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drug design</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: in-silicon drug design"> <meta name="keywords" content="in-silicon drug design"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="in-silicon drug design"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 14276</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: in-silicon drug design</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14216</span> Multiparticulate SR Formulation of Dexketoprofen Trometamol by Wurster Coating Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhupendra%20G.%20Prajapati">Bhupendra G. Prajapati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alpesh%20R.%20Patel"> Alpesh R. Patel </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research work is to develop sustained release multi-particulates dosage form of Dexketoprofen trometamol, which is the pharmacologically active isomer of ketoprofen. The objective is to utilization of active enantiomer with minimal dose and administration frequency, extended release multi-particulates dosage form development for better patience compliance was explored. Drug loaded and sustained release coated pellets were prepared by fluidized bed coating principle by wurster coater. Microcrystalline cellulose as core pellets, povidone as binder and talc as anti-tacking agents were selected during drug loading while Kollicoat SR 30D as sustained release polymer, triethyl citrate as plasticizer and micronized talc as an anti-adherent were used in sustained release coating. Binder optimization trial in drug loading showed that there was increase in process efficiency with increase in the binder concentration. 5 and 7.5%w/w concentration of Povidone K30 with respect to drug amount gave more than 90% process efficiency while higher amount of rejects (agglomerates) were observed for drug layering trial batch taken with 7.5% binder. So for drug loading, optimum Povidone concentration was selected as 5% of drug substance quantity since this trial had good process feasibility and good adhesion of the drug onto the MCC pellets. 2% w/w concentration of talc with respect to total drug layering solid mass shows better anti-tacking property to remove unnecessary static charge as well as agglomeration generation during spraying process. Optimized drug loaded pellets were coated for sustained release coating from 16 to 28% w/w coating to get desired drug release profile and results suggested that 22% w/w coating weight gain is necessary to get the required drug release profile. Three critical process parameters of Wurster coating for sustained release were further statistically optimized for desired quality target product profile attributes like agglomerates formation, process efficiency, and drug release profile using central composite design (CCD) by Minitab software. Results show that derived design space consisting 1.0 to 1.2 bar atomization air pressure, 7.8 to 10.0 gm/min spray rate and 29-34°C product bed temperature gave pre-defined drug product quality attributes. Scanning Image microscopy study results were also dictate that optimized batch pellets had very narrow particle size distribution and smooth surface which were ideal properties for reproducible drug release profile. The study also focused on optimized dexketoprofen trometamol pellets formulation retain its quality attributes while administering with common vehicle, a liquid (water) or semisolid food (apple sauce). Conclusion: Sustained release multi-particulates were successfully developed for dexketoprofen trometamol which may be useful to improve acceptability and palatability of a dosage form for better patient compliance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dexketoprofen%20trometamol" title="dexketoprofen trometamol">dexketoprofen trometamol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pellets" title=" pellets"> pellets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20bed%20technology" title=" fluid bed technology"> fluid bed technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20composite%20design" title=" central composite design"> central composite design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133287/multiparticulate-sr-formulation-of-dexketoprofen-trometamol-by-wurster-coating-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14215</span> Fabrication of Drug-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes Containing Sodium Alginate/Gelatin Composite Scaffolds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoumeh%20Haghbin%20Nazarpak">Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Tolabi"> Hamidreza Tolabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aryan%20Ekhlasi"> Aryan Ekhlasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bone defects are mentioned as one of the most challenging clinical conditions, affecting millions of people each year. A fracture, osteoporosis, tumor, or infection usually causes these defects. At present, autologous and allogeneic grafts are used to correct bone defects, but these grafts have some difficulties, such as limited access, infection, disease transmission, and immune rejection. Bone tissue engineering is considered a new strategy for repairing bone defects. However, problems with scaffolds’ design with unique structures limit their clinical applications. In addition, numerous in-vitro studies have been performed on the behavior of bone cells in two-dimensional environments. Still, cells grow in physiological situations in the human body in a three-dimensional environment. As a result, the controlled design of porous structures with high structural complexity and providing the necessary flexibility to meet specific needs in bone tissue repair is beneficial. For this purpose, a three-dimensional composite scaffold based on gelatin and sodium alginate hydrogels is used in this research. In addition, the antibacterial drug-loaded halloysite nanotubes were introduced into the hydrogel scaffold structure to provide a suitable substrate for controlled drug release. The presence of halloysite nanotubes improved hydrogel’s properties, while the drug eliminated infection and disease transmission. Finally, it can be acknowledged that the composite scaffold prepared in this study for bone tissue engineering seems promising. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=halloysite%20nanotubes" title="halloysite nanotubes">halloysite nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone%20tissue%20engineering" title=" bone tissue engineering"> bone tissue engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20scaffold" title=" composite scaffold"> composite scaffold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controlled%20drug%20release" title=" controlled drug release"> controlled drug release</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183072/fabrication-of-drug-loaded-halloysite-nanotubes-containing-sodium-alginategelatin-composite-scaffolds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14214</span> Numerical Simulation of Production of Microspheres from Polymer Emulsion in Microfluidic Device toward Using in Drug Delivery Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nizar%20Jawad%20Hadi">Nizar Jawad Hadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajad%20Abd%20Alabbas"> Sajad Abd Alabbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Because of their ability to encapsulate and release drugs in a controlled manner, microspheres fabricated from polymer emulsions using microfluidic devices have shown promise for drug delivery applications. In this study, the effects of velocity, density, viscosity, and surface tension, as well as channel diameter, on microsphere generation were investigated using Fluent Ansys software. The software was programmed with the physical properties of the polymer emulsion such as density, viscosity and surface tension. Simulation will then be performed to predict fluid flow and microsphere production and improve the design of drug delivery applications based on changes in these parameters. The effects of capillary and Weber numbers are also studied. The results of the study showed that the size of the microspheres can be controlled by adjusting the speed and diameter of the channel. Narrower microspheres resulted from narrower channel widths and higher flow rates, which could improve drug delivery efficiency, while smaller microspheres resulted from lower interfacial surface tension. The viscosity and density of the polymer emulsion significantly affected the size of the microspheres, ith higher viscosities and densities producing smaller microspheres. The loading and drug release properties of the microspheres created with the microfluidic technique were also predicted. The results showed that the microspheres can efficiently encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner over a period of time. This is due to the high surface area to volume ratio of the microspheres, which allows for efficient drug diffusion. The ability to tune the manufacturing process using factors such as speed, density, viscosity, channel diameter, and surface tension offers a potential opportunity to design drug delivery systems with greater efficiency and fewer side effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20emulsion" title="polymer emulsion">polymer emulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microspheres" title=" microspheres"> microspheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidic%20device" title=" microfluidic device"> microfluidic device</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170799/numerical-simulation-of-production-of-microspheres-from-polymer-emulsion-in-microfluidic-device-toward-using-in-drug-delivery-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14213</span> Novel IPN Hydrogel Beads as pH Sensitive Drug Delivery System for an Anti-Ulcer Drug</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Kumar%20Gupta">Vishal Kumar Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: This study has been undertaken to develop novel pH sensitive interpenetrating network hydrogel beads. Methods: The pH sensitive PAAM-g-Guar gum copolymer was synthesized by free radical polymerization followed by alkaline hydrolysis. Beads of guar gum-grafted-polyacrylamide and sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose (Na CMC) loaded with Pantoprazole sodium were prepared and evaluated for pH sensitivity, swelling properties, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release characteristics. Seven formulations were prepared for the drug with varying polymer and cross linker concentrations. Results: The grafting and alkaline hydrolysis reactions were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out to know the compatibility of encapsulated drug with the polymers. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the IPN beads were spherical. The entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 85-92%. Particle size analysis was carried out by optical microscopy. As the pH of the medium was changed from 1.2 to 7.4, a considerable increase in swelling was observed for all beads. Increase in the copolymer concentration showed sustained the drug release up to 12 hrs. Drug release from the beads followed super case II transport mechanism. Conclusion: It was concluded that guar gum-acrylamide beads, cross-linked with aluminum chloride offer an opportunity for controlled drug release of pantoprazole sodium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IPN" title="IPN">IPN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogels" title=" hydrogels"> hydrogels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSC" title=" DSC"> DSC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8471/novel-ipn-hydrogel-beads-as-ph-sensitive-drug-delivery-system-for-an-anti-ulcer-drug" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14212</span> Management and Evaluation of the Importance of Porous Media in Biomedical Engineering as Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Besides Drug Delivery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fateme%20Nokhodchi%20Bonab">Fateme Nokhodchi Bonab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug delivery are reviewed in this study to demonstrate the role of transport theory in porous media in facilitating advances in biomedical applications. Diffusion processes are believed to be important in many therapeutic modalities such as: B. Delivery of drugs to the brain. We analyse the progress in the development of diffusion equations using the local volume average method and the evaluation of applications related to diffusion equations. Torsion and porosity have significant effects on diffusive transport. In this study, various relevant models of torsion are presented and mathematical modeling of drug release from biodegradable delivery systems is analysed. In this study, a new model of drug release kinetics from porous biodegradable polymeric microspheres under bulk and surface erosion of the polymer matrix is presented. Solute drug diffusion, drug dissolution from the solid phase, and polymer matrix erosion have been found to play a central role in controlling the overall drug release process. This work paves the way for MRI and drug delivery researchers to develop comprehensive models based on porous media theory that use fewer assumptions compared to other approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MRI" title="MRI">MRI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20media" title=" porous media"> porous media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedical%20applications" title=" biomedical applications"> biomedical applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158833/management-and-evaluation-of-the-importance-of-porous-media-in-biomedical-engineering-as-associated-with-magnetic-resonance-imaging-besides-drug-delivery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14211</span> Formulation and Optimization of Topical 5-Fluorouracil Microemulsions Using Central Compisite Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudhir%20Kumar">Sudhir Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20R.%20Sinha"> V. R. Sinha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water in oil topical microemulsions of 5-FU were developed and optimized using face centered central composite design. Topical w/o microemulsion of 5-FU were prepared using sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), with different oils such as oleic acid (OA), triacetin (TA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM). The ternary phase diagrams designated the microemulsion region and face centered central composite design helped in determining the effects of selected variables viz. type of oil, smix ratio and water concentration on responses like drug content, globule size and viscosity of microemulsions. The CCD design exhibited that the factors have statistically significant effects (p<0.01) on the selected responses. The actual responses showed excellent agreement with the predicted values as suggested by the CCD with lower residual standard error. Similarly, the optimized values were found within the range as predicted by the model. Furthermore, other characteristics of microemulsions like pH, conductivity were investigated. For the optimized microemulsion batch, ex-vivo skin flux, skin irritation and retention studies were performed and compared with marketed 5-FU formulation. In ex vivo skin permeation studies, higher skin retention of drug and minimal flux was achieved for optimized microemulsion batch then the marketed cream. Results confirmed the actual responses to be in agreement with predicted ones with least residual standard errors. Controlled release of drug was achieved for the optimized batch with higher skin retention of 5-FU, which can further be utilized for the treatment of many dermatological disorders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5-FU" title="5-FU">5-FU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20composite%20design" title=" central composite design"> central composite design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microemulsion" title=" microemulsion"> microemulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ternanry%20phase%20diagram" title=" ternanry phase diagram"> ternanry phase diagram</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20855/formulation-and-optimization-of-topical-5-fluorouracil-microemulsions-using-central-compisite-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20855.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14210</span> Development of Oral Biphasic Drug Delivery System Using a Natural Resourced Polymer, Terminalia catappa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkata%20Srikanth%20Meka">Venkata Srikanth Meka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Arthirah%20Binti%20Ahmad%20Tarmizi%20Tan"> Nur Arthirah Binti Ahmad Tarmizi Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Syahmi%20Bin%20Md%20Nazir"> Muhammad Syahmi Bin Md Nazir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adinarayana%20Gorajana"> Adinarayana Gorajana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Senthil%20Rajan%20Dharmalingam"> Senthil Rajan Dharmalingam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biphasic drug delivery systems are designed to release drug at two different rates, either fast/prolonged or prolonged/fast. A fast/prolonged release system provides a burst drug release at initial stage followed by a slow release over a prolonged period of time and in case of prolonged/fast release system, the release pattern is vice versa. Terminalia catappa gum (TCG) is a natural polymer and was successfully proven as a novel pharmaceutical excipient. The main objective of the present research is to investigate the applicability of natural polymer, Terminalia catappa gum in the design of oral biphasic drug delivery system in the form of mini tablets by using a model drug, buspirone HCl. This investigation aims to produce a biphasic release drug delivery system of buspirone by combining immediate release and prolonged release mini tablets into a capsule. For immediate release mini tablets, a dose of 4.5 mg buspirone was prepared by varying the concentration of superdisintegrant; crospovidone. On the other hand, prolonged release mini tablets were produced by using different concentrations of the natural polymer; TCG with a buspirone dose of 3mg. All mini tablets were characterized for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, content uniformity and dissolution studies. The optimized formulations of immediate and prolonged release mini tablets were finally combined in a capsule and was evaluated for release studies. FTIR and DSC studies were conducted to study the drug-polymer interaction. All formulations of immediate release and prolonged release mini tablets were passed all the in-process quality control tests according to US Pharmacopoeia. The disintegration time of immediate release mini tablets of different formulations was varied from 2-6 min, and maximum drug release was achieved in lesser than 60 min. Whereas prolonged release mini tablets made with TCG have shown good drug retarding properties. Formulations were controlled for about 4-10 hrs with varying concentration of TCG. As the concentration of TCG increased, the drug release retarding property also increased. The optimised mini tablets were packed in capsules and were evaluated for the release mechanism. The capsule dosage form has clearly exhibited the biphasic release of buspirone, indicating that TCG is a suitable natural polymer for this study. FTIR and DSC studies proved that there was no interaction between the drug and polymer. Based on the above positive results, it can be concluded that TCG is a suitable polymer for the biphasic drug delivery systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terminalia%20catappa%20gum" title="Terminalia catappa gum">Terminalia catappa gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20release" title=" biphasic release"> biphasic release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mini%20tablets" title=" mini tablets"> mini tablets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tablet%20in%20capsule" title=" tablet in capsule"> tablet in capsule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20polymers" title=" natural