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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machair</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%A5iro_(grundo)" title="Maĥiro (grundo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maĥiro (grundo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaire" title="Machaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Machaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mahar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair" title="Machair – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Machair" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28527#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the landform. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Machair_(TV_series)" title="Machair (TV series)">Machair (TV series)</a>. For the area in Galloway from the same root, see <a href="/wiki/The_Machars" class="mw-redirect" title="The Machars">The Machars</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fertile low-lying grassy plain</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berneray_Machair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berneray_Machair.jpg/220px-Berneray_Machair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berneray_Machair.jpg/330px-Berneray_Machair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berneray_Machair.jpg/440px-Berneray_Machair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>The machair on <a href="/wiki/Berneray,_North_Uist" title="Berneray, North Uist">Berneray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg/250px-Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg/330px-Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg/500px-Machair_east_of_Uig_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_126686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Machair east of <a href="/wiki/Uig,_Lewis" title="Uig, Lewis">Uig</a> Bay, Lewis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berneray_Machair_(hazelisles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg/250px-Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg/330px-Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg/500px-Berneray_Machair_%28hazelisles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The machair towards West beach, Isle of Berneray, Outer Hebrides</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>machair</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈmaxɪɾʲ]</a></span>; sometimes <b>machar</b> in English) is a fertile low-lying grassy <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> found on part of the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastlines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. The best examples are found on <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris, Scotland">Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Machair</i> is a Gaelic word meaning "fertile plain", but the word is now also used in scientific literature to describe the dune grasslands unique to western Scotland and northwest Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been used by naturalists since 1926, but the term was not adopted by scientists until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is used in a number of Irish, Scottish and Manx place names to refer to low-lying fertile ground or fields, even in areas where no machair has ever been supported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="like “Makertoun” in the borders? (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, some Gaelic speakers use <i>machair</i> as a general term for the entire dune system, including the dune ridge, while others restrict its use to the extensive flat grasslands inland of the dune ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland, the word has only been used in place names, and the existence of the habitat there has only recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Manx Gaelic, 'magher' is a common term for a field. </p><p>In 1976, an attempt was made to strictly define <i>machair</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a number of systems still evade classification.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved difficult when the habitat was listed on Annex I of the <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a> in 1992, leading to the distinction between "machair grassland" and the "machair system".<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg/250px-Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg/330px-Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg/500px-Abhainn_Mhuilean_Domhnuill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A stream cutting through the machair highlights a sandy composition</figcaption></figure> <p>Machair differs from the <a href="/wiki/Links_(golf)" title="Links (golf)">links</a> on the east coast of Scotland in having a lower mineral content, whereas the links are high in <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machair plains are highly <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> concentrations ranging from 20% to 80% on the beaches, and decreasing further away from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of a machair is typically greater than 7, i.e. it is <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inside of a machair is often wet or marshy, and may contain lochs.<sup id="cite_ref-snh_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern theory of machair formation was first put forward by <a href="/wiki/William_MacGillivray" title="William MacGillivray">William MacGillivray</a> in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked out that shell fragments are rolled by waves towards the shore, where they are further broken up. The small shell fragments are blown up the beach to form mounds, which are then blown inland.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human activity has played an important role in the creation of the machair. Archaeological evidence suggests that some trees were cleared for agriculture as early as 6000 BC, but there was still some woodland on the coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> as late as 1549.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seaweed deposited by early farmers provided a protective cover and added nutrients to the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grass is kept short by <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, which also add trample and add texture to the <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">sward</a>, forming tussocks that favour a number of bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> is low in a number of key <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, including trace elements such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, requiring cattle to be fed supplements or taken to summer pastures elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandy soil does not hold nutrients well, making artificial fertilisers ineffective and limiting the crops that can be grown to certain varieties of <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">bere barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Machairs have received considerable <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservational</a> attention, chiefly because of their unique <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">Kelp</a> in the sea next to the machair softens the impact of waves, reducing erosion, and when it is washed ashore by storms, forms a protective barrier on the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the kelp decays, it provides a home for local sand flies, which in turn provide food for flocks of <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, wintering <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When covered with sand, kelp will compost to form a fertile bed in which annual coastal flowers and <a href="/wiki/Ammophila_(plant)" title="Ammophila (plant)">marram grass</a> will thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Machair.jpg/220px-Machair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Machair.jpg/330px-Machair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Machair.jpg/440px-Machair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Wildflowers on a machair</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg/250px-Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg/330px-Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg/500px-Hebridean_Spotted_Orchid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Hebridean spotted orchid</figcaption></figure> <p>They can house <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpet_flower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpet flower (page does