Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1739771134"> <meta name="title" content="Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review"> <meta name="description" content="Introduction: Up to 50% of community-dwelling older adults report living with some chronic pain that interferes with their daily functioning and leads to disabilities. Hence, it is crucial to provide these individuals with strategies to effectively manage pain. An interdisciplinary approach is warranted considering the numerous factors contributing to pain among older adults. Although several studies have been conducted on various interdisciplinary pain self-management programs, little effort has been made to synthesize knowledge about such programs for older adults. Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the steps recommended by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010). Keyword searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Sixty-six articles were included. Most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral group approach and used a combination of modalities, including education and training on the use of self-management strategies. The professionals most frequently involved in group interventions were psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. Several benefits of these programs have been reported concerning pain intensity, independence in daily functioning, mental health, and quality of life. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management programs appear promising in guiding clinical and rehabilitation interventions for older adults living with chronic pain." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Samuel Turcotte"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Marie-Ève Lapointe"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Carolann Shea"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jacqueline Rousseau"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Julie Masse"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Johanne Higgins"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Pierre Rainville"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="David Lussier"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="François Dubé"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Catherine Genest"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kami Sarimanukoglu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lucile Agarrat"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Maria Varganici"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Johanne Filiatrault"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2024, Vol. 4, Pages 83-118"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-05-03"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/jal4020007"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Introduction: Up to 50% of community-dwelling older adults report living with some chronic pain that interferes with their daily functioning and leads to disabilities. Hence, it is crucial to provide these individuals with strategies to effectively manage pain. An interdisciplinary approach is warranted considering the numerous factors contributing to pain among older adults. Although several studies have been conducted on various interdisciplinary pain self-management programs, little effort has been made to synthesize knowledge about such programs for older adults. Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the steps recommended by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010). Keyword searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Sixty-six articles were included. Most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral group approach and used a combination of modalities, including education and training on the use of self-management strategies. The professionals most frequently involved in group interventions were psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. Several benefits of these programs have been reported concerning pain intensity, independence in daily functioning, mental health, and quality of life. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management programs appear promising in guiding clinical and rehabilitation interventions for older adults living with chronic pain." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="pain rehabilitation" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="self-management" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="interdisciplinarity" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="older adults" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="knowledge synthesis" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-05-03"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="4"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="83" > <meta name ="prism.endingPage" content="118" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/6"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/05/03"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="4"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="83"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Turcotte, Samuel"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lapointe, Marie-Ève"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Shea, Carolann"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rousseau, Jacqueline"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Masse, Julie"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Higgins, Johanne"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rainville, Pierre"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lussier, David"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dubé, François"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Genest, Catherine"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sarimanukoglu, Kami"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Agarrat, Lucile"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Varganici, Maria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Filiatrault, Johanne"> <meta name ="citation_lastpage" content="118" > <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/jal4020007"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-jal4020007"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/pdf?version=1714727663"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/pdf?version=1714727663"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/pdf?version=1714727663"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-social.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Introduction: Up to 50% of community-dwelling older adults report living with some chronic pain that interferes with their daily functioning and leads to disabilities. Hence, it is crucial to provide these individuals with strategies to effectively manage pain. An interdisciplinary approach is warranted considering the numerous factors contributing to pain among older adults. Although several studies have been conducted on various interdisciplinary pain self-management programs, little effort has been made to synthesize knowledge about such programs for older adults. Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the steps recommended by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010). Keyword searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Sixty-six articles were included. Most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral group approach and used a combination of modalities, including education and training on the use of self-management strategies. The professionals most frequently involved in group interventions were psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. Several benefits of these programs have been reported concerning pain intensity, independence in daily functioning, mental health, and quality of life. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management programs appear promising in guiding clinical and rehabilitation interventions for older adults living with chronic pain." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001-550.jpg?1714727735" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630245' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Samuel Turcotte</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630245" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Samuel Turcotte</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3251934?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Samuel%20Turcotte" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Samuel%20Turcotte&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Samuel%20Turcotte" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Samuel Turcotte obtained his master’s degree in occupational therapy from Laval University in 2014 [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Samuel Turcotte obtained his master’s degree in occupational therapy from Laval University in 2014 and his Ph.D. in clinical sciences in 2016. Currently, he is an occupational therapist (OT) and a lecturer in rehabilitation at Laval University. His research themes include transdisciplinary rehabilitation practices, occupational sciences, social participation and reintegration into the community for adults with neurological impairments. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 1,2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12630245" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5b7438353f76383c327437743e363a3237762b29342f3e382f323435786b6b6a696c686a3e6b6d6a6d6a3d6e3f6b6c6b6d6b6a6a6b6a386b6c6b6c6a6d68686a6e6a3e6a6d6a6c6e3f6b6d6a3d6a696b6e6a696a3d6e3f6a6b6a69"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-0552" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739771134" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630246' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Marie-Ève Lapointe</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630246" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Marie-Ève Lapointe</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/SXlrTk1qZFQ4M2N3akkrbkcycENuRUdYMFAzYXlQOFZIZ29IMUVub2xiM29ZSXE4RTU1T29DdlgxVUpBNkpieA==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Marie-%C3%88ve%20Lapointe" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Marie-%C3%88ve%20Lapointe&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Marie-%C3%88ve%20Lapointe" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,4</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630247' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Carolann Shea</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630247" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Carolann Shea</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/SExvOC93WWx0c2JpWUZQV0Q2d1ZKSFdpbTdTeVdsbHhRSFRieWJFaXEzaz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Carolann%20Shea" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Carolann%20Shea&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carolann%20Shea" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,4</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630248' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jacqueline Rousseau</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630248" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jacqueline Rousseau</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/MXJsNUtVd2NYM2E1a3I2OTN3MVZ0bFlFNlNKZUZqd2ZCL2NHc3Vrc2ljdFVXeTFQQXA3NE1Hbk1hYWxGSW93ag==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Jacqueline%20Rousseau" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jacqueline%20Rousseau&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jacqueline%20Rousseau" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Jacqueline Rousseau obtained her M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences (Rehabilitation) from the University a [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Jacqueline Rousseau obtained her M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences (Rehabilitation) from the University of Montreal (1992) and her Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences (Rehabilitation) from the University of Montreal (1997). Currently, she is a full professor at the University of Montreal and a researcher and lab director at the Research Centre of the Geriatric Institute in Montreal. Her research interests include measurement (development of assessment tools, psychometrics); environment: person–environment interaction; gerontechnologies; community living, aging-in-pace; universal design, inclusive design and personalized accessibility (e.g., home adaptation). </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 3,4</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630249' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Julie Masse</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630249" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Julie Masse</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3255960?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Julie%20Masse" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Julie%20Masse&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Julie%20Masse" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Julie Masse is an occupational therapist (2000) and a clinical associate professor at the School of [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Julie Masse is an occupational therapist (2000) and a clinical associate professor at the School of Rehabilitation from the Université de Montréal (2009). She graduated from the Université de Montréal (B.Sc.) in 2000 and McGill University (M.Sc.) in 2009 after she carried out a study at the Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit. She is co-author of a scoping review and a provincial survey (Québec, Canada) about occupational therapy in chronic pain management, has been an administrator at the Québec Pain Society (2014-2023 ) and has been involved in continuous training for clinicians for more than 12 years. As part of her doctoral studies at the Université de Montréal under the supervision of Dre Gabrielle Pagé, she is now conducting a study to adapt and implement an intervention directly targeting the daily functioning of people affected by chronic pain in two Montreal pain clinics. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 3</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-3130" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739771134" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630250' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Johanne Higgins</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630250" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Johanne Higgins</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3261380?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Johanne%20Higgins" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Johanne%20Higgins&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Johanne%20Higgins" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Johanne Higgins obtained her M.Sc. in Rehabilitation Science from McGill University (1998) and her a [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Johanne Higgins obtained her M.Sc. in Rehabilitation Science from McGill University (1998) and her Ph.D. in Rehabilitation Science from McGill University (2008). In 2009, she completed her postdoctoral research at the Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University. Currently, she is the Director of occupational therapy programs and Full Professor at the University of Montreal. Her current research projects include relieving chronic pain in the elderly using transcranial direct current stimulation and the development and use of a bimanual exerciser and non-invasive brain stimulation for the rehabilitation of hemiparetic persons. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 3,5</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-6587" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739771134" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630251' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Pierre Rainville</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630251" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Pierre Rainville</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3762704?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Pierre%20Rainville" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Pierre%20Rainville&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Pierre%20Rainville" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Pierre Rainville is an academic researcher from the University of Montreal. He is currently a at the [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Pierre Rainville is an academic researcher from the University of Montreal. He is currently a Professor at the Faculty of Dentistry and also an Associate Member at AECRP (Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain). His research area is clinical science, and his areas of interest include cerebral and mental representation of pain in humans (memory, communication, empathy, etc.), neuropsychological mechanisms of pain modulation (hypnosis, placebo, emotions, etc.), the role of the cerebrospinal mechanisms of pain regulation in humans, and the neurophysiological basis for the psychological factors contributing to persistent pain states. His scientific output includes 151 publications, corresponding to 10,854 citations (h-index 48) (Scopus, 14 November 2023). </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 4,6</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630252' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> David Lussier</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630252" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">David Lussier</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/Z1NXZGh1SmVPTGdIV1dmajFWYXNDNFFqa3JvRysxSFZ3SHM2RjZjZEMrYzdBeGxicUx2ait4MFdsQ3hvV21HRw==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=David%20Lussier" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=David%20Lussier&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David%20Lussier" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> David Lussier is an associate clinical professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> David Lussier is an associate clinical professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of Montreal and associate director of innovation and knowledge valorization at the Research Center of the University Institute of Geriatrics of Montreal (IUGM). He is a geriatrician who completed three years of pain and palliative care training at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York. He has been practicing at IUGM since 2004, primarily in the Chronic Pain Management Clinic where he serves as Director. He is also an Associate Professor at McGill University. He is the founding chair of the Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 4,7,8</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630253' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> François Dubé</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630253" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">François Dubé</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3267257?