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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Bjorken – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James D. Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86" title="جیمز بجورکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز بجورکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%BC%84" title="제임스 비요르켄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 비요르켄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86" title="جيمس بيوركن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس بيوركن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・ビョルケン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・ビョルケン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Бьёркен, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бьёркен, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Bjorken" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist (1934–2024)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Bjorken</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Bjorken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Bjorken.jpg/220px-James_Bjorken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Bjorken.jpg/330px-James_Bjorken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Bjorken.jpg/440px-James_Bjorken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Daniel Bjorken</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1934-06-22</span>)</span>June 22, 1934<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 6, 2024<span style="display:none">(2024-08-06)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._S." class="mw-redirect" title="B. S.">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bjorken_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorken scaling">Bjorken scaling</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Intrabeam_scattering" title="Intrabeam scattering">Intrabeam scattering</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jet_quenching" title="Jet quenching">Jet quenching</a><br /> Co-predicting the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Joan Goldthwaite</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967; died 1983)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Putnam_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Putnam Fellow">Putnam Fellow</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence_Award" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award">E. O. Lawrence Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pomeranchuk_Prize" title="Pomeranchuk Prize">Pomeranchuk Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">ICTP Dirac Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Society" title="European Physical Society">EPS</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Energy_and_Particle_Physics_Prize" title="High Energy and Particle Physics Prize">High Energy and Particle Physics Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, <a href="/wiki/SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/24616301">Experimental tests of Quantum electrodynamics and spectral representations of Green's functions in perturbation theory</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1959)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Kogut" title="John Kogut">John Kogut</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Davison_Soper" title="Davison Soper">Davison Soper</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Daniel</b> "<b>BJ</b>" <b>Bjorken</b> (June 22, 1934 – August 6, 2024) was an American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Putnam_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Putnam Fellow">Putnam Fellow</a> in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-MMA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received a BS in physics from <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> in 1956, and obtained his PhD from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1959. Bjorken was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in the fall of 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also emeritus professor in the <a href="/wiki/SLAC_Theory_Group" title="SLAC Theory Group">SLAC Theory Group</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a>, and was a member of the Theory Department of the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (1979–1989). </p><p>Bjorken was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal of the ICTP</a> in 2004; and, in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Society" title="European Physical Society">EPS</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Energy_and_Particle_Physics_Prize" title="High Energy and Particle Physics Prize">High Energy and Particle Physics Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Bjorken's father, J. Daniel Bjorken, was an immigrant from Sweden near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Siljan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Siljan">Lake Siljan</a>. He changed his surname from "Björkén" to Bjorken upon arriving in the US; he moved to Chicago to work as an electrical engineer, which was where he met his future wife, Edith. James Bjorken grew up in Chicago and enjoyed mathematics, chemistry, the French horn, and watching the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a>. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Maine_East_High_School" title="Maine East High School">Maine East High School</a> in 1952, he decided to attend <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) over the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Despite being offered more financial aid to attend the University of Chicago, his parents advised him that he should move further away to find his independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjorken_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjorken-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At MIT, he quickly decided to major in physics; one of the main reasons was his enjoyment of the lectures that <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mueller_(physicist)" title="Hans Mueller (physicist)">Hans Mueller</a> gave. Another of his influences at MIT was <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a>, who became his mentor. After graduating in 1956, he attended <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, graduating with his PhD in 1959 and staying on as a postdoctoral researcher for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjorken_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjorken-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bjorken discovered in 1968 what is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Light-cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-cone">light-cone</a> scaling</i> (or <i><b>Bjorken scaling</b></i>), a phenomenon in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Deep inelastic scattering">deep inelastic scattering</a> of light on <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strongly interacting</a> particles, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a></i> (such as <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>): Experimentally observed hadrons behave as collections of virtually independent point-like constituents when probed at high energies. </p><p>Properties of these hadrons scale, that is, they are determined not by the absolute energy of an experiment, but, instead, by dimensionless kinematic quantities, such as a scattering angle or