Communications Technology Laboratory

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/ctl","20230129234036","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1675035636"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var __webpack_modules__={507:(__unused_webpack_module,__webpack_exports__,__webpack_require__)=>{"use strict";function detectPolyfillFeatures(){const featureStatus={};return checkAndAddFeature("Promise","PROMISE"),checkAndAddFeature("Array.prototype.includes","ARRAY_INCLUDES"),checkAndAddFeature("Object.assign","OBJECT_ASSIGN"),checkAndAddFeature("Object.entries","OBJECT_ENTRIES"),featureStatus;function checkAndAddFeature(funcString,featName){try{let func=eval("self."+funcString);-1!==func.toString().indexOf("[native code]")?featureStatus[featName]=Status.NATIVE:featureStatus[featName]=Status.CHANGED}catch{featureStatus[featName]=Status.UNAVAIL}}}__webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__,{n:()=>detectPolyfillFeatures});const Status={UNAVAIL:"NotSupported",NATIVE:"Detected",CHANGED:"Modified"}},2687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>n});const n=(0,r(2141).ky)(16)},1719:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},3524:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";let n;if(r.d(t,{H:()=>i}),r(8438).il){const e=document.createElement("div");e.innerHTML="\x3c!--[if lte IE 6]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 7]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 8]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 9]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e",n=e.getElementsByTagName("div").length}var i;i=4===n?6:3===n?7:2===n?8:1===n?9:0},5970:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Mt:()=>_,C5:()=>s,OP:()=>j,Yu:()=>g,Dg:()=>f,CX:()=>u,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>I});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>m,match:()=>x,version:()=>y});var i=r(4580);class o{constructor(e,t){return e&&"object"==typeof e?t&&"object"==typeof t?(Object.assign(this,t),void Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;this[t]=r}))):console.error("setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties"):console.error("setting a Configurable requires an object as input")}}const a={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},c={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!c[e])throw new Error(`Info for ${e} was never set`);return c[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");c[e]=new o(t,a),(0,i.Qy)(e,c[e],"info")}const d={allow_bfcache:!1,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0},spa:{enabled:!0}},l={};function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]=new o(t,d),(0,i.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=function(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error(`Configuration for ${e} was never set`);return l[e]}(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const p={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},v={};function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");v[e]=new o(t,p),(0,i.Qy)(e,v[e],"loader_config")}const g=(0,i.mF)().o;var h=r(3524),w=r(9206),m=null,y=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var k=navigator.userAgent,P=k.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);P&&-1===k.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===k.indexOf("Chromium")&&(m="Safari",y=P[1])}function x(e,t){if(!m)return!1;if(e!==m)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!y)return!1;for(var r=y.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var E=r(2141),S=r(8438);const O="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function A(){if(!S.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(O))&&(e=(0,E.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(O,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var q=S.ZP?.XMLHttpRequest,C=q&&q.prototype;const T={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!T[e])throw new Error(`Runtime for ${e} was never set`);return T[e]}function I(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");var r;T[e]=new o(t,(r=e,{customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,features:{},loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:6===h.H?2e3:3e4,offset:(0,w.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+S.ZP?.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==_(r,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?A():null,xhrWrappable:q&&C&&C.addEventListener&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),userAgent:n})),(0,i.Qy)(e,T[e],"runtime")}},8873:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n=["1222","PROD"].filter((e=>e)).join(".")},1925:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>i});const n={agentIdentifier:""};class i{constructor(e){if("object"!=typeof e)return console.error("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,n),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(n).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}}},2071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ee:()=>s});var n=r(4580),i=r(9010),o=r(9599),a="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var s;function u(){}function d(){return new u}function l(){(s.backlog.api||s.backlog.feature)&&(s.aborted=!0,s.backlog={})}c.ee?s=c.ee:(s=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},_={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:g,emit:v,get:w,listeners:h,context:p,buffer:m,abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:y,debugId:r,backlog:t&&t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return _;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof u?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,a,d):d()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!s.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),u=h(e),d=u.length,l=0;l<d;l++)u[l].apply(a,r);var f=k()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([_,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function g(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function w(t){return f[t]=f[t]||e(_,t)}function m(e,t){var r=k();_.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function y(e){return!!k()[c[e]]}function k(){return _.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=s)},3195:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(2071).