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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/lower-canada'><span>Lower Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/military'><span>Military</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-france'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/new-france'><span>New France</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='upper-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/upper-canada'><span>Upper Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='western-and-northwestern-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/western-and-northwestern-canada'><span>Western and Northwestern Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='air-force'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/air-force'><span>Air Force</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='army'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/army'><span>Army</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-asian-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-asian-canadians'><span>Asian Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='black-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/black-canadians'><span>Black Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='british-colonial-forces'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/british-colonial-forces'><span>British Colonial Forces</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/colonial'><span>Colonial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='first-world-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/first-world-war'><span>First World War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-peoples'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/indigenous-peoples'><span>Indigenous Peoples</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='korean-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/korean-war'><span>Korean War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='medical-personnel'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/medical-personnel'><span>Medical Personnel</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='navy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/navy'><span>Navy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='north-west-rebellion'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/north-west-rebellion'><span>North-West Rebellion</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peacekeeping-and-the-united-nations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/peacekeeping-and-the-united-nations'><span>Peacekeeping and the United Nations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-prisoners-of-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-prisoners-of-war'><span>Prisoners of War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='second-world-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/second-world-war'><span>Second World War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='south-african-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/south-african-war'><span>South African War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='victoria-cross-recipients'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/victoria-cross-recipients'><span>Victoria Cross Recipients</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-war-brides'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-war-brides'><span>War Brides</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='war-in-afghanistan'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/war-in-afghanistan'><span>War in Afghanistan</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='nature-geography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography'><span>Nature & Geography</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='biologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/biologists'><span>Biologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='chemists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/chemists'><span>Chemists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='earth-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/earth-scientists'><span>Earth scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='environmentalists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/environmentalists'><span>Environmentalists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='explorers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/explorers'><span>Explorers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='geographers-cartographers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/geographers-cartographers'><span>Geographers & Cartographers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='physicists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/physicists'><span>Physicists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='zoologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/zoologists'><span>Zoologists</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='politics-law'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law'><span>Politics & Law</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='civil-servants'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/civil-servants'><span>Civil Servants</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commissioners'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/commissioners'><span>Commissioners</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='criminals-and-outlaws'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/criminals-and-outlaws'><span>Criminals and Outlaws</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='diplomats-ambassadors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/diplomats-ambassadors'><span>Diplomats & Ambassadors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='governor-generals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/governor-generals'><span>Governor Generals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-people'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/indigenous-people'><span>Indigenous People</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='judges'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/judges'><span>Judges</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='labour-leaders'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/labour-leaders'><span>Labour Leaders</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='law-enforcement'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/law-enforcement'><span>Law Enforcement</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lawyers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/lawyers'><span>Lawyers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lieutenant-governors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/lieutenant-governors'><span>Lieutenant-Governors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='political-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/political-scientists'><span>Political Scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='politicians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/politicians'><span>Politicians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='premiers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/premiers'><span>Premiers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prime-ministers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/prime-ministers'><span>Prime Ministers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rebels-and-resistance-leaders'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/rebels-and-resistance-leaders'><span>Rebels and Resistance Leaders</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='reformers-activists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/reformers-activists'><span>Reformers & Activists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='royals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/royals'><span>Royals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='senators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/senators'><span>Senators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='spies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/spies'><span>Spies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='wrongly-convicted'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/wrongly-convicted'><span>Wrongly Convicted</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='science-technology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology'><span>Science & Technology</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architects-builders-planners'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/architects-builders-planners'><span>Architects, Builders & Planners</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='astronauts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/astronauts'><span>Astronauts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='aviators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/aviators'><span>Aviators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='biologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/biologists'><span>Biologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='chemists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/chemists'><span>Chemists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='computer-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/computer-scientists'><span>Computer Scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='earth-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/earth-scientists'><span>Earth scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='engineers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/engineers'><span>Engineers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='explorers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/explorers'><span>Explorers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='geographers-cartographers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/geographers-cartographers'><span>Geographers & Cartographers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='health-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/health-scientists'><span>Health scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='healthcare-professionals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/healthcare-professionals'><span>Healthcare professionals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historical-figures'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/historical-figures'><span>Historical figures</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='inventors-and-innovators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/inventors-and-innovators'><span>Inventors and Innovators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mathematicians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/mathematicians'><span>Mathematicians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='minorities-in-stem'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/minorities-in-stem'><span>Minorities in STEM</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='paleontologists-archaeologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/paleontologists-archaeologists'><span>Paleontologists & Archaeologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='physicists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/physicists'><span>Physicists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='reformers-activists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/reformers-activists'><span>Reformers & Activists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/social-scientists'><span>Social scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women-in-stem'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/women-in-stem'><span>Women in STEM</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='sports-recreation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation'><span>Sports & Recreation</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='athletes'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/athletes'><span>Athletes</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='coaches-and-managers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/coaches-and-managers'><span>Coaches and Managers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='competitors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/competitors'><span>Competitors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='minorities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/minorities'><span>Minorities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class='sb-cat-top sb-group' data-id='places'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places'><span>Places</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='arts-culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture'><span>Arts & Culture</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architecture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/architecture'><span>Architecture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='halls-theatres'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/halls-theatres'><span>Halls & Theatres</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='museums-galleries-archives'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/museums-galleries-archives'><span>Museums, Galleries & Archives</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='schools-institutions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/schools-institutions'><span>Schools & Institutions</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='buildings-monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments'><span>Buildings & Monuments</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architectural-landmarks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/architectural-landmarks'><span>Architectural Landmarks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='buildings'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/buildings'><span>Buildings</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='cenotaphs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/cenotaphs'><span>Cenotaphs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='hospitals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/hospitals'><span>Hospitals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='memorials'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/memorials'><span>Memorials</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/monuments'><span>Monuments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='province'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/province'><span>Province</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='stadiums'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/stadiums'><span>Stadiums</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='territory'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/territory'><span>Territory</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='cities-populated-places'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places'><span>Cities & Populated Places</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='cities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/cities'><span>Cities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='districts-and-municipalities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/districts-and-municipalities'><span>Districts and municipalities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-reserves-settlements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/indigenous-reserves-settlements'><span>Indigenous Reserves & Settlements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='neighbourhoods'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/neighbourhoods'><span>Neighbourhoods</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='towns'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/towns'><span>Towns</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='villages'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/villages'><span>Villages</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='geographical-features'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features'><span>Geographical features</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='boundaries-geographical-names'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/boundaries-geographical-names'><span>Boundaries & Geographical Names</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='capes-peninsulas'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/capes-peninsulas'><span>Capes & Peninsulas</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='coastal-regions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/coastal-regions'><span>Coastal Regions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='inland-waters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/inland-waters'><span>Inland Waters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='islands'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/islands'><span>Islands</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lakes-reservoirs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/lakes-reservoirs'><span>Lakes & Reservoirs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='land-features'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/land-features'><span>Land Features</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='landforms'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/landforms'><span>Landforms</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mountains'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/mountains'><span>Mountains</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='oceans'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/oceans'><span>Oceans</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='passes-trails'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/passes-trails'><span>Passes & Trails</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peninsulas'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/peninsulas'><span>Peninsulas</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prairie'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/prairie'><span>Prairie</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='regions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/regions'><span>Regions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rivers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/rivers'><span>Rivers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='valleys'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/valleys'><span>Valleys</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='waterfalls'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/waterfalls'><span>Waterfalls</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites'><span>Historic