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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_spectacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Integrated spectacle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_spectacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectacular_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectacular_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Spectacular Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectacular_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="#ff0000;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;">The <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Situationist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/180px-Situationist.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/270px-Situationist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/360px-Situationist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">"<a href="/wiki/Il_est_interdit_d%27interdire_!" title="Il est interdit d'interdire !">It is forbidden to forbid</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9rive" title="Dérive">Dérive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_(Sartre)" title="Situation (Sartre)">Situation (Sartre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_prank" title="Situationist prank">Situationist prank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Situationist_International" title="Members of the Situationist International">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Bernstein" title="Michèle Bernstein">Michèle Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chtcheglov" title="Ivan Chtcheglov">Ivan Chtcheglov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Jong" title="Jacqueline de Jong">Jacqueline de Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asger_Jorn" title="Asger Jorn">Asger Jorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attila_Kot%C3%A1nyi" title="Attila Kotányi">Attila Kotányi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Nash" title="Jørgen Nash">Jørgen Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Nieuwenhuys" title="Constant Nieuwenhuys">Constant Nieuwenhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Radcliffe" title="Charles Radcliffe">Charles Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Rumney" title="Ralph Rumney">Ralph Rumney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Sanguinetti" title="Gianfranco Sanguinetti">Gianfranco Sanguinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trocchi" title="Alexander Trocchi">Alexander Trocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Vi%C3%A9net" title="René Viénet">René Viénet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Can_Dialectics_Break_Bricks%3F" title="Can Dialectics Break Bricks?">Can Dialectics Break Bricks?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires" title="Mémoires">Mémoires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life" title="On the Poverty of Student Life">On the Poverty of Student Life</a></i></li> <li><i><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Construction_of_Situations" title="Report on the Construction of Situations">Report on the Construction<br />of Situations</a></div></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleet" title="Golden Fleet">Golden Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruppe_SPUR" title="Gruppe SPUR">Gruppe SPUR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Movement_for_an_Imaginist_Bauhaus" title="International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus">International Movement for an<br /> Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Maintaining_the_Occupations" title="Council for Maintaining the Occupations">Council for Maintaining<br />the Occupations</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Situationist_International" title="Second Situationist International">Second Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism<br />and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)"><i>Fifth Estate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>spectacle</b> is a central notion in the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist</a> theory, developed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> in his 1967 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i>. In the general sense, the spectacle refers to "the autocratic reign of the market economy which had acceded to an irresponsible sovereignty, and the totality of new techniques of government which accompanied this reign."<sup id="cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1988cII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also exists in a more limited sense, where <i>spectacle</i> means the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, which are "its most glaring superficial manifestation."<sup id="cite_ref-Debord1977t24_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1977t24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critique of the spectacle is a development and application of Karl Marx's concept of <a href="/wiki/Fetishism_of_commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetishism of commodities">fetishism of commodities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Debord1967SocietyI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1967SocietyI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the way it was reprised by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> in 1923. In the society of the spectacle, commodities rule the workers and consumers, instead of being ruled by them; in this way, individuals become passive subjects who contemplate the reified (or solidified) spectacle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debord uses the word "Spectacle" to describe an overall social phenomenon where everything directly lived recedes into a representation, describing it as "a separate pseudo-world that can only be looked at", created from the rearrangement of fragmented images taken from every aspect of life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a worldview that identifies human social life with appearances,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the perceived autonomous motion of commodities and images and the negation of social life. But in the second chapter of <i>The Society of the Spectacle</i>, Debord turns from the superficially visible nature of the spectacle to its <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">material side</a>, describing it as the outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a> as the production and consumption of commodities colonizes all of social life. As a form of <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a>, the Spectacle is described by Debord as a social relationship in which <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienation (Marxism)">alienated</a> individuals are connected to the social whole through the spectacular pseudo-world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prof. Hans-Georg Moeller at the University of Macau has characterized the Spectacle as being composed of three theoretical components:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> of how spectacular images relate to reality</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> that produces the spectacle</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> of what is really true in a society organized around the production of appearances</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms">Forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concentrated_spectacle">Concentrated spectacle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concentrated spectacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout <i>The Society of the Spectacle</i>, Debord describes the spectacle as seen in the West in its diffuse form; however, he applies the concept to the <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> states of the 20th century where there was a similar conflict between reality and media images. He develops the concept of the "concentrated spectacle" that is associated with concentrated bureaucracy. Debord also associates this form of spectacle with mixed backward economies and advanced capitalist countries in times of crisis. Every aspect of life, like property, music, and communication is concentrated and is identified with the bureaucratic class. The concentrated spectacle generally identifies itself with a powerful political leader. The concentrated spectacle is made effective through a state of permanent violence and police terror. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diffuse_spectacle">Diffuse spectacle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diffuse spectacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_(48014089862).