polymers"> natural polymers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50516/development-of-oral-biphasic-drug-delivery-system-using-a-natural-resourced-polymer-terminalia-catappa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14209</span> A Systematic Literature Review of the Influence of New Media-Based Interventions on Drug Abuse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen%20Huei%20Chou">Wen Huei Chou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Te%20Lung%20Pan"> Te Lung Pan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsu%20Wen%20Yeh"> Tsu Wen Yeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New media have recently received increasing attention as a new communication form. The COVID-19 outbreak has pushed people’s lifestyles into the digital age, and the drug market has infiltrated formal e-commerce platforms. The self-media boom has fostered growth in online drug myths. To set the record straight, it is imperative to develop new media-based interventions. However, the usefulness of new media on this issue has not yet been fully examined. This study selected 13 articles on the development of new media-based interventions to prevent drug abuse from Airiti Library and Pub-Med as of October 3, 2021. The key conclusions are that (1) new media have a significantly positive influence on skills, self-efficacy, and behavior; (2) most interventions package traditional course learning into new media formats; and (3) new media can create a covert, interactive environment that cannot be replicated offline, which may merit attention in future research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20abuse" title="drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interventions" title=" interventions"> interventions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20media" title=" new media"> new media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145537/a-systematic-literature-review-of-the-influence-of-new-media-based-interventions-on-drug-abuse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14208</span> Cannabis for the Treatment of Drug Resistant Epilepsy in Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20E.%20Casey">Sarah E. Casey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in children and approximately one-third of children with epilepsy have seizures that are uncontrolled on anticonvulsants alone. Cannabidiol is shown to be an effective treatment at reducing the amount of breakthrough seizures experienced by children with drug resistant epilepsy. Improvements in quality of life and overall condition were noted during cannabidiol treatment. Adverse side effects were experienced and were generally mild to moderate in nature. Additional double-blind, controlled studies with a more diverse sample population and standardized dosing are needed to ensure the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol use in children with drug resistant epilepsy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cannabis" title="cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20resistant%20epilepsy" title=" drug resistant epilepsy"> drug resistant epilepsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epilepsy" title=" epilepsy"> epilepsy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140303/cannabis-for-the-treatment-of-drug-resistant-epilepsy-in-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14207</span> Trehalose-Based Nanocarriers for Alleviation of Inflammation in Colitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wessam%20H.%20Abd-Elsalam">Wessam H. Abd-Elsalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20M.%20Saber"> Mona M. Saber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samar%20M.%20Abouelatta"> Samar M. Abouelatta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered a double edged sword in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Some studies reported their advantageous effect in decreasing inflammation, and other studies reported that their use is associated with colitis aggravation. This study aimed to use specifically formulated trehalose-based nano-carriers that targets the colon in an attempt to alleviate inflammation caused by NSAIDs. L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PL), trehalose, and transcutol were used to prepare the trehalosomes (THs), which were also loaded with Tenoxicam(TXM) as a model NSAID. To optimize the formulation variables, a full 23 factorial design, using Design-Expert® software, was performed. The optimized formulation composed of trehalose: PL at a weight ratio of 1:1, 377.72 mg transcutol, and sonicated for 4 min, possessed a spherical shape with a size of 268.61 nm and EE% of 97.83% and released 70.22% of its drug content over 24 h. The superior protective action of TXM loaded THs compared to TXM suspension and drug-free THs was shown by the inhibition of the inflammatory biomarkers, namely; IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels, as well as oxidative stress markers, measured as GSH and MDA. Improved histopathology of the colonic tissue in male New Zealand rabbits also confirmed the superiority of the TXM loaded THs compared to the unformulated drug or the drug free nano-carriers. Our findings highlight the prosperous role of THs in colon targeting and its anti-inflammatory characteristics in guarding against possible NSAIDs-driven exacerbation of colitis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammatory%20bowel%20disease" title="inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trehalose" title=" trehalose"> trehalose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trehalosomes" title=" trehalosomes"> trehalosomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colon%20targeting" title=" colon targeting"> colon targeting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149309/trehalose-based-nanocarriers-for-alleviation-of-inflammation-in-colitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14206</span> The Study of Dissolving Microneedle Patch for Androgenetic Alopecia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Yu%20Lee">Li-Yu Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Shuan%20Chen"> Yu-Shuan Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Sheng%20Wang"> Jun Sheng Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-Ming%20Chu"> I-Ming Chu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microneedle patch is a painless transdermal drug delivery method, It could solve some problems in traditional drug delivery such as digestive system causing drug metabolism and subcutaneous injection causing some side effects. Coating drug on or loading drug in microneedle can carry active ingredient through stratum corneum, also can control dose well when microneedle patch apply on localized topical area. We used hyaluronic acid to fabricate dissolvable microneedle patch and encapsulated minoxidil into microneedles. Minoxdil is a drug for exterior use that can be used to treat Androgenetic alopecia, but related commercial products have some shortcomings, for example, propylene glycol which is used to soften stratum corneum cause skin allergic reaction, comparing chemical promotion, microneedle patch provide physical way to make drugs through nature barrier of skin. In this research, we designed a two-step process to fabricate microneedle patch, that can effectively reduce drug waste, and gentle production process could maintain drug activity well. We also do in vitro test on cadaver to make sure patch has enough mechanical strength to penetrate stratum corneum. In the release test and animal test, we found microneedle patch has higher delivery efficiency than tradition way. In this study, we may determine that germinal MNs patch is a potential commodity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolving%20microneedles" title="dissolving microneedles">dissolving microneedles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=androgenetic%20alopecia" title=" androgenetic alopecia"> androgenetic alopecia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minoxidil" title=" minoxidil"> minoxidil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transdermal%20drug%20delivery" title=" transdermal drug delivery"> transdermal drug delivery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66745/the-study-of-dissolving-microneedle-patch-for-androgenetic-alopecia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66745.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14205</span> Formulation and Evaluation of Colon-Specific Drug Delivery System of Zaltoprofen</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajj%20Sarode">Surajj Sarode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20P.%20Vadnere"> G. P. Vadnere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Vidya%20Sagar"> G. Vidya Sagar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compression coating is one of the strategies for delivering drug to the colon based on Gastrointestinal PH and transit time concept. The main aim of these formulations to develop rapidly disintegrating Zaltoprofen core tablets compression-coated with a mixture of time-dependent hydrophilic swellable polymer HPMC K 15 and PH responsive soluble polymer Chitosan and Guar gum in different ratios. The effect of the proportion of HPMC, Chitosan and Guar gum in the coat on premature drug release in upper part (Stomach and small intestine) of GIT and the amount of drug release in colon target area was studied. The formulations are carried out by using Direct Compression method. Sodium starch Glycolate used for rapid disintegration. FTIR used for Drug-Polymer Interaction studies. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, in-vitro disintegration, in-Vitro dissolution and in-vitro kinetic study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zaltoprofen" title="zaltoprofen">zaltoprofen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title=" chitosan"> chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formulation" title=" formulation"> formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15492/formulation-and-evaluation-of-colon-specific-drug-delivery-system-of-zaltoprofen" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14204</span> Development of Hierarchically Structured Tablets with 3D Printed Inclusions for Controlled Drug Release</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veronika%20Les%C3%A1kov%C3%A1">Veronika Lesáková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvia%20Slez%C3%A1kov%C3%A1"> Silvia Slezáková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franti%C5%A1ek%20%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek"> František Štěpánek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug dosage forms consisting of multi-unit particle systems (MUPS) for modified drug release provide a promising route for overcoming the limitation of conventional tablets. Despite the conventional use of pellets as units for MUP systems, 3D printed polymers loaded with a drug seem like an interesting candidate due to the control over dosing that 3D printing mechanisms offer. Further, 3D printing offers high flexibility and control over the spatial structuring of a printed object. The final MUPS tablets include PVP and HPC as granulate with other excipients, enabling the compaction process of this mixture with 3D printed inclusions, also termed minitablets. In this study, we have developed the multi-step production process for MUPS tablets, including the 3D printing technology. The MUPS tablets with incorporated 3D printed minitablets are a complex system for drug delivery, providing modified drug release. Such structured tablets promise to reduce drug fluctuations in blood, risk of local toxicity, and increase bioavailability, resulting in an improved therapeutic effect due to the fast transfer into the small intestine, where particles are evenly distributed. Drug loaded 3D printed minitablets were compacted into the excipient mixture, influencing drug release through varying parameters, such as minitablets size, matrix composition, and compaction parameters. Further, the mechanical properties and morphology of the final MUPS tablets were analyzed as many properties, such as plasticity and elasticity, can significantly influence the dissolution profile of the drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolution%20kinetics" title=" dissolution kinetics"> dissolution kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-melt%20extrusion" title=" hot-melt extrusion"> hot-melt extrusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151230/development-of-hierarchically-structured-tablets-with-3d-printed-inclusions-for-controlled-drug-release" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14203</span> Synthesis and Characterisation of Starch-PVP as Encapsulation Material for Drug Delivery System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nungki%20Rositaningsih">Nungki Rositaningsih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emil%20Budianto"> Emil Budianto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Starch has been widely used as an encapsulation material for drug delivery system. However, starch hydrogel is very easily degraded during metabolism in human stomach. Modification of this material is needed to improve the encapsulation process in drug delivery system, especially for gastrointestinal drug. In this research, three modified starch-based hydrogels are synthesized i.e. Crosslinked starch hydrogel, Semi- and Full- Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) starch hydrogel using Poly(N-Vinyl-Pyrrolidone). Non-modified starch hydrogel was also synthesized as a control. All of those samples were compared as biomaterials, floating drug delivery, and their ability in loading drug test. Biomaterial characterizations were swelling test, stereomicroscopy observation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Buoyancy test and stereomicroscopy scanning were done for floating drug delivery characterizations. Lastly, amoxicillin was used as test drug, and characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopy for loading drug observation. Preliminary observation showed that Full-IPN has the most dense and elastic texture, followed by Semi-IPN, Crosslinked, and Non-modified in the last position. Semi-IPN and Crosslinked starch hydrogel have the most ideal properties and will not be degraded easily during metabolism. Therefore, both hydrogels could be considered as promising candidates for encapsulation material. Further analysis and issues will be discussed in the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomaterial" title="biomaterial">biomaterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery%20system" title=" drug delivery system"> drug delivery system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpenetrating%20polymer%20network" title=" interpenetrating polymer network"> interpenetrating polymer network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%28N-vinyl-pyrrolidone%29" title=" poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone)"> poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=starch%20hydrogel" title=" starch hydrogel"> starch hydrogel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56315/synthesis-and-characterisation-of-starch-pvp-as-encapsulation-material-for-drug-delivery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14202</span> Drug and Poison Information Centers: An Emergent Need of Health Care Professionals in Pakistan </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asif%20Khaliq">Asif Khaliq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayeeda%20A.%20Sayed"> Sayeeda A. Sayed </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The drug information centers provide drug related information to the requesters that include physicians, pharmacist, nurses and other allied health care professionals. The International Pharmacist Federation (FIP) describes basic functions of a drug and poison information centers as drug evaluation, therapeutic counseling, pharmaceutical advice, research, pharmaco-vigilence and toxicology. Continuous advancement in the field of medicine has expanded the medical literature, which has increased demand of a drug and poison information center for the guidance, support and facilitation of physicians. The objective of the study is to determine the need of drug and poison information centers in public and private hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. A cross sectional study was conducted during July 2013 to April 2014 using a self-administered, multi-itemed questionnaire. Non Probability Convenient sampling was used to select the study participants. A total of 307 physicians from public and private hospitals of Karachi participated in the study. The need for 24/7 Drug and poison information center was highlighted by 92 % of physicians and 67% physicians suggested opening a drug information center at the hospital. It was reported that 70% physicians take at least 15 minutes for searching the information about the drug while managing a case. Regarding the poisoning case management, 52% physicians complaint about the unavailability of medicines in hospitals; and mentioned the importance of medicines for safe and timely management of patients. Although 73% physicians attended continued medical education (CME) sessions, 92 % physicians insisted on the need of 24/7 Drug and poison information center. The scarcity of organized channel for obtaining the information about drug and poisons is one of the most crucial problems for healthcare workers in Pakistan. The drug and poison information center is an advisory body that assists health care professional and patients in provision of appropriate drug and hazardous substance information. Drug and poison information center is one of the integral needs for running an effective health care system. Provision of a 24 /7 drug information centers with specialized staff offer multiple benefits to the hospitals while reducing treatment delays, addressing awareness gaps of all stakeholders and ensuring provision of quality health care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20and%20poison%20information%20centers" title="drug and poison information centers">drug and poison information centers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicians" title=" physicians"> physicians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20and%20private%20hospitals" title=" public and private hospitals"> public and private hospitals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34732/drug-and-poison-information-centers-an-emergent-need-of-health-care-professionals-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34732.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14201</span> Genetics of Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Most Commonly Used Drug Combinations in the UK: Uncovering Unrecognised Associations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Malki">Mustafa Malki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ewan%20R.