sites</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='archeological-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/archeological-sites'><span>Archeological sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='exploration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/exploration'><span>Exploration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='heritage-buildings'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/heritage-buildings'><span>Heritage buildings</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national-historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/national-historic-sites'><span>National historic sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial-historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/provincial-historic-sites'><span>Provincial historic sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='traditional-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/traditional-territories'><span>Traditional Territories</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unesco-world-heritage-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/unesco-world-heritage-sites'><span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='battlefields'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/battlefields'><span>Battlefields</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='canadian-forces-bases'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/canadian-forces-bases'><span>Canadian Forces Bases</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='memorials'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/memorials'><span>Memorials</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/monuments'><span>Monuments</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='parks-nature-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves'><span>Parks & Nature Reserves</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='canals-waterways'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/canals-waterways'><span>Canals & Waterways</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='city-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/city-parks'><span>City parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/national-parks'><span>National parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nature-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/nature-reserves'><span>Nature Reserves</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/provincial-parks'><span>Provincial parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unesco-world-biosphere-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/unesco-world-biosphere-reserves'><span>UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='provinces-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories'><span>Provinces & Territories</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='alberta'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/alberta'><span>Alberta</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='british-columbia'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/british-columbia'><span>British Columbia</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='manitoba'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/manitoba'><span>Manitoba</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-brunswick'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/new-brunswick'><span>New Brunswick</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='newfoundland-and-labrador'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/newfoundland-and-labrador'><span>Newfoundland and Labrador</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='northwest-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/northwest-territories'><span>Northwest Territories</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nova-scotia'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/nova-scotia'><span>Nova Scotia</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nunavut'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/nunavut'><span>Nunavut</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='ontario'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/ontario'><span>Ontario</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prince-edward-island'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/prince-edward-island'><span>Prince Edward Island</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='quebec'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/quebec'><span>Quebec</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='saskatchewan'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/saskatchewan'><span>Saskatchewan</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='yukon-territory'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/yukon-territory'><span>Yukon Territory</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='transportation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation'><span>Transportation</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='airports'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/airports'><span>Airports</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='bridges'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/bridges'><span>Bridges</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='passes-trails'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/passes-trails'><span>Passes & Trails</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='railroad'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/railroad'><span>Railroad</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='roads-highways'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/roads-highways'><span>Roads & Highways</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='waterways-docks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/waterways-docks'><span>Waterways & Docks</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class='sb-cat-top sb-group' data-id='things'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things'><span>Things</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='arts-culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture'><span>Arts & Culture</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architecture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/architecture'><span>Architecture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='awards'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/awards'><span>Awards</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='communications'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/communications'><span>Communications</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/culture'><span>Culture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='dance'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/dance'><span>Dance</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='entertainment'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/entertainment'><span>Entertainment</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='festivals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/festivals'><span>Festivals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='food'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/food'><span>Food</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='literature'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/literature'><span>Literature</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='music'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/music'><span>Music</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-movements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/organizations-movements'><span>Organizations & Movements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='performances'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/performances'><span>Performances</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='religion-philosophy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/religion-philosophy'><span>Religion & Philosophy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='visual-art'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/visual-art'><span>Visual Art</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='business-economics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics'><span>Business & Economics</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='companies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/companies'><span>Companies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='economy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/economy'><span>Economy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='finance'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/finance'><span>Finance</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='industry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/industry'><span>Industry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='laws-programs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/laws-programs'><span>Laws & Programs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='money'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/money'><span>Money</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='policy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/policy'><span>Policy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='public-utility'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/public-utility'><span>Public