not exist)">carpet flowers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Spiranthes" title="Spiranthes">Irish lady's tresses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dactylorhiza_maculata_subsp._fuchsii" title="Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii">Hebridean spotted orchid</a> and other plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_rattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow rattle">yellow rattle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bird species including the <a href="/wiki/Corn_crake" title="Corn crake">corn crake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twite" title="Twite">twite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunlin" title="Dunlin">dunlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_redshank" title="Common redshank">common redshank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringed_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringed plover">ringed plover</a>, as well as rare insects such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_colletes" title="Northern colletes">northern colletes</a> bee, the great yellow bumblebee (<i><a href="/wiki/Bombus_distinguendus" title="Bombus distinguendus">Bombus distinguendus</a></i>) and the moss carder bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Bombus_muscorum" title="Bombus muscorum">Bombus muscorum</a></i>), are found there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arable and fallow machair is threatened by changes in land management, where the original system of <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">crofts</a> is under threat from a reduction in the number of crofters and the use of "modern" techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-efn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>, which decoupled production from <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, reduced the amount of grazing taking place in many crofting areas, and led to some areas being undergrazed or abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-efn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of native seed increases the need for fertiliser and herbicides.<sup id="cite_ref-efn_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rising_sea_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising sea levels">Rising sea levels</a>, a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, also pose a threat to low-lying coastal areas, leading to increased <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1993, the storm which ran <a href="/wiki/MV_Braer" title="MV Braer">MV <i>Braer</i></a> aground off <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> eroded 3 metres (9.8 feet) of machair along the entire length of Uist and Barra.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_windstorms#Severe_European_windstorms_between_2000_and_2009" title="List of European windstorms">11/12 January 2005</a>, a storm blew consistently in excess of <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">hurricane force 12</a>, destroying hectares of machair.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/habitats-and-ecosystems/coasts-and-seas/coastal-habitats/machair/">"Machair"</a>. Scottish Natural Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machair&rft.pub=Scottish+Natural+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.gov.uk%2Fabout-scotlands-nature%2Fhabitats-and-ecosystems%2Fcoasts-and-seas%2Fcoastal-habitats%2Fmachair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovoCrawfordBarradas1997" class="citation book cs1">Novo, Francisco García; Crawford, Robert M. M.; Barradas, Mari Cruz Díaz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtIFWx7ZskEC&pg=PA42"><i>The Ecology and Conservation of European Dunes</i></a>. Universidad de Sevilla. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788474059922" title="Special:BookSources/9788474059922"><bdi>9788474059922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+and+Conservation+of+European+Dunes&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788474059922&rft.aulast=Novo&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Robert+M.+M.&rft.au=Barradas%2C+Mari+Cruz+D%C3%ADaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtIFWx7ZskEC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snh_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngus" class="citation web cs1">Angus, Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B100728.pdf">"De Tha Machair? Towards a Machair Definition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Natural Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Tha+Machair%3F+Towards+a+Machair+Definition&rft.pub=Scottish+Natural+Heritage&rft.aulast=Angus&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.gov.uk%2Fdocs%2FB100728.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, W. (1976). "The Meaning and Definition of Machair". <i>Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">431–</span>440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03746607608685306">10.1080/03746607608685306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Botanical+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+and+Definition+of+Machair&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03746607608685306&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLove" class="citation journal cs1">Love, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasgownaturalhistory.org.uk/machair/ohdear.pdf">"Oh, dear! What can the Machair be?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Glasgow Natural History Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+dear%21+What+can+the+Machair+be%3F&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasgownaturalhistory.org.uk%2Fmachair%2Fohdear.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2012" class="citation book cs1">Ratcliffe, Derek (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPQaFxH-AZYC&pg=PA141"><i>A Nature Conservation Review: Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521203296" title="Special:BookSources/9780521203296"><bdi>9780521203296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nature+Conservation+Review%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521203296&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPQaFxH-AZYC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efncp.org/hnv-showcases/scottish-hebrides/machair/facts/">"Machair - unknown jewel"</a>. European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machair+-+unknown+jewel&rft.pub=European+Forum+on+Nature+Conservation+and+Pastoralism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efncp.org%2Fhnv-showcases%2Fscottish-hebrides%2Fmachair%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crofting.org/uploads/crofter_journal/crofter96.pdf">"To him who hath shall be given…"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Crofter</i>. September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crofter&rft.atitle=To+him+who+hath+shall+be+given%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crofting.org%2Fuploads%2Fcrofter_journal%2Fcrofter96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crofting.org/uploads/consultations/Food_Policy_Discussion.pdf">"SCF Contribution to the Scottish Government Food Policy Discussion "Choosing the Right Ingredients"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Crofting Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCF+Contribution+to+the+Scottish+Government+Food+Policy+Discussion+%22Choosing+the+Right+Ingredients%22&rft.pub=Scottish+Crofting+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crofting.org%2Fuploads%2Fconsultations%2FFood_Policy_Discussion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeament2013" class="citation news cs1">Beament, Emily (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/environment/machair-under-threat-from-rise-in-level-of-seas.21083043">"Machair under threat from rise in level of seas"</a>. <i>The Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Machair+under+threat+from+rise+in+level+of+seas&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Beament&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fmachair-under-threat-from-rise-in-level-of-seas.21083043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wild-scotland.org.uk/species/102/machair-habitat-/">"Machair"</a>. Wild Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machair&rft.pub=Wild+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwild-scotland.org.uk%2Fspecies%2F102%2Fmachair-habitat-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coastal_geography264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/250px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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