%20Pearson"> Ewan R. Pearson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tools utilized by health care practitioners to flag potential adverse drug reactions secondary to drug-drug interactions ignore individual genetic variation, which has the potential to markedly alter the severity of these interactions. To our best knowledge, there have been limited published studies on the impact of genetic variation on drug-drug interactions. Therefore, our aim in this project is the discovery of previously unrecognized, clinically important drug-drug-gene interactions (DDGIs) within the list of most commonly used drug combinations in the UK. The UKBB database was utilized to identify the top most frequently prescribed drug combinations in the UK with at least one route of interaction (over than 200 combinations were identified). We have recognised 37 common and unique interacting genes considering all of our drug combinations. Out of around 600 potential genetic variants found in these 37 genes, 100 variants have met the selection criteria (common variant with minor allele frequency ≥ 5%, independence, and has passed HWE test). The association between these variants and the use of each of our top drug combinations has been tested with a case-control analysis under the log-additive model. As the data is cross-sectional, drug intolerance has been identified from the genotype distribution as presented by the lower percentage of patients carrying the risky allele and on the drug combination compared to those free of these risk factors and vice versa with drug tolerance. In GoDARTs database, the same list of common drug combinations identified by the UKBB was utilized here with the same list of candidate genetic variants but with the addition of 14 new SNPs so that we have a total of 114 variants which have met the selection criteria in GoDARTs. From the list of the top 200 drug combinations, we have selected 28 combinations where the two drugs in each combination are known to be used chronically. For each of our 28 combinations, three drug response phenotypes have been identified (drug stop/switch, dose decrease, or dose increase of any of the two drugs during their interaction). The association between each of the three phenotypes belonging to each of our 28 drug combinations has been tested against our 114 candidate genetic variants. The results show replication of four findings between both databases : (1) Omeprazole +Amitriptyline +rs2246709 (A > G) variant in CYP3A4 gene (p-values and ORs with the UKBB and GoDARTs respectively = 0.048,0.037,0.92,and 0.52 (dose increase phenotype)) (2) Simvastatin + Ranitidine + rs9332197 (T > C) variant in CYP2C9 gene (0.024,0.032,0.81, and 5.75 (drug stop/switch phenotype)) (3) Atorvastatin + Doxazosin + rs9282564 (T > C) variant in ABCB1 gene (0.0015,0.0095,1.58,and 3.14 (drug stop/switch phenotype)) (4) Simvastatin + Nifedipine + rs2257401 (C > G) variant in CYP3A7 gene (0.025,0.019,0.77,and 0.30 (drug stop/switch phenotype)). In addition, some other non-replicated, but interesting, significant findings were detected. Our work also provides a great source of information for researchers interested in DD, DG, or DDG interactions studies as it has highlighted the top common drug combinations in the UK with recognizing 114 significant genetic variants related to drugs' pharmacokinetic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20drug%20reactions" title="adverse drug reactions">adverse drug reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20drug%20combinations" title=" common drug combinations"> common drug combinations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug-drug-gene%20interactions" title=" drug-drug-gene interactions"> drug-drug-gene interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacogenomics" title=" pharmacogenomics"> pharmacogenomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101278/genetics-of-pharmacokinetic-drug-drug-interactions-of-most-commonly-used-drug-combinations-in-the-uk-uncovering-unrecognised-associations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14200</span> Pattern of ICU Admission due to Drug Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamel%20Abd%20Elaziz%20Mohamed">Kamel Abd Elaziz Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Drug related problems (DRPs) are of major concern, affecting patients of both sex. They impose considerable economic burden on the society and the health-care systems. Aim of the work: The aim of this work was to identify and categorize drug-related problems in adult intensive care unit. Patients and methods: The study was a prospective, observational study as eighty six patients were included. They were consecutively admitted to ICU through the emergency room or transferred from the general ward due to DRPs. Parameters included in the study as length of stay in ICU, need for cardiovascular support or mechanical ventilation, dialysis, as well as APACHE II score were recorded. Results: Drug related problems represent 3.6% of the total ICU admission. The median (range) of APACHE II score for 86 patients included in the study was 17 (10-23), and length of ICU stay was 2.4 (1.5-4.2) days. In 45 patients (52%), DRP was drug over dose (group 1), while other DRP was present in the other 41 patients (48%, group 11). Patients in group 1 were older (39 years versus 32 years in group 11), with significant impaired renal function. The need of inotropic drugs and mechanical ventilation as well as the length of stay (LOS) in ICU was significantly higher in group 1. There were no significant difference in GCS between both groups, however APACHE II score was significantly higher in group 1. Only four patients (4.6%) were admitted by suicidal attempt as well as three patients (3.4%) due to trauma drug-related admissions, all were in (group 1). Nineteen percent of the patients had drug related problem due to hypoglycaemic medication followed by tranquilizer (15%). Adverse drug effect followed by failure to receive medication were the most causes of drug problem in (group11).The total mortality rate was 4.6%, all of them were eventually non preventable. Conclusion: The critically ill patients admitted due to drug related problems represented a small proportion (3.6%) of admissions to the ICU. Hypoglycaemic medication was one of the most common causes of admission by drug related problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20related%20problems" title="drug related problems">drug related problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICU" title=" ICU"> ICU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20953/pattern-of-icu-admission-due-to-drug-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14199</span> Virtual Screening and in Silico Toxicity Property Prediction of Compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoate Protein Ligase B (LipB)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junie%20B.%20Billones">Junie B. Billones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Constancia%20O.%20Carrillo"> Maria Constancia O. Carrillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Voltaire%20G.%20Organo"> Voltaire G. Organo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephani%20Joy%20Y.%20Macalino"> Stephani Joy Y. Macalino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inno%20A.%20Emnacen"> Inno A. Emnacen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamie%20Bernadette%20A.%20Sy"> Jamie Bernadette A. Sy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The drug discovery and development process is generally known to be a very lengthy and labor-intensive process. Therefore, in order to be able to deliver prompt and effective responses to cure certain diseases, there is an urgent need to reduce the time and resources needed to design, develop, and optimize potential drugs. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) is able to alleviate this issue by applying computational power in order to streamline the whole drug discovery process, starting from target identification to lead optimization. This drug design approach can be predominantly applied to diseases that cause major public health concerns, such as tuberculosis. Hitherto, there has been no concrete cure for this disease, especially with the continuing emergence of drug resistant strains. In this study, CADD is employed for tuberculosis by first identifying a key enzyme in the mycobacterium’s metabolic pathway that would make a good drug target. One such potential target is the lipoate protein ligase B enzyme (LipB), which is a key enzyme in the M. tuberculosis metabolic pathway involved in the biosynthesis of the lipoic acid cofactor. Its expression is considerably up-regulated in patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and it has no known back-up mechanism that can take over its function when inhibited, making it an extremely attractive target. Using cutting-edge computational methods, compounds from AnalytiCon Discovery Natural Derivatives database were screened and docked against the LipB enzyme in order to rank them based on their binding affinities. Compounds which have better binding affinities than LipB’s known inhibitor, decanoic acid, were subjected to in silico toxicity evaluation using the ADMET and TOPKAT protocols. Out of the 31,692 compounds in the database, 112 of these showed better binding energies than decanoic acid. Furthermore, 12 out of the 112 compounds showed highly promising ADMET and TOPKAT properties. Future studies involving in vitro or in vivo bioassays may be done to further confirm the therapeutic efficacy of these 12 compounds, which eventually may then lead to a novel class of anti-tuberculosis drugs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacophore" title="pharmacophore">pharmacophore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20docking" title=" molecular docking"> molecular docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipoate%20protein%20ligase%20B%20%28LipB%29" title=" lipoate protein ligase B (LipB)"> lipoate protein ligase B (LipB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADMET" title=" ADMET"> ADMET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TOPKAT" title=" TOPKAT"> TOPKAT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9951/virtual-screening-and-in-silico-toxicity-property-prediction-of-compounds-against-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-lipoate-protein-ligase-b-lipb" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14198</span> The Effect of a Muscarinic Antagonist on the Lipase Activity </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zohreh%20Bayat">Zohreh Bayat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dariush%20Minai-Tehrani"> Dariush Minai-Tehrani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lipases constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to glycerol and fatty acids. Muscarinic antagonist relieves smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract and effect on the cardiovascular system. In this research, the effect of a muscarinic antagonist on the lipase activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Lineweaver–Burk plot showed that the drug inhibited the enzyme by competitive inhibition. The IC50 value (60 uM) and Ki (30 uM) of the drug revealed the drug bound to the enzyme with high affinity. Determination of enzyme activity in various pH and temperature showed that the maximum activity of lipase was at pH 8 and 60°C both in presence and absence of the drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition" title=" inhibition"> inhibition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipase" title=" lipase "> lipase </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20243/the-effect-of-a-muscarinic-antagonist-on-the-lipase-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14197</span> Drug-related Problems and Associated Factors among Adult Psychiatric Inpatients in Northwest Ethiopia: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ephrem%20Mebratu%20Dagnew">Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Biset%20Ayalew"> Mohammed Biset Ayalew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gizework%20Alemnew%20Mekonnen"> Gizework Alemnew Mekonnen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alehegn%20Bishaw%20Geremew"> Alehegn Bishaw Geremew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ousman%20Abubeker%20Abdela"> Ousman Abubeker Abdela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To assess the prevalence of drug-related problems and associated factors among adult psychiatric inpatients. Method: Hospital-based multicenter cross-sectional observational study was conducted from April to July 2021 at five randomly selected hospitals in North-west Ethiopia. A total of 325 consecutively sampled patients participated in the study. Clinical pharmacists assessed the DRPs based on clinical judgment supported by updated evidence-based diseases guidelines. A Medscape drug-interactions checker was used to check drug-drug interactions. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval were also computed for each variable for the corresponding P-value. The value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result : From the total of 325 study participants, more than half of them (52.9%) were females and the mean age ± (standard deviation) was 30.8±11.3 years. At least one drug-related problem was recorded from 60.9%, 95% CI (55.7-65.8) of study participants with a mean of 0.6±0.49 per patient. Need additional drug therapy was the most common DRP (22.8%), followed by non-adherence to medicine (20.6%) and adverse drug reactions (11%), respectively. Factors independently associated with drug-related problems were rural residence [AOR=1.96,95%CI:1.01-2.84, P-value=0.046], self-employed [AOR=6.0 ,95% CI: 1.0-36.9, P-value=0.035] and alcohol drinkers [AOR=6.40,95%CI:1.12-37.5, p-value=0.034]. Conclusion: The prevalence of drug-related problems among adult psychiatric patients admitted to psychiatric wards was high. Healthcare providers give more attention to tackling these problems. Being a rural residence, self-employed, and Alcohol drinkers were associated with drug-related problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychiatric%20patients" title="psychiatric patients">psychiatric patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug-relatedproblems" title=" drug-relatedproblems"> drug-relatedproblems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multicenter" title=" multicenter"> multicenter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147557/drug-related-problems-and-associated-factors-among-adult-psychiatric-inpatients-in-northwest-ethiopia-multicenter-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14196</span> Modeling of Drug Distribution in the Human Vitreous</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Stein">Judith Stein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elfriede%20Friedmann"> Elfriede Friedmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The injection of a drug into the vitreous body for the treatment of retinal diseases like wet aged-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common medical intervention worldwide. We develop mathematical models for drug transport in the vitreous body of a human eye to analyse the impact of different rheological models of the vitreous on drug distribution. In addition to the convection diffusion equation characterizing the drug spreading, we use porous media modeling for the healthy vitreous with a dense collagen network and include the steady permeating flow of the aqueous humor described by Darcy's law driven by a pressure drop. Additionally, the vitreous body in a healthy human eye behaves like a viscoelastic gel through the collagen fibers suspended in the network of hyaluronic acid and acts as a drug depot for the treatment of retinal diseases. In a completely liquefied vitreous, we couple the drug diffusion with the classical Navier-Stokes flow equations. We prove the global existence and uniqueness of the weak solution of the developed initial-boundary value problem describing the drug distribution in the healthy vitreous considering the permeating aqueous humor flow in the realistic three-dimensional setting. In particular, for the drug diffusion equation, results from the literature are extended from homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions to our mixed boundary conditions that describe the eye with the Galerkin's method using Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and trace theorem. Because there is only a small effective drug concentration range and higher concentrations may be toxic, the ability to model the drug transport could improve the therapy by considering patient individual differences and give a better understanding of the physiological and pathological processes in the vitreous. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20PDE%20systems" title="coupled PDE systems">coupled PDE systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20diffusion" title=" drug diffusion"> drug diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20boundary%20conditions" title=" mixed boundary conditions"> mixed boundary conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitreous%20body" title=" vitreous body"> vitreous body</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133157/modeling-of-drug-distribution-in-the-human-vitreous" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14195</span> Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Hydrocortisone Nanoshell for Drug Delivery Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suyeon%20Kwon">Suyeon Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ik%20Joong%20Kang"> Ik Joong Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Bingjie"> Wang Bingjie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chitosan is a polymer that is usually produced from N-deacetylation of chitin. It is emerging as a promising biocompatible polymer that is harmless to humans. For the reason that many merits such as good adsorptive, biodegradability, many researches are being done on the chitosan for drug delivery system. Drug delivery system (DDS) has been developed for the control of drug. It makes the drug can be delivered effectively and safely into the targeted human body. The drug used in this work is hydrocortisone that is used in Rheumatism, skin diseases, allergy treatment. In this work, hydrocortisone was used to make allergic rhinitis medicine. Our study focuses on drug delivery through the nasal mucosa by using hydrocortisone impregnated chitosan nanoshells. This study has performed an investigation in order to establish the optimal conditions, changing concentration, quantity of hydrocortisone. DLS, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV spectrum were used to analyze the manufactured chitosan-hydrocortisone silver nanoshell and silver nanoshell, whose function as drug carriers. This study has performed an investigation on new drug carriers and delivery routes for hydrocortisone. Various methods of manufacturing chitosan-hydrocortisone nanoshells were attempted in order to establish the optimal condition. As a result, the average size of chitosan-hydrocortisone silver nanoshell is about 80 nm. So, chitosan-hydrocortisone silver nanoshell is suitable as drug carriers because optimal size of drug carrier in human body is less than 120 nm. UV spectrum of Chitosan-hydrocortisone silver nanoshell shows the characteristic peak of silver nanoshell at 420 nm. Likewise, the average size of chitosan-hydrocortisone silver nanoshell is about 100nm. It is also suitable for drug carrier in human body. Also, multi-layered silver shell over chitosan nanoshells induced the red-shift of absorption peak and increased the intensity of absorption peak. The resultant chitosan–silver nanocomposites (or nanoshells) exhibited the absorption peak around 430nm attributed to silvershell formation. i.e. the absorption peak was red-shifted by ca. 40 nm in reference to 390 nm of silver nanoshells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title="chitosan">chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocortisone" title=" hydrocortisone"> hydrocortisone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhinitis" title=" rhinitis"> rhinitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoshell" title=" nanoshell"> nanoshell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53497/preparation-and-characterization-of-chitosan-hydrocortisone-nanoshell-for-drug-delivery-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14194</span> Drug Delivery of Cyclophosphamide Functionalized Zigzag (8,0) CNT, Armchair (4,4) CNT, and Nanocone Complexes in Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Keshavarz">Morteza Keshavarz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, using density functional theory (DFT) thermodynamic stability and quantum molecular descriptors of cyclophoshphamide (an anticancer drug)-functionalized zigzag (8,0) CNT, armchair (4,4) CNT and nanocone complexes in water, for two attachment namely the sidewall and tip, is considered. Calculation of the total electronic energy (Et) and binding energy (Eb) of all complexes indicates that the most thermodynamic stability belongs to the sidewall-attachment of cyclophosphamide into functional nanocone. On the other hand, results from chemical hardness show that drug-functionalized zigzag (8,0) and armchair (4,4) complexes in the tip-attachment configuration possess the smallest and greatest chemical hardness, respectively. By computing the solvation energy, it is found that the solution of the drug and all complexes are spontaneous in water. Furthermore, chirality, type of nanovector (nanotube or nanocone), or attachment configuration have no effects on solvation energy of complexes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanotube" title="carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclophosphamide%20drug" title=" cyclophosphamide drug"> cyclophosphamide drug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20functional%20theory%20%28DFT%29" title=" density functional theory (DFT) "> density functional theory (DFT) </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36834/drug-delivery-of-cyclophosphamide-functionalized-zigzag-80-cnt-armchair-44-cnt-and-nanocone-complexes-in-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36834.