Utility</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='taxation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/taxation'><span>Taxation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='trade'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/trade'><span>Trade</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unions-labour'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/unions-labour'><span>Unions & Labour</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='communities-sociology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology'><span>Communities & Sociology</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='crime'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/crime'><span>Crime</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='demography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/demography'><span>Demography</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='disasters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/disasters'><span>Disasters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='diverse-communities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/diverse-communities'><span>Diverse Communities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='holidays-commemoration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/holidays-commemoration'><span>Holidays & Commemoration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='immigration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/immigration'><span>Immigration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='languages'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/languages'><span>Languages</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-movements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/organizations-movements'><span>Organizations & Movements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prejudice'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/prejudice'><span>Prejudice</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='protests'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/protests'><span>Protests</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='religion'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/religion'><span>Religion</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='royal-commissions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/royal-commissions'><span>Royal Commissions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-events'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-events'><span>Social Events</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-issues'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-issues'><span>Social Issues</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-laws-programs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-laws-programs'><span>Social Laws & Programs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-trends'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-trends'><span>Social Trends</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='sociology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/sociology'><span>Sociology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unions-labour-organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/unions-labour-organizations'><span>Unions & Labour Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='urban-affairs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/urban-affairs'><span>Urban Affairs</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education'><span>Education</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='educational-institutions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/educational-institutions'><span>Educational Institutions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='interactive-resources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/interactive-resources'><span>Interactive Resources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='libraries-library-science'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/libraries-library-science'><span>Libraries & Library Science</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='music-education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/music-education'><span>Music Education</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='primary-sources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/primary-sources'><span>Primary Sources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='teaching-and-learning'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/teaching-and-learning'><span>Teaching and Learning</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='types-of-education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/types-of-education'><span>Types of Education</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history'><span>History</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='atlantic-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/atlantic-canada'><span>Atlantic Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='business'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/business'><span>Business</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='classics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/classics'><span>Classics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/colonies'><span>Colonies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commemorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/commemorations'><span>Commemorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='constitution'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/constitution'><span>Constitution</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='disasters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/disasters'><span>Disasters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='economic'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/economic'><span>Economic</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='exploration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/exploration'><span>Exploration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='firsts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/firsts'><span>Firsts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='folklore'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/folklore'><span>Folklore</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/historic-sites'><span>Historic Sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historical-theses'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/historical-theses'><span>Historical Theses</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='industry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/industry'><span>Industry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lower-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/lower-canada'><span>Lower Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='medals-emblems-heraldry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/medals-emblems-heraldry'><span>Medals, Emblems & Heraldry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/military'><span>Military</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/national'><span>National</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-france'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/new-france'><span>New France</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='politics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/politics'><span>Politics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/provincial'><span>Provincial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rebellions-riots'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/rebellions-riots'><span>Rebellions & Riots</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='regional'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/regional'><span>Regional</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/social-history'><span>Social History</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='territorial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/territorial'><span>Territorial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='treaties'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/treaties'><span>Treaties</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='upper-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/upper-canada'><span>Upper Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='western-and-northwestern-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/western-and-northwestern-canada'><span>Western and Northwestern Canada</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-air-force'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-air-force'><span>Air Force</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-aircraft'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-aircraft'><span>Aircraft</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-armaments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-armaments'><span>Armaments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='armed-forces'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/armed-forces'><span>Armed Forces</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-armoured-vehicles'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-armoured-vehicles'><span>Armoured