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4539:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(3195);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3585:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>c,iz:()=>s,m$:()=>a});var n=r(8438),i=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){i=!0}});n.ZP?.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),n.ZP?.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(e){}function a(e){return i?{passive:!0,capture:!!e}:!!e}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},2141:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>o});var n=r(8438);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n.ZP?.crypto||n.ZP?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",c="",s=0;s<a.length;s++)c+="x"===(o=a[s])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return c}function o(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},9206:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>s,os:()=>u,yf:()=>c,zO:()=>a});var n=r(1209),i=(new Date).getTime(),o=i;function a(){return n.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-o}function c(){return i}function s(e){o=e}function u(){return o}},1209:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>n});const n=void 0!==r(8438).ZP?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart},745:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>s,v:()=>u});var n=r(7036),i=r(1719),o=r(9206),a=r(1209),c=r(8438);let s=!0;function u(e){var t=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(a.G)return s=!1,c.ZP?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,o.nb)(t))}},7036:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(9206),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],c=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==c&&e.store("measures",t,{value:c-a})}},8547:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>i});var n=r(8438);const i={isFileProtocol:function(){let e=Boolean("file:"===(0,n.lW)()?.location?.protocol);e&&(i.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},9011:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>o});var n=r(5970);const i=["ajax","jserrors","metrics","page_action","page_view_event","page_view_timing","session_trace","spa"];function o(e){const t={};return i.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0!==(0,n.OP)(t).disabled&&!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,`${e}.enabled`)}(r,e)})),t}},8025:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2071);class i{constructor(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:[];this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.externalFeatures=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9010:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},8438:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ZP:()=>a,il:()=>n,lW:()=>c,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error("New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like `self` and `window`.")})();const a=o;function c(){return o}},9599:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},248:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$c:()=>s,Ng:()=>u,RR:()=>c});var n=r(5970),i=r(1925),o=r(8547),a={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"};class c extends i.w{constructor(e){super(e)}shouldObfuscate(){return s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0}obfuscateString(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return e;for(var t=s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),r=e,n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n].regex,o=t[n].replacement||"*";r=r.replace(i,o)}return r}}function s(e){var t=[],r=(0,n.Mt)(e,"obfuscate")||[];return t=t.concat(r),o.T.isFileProtocol()&&t.push(a),t}function u(e){for(var t=!1,r=!1,n=0;n<e.length;n++){"regex"in e[n]?"string"!=typeof e[n].regex&&e[n].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),r=!0):(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),r=!0);var i=e[n].replacement;i&&"string"!=typeof i&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),t=!0)}return!t&&!r}},4580:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>s,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>c});var n=r(9206),i=r(8438);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i.ZP?.NREUM||(i.ZP.NREUM={}),void 0===i.ZP?.newrelic&&(i.ZP.newrelic=i.ZP.NREUM),i.ZP.NREUM}function c(){let e=a();if(!e.o){var t=self,r=t.XMLHttpRequest;e.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:t.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:r,REQ:t.Request,EV:t.Event,PR:t.Promise,MO:t.MutationObserver,FETCH:t.fetch}}return e}function s(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},c=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(c).length||(c.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...c,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),c(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},584:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(3585);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",r);function r(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},8539:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},__webpack_module_cache__={},inProgress,dataWebpackPrefix;function __webpack_require__(e){var t=__webpack_module_cache__[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var r=__webpack_module_cache__[e]={exports:{}};return __webpack_modules__[e](r,r.exports,__webpack_require__),r.exports}__webpack_require__.m=__webpack_modules__,__webpack_require__.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return __webpack_require__.d(t,{a:t}),t},__webpack_require__.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)__webpack_require__.o(t,r)&&!__webpack_require__.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},__webpack_require__.f={},__webpack_require__.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(__webpack_require__.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(__webpack_require__.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),__webpack_require__.u=e=>e+"."+__webpack_require__.h().slice(0,8)+"-1222.js",__webpack_require__.h=()=>"95d4308d836c4fa71ea6",__webpack_require__.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),inProgress={},dataWebpackPrefix="NRBA:",__webpack_require__.l=(e,t,r,n)=>{if(inProgress[e])inProgress[e].push(t);else{var i,o;if(void 0!