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14193</span> Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Non-ionic Surfactant Vesicles Containing Itraconazole </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ataei">S. Ataei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Sarrafzadeh%20Javadi"> F. Sarrafzadeh Javadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Gilani"> K. Gilani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Moazeni"> E. Moazeni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug delivery systems using colloidal particulate carriers such as niosomes or liposomes have distinct advantages over conventional dosage forms because the particles can act as drug-containing reservoirs. These carriers play an increasingly important role in drug delivery. Niosomes are vesicular delivery systems which result from the self-assembly of hydrated surfactant. Niosomes are now widely studied as an attractive to liposomes because they alleviate the disadvantages associated with liposomes, such as chemical instability, variable purity of phospholipids and high cost. The encapsulation of drugs in niosomes can decrease drug toxicity, increase the stability of drug and increase the penetrability of drug in the location of application, and may reduce the dose and systemic side effect. Nowadays, Niosomes are used by the pharmaceutical industry in manufacturing skin medications, eye medication, in cosmetic formulas and these vesicular systems can be used to deliver aspiratory drugs. One way of improving dispersion in the water phase and solubility of the hydrophobic drug is to formulate in into niosomes. Itraconazole (ITZ) was chosen as a model hydrophobic drug. This drug is water insoluble (solubility ~ 1 ng/ml at neutral pH), is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent and is used to treat various fungal disease. This study aims to investigate the capability of forming itraconazole niosomes with Spans, Tweens, Brijs as non-ionic surfactants. To this end, various formulations of niosomes have been studied with regard to parameters such as the degree of containment and particle size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical" title="physicochemical">physicochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-ionic%20surfactant%20vesicles" title=" non-ionic surfactant vesicles"> non-ionic surfactant vesicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=itraconazole" title=" itraconazole"> itraconazole</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18011/preparation-and-physicochemical-characterization-of-non-ionic-surfactant-vesicles-containing-itraconazole" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14192</span> Inhalable Lipid-Coated-Chitosan Nano-Embedded Microdroplets of an Antifungal Drug for Deep Lung Delivery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjot%20Kaur">Ranjot Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Om%20P.%20Katare"> Om P. Katare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anupama%20Sharma"> Anupama Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20R.%20Dennison"> Sarah R. Dennison</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamalinder%20K.%20Singh"> Kamalinder K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhupinder%20Singh"> Bhupinder Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Respiratory microbial infections being among the top leading cause of death worldwide are difficult to treat as the microbes reside deep inside the airways, where only a small fraction of drug can access after traditional oral or parenteral routes. As a result, high doses of drugs are required to maintain drug levels above minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at the infection site, unfortunately leading to severe systemic side-effects. Therefore, delivering antimicrobials directly to the respiratory tract provides an attractive way out in such situations. In this context, current study embarks on the systematic development of lung lia pid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for inhalation of voriconazole. Following the principles of quality by design, the chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and further coated with major lung lipid by precipitation method. The factor screening studies were performed by fractional factorial design, followed by optimization of the nanoparticles by Box-Behnken Design. The optimized formulation has a particle size range of 170-180nm, PDI 0.3-0.4, zeta potential 14-17, entrapment efficiency 45-50% and drug loading of 3-5%. The presence of a lipid coating was confirmed by FESEM, FTIR, and X-RD. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were found to be safe upto 40µg/ml on A549 and Calu-3 cell lines. The quantitative and qualitative uptake studies also revealed the uptake of nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells. Moreover, the data from Spraytec and next-generation impactor studies confirmed the deposition of nanoparticles in lower airways. Also, the interaction of nanoparticles with DPPC monolayers signifies its biocompatibility with lungs. Overall, the study describes the methodology and potential of lipid-coated chitosan nanoparticles in futuristic inhalation nanomedicine for the management of pulmonary aspergillosis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine" title="dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine">dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nebulization" title=" nebulization"> nebulization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DPPC%20monolayers" title=" DPPC monolayers"> DPPC monolayers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality-by-design" title=" quality-by-design"> quality-by-design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103730/inhalable-lipid-coated-chitosan-nano-embedded-microdroplets-of-an-antifungal-drug-for-deep-lung-delivery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14191</span> Drug Delivery to Solid Tumor: Effect of Dynamic Capillary Network Induced by Tumor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Sefidgar">Mostafa Sefidgar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaamran%20Raahemifar"> Kaamran Raahemifar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Bazmara"> Hossein Bazmara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madjid%20Soltani"> Madjid Soltani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The computational methods provide condition for investigation related to the process of drug delivery, such as convection and diffusion of drug in extracellular matrices, and drug extravasation from microvascular. The information of this process clarifies the mechanisms of drug delivery from the injection site to absorption by a solid tumor. In this study, an advanced numerical method is used to solve fluid flow and solute transport equations simultaneously to show how capillary network structure induced by tumor affects drug delivery. The effect of heterogeneous capillary network induced by tumor on interstitial fluid flow and drug delivery is investigated by this multi scale method. The sprouting angiogenesis model is used for generating capillary network induced by tumor. Fluid flow governing equations are implemented to calculate blood flow through the tumor-induced capillary network and fluid flow in normal and tumor tissues. The Starling’s law is used for closing this system of equations and coupling the intravascular and extravascular flows. Finally, convection-diffusion-reaction equation is used to simulate drug delivery. The dynamic approach which changes the capillary network structure based on signals sent by hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli is used in this study for more realistic assumption. The study indicates that drug delivery to solid tumors depends on the tumor induced capillary network structure. The dynamic approach generates the irregular capillary network around the tumor and predicts a higher interstitial pressure in the tumor region. This elevated interstitial pressure with irregular capillary network leads to a heterogeneous distribution of drug in the tumor region similar to in vivo observations. The investigation indicates that the drug transport properties have a significant role against the physiological barrier of drug delivery to a solid tumor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20tumor" title="solid tumor">solid tumor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiological%20barriers%20to%20drug%20delivery" title=" physiological barriers to drug delivery"> physiological barriers to drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=angiogenesis" title=" angiogenesis"> angiogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microvascular%20network" title=" microvascular network"> microvascular network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solute%20transport" title=" solute transport"> solute transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37128/drug-delivery-to-solid-tumor-effect-of-dynamic-capillary-network-induced-by-tumor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14190</span> Effectiveness of Group Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Self-Criticism and Coping Mechanism in People with Addiction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Reza%20Khodabakhsh">Mohamad Reza Khodabakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug use and addiction are major biological, psychological, and social problems. In drug abuse treatment, it is important to pay attention to personality problems and coping methods of