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Dub%C3%A9" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Dub%C3%A9&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Dub%C3%A9" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> François Dubé graduated from the Université de Montréal in 2001 and has been working at IUGM de [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> François Dubé graduated from the Université de Montréal in 2001 and has been working at IUGM (Geriatric Institute affiliated with Université de Montréal) since 2001 in different programs (rehab, outpatient, day hospital, short-term care assessment ward, pain clinic, long-term care). He completed a Master’s degree in 2008 in rehabilitation. Since 2008, he has been recognized as a clinical professor for the physiotherapy program, Université de Montréal. He has been teaching in the physiotherapy program since 2005. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 3,7</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630254' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Catherine Genest</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630254" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Catherine Genest</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/VzkzR0tRNklHZS96bWk1YlIxRlZjdGd0RE0rcERVSmdNdXZQaDVPWHppdVhRcEhIY1ltNGQ4bkZHT29TdlppVw==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Catherine%20Genest" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Catherine%20Genest&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Catherine%20Genest" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 7</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630255' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Kami Sarimanukoglu</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630255" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Kami Sarimanukoglu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/M2d6TDZpSFB2WHhhdExZZUttNzNMQzVldGVTcG5NcUZiQ0ttR3Z0Q2IzST0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Kami%20Sarimanukoglu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Kami%20Sarimanukoglu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kami%20Sarimanukoglu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,7</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630256' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Lucile Agarrat</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630256" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Lucile Agarrat</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3261628?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Lucile%20Agarrat" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Lucile%20Agarrat&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lucile%20Agarrat" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Lucile Agarrat is a psychologist specializing in gerontology. She has worked since 2019 at the of of [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Lucile Agarrat is a psychologist specializing in gerontology. She has worked since 2019 at the University Institute of Geriatrics of Montreal where she contributed to developing the offer of psychology services for outpatient clinics (Cognition and Chronic Pain). She is interested in psychological issues linked to aging and neurocognitive disorders and has developed expertise in caregiving. She also worked as a psychologist in geriatric psychiatry at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute and as a trainer for the Alzheimer Society of Montreal. After practicing neuropsychology for a few years, she now devotes herself to psychotherapy with elderly people and their caregivers, as well as to the transfer of knowledge. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 7</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630257' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Maria Varganici</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630257" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Maria Varganici</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/K2ZuN2tYSklrSmZ6a0tzcFd6UGhHbmhHbUZHblpWOElsVVBnS0dsVURiM2hiRFppZVYwU1lBMGk3U2hCQ1g3Vg==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Maria%20Varganici" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Maria%20Varganici&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maria%20Varganici" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 7</sup> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12630258' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Johanne Filiatrault</div><div id="profile-card-drop12630258" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Johanne Filiatrault</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/430614?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Johanne%20Filiatrault" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Johanne%20Filiatrault&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Johanne%20Filiatrault" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Johanne Filiatrault is a full professor at the School of Rehabilitation of Université de Montréal [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Johanne Filiatrault is a full professor at the School of Rehabilitation of Université de Montréal and a researcher at the Montreal University Geriatric Institute Research Center. She initially trained as an occupational therapist (1986). She obtained her MSc in Neurological Sciences (1991) and her PhD in Public Health/Health Promotion (2008) from the Université de Montréal. She also completed a postdoctoral training at the Research Center on Aging of the Université de Sherbrooke. Her research interests include the development and evaluation of preventive and health promotion interventions for community-dwelling older adults, mobility and fall prevention, fear of falling, intergenerational activities, and inclusive practices in the health sector. Most of her research projects involve participatory approaches where those affected by health issues and community representatives are key partners. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 3,4</sup></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Geriatric Institute Research Center, Montreal University, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>5</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation of Montreal Metropolitan Research Center, Montreal, QC H3S 1M9, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>6</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>7</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Geriatric Institute, Montreal University, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>8</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 83-118; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007">https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 10 November 2023</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 8 March 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 18 April 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 3 May 2024</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1388260" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1388260" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1388260" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2673-9259/4/2/7/pdf?version=1714727663" data-name="Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review" data-journal="jal">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/4/2/7/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/4/2/7/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2673-9259/4/2/7/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/browse" >Browse Figure</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png?1714727729" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart depicting the selection process of the scoping review.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9259/4/2/7/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Introduction: Up to 50% of community-dwelling older adults report living with some chronic pain that interferes with their daily functioning and leads to disabilities. Hence, it is crucial to provide these individuals with strategies to effectively manage pain. An interdisciplinary approach is warranted considering the numerous factors contributing to pain among older adults. Although several studies have been conducted on various interdisciplinary pain self-management programs, little effort has been made to synthesize knowledge about such programs for older adults. Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the steps recommended by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010). Keyword searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Sixty-six articles were included. Most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral group approach and used a combination of modalities, including education and training on the use of self-management strategies. The professionals most frequently involved in group interventions were psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. Several benefits of these programs have been reported concerning pain intensity, independence in daily functioning, mental health, and quality of life. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management programs appear promising in guiding clinical and rehabilitation interventions for older adults living with chronic pain.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=pain+rehabilitation">pain rehabilitation</a>; <a href="/search?q=self-management">self-management</a>; <a href="/search?q=interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a>; <a href="/search?q=older+adults">older adults</a>; <a href="/search?q=knowledge+synthesis">knowledge synthesis</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-jal-04-00007' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Chronic pain is a public health priority [<a href="#B1-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">1</a>], as this problem is highly prevalent and has significant consequences at both the individual and societal levels. Chronic pain is defined as persistent or recurrent pain lasting longer than three months [<a href="#B2-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. In Canada, one in five adults suffer from chronic pain [<a href="#B3-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Several studies show that the prevalence of chronic pain increases with age [<a href="#B3-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. An epidemiological longitudinal study indicates that 27% of Canadians aged 65 and over report chronic pain [<a href="#B6-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Chronic pain is a complex phenomenon that has an impact on several aspects of a person’s life, such as the ability to engage in physical activities [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">8</a>], social activities [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B9-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">9</a>], and activities related to productivity such as household management and work [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B10-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Chronic pain can also interfere with sleep [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B11-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">11</a>] and mood [<a href="#B11-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Studies show that pain intensity is associated with a deterioration of quality of life [<a href="#B11-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">11</a>] and the inability to maintain an independent lifestyle [<a href="#B9-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B11-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. People affected by chronic pain frequently report a lack of control over pain symptoms and difficulty in predicting their onset [<a href="#B9-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B12-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. A robust epidemiologic study conducted among 8245 American community-dwelling older adults revealed that more than half of the study participants presented chronic pain that interfered with their daily functioning [<a href="#B8-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>A comprehensive chronic pain management program relying on an interdisciplinary approach appears to be the most appropriate one [<a href="#B14-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. In fact, there is evidence that an interdisciplinary approach can lead to a decrease in disability and pain intensity, as well as an attenuation of several psychological signs and symptoms related to chronic pain, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and fear [<a href="#B16-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Comprehensive chronic pain management programs relying on an interdisciplinary approach are particularly recommended for older adults [<a href="#B17-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">18</a>], as they often present comorbidities and their health needs are often more complex to address than those of younger individuals [<a href="#B19-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Furthermore, there is evidence that self-management interventions are essential to optimizing health outcomes for older adults with chronic pain [<a href="#B17-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. A self-management paradigm involves an active role for patients in the management of their health condition, and a collaborative relationship between patients and the health care team [<a href="#B20-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Some studies demonstrate that self-management programs can be effective in reducing health care utilization [<a href="#B22-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. These interventions typically address physical, psychological, and social dimensions and generally combine educational and skills development approaches to build self-efficacy for managing pain [<a href="#B17-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B24-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Consistent with the Chronic Care Model [<a href="#B25-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">25</a>], self-management support provided by health professionals from several disciplines is associated with improved patient health outcomes and self-management behaviors [<a href="#B26-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>A few systematic reviews have examined the impact of interdisciplinary pain self-management programs and support their efficacy [<a href="#B27-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. However, little effort has been devoted to synthesizing knowledge about interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. There is a need to synthesize evidence regarding the effects of these interventions and to document their components (e.g., topics addressed, type of exercises) and format (e.g., number of sessions, frequency, duration) to better inform practice and research. Thus, this paper aims to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults.</div><section id='ContextoftheStudy' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> Context of the Study</h4><div class='html-p'>This review was part of a research project aimed primarily at informing the clinical practices of an interdisciplinary team providing health care services to community-dwelling older adults suffering from chronic pain. The members of this interdisciplinary team—geriatricians, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, nurses, and a psychologist—were interested in collaborating on this scoping review since they were keen to offer a chronic pain self-management program to their patients that was supported by the most recent scientific evidence available in this domain.</div></section></section><section id='sec2-jal-04-00007' type='methods'><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>A scoping review was undertaken according to Arksey and O’Malley’s [<a href="#B29-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">29</a>] methodological framework and the recommendations by Levac et al. [<a href="#B30-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. The following steps were performed: (1) identification of the research question; (2) identification of relevant studies; (3) study selection; (4) data extraction; (5) data synthesis; and (6) consultation. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) [<a href="#B31-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">31</a>] was used for reporting the methods and results of this study.</div><section id='sec2dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Step 1: Identifying the Research Questions</h4><div class='html-p'>The following questions guided the research process of this scoping review:</div><div class='html-p'><dl class='html-bullet'><dt id=''>-</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>What is known about the effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults?</div></dd><dt id=''>-</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>What are the characteristics of these interventions? More precisely, what are the conceptual foundations of these interventions? What is their content? Who is involved in these interventions? In what format are they delivered?