==r)for(var a=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),c=0;c<a.length;c++){var s=a[c];if(s.getAttribute("src")==e||s.getAttribute("data-webpack")==dataWebpackPrefix+r){i=s;break}}i||(o=!0,(i=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",i.timeout=120,__webpack_require__.nc&&i.setAttribute("nonce",__webpack_require__.nc),i.setAttribute("data-webpack",dataWebpackPrefix+r),i.src=e),inProgress[e]=[t];var u=(t,r)=>{i.onerror=i.onload=null,clearTimeout(d);var n=inProgress[e];if(delete inProgress[e],i.parentNode&&i.parentNode.removeChild(i),n&&n.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},d=setTimeout(u.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:i}),12e4);i.onerror=u.bind(null,i.onerror),i.onload=u.bind(null,i.onload),o&&document.head.appendChild(i)}},__webpack_require__.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},__webpack_require__.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={783:0,519:0};__webpack_require__.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=__webpack_require__.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var i=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=i);var o=__webpack_require__.p+__webpack_require__.u(t),a=new Error;__webpack_require__.l(o,(r=>{if(__webpack_require__.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var i=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),o=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;a.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+i+": "+o+")",a.name="ChunkLoadError",a.type=i,a.request=o,n[1](a)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,i,[o,a,c]=r,s=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in a)__webpack_require__.o(a,n)&&(__webpack_require__.m[n]=a[n]);if(c)c(__webpack_require__)}for(t&&t(r);s<o.length;s++)i=o[s],__webpack_require__.o(e,i)&&e[i]&&e[i][0](),e[i]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var __webpack_exports__={};(()=>{"use strict";__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);var e=__webpack_require__(507),t=__webpack_require__(2687),r=__webpack_require__(3585);function n(e){if(!document||"complete"===document.readyState)return e()||!0}function i(e){n(e)||(0,r.bP)("load",e)}function o(e){n(e)||(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}var a=__webpack_require__(8438),c=__webpack_require__(2071);let s=0;function u(e){(async()=>{if(!s++)try{const{aggregator:t}=await __webpack_require__.e(859).then(__webpack_require__.bind(__webpack_require__,7859));await t(e)}catch(e){console.error("Failed to successfully load all aggregators. Aborting...\n",e),c.ee.abort()}})()}var d=__webpack_require__(8539),l=__webpack_require__.n(d),f=__webpack_require__(4580),_=__webpack_require__(5970),p=__webpack_require__(3195),v=__webpack_require__(9599),b=__webpack_require__(9206);let g=!1;var h=__webpack_require__(7036),w=__webpack_require__(745),m=__webpack_require__(8025);class y extends m.W{constructor(e){super(e),a.il&&((0,w.v)(e),(0,h.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,b.yf)()),i((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded())),o((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())))}measureWindowLoaded(){var e=(0,b.zO)();(0,h.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",e+(0,b.os)()),(0,p.p)("timing",["load",e],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,h.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,b.zO)()+(0,b.os)())}}var k=__webpack_require__(584);class P extends m.W{constructor(e){var t;if(super(e),t=this,this.isEnabled()&&a.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,k.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,r.iz)(e,(function(){return t.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),(0,k.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,b.zO)(),(0,p.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}),!0),(0,r.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,p.p)("winPagehide",[(0,b.zO)()],void 0,void 0,this.ee)))}}isEnabled(){return!1!==(0,_.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.enabled")}perfObserver(e,t){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{"first-paint"===e.name?(0,p.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,void 0,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&(0,p.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(e,t){var r=e.getEntries();if(r.length>0){var n=r[r.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<n.startTime)return;var i=[n],o=this.addConnectionAttributes({});o&&i.push(o),(0,p.p)("lcp",i,void 0,void 0,this.ee)}}clsObserver(e){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{e.hadRecentInput||(0,p.p)("cls",[e],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(e){if(e instanceof _.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var t=Math.round(e.timeStamp),r={type:e.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(r),t<=(0,b.zO)()?r.fid=(0,b.zO)()-t:t>(0,b.os)()&&t<=Date.now()?(t-=(0,b.os)(),r.fid=(0,b.zO)()-t):t=(0,b.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,p.p)("timing",["fi",t,r],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}}}var x=__webpack_require__(4539),E="React",S="Angular",O="AngularJS",A="Backbone",q="Ember",C="Vue",T="Meteor",j="Zepto",I="Jquery";function R(){if(!a.il)return[];var e=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(e){return!1}})()&&e.push(E),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(O),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(S),window.Backbone&&e.push(A),window.Ember&&e.push(q),window.Vue&&e.push(C),window.Meteor&&e.push(T),window.Zepto&&e.push(j),window.jQuery&&e.push(I)}catch(e){}return e}var N=__webpack_require__(8547),M=__webpack_require__(248),Z=__webpack_require__(8873);const B=Boolean(a.ZP?.Worker),D=Boolean(a.ZP?.SharedWorker),W=Boolean(a.ZP?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let F,z,G;class L extends m.W{constructor(e){var t;let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};super(e),t=this,this.PfFeatStatusEnum=r,this.singleChecks(),this.eachSessionChecks(),(0,x.X)("record-supportability",(function(){return t.recordSupportability(...arguments)}),void 0,this.ee),(0,x.X)("record-custom",(function(){return t.recordCustom(...arguments)}),void 0,this.ee)}recordSupportability(e,t){var r=["sm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,p.p)("storeMetric",r,null,void 0,this.ee),r}recordCustom(e,t){var r=["cm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,p.p)("storeEventMetrics",r,null,void 0,this.ee),r}singleChecks(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Version/${Z.q}/Detected`);const{loaderType:e}=(0,_.