the ratio of the energy to a momentum transfer. Because increasing energy implies potentially improved spatial resolution, scaling implies independence of the absolute resolution scale, and hence effectively point-like substructure. </p><p>This observation was critical to the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> as actual <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> (rather than just convenient theoretical constructs), and led to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interactions</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a>, where it was understood in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a> property. In Bjorken's picture, the quarks become point-like, observable objects at very short distances (high energies), shorter than the size of the hadrons. </p><p>Bjorken also discovered the <i><b>Bjorken <a href="/wiki/Sum_rules_(Quantum_Field_Theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sum rules (Quantum Field Theory)">sum rule</a></b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bj._SR_1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bj._SR_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bj._SR_2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bj._SR_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prototypical QCD spin sum rule. It states that in the <i>Bjorken scaling</i> domain, the integral of the spin <a href="/wiki/Structure_function" title="Structure function">structure function</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> minus that of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Axial_current" title="Axial current">axial charge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a>. Specially: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}dx(g_{1}^{p}(x)-g_{1}^{n}(x))=g_{A}/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}dx(g_{1}^{p}(x)-g_{1}^{n}(x))=g_{A}/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe7663dcd55a18918d3892af874a6d599fa8e2d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:29.89ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}dx(g_{1}^{p}(x)-g_{1}^{n}(x))=g_{A}/6}"></span>, where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> is the Bjorken scaling variable, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{1}^{p(n)}(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{1}^{p(n)}(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/518e098a868fd63fecc7cff121754e0370b7f200" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.582ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{1}^{p(n)}(x)}"></span> is the first spin <a href="/wiki/Structure_function" title="Structure function">structure function</a> of the proton (neutron), and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c7ba6d327db9359457da13a61d21888cd7b0037" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.574ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{A}}"></span> is the nucleon axial charge that characterizes the <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron_decay" title="Free neutron decay">neutron β-decay</a>. The sum rule was experimentally verified within better than a 10% precision.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_review_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_review-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjorken was also among the first to point out the phenomena of <a href="/wiki/Jet_quenching" title="Jet quenching">jet quenching</a> in heavy ion collisions in 1982. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> subsequently reformulated this concept into the <a href="/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics)" title="Parton (particle physics)">parton model</a>, used to understand the quark composition of hadrons at high energies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predictions of Bjorken scaling were confirmed in the early late 1960s electroproduction experiments at <a href="/wiki/SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a>, in which quarks were seen for the first time. The general idea, with small logarithmic modifications, is explained in quantum chromodynamics by "<a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>". </p><p>Bjorken co-authored, with <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a>, a classic companion volume textbook on <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">relativistic quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum field">quantum fields</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, Bjorken married Joan Goldthwaite; they had two children and were married until her death in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived in <a href="/wiki/Sky_Londa,_California" title="Sky Londa, California">Sky Londa, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjorken died from <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> at a care facility in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>, on August 6, 2024 at the age of 90.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Bjorken,_S._Drell1964" class="citation book cs1">J.D. Bjorken, S. Drell (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relativisticquan0000bjor"><i>Relativistic Quantum Mechanics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-005493-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-005493-2"><bdi>0-07-005493-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-07-005493-2&rft.au=J.D.+Bjorken%2C+S.+Drell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelativisticquan0000bjor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Bjorken,_S._Drell1965" class="citation book cs1">J.D. Bjorken, S. Drell (1965). <i>Relativistic Quantum Fields</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-005494-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-005494-0"><bdi>0-07-005494-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Quantum+Fields&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-07-005494-0&rft.au=J.D.+Bjorken%2C+S.+Drell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_papers">Selected papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. D. Bjorken (1968). "Current Algebra at Small Distances", in <i>Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi Course XLI</i>, J. Steinberger, ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 55–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-0338.pdf">Online, SLAC-PUB-338</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Bjorken1969" class="citation journal cs1">J.D. Bjorken (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/getdoc/slac-pub-0510.pdf">"Asymptotic Sum Rules at Infinite Momentum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>179</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1547–</span>1553. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRv..179.1547B">1969PhRv..179.1547B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.179.1547">10.1103/PhysRev.179.1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1444603">1444603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Asymptotic+Sum+Rules+at+Infinite+Momentum&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1547-%3C%2Fspan%3E1553&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.179.1547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1444603%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRv..179.1547B&rft.au=J.D.+Bjorken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slac.stanford.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc%2Fslac-pub-0510.