</div></dd></dl></div></section><section id='sec2dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Step 2: Identifying Relevant Studies</h4><div class='html-p'>A search in bibliographic databases was conducted in May 2020 by the second author (MEL) with support from an academic librarian specialized in rehabilitation and health research and the author responsible for the research project (JF). The scoping review’s objective was to inform the research team of the characteristics of programs that had shown the most promising outcomes. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The relevant articles were searched using the following keywords and MESH terms: chronic pain, fibromyalgia, persistent pain, long term pain, arthr*, osteoarthr*, rheumat*, self-management, self-care, self-efficacy, pain management, pain rehabilitation, pain program, patient care team, interprofessional relations, interdiscipl*, multidiscipl*, transdiscipl*, integrative team, collaborative team, team, and teams. See <a href="#jal-04-00007-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> for an example of a search strategy in one database. References from each database search were imported into Endnote X9. A manual search of the reference lists of included studies and relevant review articles (e.g., systematic reviews, scoping reviews) found with the search strategy was also conducted to find other potentially relevant studies. Finally, a manual search was conducted in the following key journals: <span class='html-italic'>BMC Geriatrics</span>, <span class='html-italic'>British Journal of Pain</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Clinical Journal of Pain</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Disability and Rehabilitation</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine</span>, and <span class='html-italic'>Journal of Pain Research</span>. These journals were chosen because of their relevance to the topic of this review.</div><div class='html-p'>Inclusion criteria for the selection of articles were the following: (1) the study examined the impact of a chronic pain self-management intervention; (2) the studied intervention was delivered by at least two health professionals from different disciplines; and (3) the study targeted or included community-dwelling adults aged 65 or over living with chronic pain (defined as pain that persisted for three months or more). Since a limited number of studies specifically targeted people aged 65 or over, we have subsequently chosen to broaden the last inclusion criterion. Based on the available literature, we included studies with a sample of participants aged 55 or more (on average).</div><div class='html-p'>Authors were contacted by email if an article did not provide sufficient information regarding the age of participants or if any other important information was missing to determine if the article should be included or not in the scoping review. Articles were excluded if (1) they concerned a study conducted on a population suffering from a very specific type of pain, such as headaches, cancer pain, or spinal cord injury/orofacial/pelvic pain, or (2) the primary goal of the intervention under study was to facilitate return to work. Articles reporting the results of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies and published in English or French in a peer-reviewed journal were considered in this scoping review.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Step 3: Study Selection</h4><div class='html-p'>The selection process was conducted independently by two reviewers. Reviewers first screened the articles identified through the keyword strategy based on their titles and abstracts using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the full text of all potentially relevant articles was reviewed to determine if they should be considered in the scoping review. The rationale for the exclusion of studies in this phase was documented in the “research notes” section of Endnote X9. The results of the selection process of the two reviewers were compared. A consensus-based discussion allowed the few disagreements between the two reviewers to be resolved. A third reviewer was involved in the final decision to resolve any remaining disagreements. <a href="#jal-04-00007-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> illustrates the PRISMA flow diagram summarizing the search process.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Step 4: Charting the Data</h4><div class='html-p'>For each included article, data were extracted in an Excel table. Data extracted included but were not limited to (1) the characteristics of the study (e.g., authors, year of publication, country where the study was conducted, study design, sample size), (2) the description of the intervention(s) (e.g., type, format, regimen, conceptual or theoretical roots), and (3) intervention outcomes (e.g., variables of interest; assessment tools; measurement times; short-term, mid-term, and long-term outcomes). The second author and a research assistant independently extracted information from the first ten studies to validate data extraction. In case of disagreement, the last author was involved in the discussions until a consensus was reached. The second author then completed the data charting grid for the remaining articles.</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Step 5: Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting the Results</h4><div class='html-p'>Extracted data were organized in summary tables. Descriptive analyses (means, standard deviations, and proportions) were used to describe the samples of primary studies. Data about the characteristics of the interventions were organized in accordance with the British Pain Society’s guidelines [<a href="#B32-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">32</a>] for pain management programs for adults, namely (1) modes of delivery (interventions delivered in a group format, an individual format, or a combined format), (2) intervention components (education, exercises, skills training, etc.), and (3) intervention dosage (session duration and frequency).</div><div class='html-p'>Data about the short-term, mid-term, and long-term outcomes of the interventions were organized in accordance with the following dimensions: (1) pain severity; (2) pain self-efficacy (i.e., confidence regarding one’s ability to carry out daily activities despite the presence of pain); (3) mental health (which encompasses depression, anxiety symptoms, and general emotional well-being); (4) physical performance (which encompasses mobility, dexterity, and capacity to carry out daily physical activities); (5) daily functioning (i.e., the ability to engage and perform everyday activities independently); and (6) quality of life. The organization of the data was carried out independently by two of the authors. Subsequently, data were subjected to quantitative analysis and narrative summaries.</div></section><section id='sec2dot6-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.6. Step 6: Consultation of Clinicians</h4><div class='html-p'>In addition to the researchers and research staff, several health professionals providing care to older adults with chronic pain were consulted from the very beginning of the review process. The research team met with these stakeholders to obtain their insights on the research questions, the eligibility criteria, and the search strategy and to share and discuss preliminary findings.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-jal-04-00007' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><div class='html-p'>Electronic searches in databases yielded a total of 2896 references after the removal of duplicates. At the end of the selection process, 58 articles were retained for inclusion in the scoping review. Additionally, eight articles were found through manual search in journals, reference lists of included studies, and relevant reviews. Finally, a total of 66 articles were included in this review [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>,<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>,<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. The PRISMA flow diagram in <a href="#jal-04-00007-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> depicts the number of articles selected and excluded at each stage of the process as well as the reasons for exclusion.</div><section id='sec3dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Study Characteristics</h4><div class='html-p'>The 66 articles selected for this scoping review included 61 quantitative studies [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>,<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>], 1 qualitative study [<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>], and 4 mixed-method studies [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. Most quantitative studies relied on pretest–posttest designs (n = 42). The remaining articles reported results from randomized controlled trials (n = 14), quasi-experimental studies (n = 4), and a randomized, concurrent, multiple-baseline single-case design (n = 1). The mixed-method studies relied on a single-group pretest–posttest study design complemented with qualitative data collection. The sample size of quantitative studies ranged from 5 to 1510 participants. Studies were conducted in 17 different countries, predominantly in the United States (n = 17), Australia (n = 10), Canada (n = 8), and the Netherlands (n = 9). The most frequent implementation settings were hospital-based outpatient clinics (n = 28) and community-based outpatient clinics (n = 27). Other settings included outpatient clinics nested in research centers (n = 4) and elderly community centers (n = 1). Six articles did not mention the research setting.</div><div class='html-p'>Of the 66 articles, 38 involved participants with a diversity of chronic pain diagnoses. Other studies targeted participants with a specific diagnosis such as chronic widespread pain (n = 12) (e.g., fibromyalgia), chronic musculoskeletal pain (n = 10) (e.g., chronic back pain, chronic neck pain, chronic regional pain syndrome), and rheumatic diseases (n = 6) (e.g., osteoarthritis, chronic inflammatory arthritis).</div><div class='html-p'>These 66 articles covered a total of 57 programs. More precisely, results from five programs were reported in more than one publication [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. A single study compared the effects of two programs [<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>]. Most of the programs were delivered through a combined approach (group and individual format) (n = 27) or a group approach (n = 25). Five programs relied solely on an individual approach.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#jal-04-00007-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> presents the main characteristics of the selected articles (authors, year of publication, country where the study was conducted, study design, sample size, and a short description of the intervention(s)) and summarizes intervention outcomes. A detailed description of the interventions is available in <a href="#app1-jal-04-00007" class="html-app">Appendix A</a>.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Underlying Models or Theories for Intervention</h4><div class='html-p'>Most programs were based on the cognitive-behavioral (n = 18) [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>] or biopsychosocial (n = 12) models [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. Some interventions were based on the patient-centered care model (n = 3) [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>] or the multimodal approach (n = 2) [<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Less frequently, programs were based on the chronic disease self-management model (n = 1) [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>], the social cognitive theory (n = 1) [<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>], a community-based model of care (n = 1) [<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>], the osteoarthritis research society guidelines [<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>], or a spiritual-based approach (n = 1) [<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Sixteen programs did not describe the model or theory underlying the treatment [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Description of Programs Using a Combined Approach (Group and Individual) (n = 27)</h4><section id='sec3dot3dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.3.1. Duration and Frequency</h4><div class='html-p'>On average, the programs with a combined approach lasted 6 weeks, with a mean total duration of 84 h, an average of 16 sessions, and a mean frequency of 4 sessions per week.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.3.2. Description of Programs</h4><div class='html-p'>The professionals most frequently involved in group interventions were psychologists (n = 20) and physiotherapists (n = 20), followed by general physicians or specialist physicians (n = 11), occupational therapists (n = 11), nurses (n = 10), and social workers (n = 5). Data on the professionals involved were missing for three programs. In addition to sessions led by health professionals, one program [<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>] included a 2 h peer-led support group session from the Arthritis Society.</div><div class='html-p'>Of the 27 programs using a combined approach, 23 included group education. Of these programs, the most frequently discussed topics pertained to different aspects of pain (e.g., neurophysiology of pain, neuroplasticity, chronic pain cycle, usual course of symptoms, gate control theory) (n = 13), conservative treatments (e.g., information about medication use, risks and benefits of medical treatments, strategies for managing medication) (n = 8), and nutrition (e.g., how nutrition affects pain management, instructions on healthy diet) (n = 8). Less common topics were the effects of stress on pain (e.g., education on the relationship between stress management and pain, psychosocial influences on pain, the “stress response system”) (n = 6), physical activity (e.g., relation between physical activity and pain, education about the benefits of exercise on pain and functional ability) (n = 4), and healthy lifestyle (n = 1) (e.g., advice related to general health). Finally, one program provided information on specific anatomy features (e.g., anatomy of the spinal cord) or ergonomic principles. Data on the topics covered during educational sessions were missing for two programs.</div><div class='html-p'>More than half (n = 15) of the programs using a combined approach included in-group physical exercise sessions. Of these programs, five offered group hydrotherapy [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>], whereas four programs involved a movement-based therapy component founded on techniques such as yoga [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>], tai chi [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>], qigong [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>], or the Feldenkrais method [<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>All programs included in-group training in self-management skills. Most programs (n = 17) taught strategies to help people manage stress. Nine programs included relaxation training [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. In some studies, breathing (e.g., controlled deep breathing, diaphragmatic breathing) [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>] or progressive muscle relaxation [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>] was taught and practiced. Thirteen programs taught activity pacing as a self-management strategy. Studies described activity pacing as performing daily activities in a time-contingent rather than pain-contingent manner to improve function in a sustainable way [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Mostly, advice regarding pacing revolved around the structuring and planning of daily activities [<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Key messages were the importance of balance between physical activity and rest [<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>] and moderation in activities [<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Eight programs taught strategies to better manage sleep, including information on sleep hygiene (e.g., establishing a consistent sleep schedule, reducing, or eliminating daytime napping, relaxation) [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. Nine programs included a communication and interaction skills component [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. Most of the time, relationship difficulties were addressed, and a problem-solving approach was undertaken. Assertive communication skills training was performed in four programs [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Only two programs demonstrated and practiced ergonomic principles [<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. Of the 27 programs, only 4 presented problem-solving strategies to participants [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>]. Some (n = 5) helped participants develop mindfulness skills [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. Finally, three programs included exercises based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. In thirteen programs using skills training, participants were instructed to set relevant and realistic individual goals at the onset of the treatment, and their progress was monitored [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>]. Eight programs included strategies to encourage participants to practice and maintain the learned skills in their daily lives, such as giving them homework to do in between sessions [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>] and encouraging them to practice skills or exercises [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Data on the content of group skills training were missing for two programs.