_BackhouseBradley_W._BatemanTamotsu_Nishizawa2017" class="citation book cs1">Roger Backhouse; Bradley W. Bateman; Tamotsu Nishizawa, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Liberalism and the Welfare State: Economists and Arguments for the Welfare State</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190676681" title="Special:BookSources/9780190676681"><bdi>9780190676681</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141035772" title="Special:BookSources/9780141035772"><bdi>9780141035772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscience+of+A+Liberal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780141035772&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconscienceoflibe00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/">"Justin Trudeau, Liberal Let-Down | Martin Lukacs"</a>. 7 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174203/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau%2C+Liberal+Let-Down+%26%23124%3B+Martin+Lukacs&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2019%2F10%2F07%2Fjustin-trudeau-liberal-let-down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJörg_HaßlerMelanie_MaginUta_Russmann2021" class="citation book cs1">Jörg Haßler; Melanie Magin; Uta Russmann, eds. (2021). Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters. Springer Nature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigning+on+Facebook+in+the+2019+European+Parliament+Election%3A+Informing%2C+Interacting+with%2C+and+Mobilising+Voters&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Adams, Ian (2001). Political ideology today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7190%2B6019%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+7190+6019+2">0 7190 6019 2</a>.</li> <li>De Ruggiero, Guido (1959). The History of European Liberalism. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0844619705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0844619705">978-0844619705</a></li> <li>Faulks, Keith (1999). Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7486%2B1356%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+7486+1356+0">0 7486 1356 0</a>.</li> <li>Feuchtwanger, E. J. (1985). Democracy and Empire: Britain 1865-1914. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6162-0">0-7131-6162-0</a>.</li> <li>Richardson, James L. (2001). Contending Liberalisms in World Politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-915-2">1-55587-915-2</a>.</li> <li>Slomp, Hans (2000). European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Praeger Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96814-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96814-6">0-275-96814-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Green, Thomas Hill</a> (2006). Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation. New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584776145" title="Special:BookSources/1584776145"><bdi>1584776145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Principles+of+Political+Obligation&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1584776145&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse">Hobhouse, L. T.</a> (1994). Liberalism and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521437261" title="Special:BookSources/0521437261"><bdi>0521437261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521437261&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=L.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Atkinson_Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Atkinson Hobson">Hobson, John Atkinson</a> (2000). The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy. Delaware: Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1421227819" title="Special:BookSources/1421227819"><bdi>1421227819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Liberalism%3A+New+Issues+of+Democracy&rft.place=Delaware&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1421227819&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=John+Atkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Keith D. (2010). A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on Our Founding Vision and Rants on How We Have Failed to Achieve It. MSilver Spring: Wet Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780578043654" title="Special:BookSources/9780578043654"><bdi>9780578043654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Liberal+Mandate%3A+Reflections+on+Our+Founding+Vision+and+Rants+on+How+We+Have+Failed+to+Achieve+It&rft.place=MSilver+Spring&rft.pub=Wet+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780578043654&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerquior1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">Merquior, J. G.</a> (1991). Liberalism Old and New. Cambridge: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805786279" title="Special:BookSources/0805786279"><bdi>0805786279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+Old+and+New&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0805786279&rft.aulast=Merquior&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (1989). 'On Liberty' and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521379172" title="Special:BookSources/0521379172"><bdi>0521379172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27On+Liberty%27+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521379172&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls, John</a> (2005). A Theory of Justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674017722" title="Special:BookSources/0674017722"><bdi>0674017722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Justice&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0674017722&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls, John</a> (2005). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231130899" title="Special:BookSources/0231130899"><bdi>0231130899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Liberalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0231130899&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimhonyWeinstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Simhony, Avital; Weinstein, David (2001). The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521794048" title="Special:BookSources/0521794048"><bdi>0521794048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Liberalism%3A+Reconciling+Liberty+and+Community&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0521794048&rft.aulast=Simhony&rft.aufirst=Avital&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+liberalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_liberalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_liberalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialliberal.net/">"Social Liberal Forum"</a>. 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aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" 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