patients. Today, the third-wave treatments in psychotherapy emphasize people's awareness and acceptance of feelings and emotions, cognitions, and behaviors instead of challenging cognitions. For this reason, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to self-criticism and coping strategies of people with drug use disorder. This research was a quasi-experimental type of research (pre-test-post-test design with an unequal control group), and the statistical population of this research included all men with drug use disorder in Mashhad, 174 of whom among the 75 people eligible for this research, 30 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In this research, Gilbert's self-criticism scale was used to measure self-criticism, and Andler and Barker's coping strategies questionnaire was used to measure coping strategies. Therapeutic intervention (treatment based on acceptance and commitment) was performed on the experimental group for eight sessions of 90 minutes, and then post-tests were taken from both groups, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced self-criticism and improved coping strategies used by patients with drug use disorder (p>0.01). Therefore, treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been effective in reducing self-criticism and improving the coping strategies of patients with drug use disorder due to teaching clients to accept thoughts and conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20based%20on%20acceptance%20and%20commitment" title="treatment based on acceptance and commitment">treatment based on acceptance and commitment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-criticism" title=" self-criticism"> self-criticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coping%20strategies" title=" coping strategies"> coping strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addiction" title=" addiction"> addiction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156251/effectiveness-of-group-therapy-based-on-acceptance-and-commitment-on-self-criticism-and-coping-mechanism-in-people-with-addiction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14189</span> Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Anticancer Drug, Docetaxel Using a Novel Polymer, Soluplus via Solid Dispersion Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adinarayana%20Gorajana">Adinarayana Gorajana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkata%20Srikanth%20Meka"> Venkata Srikanth Meka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Garg"> Sanjay Garg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lim%20Sue%20May"> Lim Sue May</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was designed to evaluate and enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug, docetaxel through solid dispersion (SD) technique prepared using freeze drying method. Docetaxel solid dispersions were formulated with Soluplus in different weight ratios. Freeze drying method was used to prepare the solid dispersions. Solubility of the solid dispersions were evaluated respectively and the optimized of drug-solubilizers ratio systems were characterized with different analytical methods like Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the formation of complexes between drug and solubilizers. The solubility data revealed an overall improvement in solubility for all SD formulations. The ternary combination 1:5:2 gave the highest increase in solubility that is approximately 3 folds from the pure drug, suggesting the optimum drug-solubilizers ratio system. This data corresponds with the DSC and SEM analyses, which demonstrates presence of drug in amorphous state and the dispersion in the solubilizers in molecular level. The solubility of the poorly soluble drug, docetaxel was enhanced through preparation of solid dispersion formulations employing freeze drying method. Solid dispersion with multiple carrier system shows better solubility compared to single carrier system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=docetaxel" title="docetaxel">docetaxel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze%20drying" title=" freeze drying"> freeze drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soluplus" title=" soluplus"> soluplus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20dispersion%20technique" title=" solid dispersion technique"> solid dispersion technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17833/solubility-enhancement-of-poorly-soluble-anticancer-drug-docetaxel-using-a-novel-polymer-soluplus-via-solid-dispersion-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14188</span> Microwave Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Azetidinone Analogous Bearing Diphenyl Ether Nucleus as a Potent Antimycobacterial and Antiprotozoal Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vatsal%20M.%20Patel">Vatsal M. Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navin%20B.%20Patel"> Navin B. Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present studies deal with the developing a series bearing a diphenyl ethers nucleus using structure-based drug design concept. A newer series of diphenyl ether based azetidinone namely N-(3-chloro-2-oxo-4-(3-phenoxyphenyl)azetidin-1-yl)-2-(substituted amino)acetamide (2a-j) have been synthesized by condensation of m-phenoxybenzaldehyde with 2-(substituted-phenylamino)acetohydrazide followed by the cyclisation of resulting Schiff base (1a-j) by conventional method as well as microwave heating approach as a part of an environmentally benign synthetic protocol. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral analysis and were screened for in vitro antimicrobial, antitubercular and antiprotozoal activity. The compound 2f was found to be most active M. tuberculosis (6.25 µM) MIC value in the primary screening as well as this same derivative has been found potency against L. mexicana and T. cruzi with MIC value 2.09 and 6.69 µM comparable to the reference drug Miltefosina and Nifurtimox. To provide understandable evidence to predict binding mode and approximate binding energy of a compound to a target in the terms of ligand-protein interaction, all synthesized compounds were docked against an enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase of M. tuberculosis (PDB ID: 4u0j). The computational studies revealed that azetidinone derivatives have a high affinity for the active site of enzyme which provides a strong platform for new structure-based design efforts. The Lipinski’s parameters showed good drug-like properties and can be developed as an oral drug candidate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimycobacterial" title="antimycobacterial">antimycobacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiprotozoal" title=" antiprotozoal"> antiprotozoal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azetidinone" title=" azetidinone"> azetidinone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diphenylether" title=" diphenylether"> diphenylether</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=docking" title=" docking"> docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92985/microwave-synthesis-and-molecular-docking-studies-of-azetidinone-analogous-bearing-diphenyl-ether-nucleus-as-a-potent-antimycobacterial-and-antiprotozoal-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14187</span> Understanding Nanocarrier Efficacy in Drug Delivery Systems Using Molecular Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maedeh%20Rahimnejad">Maedeh Rahimnejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahman%20Vahidi"> Bahman Vahidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahman%20Ebrahimi%20Hoseinzadeh"> Bahman Ebrahimi Hoseinzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Yazdian"> Fatemeh Yazdian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puria%20Motamed%20Fath"> Puria Motamed Fath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roghieh%20Jamjah"> Roghieh Jamjah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The intensive labor and high cost of developing new vehicles for controlled drug delivery highlights the need for a change in their discovery process. Computational models can be used to accelerate experimental steps and control the high cost of experiments. Methods: In this work, to better understand the interaction of anti-cancer drug and the nanocarrier with the cell membrane, we have done molecular dynamics simulation using NAMD. We have chosen paclitaxel for the drug molecule and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a natural phospholipid nanocarrier. Results: Next, center of mass (COM) between molecules and the van der Waals interaction energy close to the cell membrane has been analyzed. Furthermore, the simulation results of the paclitaxel interaction with the cell membrane and the interaction of DPPC as a nanocarrier loaded by the drug with the cell membrane have been compared. Discussion: Analysis by molecular dynamics (MD) showed that not only the energy between the nanocarrier and the cell membrane is low, but also the center of mass amount decreases in the nanocarrier and the cell membrane system during the interaction; therefore they show significantly better interaction in comparison to the individual drug with the cell membrane. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-cancer%20drug" title="anti-cancer drug">anti-cancer drug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=center%20of%20mass" title=" center of mass"> center of mass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20energy" title=" interaction energy"> interaction energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20dynamics%20simulation" title=" molecular dynamics simulation"> molecular dynamics simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocarrier" title=" nanocarrier"> nanocarrier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73338/understanding-nanocarrier-efficacy-in-drug-delivery-systems-using-molecular-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-silicon%20drug%20design&page=2" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-silicon%20drug%20design&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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