</div><div class='html-p'>Eleven programs included group psychotherapy [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Some authors described cognitive restructuring as a strategy to help participants identify and challenge unhelpful pain-related thoughts [<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Some programs offered cognitive restructuring within the context of cognitive-behavioral therapy [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Six programs involved family or friends in the intervention [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. For two programs, most of the intervention was delivered to both patients and their partners. More precisely, in the study of Abbasi et al. 2012 [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>], patients and their spouses assisted in all sessions together, and information on the most effective strategies for requesting and providing spousal assistance was given. Each participant and their spouse were asked to set weekly health-related goals. In the study of Ramke et al. 2016 [<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>], spouses participated in a family education day and received four weekly couple-based telephone consultations with a psychologist targeting different education themes (e.g., pain mechanisms, communication, and assertiveness strategies). Craner et al. 2016 [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>] included a 2-day family educational program, and Kurklinsky et al. 2016 [<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>] offered weekly sessions for family or friends to learn about the intervention and ask questions. Kowal et al. 2015 [<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>] included a single interactive session for patients and family members to address interpersonal aspects of chronic pain. Finally, Vincent et al. 2013 [<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>] encouraged family members to attend all educational sessions of the program.</div><div class='html-p'>The majority of programs included an individual pharmacological intervention (n = 19). Based on participants’ reports of limited or lack of symptom relief, eight of these programs explicitly aimed to reduce or discontinue the use of medication susceptible to induce dependence (e.g., benzodiazepines, non-opioid analgesic medications, muscle relaxants) [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>], and three programs supported and monitored withdrawal of opioid medication [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Finally, one program encouraged the discontinuation of medical cannabis use [<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Regarding the health professionals’ involvement, sixteen programs described the implication of a general or a specialist physician in the interdisciplinary team (e.g., orthopedic surgeon, psychiatrist, rehabilitation physician). Their principal role was generally medical management [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>,<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>], but some of them provided injections (e.g., spinal or local injection, anesthetic procedures) [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Pharmacists were involved in individual interventions in two of the combined approach programs. In the study by Smeeding et al. 2011 [<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>], the pharmacist advised participants about supplements and was involved in the delivery of a tobacco cessation program. Almost half of the programs involved an occupational therapist in the delivery of individual interventions (n = 12) [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. For example, this health professional taught ergonomic principles and activity pacing [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>] and helped participants rediscover personal interests and abilities [<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>]. In one program, the occupational therapist used desensitization techniques, graded motor imagery, and mirror therapy for chronic regional pain syndrome participants [<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. The role of the occupational therapist was not described in detail for eight programs. Most programs included individual interventions delivered by a physiotherapist (n = 18) [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. For example, physiotherapists prescribed an individualized therapeutic exercise program [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>], taught self-massage [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>] and musculoskeletal release techniques [<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>], and provided acceptance and commitment therapy [<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. The role of the physiotherapist was not described in detail for 13 programs. Only three programs included an individual intervention delivered by a nurse. The role of the nurse was not described in detail for two of these programs. In the study of Hâllstam et al. (2016), nurses gave instructions to patients about the use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation and were responsible for medical follow-ups. In the study of Kurklinsky et al. 2016 [<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>], nurses supervised by a physician had the lead role in pharmacological management and oversaw the coordination of individualized patient care. A psychologist was involved in delivering an individual intervention in 15 programs [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>,<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Moreover, in some of the programs, the psychologist met participants at the program midpoint to discuss progress and review individual goals [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Psychology interventions were optional in two programs and were delivered according to participants’ needs [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Five of the programs involved an individual intervention with a social worker [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. However, the role of this professional was not clearly defined.</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot4-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Description of Programs with a Group Component Only (n = 25)</h4><section id='sec3dot4dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.4.1. Duration and Frequency</h4><div class='html-p'>On average, the programs involving only a group approach lasted 6 weeks. The mean total duration was 25 h. On average, programs included eight sessions, and sessions were held twice a week. The mean session duration was 3 h.</div></section><section id='sec3dot4dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.4.2. Description of Programs</h4><div class='html-p'>The most common health professionals involved in group interventions were physiotherapists (n = 21) and general or specialist physicians (n = 16). Other professionals involved were occupational therapists (n = 13), psychologists (n = 12), nurses (n = 10), social workers (n = 3), pharmacists (n = 3), and kinesiologists (n = 1).</div><div class='html-p'>Of the 25 programs using a group approach, 22 involved an educational component. The most frequently addressed topics were pain (e.g., neurophysiology of pain, neuroplasticity, chronic pain cycle, usual course of symptoms, gate control theory) (n = 15) [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>], conservative treatments (e.g., information about medication use and surgery, risks and benefits of medical treatments, strategies for managing medication) (n = 11) [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>], and physical activity (e.g., relation between physical activity and pain, education about the benefits of exercise on pain and functional ability) (n = 11) [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Less frequently covered topics were the effect of stress on pain (e.g., education on the relationship between stress management and pain, psychosocial influences on pain, the “stress response system”) (n = 4) [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>] and nutrition (e.g., how nutrition affects pain management, instructions on healthy diet) (n= 4) [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>]. Finally, some programs provided information on healthy lifestyles (n = 4) [<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>], specific anatomy features (e.g., anatomy of the spinal cord) (n = 5) [<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>], and ergonomic principles (n = 3) [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Data on the educational topics were missing for two programs.</div><div class='html-p'>Fifteen of the programs included physical exercise sessions [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. All these programs included exercises on the floor (e.g., strengthening, stretching, or aerobic exercises), and one program also offered group hydrotherapy [<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. Of the 25 programs, only 2 included movement-based therapy, such as tai chi [<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>] or dance [<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>All programs involved training in self-management skills. Most programs (n = 17) taught strategies to better manage stress. Relaxation training was included in four programs [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. In some studies, breathing (e.g., controlled deep breathing, diaphragmatic breathing) [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>] or progressive muscle relaxation [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>] was taught and practiced. Almost half of the programs including self-management skills training (n = 10) taught activity pacing as a self-management strategy. Advice for structuring and planning daily activities was given in most programs [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Key messages were the importance of balance between physical activity and rest [<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>] and moderation in activities [<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Four programs taught strategies to better manage sleep, such as providing information on sleep hygiene (e.g., establishing a regular sleep schedule, reducing, or eliminating daytime napping, relaxation) [<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Six programs included a communication and interaction skills component [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>], and seven included demonstration and practice of ergonomic principles (e.g., normal postures, ergonomics use of the spine in daily occupations, daily mechanics) [<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>,<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Of the 25 programs, only two included problem-solving strategies [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Six programs helped participants develop mindfulness skills [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. For half of the programs, participants were instructed to set relevant and realistic individual goals at the onset of the treatment, and their progress was monitored. Thirteen programs included strategies to encourage participants to practice and maintain the acquired skills in their daily lives, such as giving them homework to do between sessions [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>], encouraging them to practice skills or exercises [<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>], or signing a “pain contract” to write participants’ reasons for joining the program and their own pain management plan [<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Another strategy was to dedicate a session of the program to summing up the educational content covered or supporting the maintenance of treatment gains [<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Five programs included group psychotherapy [<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. One program [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>] included a short interactive presentation from a patient who was an ambassador of The Arthritis Program. His role was to share his journey and experiences with chronic pain to help support others in the program.</div><div class='html-p'>Two programs involved family members or friends in the intervention. In the program studied by Nam et al. 2014 [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>], family members or friends were invited to learn about chronic pain and ask their questions. Hapidou et al. 2016 [<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>] studied a program that provided a family intervention, but no details on this intervention were available. Only one in-group program included follow-up interventions; the study by Dysvik et al. 2013 [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>] involved a 6-month post-intervention session consisting of therapeutic education and physical exercises and a 12-month telephone booster session consultation.</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot5-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Description of Programs with an Individual Component Only (n = 5)</h4><section id='sec3dot5dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.1. Duration and Frequency</h4><div class='html-p'>On average, the programs using an individual approach only lasted 18 weeks, and sessions were offered on a weekly basis. The mean duration of sessions was one hour.</div></section><section id='sec3dot5dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.2. Description of Programs</h4><div class='html-p'>Participants in all programs (n = 5) had individualized appointments with a physiotherapist. The follow-up with the physiotherapist included strength and mobility exercises in four studies [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>] and instructions on physical activity in two studies [<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. In the study by Nishie et al. 2018 [<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>], the focus of the self-management treatment was the performance of exercises at home. Three programs involved appointments with an occupational therapist [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. In one of these, the occupational therapist trained participants in activity pacing. The role of this professional was not clearly defined in the two other studies. Two programs included individual appointments with a dietician who gave nutritional advice related to weight loss [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>] or information about the benefit of an optimal bodyweight [<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>]. In the study by Claes et al. 2015 [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>], ongoing support and monitoring of weight loss were provided for participants who had pain related to hip or knee osteoarthritis. Psychologists were involved in three of the programs using an individual approach only. Psychologists offered individual psychological support [<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>] or referred participants to other specialists if needed [<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. In the study led by Tetsunaga et al. 2015 [<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>], the psychologist provided advice on pain coping strategies to patients and their families. Physicians were involved in three programs. They provided recommendations regarding the treatment plan [<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>] or were responsible for pharmacotherapy [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. Two programs included the provision of orthotics and information related to their use [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Only one individual program included follow-up interventions. Participants in the study of Stoffer-Marx et al. (2018) received a structured telephone follow-up consultation one month after the initial session to discuss relevant matters for them and ask questions if needed.</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot6-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.6. Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Chronic Pain Self-Management Programs</h4><div class='html-p'>In this section, results from RCTs (n = 14) and quasi-experimental (n = 4) studies regarding program outcomes are presented first. These are followed by results from pre–post studies. Since these studies were numerous (n = 46), their findings are presented according to the following subsections: (1) pain severity; (2) pain self-efficacy; (3) mental health; (4) physical performance; (5) daily functioning; and (6) quality of life. <a href="#jal-04-00007-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> also provides a summary of the findings of each study. Finally, this section ends with a presentation of qualitative findings.</div><section id='sec3dot6dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.6.1. Outcomes Reported from RCTs and Quasi-Experimental Studies</h4><div class='html-p'>Of the 14 RCTs, 13 had sufficient evidence to confirm positive treatment effects in favor of the intervention group in comparison with the control group [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. Only one article reported no significant effect of the studied intervention [<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Hansson et al. 2010 [<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>] showed that 6 months after the intervention, participants in the experimental group had significantly higher self-perceived health (including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain severity, and anxiety/depression) and balance than those in the control group. Martin and colleagues published four articles related to an RCT that included a sample of 153 participants and compared a program combining coordinated psychological, medical, educational, and physiotherapeutic components (PSYMEPHY) to standard pharmacologic care [<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>,<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. At the 6-month follow-up, the results were in favor of the experimental group for quality of life, physical functioning, and pain. One year after the intervention, improvements were maintained, and a significant reduction in anxiety and depression levels was found. Abbasi et al. (2012) compared a spouse-assisted pain management program with patients receiving standard medical care. One year post-intervention, participants in the experimental group had a significant reduction in kinesiophobia, pain severity, and disability compared to control group participants. Interestingly, results also showed an increase in the disability score for the control group one year post-intervention.