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Bjorken1982" class="citation journal cs1">J.D. Bjorken (1982). "Energy Loss of Energetic Partons in Quark-Gluon Plasma: Possible Excitation of High pT Jets in Hadron-Hadron Collisions". <i>FERMILAB-Pub-82/59-THY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FERMILAB-Pub-82%2F59-THY&rft.atitle=Energy+Loss+of+Energetic+Partons+in+Quark-Gluon+Plasma%3A+Possible+Excitation+of+High+pT+Jets+in+Hadron-Hadron+Collisions.&rft.date=1982&rft.au=J.D.+Bjorken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_list_of_papers">Full list of papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Full list of papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/search?ln=en&ln=en&p=find+a+bjorken&of=hb&action_search=Search&sf=earliestdate&so=d&rm=&rg=25&sc=0">INSPIRE-HEP -- Bjorken</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MMA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312205244/http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/putnam-competition-individual-and-team-winners">"Putnam Competition Individual and Team Winners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/putnam-competition-individual-and-team-winners">the original</a> on March 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putnam+Competition+Individual+and+Team+Winners&rft.pub=Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maa.org%2Fprograms%2Fmaa-awards%2Fputnam-competition-individual-and-team-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/">Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818133406/http://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">"High Energy Particle Physics Board"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">the original</a> on August 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Energy+Particle+Physics+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feps-hepp.web.cern.ch%2Feps-hepp%2Fhepp-prize-awards.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorken-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorken_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorken_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorken2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bjorken, James D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-101918-023359">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Why do We do Physics? Because Physics is Fun!"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science</i>. <b>70</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ARNPS..70....1B">2020ARNPS..70....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-101918-023359">10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nuclear+and+Particle+Science&rft.atitle=%22Why+do+We+do+Physics%3F+Because+Physics+is+Fun%21%22&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-101918-023359&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ARNPS..70....1B&rft.aulast=Bjorken&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-nucl-101918-023359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bj._SR_1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bj._SR_1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.148.1467">J. D. Bjorken (1966) “Applications of the chiral U(6)×U(6) algebra of current densities”</a> Phys. Rev. 148, 1467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bj._SR_2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bj._SR_2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/files/639d14249a23be3f8107142df1e6cd75">J. D. Bjorken (1970) “Inelastic scattering of polarized leptons from polarized nucleons”</a> Phys. Rev. D 1, 1376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR_review-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SR_review_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05250">A. Deur, S. J. Brodsky, G. F. de Teramond (2019) “The Spin Structure of the Nucleon”</a> Rept. Prog. Phys. 82 076201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-zeus.desy.de/~liuc/physics/parton.pdf">The Parton Model by P. Hansson, KTH, November 18, 2004</a> PDF file</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Katrina (August 31, 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/30/science/james-bjorken-dead.html">"James Bjorken, 90, Who Helped Discover Quarks"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. A20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+Bjorken%2C+90%2C+Who+Helped+Discover+Quarks&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F08%2F30%2Fscience%2Fjames-bjorken-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2024-08-14-remembering-theoretical-physicist-james-d-bj-bjorken-90-who-played-crucial-role">"Remembering theoretical physicist James D. "BJ" Bjorken, 90, who played a crucial role in discovering quarks"</a>. <i>SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SLAC+National+Accelerator+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Remembering+theoretical+physicist+James+D.+%22BJ%22+Bjorken%2C+90%2C+who+played+a+crucial+role+in+discovering+quarks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww6.slac.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2024-08-14-remembering-theoretical-physicist-james-d-bj-bjorken-90-who-played-crucial-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bjorken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/46745">Oral history interview transcript with James Bjorken on 1 April 2020, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611005701/https://ppa.slac.stanford.edu/ppa-emeriti-bios">SLAC Bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223102123/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?bjorkenj">APS bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Bjorken_scaling">Wu-Ki Tung, "Bjorken Scaling"</a> in <i>Scholarpedia</i> (2009).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=winners&cs=809&language=eng">Wolf prize</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Bjorken" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Bjorken">James Bjorken</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch_(metallurgist)" title="Peter Hirsch (metallurgist)">Peter Hirsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1983–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph H. Taylor Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2006–07)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a> (2013)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James D. Bjorken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert P. Kirshner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a> / <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture" title="Wolf Prize in Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Physics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2488" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1028691564">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85802750">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123907927">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123907927">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0159269&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00042485?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=199206">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bjorken.j-d">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/37495">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/1028691564.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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