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);e&&this.recordSupportability(`Generic/LoaderType/${e}/Detected`),a.il&&o((()=>{R().forEach((e=>{this.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),N.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),N.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);const t=(0,M.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);t.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),t.length>0&&!(0,M.Ng)(t)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"),a.il&&this.reportPolyfillsNeeded(),function(e){if(!F){if(B){F=Worker;try{a.ZP.Worker=r(F,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(D){z=SharedWorker;try{a.ZP.SharedWorker=r(z,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(W){G=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{a.ZP.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=G,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){a.v6||e(`Workers/${t}/Unavailable`)}function i(t,r){e("module"===r?`Workers/${t}/Module`:`Workers/${t}/Classic`)}function o(t,r){e(`Workers/${r}/SM/Unsupported`),console.warn(`NR Agent: Unable to capture ${r} workers.`,t)}}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this))}reportPolyfillsNeeded(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/Promise/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.PROMISE}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ArrayIncludes/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.ARRAY_INCLUDES}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectAssign/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ASSIGN}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectEntries/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ENTRIES}`)}eachSessionChecks(){a.il&&(0,r.bP)("pageshow",(e=>{e.persisted&&this.recordCustom("Custom/BFCache/PageRestored")}))}}var U=__webpack_require__(9011);const $=(0,e.n)(),H="lite";try{!function(e){if(g)return;const r=(0,f.gG)();a.v6&&(r.info.jsAttributes={...r.info.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0});try{(0,_.CX)(t.Z,r.info),(0,_.Dg)(t.Z,r.init),(0,_.GE)(t.Z,r.loader_config),(0,_.sU)(t.Z,{loaderType:e}),function(e){var t=(0,f.fP)(),r=c.ee.get(e),n=r.get("tracer"),i="api-",o=i+"ixn-";function a(){}(0,v.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=u(i,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=u(i,"addPageAction",!0),t.setCurrentRouteName=u(i,"routeName",!0),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,_.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/http://custom.transaction")+t,u(i,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,_.C5)(e);return(0,_.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),u(i,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new a).get()};var s=a.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var i={},a=this,c="function"==typeof t;return(0,p.p)(o+"tracer",[(0,b.zO)(),e,i],a,void 0,r),function(){if(n.emit((c?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,b.zO)(),a,c],i),c)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw n.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],i),e}finally{n.emit("fn-end",[(0,b.zO)()],i)}}}};function u(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,p.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,void 0,r),(0,p.p)(e+t,[(0,b.zO)()].concat(l()(arguments)),n?null:this,i,r),n?void 0:this}}(0,v.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){s[t]=u(o,t)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,p.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,void 0,r),(0,p.p)("err",[e,(0,b.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,void 0,r)}}(t.Z),g=!0}catch(e){}}(H);const e=(0,U.K)(t.Z);e.page_view_event&&new y(t.Z),e.page_view_timing&&new P(t.Z),e.metrics&&new L(t.Z,$),function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:1e3;t?setTimeout((()=>u(e)),r):a.il?i((()=>u(e))):u(e)}(H)}catch(e){a.ZP?.newrelic?.ee?.abort&&a.ZP.newrelic.ee.abort()}})(),window.NRBA=__webpack_exports__})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Communications Technology Laboratory","node_id":"341076","content_type":"Laboratory\/Organizational Unit"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/node/341076"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2022-11-15T13:58-05:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-11-15T13:58-05:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2022-11-15T13:58:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True" }, "datePublished": "2015-04-28T15:17-04:00", "dateModified": "2022-11-15T13:58-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="laboratory_organizational_unit"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230129234036cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_F2gAVVlSdR3arDUpXp31o79SNgjcEodwd2bnXsnktzU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230129234036cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230129234036cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230129234036cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230129234036cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_e5DuZ68Yk6jKDRZI89Dctp-TrIyhXrRYettD_yNTSPA.css"/> <script src="/web/20230129234036js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-341076"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/ctl</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--menu"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Communications Technology Laboratory</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/images/2022/06/29/NIST-CTL%20Logo2.png?itok=KR8vxC8J" width="220" height="83" alt="CTL Logo 2" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div>  </div>  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-block"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/about-ctl" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About CTL</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/communications-technology-laboratory/ctl-staff-directory" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff Directory</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Facilities</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Partnership, Funding, and Employment with CTL</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/nasctn" data-drupal-link-system-path="">National