</div><div class='html-p'>The weekly interdisciplinary program (WIP) studied by Martins et al. 2014 [<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>] showed a significant reduction in pain severity and an improvement in health-related quality of life, functioning, mental health, and sleep directly post-intervention in individuals with fibromyalgia compared to a control group that did not receive any intervention. Nicholas et al. 2013 [<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; 2017 [<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>] compared the efficacy of a pain self-management (PSM) group with an exercise–attention control (EAC) group. Immediately after the intervention, participants in the experimental group showed an improvement in pain distress, disability, mood, unhelpful pain beliefs, and Functional Reach scores compared to the control group [<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. At the 1-month follow-up, 44% of the PSM group achieved a clinically significant improvement in pain disability in comparison with 22% in the control group [<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. A weakening of effects was observed at the 1-year follow-up, but not to a significant degree, except for the Functional Reach scores [<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. The study by Paolucci et al. 2017 [<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>], which included a sample of 53 participants, found that a Back School self-management program and a Feldenkrais group intervention were comparable in efficacy in reducing pain and disability.</div><div class='html-p'>The study by Stoffer-Marx et al. 2018 [<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>], which compared the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention using an individual approach with routine care plus a placebo in patients with hand osteoarthritis, noted an increased grip strength and hand function in participants of the experimental group after 8 weeks, while a decrease in grip strength was observed in the control group participants. Tse et al. 2013 [<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>] showed that in a sample of 31 community-dwelling older persons with chronic pain, a program including motivational interviewing and physical exercise was associated with a significant reduction in pain, better physical mobility, psychological well-being, and self-efficacy in the experimental group compared to a control group. Vanhaudenhuyse et al. 2017 [<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>] compared the effects of two programs—psychoeducation combined with physiotherapy and self-hypnosis combined with self-care learning—with a no-intervention group. The results showed a significant positive effect of psychoeducation combined with physiotherapy on pain control and a significant positive effect of self-hypnosis combined with self-care on disability and pain. Both interventions were associated with higher utilization of active coping strategies.</div><div class='html-p'>All studies with a quasi-experimental design (n = 4) [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>] reported positive effects of interdisciplinary self-management programs on several health-related variables. In a study with a sample of 78 participants with chronic pain, Dysvik et al. 2010 [<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>]; 2013 [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>] found that a cognitive-behavioral pain management program had positive significant short-term effects on health-related quality of life, pain intensity and interference in daily life, readiness-to-change, and physical functioning measures. Dysvik et al. 2012 [<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>] also reported that significant positive results for pain intensity, quality of life, and readiness-to-change measures were maintained one year after the program and suggested that this could be explained by the 6- and 12-month follow-up sessions. The results from the study by Chao et al. 2019 [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>] showed that a pain management program led to statistically significant improvements in pain interference, pain intensity, global mental health, and pain self-efficacy at 3 and 6 months, while no significant change was observed in the control group, except for improved physical functioning at 3 months.</div></section><section id='sec3dot6dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.6.2. Outcomes Reported from Pre–Post Studies</h4><section id='PainSeverity' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Pain Severity</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 32 (69.6%) measured pain severity immediately after completion of the program. Of these, 20 studies reported a significant reduction in pain severity immediately post-intervention, 2 studies reported a positive tendency towards the reduction in pain severity, and 10 studies reported no significant effect on pain severity. Among the studies that reported significant reductions in pain severity in the short term (n = 6), 5 studies (83.3%) found that statistically significant effects were maintained in the mid–long term, while one study noted a significant decrease in the previously noted improvements. Of the studies that did not report significant effects on pain severity in the short term, one found significant reductions in pain severity in the mid–long term. Finally, all studies that only measured pain severity in the mid–long term (n = 4) reported significant reductions in pain severity. The most common tools used to measure pain severity were a visual analogue scale (61.1%) and a numerical rating scale (13.9%).</div></section><section id='PainSelfEfficacy' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Pain Self-Efficacy</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 8 (17.4%) measured pain self-efficacy immediately after completion of the program. Of these, seven studies (87.5%) reported significant improvements in pain self-efficacy immediately post-intervention, and one study reported no significant effects. Among the seven studies that did report significant improvements in pain self-efficacy immediately after the intervention, three also measured this outcome in the mid–long term. The latter studies all reported that significant improvements in pain self-efficacy were maintained in the mid–long term. Finally, all studies that only measured pain self-efficacy in the mid–long term (n = 2) reported significant positive effects. The most common tool used to measure this outcome was the <span class='html-italic'>Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire</span> (n = 6; 60.0%).</div></section><section id='MentalHealth' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Mental Health</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 29 (63.0%) measured programs’ effects on mental health immediately after completion of the program. Of these, 23 studies (79.3%) reported significant improvements in mental health, 1 study reported a positive tendency towards the improvement of mental health, and 5 studies reported no significant effects. Of the 29 pre–post studies, 11 measured mental health in the mid–long term. Among the studies that reported significant improvements in mental health in the short term (n = 10), six studies (60.0%) found that statistically significant effects were maintained in the mid–long term, two studies noted a significant decrease in previously noted improvements, and two reported that the significant improvements previously noted were not maintained. Finally, two out of the three studies that only measured mental health in the mid–long term reported significant positive effects. The most common tools used to assess mental health were the <span class='html-italic'>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</span> (n = 10; 31.3%), the <span class='html-italic'>Depression Anxiety Stress Scales</span> (n = 5; 15.6%), the <span class='html-italic'>Beck Depression Inventory-II</span> (n = 5; 15.6%), and the <span class='html-italic'>Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale</span> (n = 4; 12.5%).</div></section><section id='PhysicalPerformance' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Physical Performance</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 16 (34.8%) measured physical performance immediately after completion of the program. Of these, 13 studies (81.3%) reported significant improvements in physical performance immediately after the intervention, 1 study reported a positive tendency towards the improvement of physical performance, and 2 studies reported no significant effects. Of the 16 studies, 7 measured physical performance in the mid–long term. All the studies that reported a significant improvement of physical performance in the short term (n = 5) and measured physical performance at mid-long term showed that positive outcomes were maintained on this variable. Finally, all studies that only measured physical performance in the mid–long term (n = 3) reported significant positive effects. The most common tools used to measure physical performance were the physical component score of the <span class='html-italic'>36-Item Short Form Survey</span> (n = 7; 36.8%), the <span class='html-italic'>Six-Minute Walk Test</span> (n = 6; 31.2%), the <span class='html-italic'>Stair Climb Test</span> (n = 3; 15.8%), the <span class='html-italic'>Time Up and Go Test</span> (n = 2; 10.5%), and the <span class='html-italic'>One Leg Stand Test</span> (n = 2; 10.5%).</div></section><section id='DailyFunctioning' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Daily Functioning</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 34 (73.9%) measured daily functioning immediately after completion of the program. Of these, 27 (79.4%) reported significant improvements in daily functioning immediately post-intervention and 7 studies (20.6%) reported no significant positive effects. Among the 27 studies that did report significant improvements immediately post-intervention, 12 measured this outcome in the mid–long term. Of these, nine studies (75.0%) found that statistically significant effects were maintained in the mid–long term, one noted a significant decrease in previously noted improvements, and one study reported that the significant improvements previously noted were not maintained. Finally, all studies that only measured daily functioning in the mid–long term (n = 4) reported significant positive effects. The most common tools used to measure daily functioning were the <span class='html-italic'>Pain Disability Index</span> (n = 10; 26.3%), the <span class='html-italic'>36-Item Short Form Survey</span> (n = 4; 10.5%), the <span class='html-italic'>Pain Disability Assessment Scale</span> (n = 3; 7.9%), the <span class='html-italic'>Multidimensional Pain Inventory</span> (n = 3; 7.9%), and the <span class='html-italic'>Brief Pain Inventory</span> (n = 3; 7.9%).</div></section><section id='QualityofLife' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Quality of Life</h4><div class='html-p'>Out of the 46 pre–post studies, 8 (17.4%) measured quality of life immediately after completion of the program. Of these, four studies (50%) reported significant improvements in quality of life immediately post-intervention, one study noted a positive tendency towards the improvement of quality of life, and three studies (37.5%) reported no significant effects. All the studies that reported significant improvements in quality of life in the short term (n = 4) also assessed this outcome in the mid–long term. Of these, two studies (50.0%) found that this significant improvement in quality of life was maintained in the mid–long term, while two studies (50.0%) reported that this significant improvement was not maintained. Finally, the single study that only measured quality of life in the mid–long term reported significant positive effects. The most common tool used to measure this variable was the <span class='html-italic'>EuroQol-5D</span> (n = 5; 55.6%).</div></section></section></section><section id='sec3dot7-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.7. Qualitative Findings</h4><div class='html-p'>Five studies qualitatively investigated participants’ experience or self-reported outcomes in a self-management program [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. They include one qualitative study [<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>] and four mixed-method studies [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. First, Hapidou et al. 2016 [<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>] explored the experience of 50 older adults who participated in a Canadian self-management program based on a cognitive-behavioral approach. Participants reported that they had learned new coping strategies that facilitate living with their pain. They perceived that the program contributed to improving their mental health and understood they had to accept their condition and find ways to live with the pain rather than trying to cure it. Participants were planning to continue applying newly acquired skills after the program and were optimistic about their progress. In the study by Nam et al. 2014 [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>], participants reported that their anxiety levels decreased after the completion of the program. They mentioned that expressing their difficulties in a group setting contributed to their well-being. In the study by Penney et al. 2019 [<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>], interviews and focus groups were conducted to better understand the experience of veterans who participated in an interdisciplinary chronic pain coaching program. Veterans described multiple areas of improvement, such as adopting new lifestyle habits (e.g., physical exercises, medication management, healthy nutrition). They reported feeling more in control of their pain (e.g., better at adjusting tasks and not pushing beyond their limits). However, a small portion of participants reported no improvement after the program; they were hopeless about the possibility that their condition may improve; they felt like they were “stuck” in the same place as before their participation. The results of the study by Craner et al. 2016 [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>] were derived from open-ended questions after completion of the program and revealed that patients endorsed self-management strategies, particularly relaxation skills (85%); moderation and/or modification of activities (47%); and exercise, stretching, and/or physical therapy (39%) as the most important aspects of treatment. Finally, the study of Teo et al. (2017) conducted with patients living with fibromyalgia and professionals leading the program attested to the added value of an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of chronic pain.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-jal-04-00007' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. Over 65% of the articles focused on heterogeneous populations, i.e., populations with pain caused by a variety of health conditions.</div><div class='html-p'>Surprisingly, only three articles included in this review specifically targeted adults aged 65 years or over. Fine 2009 [<a href="#B99-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">99</a>] suggested that the social (e.g., greater risk of social isolation) and physiological (e.g., longer transit time of pharmaceutical agents) changes that occur with aging require clinicians working in chronic pain management to provide interventions specifically tailored for older adults [<a href="#B99-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Moreover, a qualitative study exploring the experience of older adults seeking treatment for chronic pain demonstrated that this experience was positive when older adults felt understood and heard and received patient-centered care [<a href="#B100-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">100</a>]. This further supports the need to develop and evaluate chronic pain self-management programs that are designed specifically for older adults. This is of particular importance considering that the prevalence of chronic pain in people aged above 60 is twice that of younger people and that pain in the elderly often remains untreated and misdiagnosed [<a href="#B101-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">101</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The results of this scoping review show that chronic pain self-management programs are very heterogeneous. However, most of them are based on the cognitive-behavioral or the biopsychosocial model, which is consistent with scientific evidence recommending holistic approaches for the management of chronic pain for older adults [<a href="#B102-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">102</a>,<a href="#B103-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. In 2020, Miaskowski et al. developed an adaptation of the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain for older adults. This model should be of added value for the development of research study designs for this population, as it considers the interactions between many characteristics associated with older adults, ranging from agism to multimorbidity or social isolation [<a href="#B102-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">102</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The programs examined in this scoping review were varied in terms of delivery modes and components, but most of them included a group approach. In fact, it is reported that a group format allows opportunities for social support and creates a sense of belonging that can contribute to the general health and well-being of older adults [<a href="#B104-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">104</a>,<a href="#B105-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">105</a>]. The high prevalence of group interventions is also consistent with the adult learning theory. This theory suggests that educators should include group discussion as a teaching technique because it creates an opportunity for building on previous experiences and sharing them with others, resulting in faster and more effective learning [<a href="#B106-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">106</a>]. Almost all programs included a combination of an educational component and training in self-management skills. This is consistent with the recommendations of the British Pain Society [<a href="#B32-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">32</a>], which considered that information alone can improve understanding and knowledge but should be combined with practice in the use of self-management skills to better support behavior changes. Interestingly, many programs included strategies to encourage participants to practice and maintain learned skills. Because people tend to forget learned skills if they do not use them regularly, it is important to provide an opportunity to practice newly acquired skills as soon as possible [<a href="#B106-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">106</a>]. Most programs with a combined approach included an individual pharmacological intervention. This is consistent with the literature, which suggests that a model that successfully integrates evidence-based biomedical and psychosocial advances should be considered for optimal health management [<a href="#B107-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">107</a>].