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg/220px-%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg/330px-%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg/440px-%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA_%2848014089862%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Debord cited <a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">promotional merchandise</a> as a means by which consumers participate in the diffuse spectacle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The diffuse spectacle is the spectacle associated with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">advanced capitalism</a> and commodity abundance. In the diffuse spectacle, each commodity appears at the center of an envisioned society organized around its consumption, negating all other commodities. The spectacle offers satisfaction through the realization of every commodity's social vision, but only fragments of this satisfaction are accessible. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Irreconcilable claims jockey for position on the stage of the affluent economy's unified spectacle, and different star commodities simultaneously promote conflicting social policies. The automobile spectacle, for example, strives for a perfect traffic flow entailing the destruction of old urban districts, while the city spectacle needs to preserve those districts as tourist attractions.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The diffuse spectacle operates mostly through seduction, while the concentrated spectacle operates mostly through violence. Because of this, Debord argues that the diffuse spectacle is more effective at suppressing non-spectacular opinions than the concentrated spectacle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integrated_spectacle">Integrated spectacle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Integrated spectacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Comments on the Society of the Spectacle</i> (1988), Debord asserted that in the two decades since the publication of <i>The Society of the Spectacle</i>, a new form of spectacle has emerged in modern capitalist countries that integrates features of both the diffuse and concentrated spectacle. Debord argues that this was pioneered in France and Italy. According to Debord, the integrated spectacle goes by the label of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. This spectacle introduces a state of permanent general secrecy, where experts and specialists dictate the morality, statistics, and opinions of the spectacle. <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> is the invented enemy of the spectacle, which specialists compare with their "liberal democracy", pointing out the superiority of the latter one. Debord argues that without terrorism, the integrated spectacle wouldn't survive, for it needs to be compared to something in order to show its "obvious" perfection and superiority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain">Terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spectacular_Time">Spectacular Time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spectacular Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debord conceived of the commodified consumable experiences of the spectacle to be a form of "pseudocyclical time", in contrast to the "irreversible time" created by the overall forward direction of socioeconomic development that came with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Debord said that the society of the spectacle came to existence in the late 1920s<sup id="cite_ref-Eskilson2005p377_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskilson2005p377-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1988cII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the rise of mass media. According to him, to turn workers into consumers, capitalism needed to first <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital#Concept" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">expropriate</a> their time,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting "the time that modern society is constantly seeking to "save" by increasing transportation speeds or using packaged soups ends up being spent by the American population in watching television three to six hours a day".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the overall project of the Situationists was to destroy the pseudocyclical time of the spectacle and create "a federation of independent times - a federation of playful individual and collective forms of irreversible time that are simultaneously present", and with the proletariat <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">conscious</a> of their place in time and history, bring about "authentic communism, which abolishes everything that exists independently of individuals."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_City">The City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debord saw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, collectively disempowered but brought together into the same urban spaces by the same capitalist system as one of capitalism's <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical Materialism">contradictions</a> that threatened to negate it from within. Thus, capitalism survived by building over this space of authentic life with <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, in which life is dominated by vision.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the situationists, this urban space was fertile for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Situation_(Sartre)" title="Situation (Sartre)">situations</a>, namely through the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9rive" title="Dérive">dérive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recuperation">Recuperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recuperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation (politics)</a></div> <p>As early as 1958, in the <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Construction_of_Situations" title="Report on the Construction of Situations">situationist manifesto</a>, Debord described <a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">official culture</a> as a "rigged game", where conservative powers forbid subversive ideas to have direct access to the <a href="/wiki/Public_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public discourse">public discourse</a>. Such ideas get first trivialized and sterilized, and then they are safely <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">incorporated</a> back within mainstream society, where they can be exploited to add new flavors to old dominant ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique of the spectacle is sometimes called <i>recuperation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasse1969Faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To survive, the spectacle must maintain <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> and effectively handle all threats to the <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recuperation (sociology)">Recuperation</a>, a concept first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasse1969Faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the process by which the spectacle intercepts <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">socially and politically radical</a> ideas and images, <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodifies</a> them, and safely incorporates them back within mainstream society.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasse1969Faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, it may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriation</a> or co-opting of any subversive works or ideas by mainstream media. It is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">détournement</a>, in which conventional ideas and images are reorganized and recontextualized with radical intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasse1969Faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debord discusses the close link between revolution and culture and <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a>, and the reason why conservative powers are interested in forbidding them "any direct access to the rigged game of <a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">official culture</a>." Debord recalls that worldwide revolutionary movements that emerged during the 1920s were followed by "an ebbing of the movements that had tried to advance a liberatory new attitude in culture and everyday life," and that such movements were brought to a "complete social isolation."