Advanced Spectrum and Communications Test Network (NASCTN)</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>   <div class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--org" data-elastic-exclude=""> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Divisions</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-6a0f83f37d3226a6a76ebfeee55093be384ca15140ed7e52f0d7052c7e527751"> <div class="link-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr" hreflang="en">Public Safety Communications Research Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/rf-technology-division" hreflang="en">RF Technology Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/smart-connected-systems-division" hreflang="en">Smart Connected Systems Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/spectrum-technology-and-research-division" hreflang="en">Spectrum Technology and Research Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/wireless-networks-division" hreflang="en">Wireless Networks Division</a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl"><img alt="Partner with CTL" height="313" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2022/04/20/Partner%20with%20us.png" typeof="foaf:Image" width="472"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/funding-opportunities/past-funding-opportunities/psiap-2022"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/funding-opportunities/past-funding-opportunities/psiap-2022"><img alt="PSIAP-2022 winners " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/11/15/PSIAP%20Winners%20Announced.png?itok=JdQVkl7B" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> </div></div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"> <figure class="align-center nist-image"><img alt="CTL Mission Vision 2" height="438" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2022/06/14/CTL%20Mission%20and%20Title3.png?itok=0oAW3nCG" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960"><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure><p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Our Focus Areas</h2> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/core-network-technologies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/core-network-technologies"><img alt="Core Network Tech 2" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Core%20Network2.png?itok=iShNHl0Z" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fundamental-electromagnetic-technologies-and-standards"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fundamental-electromagnetic-technologies-and-standards"><img alt="Fundamental Electromagnetic Technologies & Standards " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Fund%20Electromagnetic2%20.png?itok=lvaXUo1W" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications/nextg-5g-and-beyond-technology"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications/nextg-5g-and-beyond-technology"><img alt="Next Generation Wireless Systems" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Next%20Generation%20Wireless2.png?itok=0SrV96YJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/about/public-safety-innovation-impacts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/about/public-safety-innovation-impacts"><img alt="Public Safety Communications" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Public%20Safety2.png?itok=Z5Jc6_rJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-infrastructure-and-manufacturing"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-infrastructure-and-manufacturing"><img alt="Smart Infrastructure & Manufacturing " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Smart%20Infrastructure2.png?itok=MMiFln4-" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class="align-center nist-image" data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/spectrum-sharing-sensing"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/spectrum-sharing-sensing"><img alt="Spectrum Sharing & Sensing " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Spectrum%20Sharing%20%26%20Sensing2.png?itok=CY474YHg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"></a><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></div> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> </div> <div class="grid-col"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">News and Updates</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-d8615112819a15c75a40c43438ad100b9e6802b169fa6f005fabba7075395d8a"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/01/nist-joins-alliance-promote-open-wireless-technologies-and-supply-chains" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/nist-joins-alliance-promote-open-wireless-technologies-and-supply-chains" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/05/23/nbitanechoicchamber.jpg?itok=G-LpJUrs" width="100" height="66" alt="AnechoicChamber" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/nist-joins-alliance-promote-open-wireless-technologies-and-supply-chains"><span property="schema:name">NIST Joins Alliance to Promote Open Wireless Technologies and Supply Chains</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-01-24T12:00:00Z">January 24, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">The O-RAN Alliance develops hardware and software specifications that allow manufacturers and network operators to mix and match products from different vendors</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/01/pscr-pulse-accelerator" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/pscr-pulse-accelerator" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/03/03/PULSE_Web%20Banner_IMG_v01.png?itok=oC4yzWeZ" width="100" height="31" alt="Purple banner with telecom signal that reads "Pulse Accelerator"" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/pscr-pulse-accelerator"><span property="schema:name">The PSCR Pulse Accelerator</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-01-03T12:00:00Z">January 3, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">The closeout of the NIST PSCR Pulse Accelerator Program last year brings exciting impacts across the board for public safety, with technology-based businesses</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2022/12/spotlight-postdoc-process-nists-jake-davidson" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/12/spotlight-postdoc-process-nists-jake-davidson" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/03/JakeDavidson.jpg?itok=fGhvFNrF" width="100" height="100" alt="Jacob Davidson poses standing behind a large piece of scientific equipment with wires and lenses." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/12/spotlight-postdoc-process-nists-jake-davidson"><span property="schema:name">Spotlight: Into the Postdoc Process With NIST’s Jake Davidson</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-12-22T12:00:00Z">December 22, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">From one applicant to another: It’s going to work out fine!</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2022/12/wi-fi-could-help-identify-when-youre-struggling-breathe" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/12/wi-fi-could-help-identify-when-youre-struggling-breathe" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/12/19/P1390983_Jason_manikin.jpg?itok=XZHqrcHj" width="100" height="56" alt="A model head and torso wearing a NIST T-shirt stands on a table in a small room with blue foam on the walls, while a researcher sets up equipment in the background." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/12/wi-fi-could-help-identify-when-youre-struggling-breathe"><span property="schema:name">Wi-Fi Could Help Identify When You’re Struggling to Breathe </span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-12-20T12:00:00Z">December 20, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">NIST and its FDA collaborators advanced a technique to use Wi-Fi to sense when someone’s breathing pattern changes, indicating they’re in trouble.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/org/5636">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Events</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-4ce067d40b7b78f86b86c4d6132e4e2da815488df05546fe2cda88ec0289d84e"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/02/pscr-webinar-after-action-report-2016-2022-pscr-program-impacts" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/02/pscr-webinar-after-action-report-2016-2022-pscr-program-impacts" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/10/February%20Webinar%20Webpage%20Graphic.png?itok=7UAQje66" width="100" height="52" alt="NIST Public safety communications research register now After Action Report: 2016-2022 PSCR Program Impacts" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/02/pscr-webinar-after-action-report-2016-2022-pscr-program-impacts"><span>PSCR Webinar: After Action Report: 2016–2022 PSCR Program Impacts</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Thu, Feb 9 2023, 11:00am - 12:00pm MST (1:00 - 2:00pm EST)</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">This February, NIST's Public Safety Communications Research Division will host a webinar featuring the PSCR Impact</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/03/ndncomm-2023" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/03/ndncomm-2023" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/08/20/NDN_2021Rev2.png?itok=aHQhZIqt" width="100" height="67" alt="Named Data Networking Meeting" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/03/ndncomm-2023"><span>NDNComm 2023</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Thu, Mar 2 - Fri, Mar 3 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The Named Data Networking Community Meeting 2023 will be hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events/org/5636">View All Events</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Projects and Programs</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-d226fef9b96ac5930c19cee71d59aa9d568ffb4c31aaddafb19bcc792c7a052d"> <div> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/5g-beyond" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-beyond" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/projects/next_generation_5g_research.jpg?itok=kCtfgnOS" width="100" height="49" alt="NIST engineer Kate Remley led development of new 94 gigahertz calibrated signal source and 16-antenna array operating at 83 gigahertz" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-beyond"><span>5G & Beyond</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> “5G and beyond” refers to future generations of mobile wireless communication systems. The vision for these next-generation systems are to enable groundbreaking </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/5g6g-core-networks-and-services" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g6g-core-networks-and-services"><span>5G/6G Core Networks and Services</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> This program aims to advance networking and measurement sciences and promote consensus standards and best practices for the evolution from 5G to 6G, focusing on </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/700-mhz-building-coverage-app-measurement-system-development" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/700-mhz-building-coverage-app-measurement-system-development" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/projects/band-14-lte-cell-on-wheels.jpg?itok=TaegpDcz" width="100" height="75" alt="cell on wheels LTE coverage pscr" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/700-mhz-building-coverage-app-measurement-system-development"><span>700 MHz In-Building Coverage App & Measurement System Development</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) program is researching the development of in-building apps for RF coverage evaluation, which is critical for </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/measurement-based-approach-5g-supply-chain-security" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/measurement-based-approach-5g-supply-chain-security" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/09/10/Robert%20Lucian%20Crusitu_circuit_SS_104531981.jpg?itok=vTvidLmm" width="100" height="63" alt="A close-up view of a circuit board shows a square with yellow dots surrounded by blue lines." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/measurement-based-approach-5g-supply-chain-security"><span>A measurement-based approach to 5G supply chain security</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Revolutionizing the American economy comes from advancements in communication networks that enable a fully connected world through millions of devices providing </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/org/5636">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Industry Impacts</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-07f0d7fd40a6115236465a1ed11fde7d7f35a1e27489c73f21d8e6a7f9991001"> <div> <article role="article" about="/industry-impacts/alliance-5g-networks" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/alliance-5g-networks" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/propagation_channel_meas_dsc_1107_02.jpg?itok=POT4tLyv" width="100" height="67" alt="Propagation-Channel Measurements and Hardware Verification" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/alliance-5g-networks"><span>Alliance for 5G Networks</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The next generation of wireless communications technology will allow many more devices to send information much faster, making possible everything from virtual</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/industry-impacts/first-responder-communications" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/first-responder-communications" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2017/03/20/dscn0014.jpg?itok=fYoSoUQD" width="100" height="75" alt="Photo of NIST scientists with the PSCR Deployable LTE Cell-on-Wheels" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/first-responder-communications"><span>First Responder Communications</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">First responders must be able to communicate during an emergency. Too often in critical situations, communications among public safety agencies are hampered by</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts">View All NIST Industry Impacts</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Tools and Instruments</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-6b703c0d7b5655a91a1041b4039e4a5b36b648960bdcf708fb21f1ee7658582d"> <div> <article role="article" about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/public-safety-communication-innovation-laboratory" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/public-safety-communication-innovation-laboratory" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/12/AR-2.png?itok=tOBauh7y" width="100" height="72" alt="This is a photo of a man in an augmented reality headset looking at the hologram of an IED." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/public-safety-communication-innovation-laboratory"><span>Public Safety Communication Innovation Laboratory</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Built in 2018, the PSCR Innovation Laboratory is focused on next-generation communication capabilities for first responders. The PSCR lab maintains a modernized</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/lte-coverage-tool" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/lte-coverage-tool"><span>LTE Coverage Tool</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">This experimental application was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Public Safety Communications Research Division (PSCR)</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/org/5636">View All Tools & Instruments</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Awards</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-c5b51a917fa9b9943fd20f2294df76f35c83dce535cc30687a58397cfa796c48"> <div> <article role="article" about="/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-duncan-mcgillivray-adam-wunderlich-keith-forsyth-jack-sklar" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-duncan-mcgillivray-adam-wunderlich-keith-forsyth-jack-sklar" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/18/BRONZE_forsyth%2Ckord%2Ckuester%2Cmcgillivary%2Cnelson%2Csanders%2Cwunderlich-comp.jpg?itok=Nmfbt01c" width="100" height="74" alt="2022 Bronze Medal Awardees" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-duncan-mcgillivray-adam-wunderlich-keith-forsyth-jack-sklar"><span>2022 - Bronze Medal Award---Duncan McGillivray, Adam Wunderlich, Keith Forsyth, Jack Sklar, Daniel Kuester, Azizollah Kord, Robert Horansky, Eric Nelson, Frank Sanders</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For development of a validated test methodology to measure the impact of newly deployed commercial cellular equipment on DoD Test Range systems.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-avi-gopstein-cuong-nguyen-nelson-hastings-david-wollman" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-avi-gopstein-cuong-nguyen-nelson-hastings-david-wollman" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/12/21/Gopstein.Wollman.Hastings.Nguyen.Bronze.jpg?itok=0FJnCGb7" width="100" height="60" alt="Avi Gopstein, Cuong Nguyen, Nelson Hastings and David Wollman bronze award" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-bronze-medal-award-avi-gopstein-cuong-nguyen-nelson-hastings-david-wollman"><span>2022 - Bronze Medal Award---Avi Gopstein, Cuong Nguyen, Nelson Hastings, David Wollman</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For exemplary leadership and technical contributions in modernizing NIST’s strategic vision for power systems communication and information exchange.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/nist-awards/2022-allen-v-astin-measurement-science-award-dazhen-gu-aaron-hagerstrom-benjamin-jamroz" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-allen-v-astin-measurement-science-award-dazhen-gu-aaron-hagerstrom-benjamin-jamroz" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/18/ASTIN-gu%2Chagerstrom%2Cjamroz%2Cjargon%2Cstanfield%2Cstoup%2Cwilliams-comp.jpg?itok=S6zz8k1_" width="100" height="99" alt="Allen V Astin Award 2022" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-allen-v-astin-measurement-science-award-dazhen-gu-aaron-hagerstrom-benjamin-jamroz"><span>2022 - Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award---Dazhen Gu, Aaron Hagerstrom, Benjamin Jamroz, Jeffrey Jargon, Christian Long, Ann F. Monke, Eric Stanfield, Angela Stelson, John Stoup, Dylan Williams</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For developing rigorous traceability with correlated uncertainties for microwave power and scattering parameters at 5G/6G communications frequencies.