</div><section id='sec4dot1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.1. Future Studies</h4><div class='html-p'>The large variability of pain self-management programs and the limited number of studies about their efficacy for older adults living with chronic pain underline the need for more research in this field. Furthermore, since it is important that older adults identify with these programs, feel heard, and are able to contribute to the decision-making processes that concern them, we believe that a participatory approach should be used when developing and studying pain self-management programs. Research teams should also establish partnerships with clinicians with expertise in pain management, community or institutional organizations offering chronic pain self-management services, and relatives of older adults living with chronic pain. These partnerships are key ingredients for the development of relevant and feasible programs for older adults. Another important avenue for future research is to synthesize knowledge regarding the factors contributing to the successful implementation of chronic pain self-management programs among older adults.</div></section><section id='sec4dot2-jal-04-00007' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.2. Strengths and Limitations</h4><div class='html-p'>One strength of this scoping review is the large number of included articles (n = 66), allowing for a comprehensive review of the available scientific literature. Also, many authors were contacted (n = 24) in the selection process when important information was missing in their article to determine their eligibility. Finally, during the process, key stakeholders from an interdisciplinary team of health professionals with clinical expertise with older adults suffering from chronic pain were consulted to ensure the relevance of the review for clinical practice. They guided the research team on the eligibility criteria and shared their opinions during the data extraction process. They also guided the decisions on how to present the results.</div><div class='html-p'>Given practical issues related to time and funding, we acknowledge that some methodological aspects can limit the breadth and comprehensiveness of this review. First, we limited our search to articles published after 2010. This timeframe allowed the restriction of the number of results from the search strategy. Also, we did not review the grey literature, although it can be included in scoping reviews and can also provide valuable information [<a href="#B29-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. It is worth noting that many articles included in the present scoping review did indeed focus on interdisciplinary interventions, but often lacked specific details regarding the nature of collaboration among the disciplines involved. As a result, it became challenging to offer more extensive details regarding the nature of interdisciplinary relationships and collaborations. Future studies should aim to better describe the nature of interdisciplinarity, as it is also essential to understand how the dynamics of an interdisciplinary team can impact on the outcomes of self-management pain programs.</div></section></section><section id='sec5-jal-04-00007' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>This scoping review integrates the available scientific literature about the characteristics and effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management interventions targeting community-dwelling older adults. It reveals that chronic pain self-management programs are very heterogeneous and involve a wide variety of health professionals. Most programs are based on holistic approaches as recommended by the guidelines for chronic pain management. They used group approaches more frequently than individual approaches. Most of them combine an educational component, training in self-management skills, and a pharmacological component. Overall, the included articles reported positive effects of interdisciplinary chronic pain self-management on pain severity, pain self-efficacy, mental health, physical performance, daily functioning, and quality of life. Considering the aging population and the high prevalence of chronic pain and its impacts on older adults’ daily functioning, the development of chronic pain self-management programs tailored to this population—and their evaluation—should be a research priority in the coming years.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, J.F. and M.-È.L.; methodology, J.F., M.-È.L., C.S., J.R., J.M., J.H., P.R., D.L., F.D., C.G., K.S., L.A. and M.V.; formal analysis, M.-È.L., J.F. and S.T.; writing—original draft preparation, S.T., M.-È.L., J.M. and J.F.; supervision of the study, J.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by the Programme d’appui à des projets de recherche stratégiques et structurants of the Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal-CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal. Samuel Turcotte is a fellow from the Canadian Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (SPOR-CIHR) (POR Award—Transition to Leadership Stream, 2023–2026). Marie-Ève Lapointe was supported by a PREMIER Undergraduate Research Scholarship from the Université de Montréal’s Faculty of Medicine.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Data available on request.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors wish to thank Alain Tran for his contribution to the data extraction and validation phase of the scoping review and Yasmina Sleb for sharing ideas at the beginning of the project. <span class='html-italic'>Université de Montréal</span> is situated on land where, long before the arrival of the French, people of many Indigenous nations came together and interacted. We wish to acknowledge these nations, their descendants, and the spirit of fraternity that presided over the signing in 1701 of the Great Peace of Montreal, a treaty that fostered peaceful relationships between France, its Indigenous allies, and the Haudenosaunee federation (pronunciation: O-di-no-sho-ni). The spirit of fraternity that inspired this treaty serves as a model for our own university community.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section><section id='app1-jal-04-00007' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> Appendix A</h2><div class='html-p'><a href="#jal-04-00007-t0A1" class="html-table">Table A1</a> details the characteristics of the programs examined in the selected studies. It presents the format of the programs, the health professionals involved, the topics addressed in the educational component of the programs, the self-management skills training of interest, and the physical exercises included or prescribed in the programs, when applicable.</div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-04-00007-t0A1"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t0A1'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t0A1"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table A1.</b> Characteristics of the programs. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t0A1"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table A1.</b> Characteristics of the programs.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Authors,<br>Year of Publication</th><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Group Approach</th><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Individual Approach</th><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Individual Interventions</th><th colspan='24' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Group Interventions</th></tr><tr ><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Health Professionals</th><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Health Professionals</th><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Educational Topics</th><th colspan='9' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Self-Management Skills Training</th><th colspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physical Exercises</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physician/Medicine Specialists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Occupational Therapists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physiotherapists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nurses</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Psychologists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Other(s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physician/Medicine Specialists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Occupational Therapists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physiotherapists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nurses</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Psychologists</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Other(s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Conventional Treatments</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Effects of Physical Activity</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Effect of Stress on Pain</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Lifestyle Change/Nutrition</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Other(s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Relaxation Strategies</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cognitive Restructuring</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Activity Pacing</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sleep Management</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Problem-Solving Strategies</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Communication and Interaction Skills</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mindfulness Skills</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Identifying/Planning/Pursuing Goals</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Other(s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Floor Exercises <sup>1</sup></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydrotherapy</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Movement-Based Therapy</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Abbasi et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Spinal cord anatomy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Strategies to request and give spousal assistance</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ajeganova et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anamkath et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Artner et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Boosntra et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ergonomics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Claes et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Craner et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Darchuk et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >OT for job, leisure, and home activities</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Davies et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Benefits of multimodal approach</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Threat exposure</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Davin et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>]: Wilt et al. 2016 [<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Day et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ACT, OT, use of aids if necessary</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >de la vega et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Adaptative equipment, ergonomics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >De Rooij et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ergonomics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dysvik et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>]; 2012 [<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>]; 2013 [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D, peer leader</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Strategies to improve self-esteem</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fedoroff et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Strategies to manage emotions</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gagnon et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Laugh therapy, vocational counseling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hâllstam et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Body awareness therapy and other SMS (not specified)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Han et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D, exercise physiologist</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ACT, OT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hansson et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Orthopedic aids, ergonomics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hapidou et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, P, psychometrist</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vocational counseling, functional activity class</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hoogeboom et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Huffman et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Inoue et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D, trainer</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Functional anatomy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Automatic thinking, pain awareness</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Jongen et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dance therapist</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain awareness</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Joypaul et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >P, D, exercise physiologist</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Kowal et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>]; 2011 [<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>]; 2015 [<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Kurklinsky et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >fall prevention, body mechanics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Posture, distraction from pain</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Marcus et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Martin et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>]; 2014a [<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>]; 2014b [<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>]; 2014c [<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Martins et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ergonomics, how to perform ADLs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >McCabe et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Discussion on spiritual and existential factors</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >McCormick et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mirror therapy, desensitization techniques</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Motoya et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Exposure</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nam et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, P, K</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >One peer-led session</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nicholas et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; 2017 [<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Discussion on fear-avoidance concept, exposure</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nishie et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oh et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Posture, body mechanics, work</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oliver et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anatomy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Paolucci et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Spinal anatomy, ergonomics for the spine</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ergonomics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pate et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Penney et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, clerks, chaplain</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S, clerks, chaplain</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ACT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ramke et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ruscheweyh et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Shah et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Classes on mood management</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Slater et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Benefits of multimodal approach</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Threat exposure</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Smeeding et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >P</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stoffer-Marx et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stukstette et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ergonomics, joint protection principles</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Teo et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >A single peer-led support group</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Tetsunaga et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Tse et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Posture, motivational interviewing</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Van Den Houte et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Psychomotor therapy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vanhaudenhuyse et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>] <sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Spinal functional anatomy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Muscle awareness, proprioception</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vanhaudenhuyse et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>] <sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Self-hypnosis and self-care learning</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vincent et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Exercise coach</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Waterschoot et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Yang et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Spinal anatomy and physiology</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Posture</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >•</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Legend: D: dietician/nutritionist; K: kinesiologist; P: pharmacist; S: social worker; C: counselor; ACT: acceptance and commitment therapy; ADLs: activities of daily living; OT: occupational therapy; NS: not specified. <sup>1</sup> Includes strengthening, aerobic, and/or stretching exercises. <sup>2</sup> A study of two separate interventions.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xxx'><li id='B1-jal-04-00007' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Goldberg, D.S.; McGee, S.J. 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href="#fig_body_display_jal-04-00007-f001"> <img data-large="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png" data-original="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png" alt="Jal 04 00007 g001" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-04-00007-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Flow chart depicting the selection process of the scoping review.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_jal-04-00007-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Flow chart depicting the selection process of the scoping review.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png" data-original="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png" alt="Jal 04 00007 g001" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-04-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jal-04-00007-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-04-00007-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Search strategy conducted in MEDLINE. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Search strategy conducted in MEDLINE.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='left' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >#</th><th align='left' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Search Statement</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >1</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Chronic Pain/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >2</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Fibromyalgia/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >3</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >((chronic or persistent or long term) adj2 pain).ab,kf,kw,ti.</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >4</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >((fibromyalgia or arthr* or osteoarthr* or rheumat*) and pain).ab,kf,kw,ti.</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >5</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >1 or 2 or 3 or 4</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >6</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Self-Management/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >7</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Self Care/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >8</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Self Efficacy/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >9</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Pain Management/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >10</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >(self management or self care or self efficacy or pain management or painrehabilitation or program*).ab,kf,kw,ti.</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >11</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >12</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Patient Care Team/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >13</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >exp Interprofessional Relations/</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >14</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >(interdiscipl* or inter discipl* or multidiscip* or multi discipl* or transdiscipl* ortrans discipl* or interprofess* or inter profess* or integrative or collaborative or team or teams).ab,kf,kw,ti.</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >15</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >12 or 13 or 14</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >16</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >5 and 11 and 15</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >17</td><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Limit 16 to English and French languages</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-04-00007-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/2/7/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Characteristics of included studies, interventions, and outcomes. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_jal-04-00007-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Characteristics of included studies, interventions, and outcomes.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Authors, Year of Publication, and Country</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Study Design and Sample</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Population</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Short Description of the Interventions<br>(Mode of Delivery, Group Components, Individual Components, Duration, and Frequency)</th><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Short-Term Intervention<br>Outcomes</th><th colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mid- and Long-Term<br>Intervention Outcomes</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain Severity</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mental Health</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physical Performance</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain Self-Efficacy</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Daily Functioning</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Quality of Life</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain Severity</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mental Health</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physical Performance</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain Self-Efficacy</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Daily Functioning</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Quality of Life</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td colspan='16' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Quantitative studies (n = 61)</b></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Abbasi et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B33-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">33</a>]<br>Iran</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 36<br>(IG = 24;<br>CG = 11)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic low back pain<br>18–70 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual component: pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h 15 min, once a week for 7 weeks (group); 20 min, once a week (individual).</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ajeganova et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">34</a>]<br>Sweden</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post <br>n = 167</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic inflammatory arthritis<br>18–80 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and exercises<br>Individual component: individual training<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Anamkath et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">35</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education<br>Individual components: education, skills training, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: half a day, 3 days per week for 12 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Artner et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B90-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">90</a>]<br>Germany</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 160</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic back pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: skills training<br>Individual components: education, exercises, skills training, spinal injections, massage, TENS, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 9 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Boonstra et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">36</a>]<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 230</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic musculoskelettal pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Individual component: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 1–4 h, 3 days per week for 10–16 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chao et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">37</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Quasi-experimental design<br>n = 61<br>(IG = 41;<br>CG = 20)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training,<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, acupuncture, and massage therapy<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h, once a week for 12 weeks (group); individual sessions followed by group sessions</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Claes et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">38</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 265</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Osteoarthritis of the knee or hip<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: individual<br>Individual components: education, exercises, skills training, orthotics, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 26 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Darchuk et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B40-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">40</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 449</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, skills training, and family education<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Davies et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B41-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">41</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 143</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Components: group education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 2 consecutive days (7.5 h total)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Davin et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B42-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">42</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: cognitive-behavioral therapy<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, family education, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 9.5 h, 5 days per week for 3 to 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Day et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">43</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 163</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: pharmacotherapy and injections<br>Duration/frequency: 6 h, 6 days per week for 2 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >de la Vega et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">44</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 125</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 3 h, 3 days per week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >de Rooij et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B45-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">45</a>]<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 138</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic widespread pain<br>18–75 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: twice a week for 7 weeks (group)<br>Variable frequency for individual appointments<br>(4 to 6 months)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Dysvik et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B48-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">48</a>]; 2012 [<a href="#B47-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">47</a>]; 2013 [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">46</a>]<br>Norway</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Quasi-experimental design<br>n = 117<br>(IG = 78;<br>CG = 39)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>18–67 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 5 h, once a week for 8 weeks; one session<br>(5 h) at 6 months and one telephone intervention at 12 months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fedoroff et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B49-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">49</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 263</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: twice a week for 8 weeks (option 1) or<br>3 days per week for 5 weeks (option 2)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Gagnon et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B50-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">50</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 601</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>18–96 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hallstam et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B51-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">51</a>]<br>Sweden</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and exercises<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, pharmacotherapy, and TENS<br>Duration/frequency: 4–6 h per week for 3 months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Han et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B52-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">52</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 129</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Individual components: exercises and psychology<br>Duration/frequency: 6 h, 6 days per week for 2 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hansson et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B53-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">53</a>]<br>Sweden</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 114<br>(IG = 61;<br>CG = 53)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Osteoarthritis in the knee, hip, or hand<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and treatment with hot paraffin<br>Duration/frequency: 3 h, once a week for 5 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hoogeboom et al. [<a href="#B55-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">55</a>]<br>2012<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Randomized, concurrent, multiple-baseline single-case design<br>n = 186</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Generalized osteoarthritis<br>40+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 10 sessions of 1.5 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Huffman et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B91-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">91</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 1457</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Adult</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: exercises and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 9.5 h, 5 days per week for 3 to 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↓</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↓</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↓</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Inoue et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B56-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">56</a>] <br>Japan</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h, once a week for 9 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Jongen et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B57-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">57</a>]<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: exercises (including dance) and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 3 consecutive full days</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Joypaul et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B58-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">58</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 178</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 1.5 h, once a month for 6 months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Kowal et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B60-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">60</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 251</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual component: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 4 half-days (first phase)/5 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks (second phase)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Kowal et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B92-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">92</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 280</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual component: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 4 half-days (first phase)/5 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks (second phase)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Kowal et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B59-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">59</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual component: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 4 half-days (first phase)/5 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks (second phase)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Kurklinsky et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B61-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">61</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, biofeedback, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: <2 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Marcus et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B62-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">62</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 274</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 3–4 h, twice a week for 6 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Martin et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B94-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">94</a>], 2014a [<a href="#B93-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">93</a>], 2014b [<a href="#B95-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">95</a>], 2014c [<a href="#B96-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">96</a>]<br>Spain</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 153<br>(IG = 82;<br>CG = 71)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual component: pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 1 ¾ h, twice a week for 6 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Martins et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B63-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">63</a>]<br>Brazil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 27<br>(IG = 12;<br>CG = 15)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 1 h, once a week for 12 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >McCabe et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B64-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">64</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 113</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 3 h, once a week for 6 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >McCormick et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B65-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">65</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic regional pain syndrome<br>18–89 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Motoya et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B66-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">66</a>]<br>Japan</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic back pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Individual components: pharmacotherapy and nerve block<br>Duration/frequency: 1.5 h, once a week for 5 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Nicholas et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B69-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; 2017 [<a href="#B68-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">68</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 141<br>(IG = 49;<br>CG = 92)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>65+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h, twice a week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Nishie et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B97-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">97</a>]<br>Japan</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: individual<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and exercise plan for home<br>Duration/frequency: 4 sessions over a 6-month period</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Oh et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B70-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">70</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 521</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 6 h over 1.5 days</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Oliver et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B71-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">71</a>]<br>United Kingdom</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 257</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>16+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Paolucci et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B72-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">72</a>]<br>Italy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 53<br>(IG = 27;<br>CG = 26)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic nonspecific low back pain<br>30–75 years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 1 h, twice a week for 5 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pate et al.<br>2019 [<a href="#B73-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">73</a>]<br>USA <sup>1</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 1 day (2 h in total)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ramke et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B75-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">75</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 45<br>(IG = 19;<br>CG = 26)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, skills training, and a family/friends day<br>Individual components: intervention for partners (one telephone session) and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks (group); four sessions of 1 h for partners only</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ruscheweyh et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B76-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">76</a>]<br>Germany</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>18+ years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: psychotherapy<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, art therapy, pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 108 h in total over 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Shah et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B77-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">77</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group component: skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, biofeedback, and cannabis discontinuation<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Slater et al.<br>2012 [<a href="#B78-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">78</a>]<br>Australia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design (prosp)<br>n = 51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic low back pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 1 day (6.5 h in total)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Smeeding et al.<br>2011 [<a href="#B79-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">79</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design (retrosp)<br>n = 165</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, hypnosis, pharmacotherapy, and acupuncture<br>Duration/frequency: not mentioned</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↓</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Stoffer-Marx et al.<br>2018 [<a href="#B80-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">80</a>]<br>Austria</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 151<br>(IG = 74;<br>CG = 77)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hand osteoarthritis<br>Age not specified<br></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: individual<br>Individual components: exercise plan, education, skills training, and orthosis (if required)<br>Duration/frequency: 1 day</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Stukstette et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B98-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">98</a>]<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 151<br>(IG = 76;<br>CG = 75)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hand osteoarthritis<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, skills training, and use of aids/splints<br>Duration/frequency: 3 h, once a week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Tetsunaga et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B82-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">82</a>]<br>Japan</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design (retrosp)<br>n = 53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: individual<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 24 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Tse et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B83-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">83</a>]<br>China</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>n = 56<br>(IG = 31;<br>CG = 25)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic musculoskeletal pain<br>65 + years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, skills training, and motivational interviewing<br>Duration/frequency: 1.5 h, once a week for 8 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Van Den Houte et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B84-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">84</a>]<br>Belgium</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 153</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, skills training, and psychomotor therapy<br>Individual component: occupational therapy (1 h, once a week for 10 weeks)<br>Duration/frequency: once a week for the first 2 weeks and 3 days per week for the following 10 weeks (group); ten occupational therapy sessions (1 h each), once a week</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Vanhaudenhuyse et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B85-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">85</a>]<br>Belgium <sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>Intervention 1<br>n = 258<br>(IG = 169;<br>CG = 89)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training (physiotherapy and psychoeducation sessions)<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h/session (10 to 12 physiotherapy sessions and 8 to 10 psychoeducation sessions)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RCT<br>Intervention 2<br>n = 246<br>(IG = 157;<br>CG = 89)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: self-hypnosis and self-care learning<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h every 5 weeks, total of 6 sessions</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Vincent et al.<br>2013 [<a href="#B86-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">86</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training <br>Individual components: appointments with an exercise or an endurance coach and pharmacotherapy, three telephone follow-up interventions with a nurse<br>Duration/frequency: 6 h, 5 days per week for 1 week</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Waterschoot et al.<br>2015 [<a href="#B87-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">87</a>]<br>Netherlands</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design (prosp)<br>n = 128</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic musculoskeletal pain<br>18 + years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: individual<br>Individual component: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 5 sessions per week (first half-program); three sessions per week (second half), for 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Wilt et al.<br>2016 [<a href="#B88-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">88</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design<br>n = 50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: psychotherapy<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals, family education, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 9.5 h, 5 days per week for 3 to 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Yang et al.<br>2010 [<a href="#B89-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">89</a>]<br>South Korea</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pre–post design (prosp)<br>n = 172</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Chronic back pain<br>18 + years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h, once a week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td colspan='16' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Mixed-method studies (n = 4)</b></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Craner et al.<br>2016<br>USA [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">39</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mixed-method design (pre–post and qualitative)<br>n = 498</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic non-cancer pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: skills training, family education<br>Individual components: biofeedback, psychology, and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: 8 h, 5 days per week for 3 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hapidou and Horst <sup>3</sup><br>2016 [<a href="#B54-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">54</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mixed-method design (pre–post and qualitative)<br>n = 50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: exercises, skills training, and family intervention<br>Duration/frequency: 6 h, 5 days per week for 4 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Nam et al.<br>2014 [<a href="#B67-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">67</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mixed-method design (pre–post and qualitative)<br>n = 77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: group<br>Group components: education, exercises, and skills training; one peer-led session<br>Duration/frequency: 2 h, once a week for 7 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Teo et al.<br>2017 [<a href="#B81-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">81</a>]<br>Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mixed-method design (pre–post and qualitative)<br>n = 11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fibromyalgia<br>19 + years</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training; one 2 h peer-led support session<br>Individual components: exercise plan and pharmacotherapy<br>Duration/frequency: ±39 h in total over 10 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >↑</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='16' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Qualitative study (n = 1)</b></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Penney and Haro<br>2019 [<a href="#B74-jal-04-00007" class="html-bibr">74</a>]<br>USA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Qualitative design<br>n = 61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Chronic pain<br>Age not specified</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mode of delivery: combined<br>Group components: education and skills training<br>Individual components: appointments with professionals<br>Duration/frequency: 3 h, once a week for 10 weeks</td><td colspan='12' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Increase participation in variated lifestyle activities (e.g., exercising, meditating, stretching, healthy eating)</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Legend: RCT = randomized control trial; IG = intervention group; CG = control group; Ø = no significant effect or tendency; ↑ = statistically significant positive effect; ↓ = statistically significant decrease in previously noted improvements; + = tendency toward improvement; retrosp = retrospective; prosp = prospective; CBT = cognitive-behavioral treatment. <sup>1</sup> Did not measure variables of interest (measured only pain biology knowledge). <sup>2</sup> Study on two distinct interventions. <sup>3</sup> Did not measure variables of interest (measured only perceived goal accomplishment).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). 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Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte S, Lapointe M-È, Shea C, Rousseau J, Masse J, Higgins J, Rainville P, Lussier D, Dubé F, Genest C, et al. Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2024; 4(2):83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte, Samuel, Marie-Ève Lapointe, Carolann Shea, Jacqueline Rousseau, Julie Masse, Johanne Higgins, Pierre Rainville, David Lussier, François Dubé, Catherine Genest, and et al. 2024. "Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 4, no. 2: 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte, S., Lapointe, M.-È., Shea, C., Rousseau, J., Masse, J., Higgins, J., Rainville, P., Lussier, D., Dubé, F., Genest, C., Sarimanukoglu, K., Agarrat, L., Varganici, M., & Filiatrault, J. (2024). Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>, <em>4</em>(2), 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> </div> </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1388260"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1388260"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1388260"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Turcotte, S.; Lapointe, M.-È.; Shea, C.; Rousseau, J.; Masse, J.; Higgins, J.; Rainville, P.; Lussier, D.; Dubé, F.; Genest, C.; et al. Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte S, Lapointe M-È, Shea C, Rousseau J, Masse J, Higgins J, Rainville P, Lussier D, Dubé F, Genest C, et al. Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2024; 4(2):83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte, Samuel, Marie-Ève Lapointe, Carolann Shea, Jacqueline Rousseau, Julie Masse, Johanne Higgins, Pierre Rainville, David Lussier, François Dubé, Catherine Genest, and et al. 2024. "Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 4, no. 2: 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Turcotte, S., Lapointe, M.-È., Shea, C., Rousseau, J., Masse, J., Higgins, J., Rainville, P., Lussier, D., Dubé, F., Genest, C., Sarimanukoglu, K., Agarrat, L., Varganici, M., & Filiatrault, J. (2024). Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>, <em>4</em>(2), 83-118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020007 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/jal">J. 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Outcomes and Characteristics of Interdisciplinary Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults Living with Chronic Pain: Insights from a Scoping Review