Vehicles</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-army'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-army'><span>Army</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/colonial'><span>Colonial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commemorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/commemorations'><span>Commemorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='defence'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/defence'><span>Defence</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-documents'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-documents'><span>Documents</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='forts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/forts'><span>Forts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/history'><span>History</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-medals-decorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-medals-decorations'><span>Medals & Decorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military-engagements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/military-engagements'><span>Military Engagements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-navy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-navy'><span>Navy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-and-regiments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/organizations-and-regiments'><span>Organizations and Regiments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peacekeeping'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/peacekeeping'><span>Peacekeeping</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-ships'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-ships'><span>Ships</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-socializing'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-socializing'><span>Socializing</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='technology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/technology'><span>Technology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='treaties'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/treaties'><span>Treaties</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-trench-warfare'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-trench-warfare'><span>Trench Warfare</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='wars'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/wars'><span>Wars</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='nature-geography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography'><span>Nature & Geography</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='agriculture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/agriculture'><span>Agriculture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='animals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/animals'><span>Animals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='climate'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/climate'><span>Climate</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='disasters-extreme-weather'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/disasters-extreme-weather'><span>Disasters/Extreme Weather</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='environment'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/environment'><span>Environment</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='geology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/geology'><span>Geology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='hydrology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/hydrology'><span>Hydrology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='land-features'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/land-features'><span>Land Features</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mining-and-metallurgy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/mining-and-metallurgy'><span>Mining and Metallurgy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='natural-resources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/natural-resources'><span>Natural resources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='plants'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/plants'><span>Plants</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='transportation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/transportation'><span>Transportation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='urban-affairs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/urban-affairs'><span>Urban Affairs</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='politics-law'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law'><span>Politics & Law</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='acts-statutes'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/acts-statutes'><span>Acts & Statutes</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='agents-organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/agents-organizations'><span>Agents & Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='charters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/charters'><span>Charters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commissions-reports'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/commissions-reports'><span>Commissions & Reports</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='courts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/courts'><span>Courts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='federal-institutions-and-offices'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/federal-institutions-and-offices'><span>Federal Institutions and Offices</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='government'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/government'><span>Government</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='immigration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/immigration'><span>Immigration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='international-affairs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/international-affairs'><span>International Affairs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='international-organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/international-organizations'><span>International Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='judiciary'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/judiciary'><span>Judiciary</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='law-cases'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/law-cases'><span>Law Cases</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='law-enforcement'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/law-enforcement'><span>Law Enforcement</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='law-and-policy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/law-and-policy'><span>Law and Policy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='legislation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/legislation'><span>Legislation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='municipal-institutions-and-offices'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/municipal-institutions-and-offices'><span>Municipal Institutions and Offices</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='parliamentary-institutions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/parliamentary-institutions'><span>Parliamentary Institutions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='police-and-security'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/police-and-security'><span>Police and Security</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='political-events'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/political-events'><span>Political Events</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='political-statutes'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/political-statutes'><span>Political Statutes</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='protests-and-strikes'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/protests-and-strikes'><span>Protests and Strikes</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial-institutions-and-offices'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/provincial-institutions-and-offices'><span>Provincial Institutions and Offices</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='public-policy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/public-policy'><span>Public Policy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rights'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/rights'><span>Rights</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='treaties'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/treaties'><span>Treaties</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='types-of-law'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/politics-law/types-of-law'><span>Types of Law</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='science-technology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology'><span>Science & Technology</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='biology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/biology'><span>Biology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='chemistry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/chemistry'><span>Chemistry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='climate-and-climatology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/climate-and-climatology'><span>Climate and Climatology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='communications'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/communications'><span>Communications</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='computer-science'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/computer-science'><span>Computer Science</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='demography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/demography'><span>Demography</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='earth-sciences'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/earth-sciences'><span>Earth Sciences</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='energy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/energy'><span>Energy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='engineering'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/engineering'><span>Engineering</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='health-medicine'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/health-medicine'><span>Health & Medicine</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='hydrology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/hydrology'><span>Hydrology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='industry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/industry'><span>Industry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='institutions-and-organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/institutions-and-organizations'><span>Institutions and Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='inventions-and-innovations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/inventions-and-innovations'><span>Inventions and Innovations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mathematics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/mathematics'><span>Mathematics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mining-and-metallurgy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/mining-and-metallurgy'><span>Mining and Metallurgy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='physics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/physics'><span>Physics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='pseudo-science'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/science-technology/pseudo-science'><span>Pseudo-Science</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='technology'><div 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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/sports-recreation/halls-museums'><span>Halls & Museums</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/sports-recreation/history'><span>History</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/sports-recreation/organizations'><span>Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='sports'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/sports-recreation/sports'><span>Sports</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='stadiums'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a 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<option disabled selected>FILTER BY CONTENT TYPE</option> <option value="article">Articles</option> <option value="timeline">Timelines</option> <option value="collection">Collections</option> <option value="study-guide">Education Guides</option> <option value="quiz">Quizzes</option> <option value="primary-source">Primary Sources</option> <option value="memory-project">Memory Project Archive</option> <option value="video">Videos</option> <option value="podcast">Podcasts</option> </select> <div> <button class="b b-md b-invert" type="submit">Apply filters</button> </div> </div> </form> <div class="browse__results"> <ul class='browse__results__list'> <li class="result"> <div class="content"> <p class="result__type">List</p> <h4 class="result__title"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/10-indigenous-firsts"> 10 Indigenous Firsts in Canada </a> </h4> <p class="result__summary">Indigenous peoples have contributed greatly to Canadian society, culture and politics. Despite facing discrimination, racial segregation and policies of assimilation, Indigenous peoples have fought to make this country a better place for all, and to protect their own Indigenous cultures. From leaders in the fields of medicine and law, to war veterans, chiefs and politicians, many Indigenous peoples have risen to the top of their respective fields, championing a variety of causes. This list of 10 Indigenous “firsts” celebrates those trailblazers who were the first in their profession to make historic accomplishments in Canada.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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As of September 2024, the total registered population of Abenaki people in the Première Nation des Abénakis de Wôlinak and Conseil des Abénakis d’Odanak communities in Quebec is 710 and 3,108, respectively.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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They first settled in the Québec region along the Chaudière River before migrating west at the end of the 17th century.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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To date, however, the oldest surviving artworks (excluding finely crafted, aesthetically significant stone tools) are datable to no earlier than 5,000 years ago.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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In doing so, they assumed the legacy of Indigenous-French relations. Relations under British rule continued for some decades along the lines established during the French era. From the Great Lakes eastward, commercial and military interactions dominated the interchanges between Indigenous and immigrant peoples. In the 19th century, these links would be replaced by a different form of association — policies that advocated assimilation, subjugation and even destruction — as European settlement pushed westward. (See also Indigenous Peoples and Government Policy in Canada.)</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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The relationship between French and Indigenous people of the Eastern Woodlands in the early colonial period was complex and interdependent. France saw Indigenous nations as allies, and relied on them for survival and fur trade wealth. Indigenous people traded for European goods, established military alliances and hostilities, intermarried, sometimes converted to Christianity, and participated politically in the governance of New France. With the transfer of New France to Britain in 1763, diplomatic relations between the French and Indigenous people in Canada ceased. Naturally, social and economic interaction between the European and Indigenous inhabitants of New France continued.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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These are the original inhabitants of the land that is now Canada. In the 2021 census by Statistics Canada, over 1.8 million people in Canada identified as Indigenous, making up 5 per cent of the national population. Though severely threatened — and in certain cases extinguished — by colonial forces, Indigenous culture, language and social systems have shaped the development of Canada and continue to grow and thrive despite extreme adversity. </p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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The Inuit are descendants of the Thule people, who lived in the Arctic from 400 to 1,000 years ago. The Inuit refer to their homeland as Inuit Nunangat. In 2021, there were 70,545 Inuit in Canada. According to that census, 69 per cent of all Inuit lived in Inuit Nunangat.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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Notable examples were the Chinook-language Kamloops Wawa (1891-1905) and the Inuktitut-language Oblate publications of the 1940s and 1950s.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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The region stretches from the northeastern coast of present-day United States and the Maritimes to west of the Great Lakes. The Eastern Woodlands includes, among others, the Haudenosaunee, Mi’kmaq, Ojibwe and Wendat (Huron) peoples.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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The Inuit were barely acknowledged until the 1940s, while special responsibility for Métis and Non-Status Indians was largely denied until 2016. The early history of Indigenous policy in Canada is characterized by the presence of both France and Britain as colonizing powers. British colonial policy acknowledged Indigenous peoples as sovereign nations. Post-Confederation Canadian Indigenous policy initially was based on a model of assimilation, with one of its main instruments being the Indian Act. Since the late 1960s, government policy has gradually shifted to a goal of self-determination for Indigenous peoples, to be achieved through modern-day treaties and self-government agreements.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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Settlers’ introduction of new and contagious diseases placed these healing systems under considerable strain. Europeans also brought profound social, economic and political changes to the well-being of Indigenous communities. These changes continue to affect the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada today. (See also Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and Economic Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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