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_influences">History and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bernays_and_Adorno">Bernays and Adorno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bernays and Adorno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debord claims that in its limited sense, <i>spectacle</i> means the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, which are "its most glaring superficial manifestation".<sup id="cite_ref-Debord1977t24_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1977t24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/T._J._Clark_(art_historian)" title="T. J. Clark (art historian)">T. J. Clark</a> regards this as a journalistic cliché. Clark argues that the spectacle came to dominate Paris during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Second Empire</a> thanks to <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a>. Debord, however, said that the society of the spectacle came to existence in the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Eskilson2005p377_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskilson2005p377-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1988cII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the period in which modern <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public relation">public relations</a> were introduced, most significantly with the innovative techniques developed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> in his campaigns for the tobacco industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Studlar2002p55_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1928 book <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)">Propaganda</a></i>, Bernays theorized the "conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critique of the society of the spectacle shares many assumptions and arguments with the critique of the <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a></i> made by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marx_and_Lukács"><span id="Marx_and_Luk.C3.A1cs"></span>Marx and Lukács</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marx and Lukács"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i>, Debord attempted to provide the Situationist International (SI) with a Marxist <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. The concept of "the spectacle" expanded to all society the Marxist concept of <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a> drawn from the first section of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <i>Capital</i>, entitled <i>The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof</i> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> in his work, <i>History and Class Consciousness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an analysis of the logic of commodities whereby they achieve an ideological autonomy from the process of their production, so that "social action takes the form of the action of objects, which rule the producers instead of being ruled by them."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2012)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Developing this analysis of the logic of the commodity, <i>The Society of the Spectacle</i> generally understood society as divided between the passive subject who consumes the spectacle and the reified spectacle itself. In a spectacular society, the system of commodity production generates a continual stream of images, for consumption by people who lack the experiences represented therein. The spectacle represents people solely in terms of their subordination to commodities, and experience itself becomes <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodified</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The spectacle in general, as the concrete inversion of life, is the autonomous movement of the non-living.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guy Debord, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the opening of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, Marx makes the observation that within the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> we evaluate materials not by what purpose they serve or what they're actually useful for, but we instead recognize them based on their value in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Marx1957VolumeI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx1957VolumeI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In capitalist society, virtually identical products often have vastly different values simply because one has a more recognizable or prestigious <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand name</a>. The value of a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> is abstract and not tied to its actual characteristics. Much in the same way capitalism commodifies the material world, the situationists assert that <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">advanced capitalism</a> commodifies experience and perception.<sup id="cite_ref-Debord1967SocietyI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debord1967SocietyI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We live in a spectacular society, that is, our whole life is surrounded by an immense accumulation of spectacles. Things that were once directly lived are now lived by proxy. Once an experience is taken out of the real world it becomes a commodity. As a commodity the spectacular is developed to the detriment of the real. It becomes a substitute for experience.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lawrence Law, <i>Images and Everyday Life</i><sup id="cite_ref-Law2009Images_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law2009Images-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A long tradition of work exists in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> on the "political spectacle"<sup id="cite_ref-McLagan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLagan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which started with Debord;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> in the 20th century contributed to this analysis. According to anthropologist Meg McLagan, "Debord analyzes the penetration of the commodity form into mass communication, which he argues results in the spectacle".<sup id="cite_ref-McLagan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLagan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Hussey claims in his biography of Debord that the term spectacle began life not in a Marxist context, but was first borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and his concept of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_secret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass secret (page does not exist)">mass secret</a>. The critic <a href="/wiki/Sadie_Plant" title="Sadie Plant">Sadie Plant</a> argues that later theories of postmodernism, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Baudrillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyotard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyotard">Lyotard</a>, owe much to Debord's theory, and represent an apolitical appropriation of its criticism of the unreality of life under <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debord was a rebel to his core and despised academic <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of his ideas and their integration into the diffuse spectacle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout his life he fought to make his ideas truly revolutionary. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i>Green Illusions</i>, Ozzie Zehner draws largely on Debord to argue that the spectacles of solar cells, wind turbines, and other technologies have organized environmental thinking around energy-production at the expense of energy-reduction strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a>, a concept coined by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> in his <a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">1935 essay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Debord1988cII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1988cII_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1988) <i>Comments on the Society of the Spectacle</i>, II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debord1977t24-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1977t24_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1977t24_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1977) thesis 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debord1967SocietyI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1967SocietyI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debord1967SocietyI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Debord (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/tsots01.html"><i>Society of the Spectacle</i>. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter I: Separation Perfected.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CTf4myAa9k&ab_channel=CarefreeWandering">"Guy Debord and the Society of the Spectacle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Guy+Debord+and+the+Society+of+the+Spectacle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8CTf4myAa9k%26ab_channel%3DCarefreeWandering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectacle+%28critical+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eskilson2005p377-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eskilson2005p377_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eskilson2005p377_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eskilson (2005) pp.377-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) The Society of the Spectacle, thesis 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1957) pp.2, 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chasse1969Faces-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chasse1969Faces_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Chasse, Bruce Elwell, Jonathon Horelick, Tony Verlaan. (1969) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/faces.html">Faces of Recuperation</a></i>. In the American section of the Situationist International, issue #1 (New York, June 1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 3 <i>The Function of Minority Trends in the Period of Reflux</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studlar2002p55-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Studlar2002p55_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donley T. Studlar (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmN9-GXTu4wC&pg=PA55"><i>Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada</i></a> p.55 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...from the early days advertising has been intimately intertwined with tobacco. The man who is sometimes considered the founder of modern advertising and Madison Avenue, Edward Bernays, created many of the major cigarette campaigns of the 1920s, including having women march down the street demanding the right to smoke.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernays (1928) <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)">Propaganda</a></i>, ch.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eskilson (2005) p.386 n.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry F. Dahms <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xCb9wfgW3oC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159"><i>No Social Science Without Critical Theory, Volume 25</i></a> p.159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garoian, Charles R. (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDo6q3c4jeYC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71"><i>Performing Pedagogy: Toward an Art of Politics</i></a> pp.70-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jostein_Gripsrud" title="Jostein Gripsrud">Jostein Gripsrud</a>, Lennart Weibull (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGJEfrbPoaMC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117"><i>Media, Markets & Public Spheres: European Media at the Crossroads</i></a> p.117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debord (1967) Chapter 2 intro quote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Capital</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx1957VolumeI-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marx1957VolumeI_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx (1867) <i>Volume I, Section 4. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof</i>. Das Kapital (1867).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law2009Images-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law2009Images_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2009" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Law (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SpectacularTimesImagespdf"><i>Spectacular Times: Images and Everyday Life (pdf)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectacular+Times%3A+Images+and+Everyday+Life+%28pdf%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSpectacularTimesImagespdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectacle+%28critical+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLagan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLagan_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLagan_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLagan, Meg. "Spectacles of difference: cultural activism and the mass mediation of Tibet", <i>Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain</i>, 2002, p.107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Edelman" title="Murray Edelman">Edelman, Murray</a> (1998) <i>Constructing the political spectacle</i>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Wedeen" title="Lisa Wedeen">Wedeen, Lisa</a> (1999) <i>Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2002" class="citation book cs1">Plant, Sadie (2002-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eGIAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Most Radical Gesture: The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92530-8"><bdi>978-1-134-92530-8</bdi></a>. <q>Baudrillard's work is informed by his contacts with the situationist Guy Debord, and Lyotard was involved with Socialisme ou Barbarie and the mouvement du 22 mars, probably the groups whose political ideas and activities were closest to those of the SI. Allusions to the situationists are to be found in the work of both authors, and although postmodernism turns situationist theory against itself, the traces, even the tyre-tracks of the style, vocabulary, and scope of the situationist project run across postmodernism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Radical+Gesture%3A+The+Situationist+International+in+a+Postmodern+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92530-8&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eGIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectacle+%28critical+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZehner2012" class="citation book cs1">Zehner, Ozzie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenillusions.org"><i>Green Illusions</i></a>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803237759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803237759"><bdi>978-0803237759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Illusions&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0803237759&rft.aulast=Zehner&rft.aufirst=Ozzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenillusions.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectacle+%28critical+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eskilson, Stephen (2005) <i>The Spectacle at the Fair</i> in Deborah J. Johnson, David Ogawa, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_S._Champa" title="Kermit S. Champa">Kermit Swiler Champa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vz0H2mQGNZYC&pg=PA386&lpg=PA386"><i>Seeing and Beyond: A Festschrift on Eighteenth to Twenty-First Century Art in Honor of Kermit S. Champa</i></a>, ed. Deborah J. Johnson and David Ogawa (Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt and New York: Peter Lang Verlag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord, Guy</a> (1977) [1967]. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i>, translation by Fredy Perlman and Jon Supak (Black & Red, 1970; rev. ed. 1977). Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents/4">Library.nothingness.org</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectacle_(critical_theory)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Adorno">Adorno</a> (1963) <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_Industry_Reconsidered" title="Culture Industry Reconsidered">Culture Industry Reconsidered</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guy_Debord54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Construction_of_Situations" title="Report on the Construction of Situations">Report on the Construction of Situations</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires" title="Mémoires">Mémoires</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_War" title="A Game of War">A Game of War</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurlements_en_faveur_de_Sade" title="Hurlements en faveur de Sade">Hurlements en faveur de Sade</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even 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title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" 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circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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