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/nist-awards/2022-colleagues-choice-award-linda-derr" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-colleagues-choice-award-linda-derr" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/12/20/Derr.ColleaguesChoice.jpg?itok=YGy70LJW" width="67" height="100" alt="Linda Derr Colleagues Choice" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2022-colleagues-choice-award-linda-derr"><span>2022 - Colleagues' Choice Award---Linda Derr</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For innovation in the Boulder Professional Research Experience Program (PREP) enhancing growth, stakeholder communication, and collaborative research.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/awards/org/5636">View All Awards</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Taking Measure Blog</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-6eed9510ba8b2ba064725985dd710afd4b8c01dccf605c3bcb4e0450a1d23d7e"> <div> <article role="article" about="/blogs/taking-measure/data-demand-how-us-navys-bandwidth-can-boost-your-data-speed" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/data-demand-how-us-navys-bandwidth-can-boost-your-data-speed" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/20/spectrum-sharing-photo-2.jpg?itok=siZnpSgF" width="75" height="100" alt="On a rooftop overlooking a waterfront town, an equipment box is attached to a pole anchored with concrete blocks. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/data-demand-how-us-navys-bandwidth-can-boost-your-data-speed"><span>Data in Demand: How the U.S. Navy’s Bandwidth Can Boost Your Data Speed</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-01-25T12:00:00Z">January 25, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">What would we do if the world ran out of room in the radio-frequency spectrum? It’s something NIST and our partners are working to prevent through spectrum</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/blogs/taking-measure/cruising-toward-self-driving-cars-standards-and-testing-will-help-keep" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/cruising-toward-self-driving-cars-standards-and-testing-will-help-keep" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/17/fa51beed-5434-4798-91cc-0271172737af.png?itok=fUsOA6sF" width="100" height="63" alt="Illustration shows view out a car windshield with rain, sun, wind and snow images. Dashboard screen says: Congestion, Obstacle, Speed Limit, Temperature, Weather. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/cruising-toward-self-driving-cars-standards-and-testing-will-help-keep"><span>Cruising Toward Self-Driving Cars: Standards and Testing Will Help Keep Autonomous Vehicles Moving Safely on the Road</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-01-18T12:00:00Z">January 18, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST and its partners in government and industry are working toward replicating the vital aspects of human driving and building a supporting infrastructure.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/blogs/taking-measure/technology-will-change-our-world-2023-and-beyond-manufacturing-innovation" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/technology-will-change-our-world-2023-and-beyond-manufacturing-innovation" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/02/12/17el031_brandon_lane_additive-manuf-metrology-testbed_copyrt_earl-zubkoff_hr.jpg?itok=auDg4Ssa" width="100" height="67" alt="Researcher Brandon Lane making adjustments inside the large 3D printer" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/technology-will-change-our-world-2023-and-beyond-manufacturing-innovation"><span>Technology That Will Change Our World in 2023 and Beyond: Manufacturing Innovation</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-01-04T12:00:00Z">January 4, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The director of NIST’s Manufacturing Extension Partnership looks ahead to the most transformative technology taking hold in the manufacturing world.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/blogs/taking-measure/nists-researchers-look-ahead-high-tech-trends-2023-and-beyond" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/nists-researchers-look-ahead-high-tech-trends-2023-and-beyond" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/12/22/john%20kitching%20working%20with%20chip%20121922.jpeg?itok=I7wHmYs8" width="100" height="56" alt="John Kitching leans over a table in the lab, using tweezers to point to part of a chip-scale device in a clear plastic box. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/nists-researchers-look-ahead-high-tech-trends-2023-and-beyond"><span>NIST’s Researchers Look Ahead to High-Tech Trends in 2023 and Beyond</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-12-27T12:00:00Z">December 27, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">They study topics that impact all of us, from indoor air quality to cybersecurity.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure">View more</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Contacts</h2> <div class="nist-contact"> <h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Director, Communications Technology Lab and Director, NIST Boulder Laboratory</h3> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"> Marla Dowell </div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/mailto:marla.dowell@nist.gov">marla.dowell@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (303) 497-6700 </div> <div> 325 Broadway <br> MS 670.00 <br> Boulder, CO 80305-3337 </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230129234036im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/ctl" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/341076","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"nist_www","libraries":"back_to_top\/back_to_top_icon,back_to_top\/back_to_top_js,extlink\/drupal.extlink,figcaption_filter\/figcaption,google_analytics\/google_analytics,nist\/equal_height,nist\/global,nist\/global-js,nist\/header-js,nist_linkit_filter\/nist_linkit_filter_ga,nist_www\/global,nist_www\/global-js,nist_www\/microsite,paragraphs\/drupal.paragraphs.unpublished,system\/base,views\/views.module"},"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230129234036js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129234036js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230129234036js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js__m8lPoob6WYP5ISBblOsGOTOBGL48ZeEwQyTPAl7RqA.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":51,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST