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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correspondence_between_orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_between_orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Correspondence between orthographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_between_orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Classifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serial_verb_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_verb_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Serial verb construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_verb_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_of_the_Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_of_the_Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Days of the Week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_of_the_Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months_of_the_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months_of_the_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Months of the Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months_of_the_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worldwide usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presence_in_Community_and_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_in_Community_and_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Presence in Community and Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_in_Community_and_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hmong language: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="‌মং ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="‌মং ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_(llengua)" title="Hmong (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hmong (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong%C5%A1tina" title="Hmongština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hmongština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hmong" title="Idioma hmong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hmong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaa_lingvo" title="Miaa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miaa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="زبان همونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان همونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_bhasa" title="Hmong bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hmong bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_hm%C3%B3ngicas_occidentais" title="Linguas hmóngicas occidentais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas hmóngicas occidentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EC%96%B4" title="몽어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mong" title="Bahasa Mong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Mong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hmong" title="Lingua hmong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hmong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Хмонг (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хмонг (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ჰმონგი (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰმონგი (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မှောင်ညိုဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှောင်ညိုဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="ミャオ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミャオ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hmong" title="Język hmong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hmong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hmong" title="Língua hmong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hmong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Хмонг (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хмонг (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwcu_a_kamu" title="Miwcu a kamu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Miwcu a kamu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_leid" title="Hmong leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hmong leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hmong language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li 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diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&oldid=1259230396" title="Hmong language">Revision as of 02:08, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&action=edit&oldid=1259230396" title="Hmong language">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T02:08:22Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Apiquinamir2" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Apiquinamir2" data-mw-revid="1259230396"><bdi>Apiquinamir2</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Apiquinamir2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Apiquinamir2">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Apiquinamir2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Apiquinamir2">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>80</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Overview">→<bdi dir="ltr">Overview</bdi></a>: </span> Added citations</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&diff=prev&oldid=1259230396" title="Hmong language" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&oldid=1259230525" title="Hmong language">Revision as of 02:09, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&action=edit&oldid=1259230525" title="Hmong language">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T02:09:18Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&action=edit&undoafter=1259230396&undo=1259230525" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Apiquinamir2" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Apiquinamir2" data-mw-revid="1259230525"><bdi>Apiquinamir2</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Apiquinamir2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Apiquinamir2">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Apiquinamir2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Apiquinamir2">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>80</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Vocabulary">→<bdi dir="ltr">Vocabulary</bdi></a>: </span> Reorganized vocabulary under 'domain' subsection</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_language&diff=next&oldid=1259230525" title="Hmong language" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,400:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,400:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Hmong vocabulary comes from several sources: native Hmongic words, Chinese borrowings, and Tibeto-Burman borrowings,{{sfn | Ratliff | 2010 | p=242}} as well as additional borrowings from the national languages where Hmong communities live outside China, including borrowings from Thai/Lao and English.{{sfn | White | 2021 | p=164}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Hmong vocabulary comes from several sources: native Hmongic words, Chinese borrowings, and Tibeto-Burman borrowings,{{sfn | Ratliff | 2010 | p=242}} as well as additional borrowings from the national languages where Hmong communities live outside China, including borrowings from Thai/Lao and English.{{sfn | White | 2021 | p=164}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Colors</del> ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>=== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Domains</ins> ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==== Colors ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Many Hmong and non-Hmong people who are learning the Hmong language tend to use the word "''Xim''" (Thai/Lao word) to indicate a specific color, while the true Hmong word for color is "''Kob''". For example, "''Liab yog xim ntawm kev phom sij'';" meaning "''Red is the color of danger / The red color is of danger''"''.''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Many Hmong and non-Hmong people who are learning the Hmong language tend to use the word "''Xim''" (Thai/Lao word) to indicate a specific color, while the true Hmong word for color is "''Kob''". For example, "''Liab yog xim ntawm kev phom sij'';" meaning "''Red is the color of danger / The red color is of danger''"''.''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,420:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,421:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Clear}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Clear}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Numbers ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=== Numbers <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>! Numeral !! Hmong Numeral !! Pahawh Hmong !! Hmong RPA !! Hmong Loanwords !! Pahawh Symbols</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>! Numeral !! Hmong Numeral !! Pahawh Hmong !! Hmong RPA !! Hmong Loanwords !! Pahawh Symbols</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,505:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,506:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The number 57023 would be written as {{script|Hmng|𖭕𖭗𖭐𖭒𖭓}}.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The number 57023 would be written as {{script|Hmng|𖭕𖭗𖭐𖭒𖭓}}.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Days of the Week ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=== Days of the Week <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-align="center"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-align="center"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,527:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1,528:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A sentence like, "''Today is Monday''" would be translated as "''Hnub no yog zwj hli''", and not "''Hnub no yog hnub ib/Monday''" in Hmong.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A sentence like, "''Today is Monday''" would be translated as "''Hnub no yog zwj hli''", and not "''Hnub no yog hnub ib/Monday''" in Hmong.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Months of the Year ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=== Months of the Year <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{|class="wikitable"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-align="center"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-align="center"</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 02:09, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West Hmongic dialect continuum</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #f2ceee;">Hmong</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #f2ceee;">Mong</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #f2ceee;"><span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">lus Hmoob</i></span> / <span title="Hmong Njua-language text"><i lang="hnj">lug Moob</i></span> / <span title="Hmong Shua-language text"><i lang="hmz">lol Hmongb</i></span> / <span title="Hmong-language text"><i lang="hmn">lus Hmôngz</i></span> (Vietnam) / <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009642731">.mw-parser-output .script-Hmng{font-family:"Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong"}</style><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬞 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234443428">.mw-parser-output .script-Hmnp{font-family:"Noto Serif Hmong Nyiakeng","Noto Serif Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong","Noto Serif NP Hmong"}</style><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄧𞄵𞄀𞄩𞄰</span>‎</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[m̥ɔ̃́]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4.5 million<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PopulationEthnologue"><a href="#endnote_PopulationEthnologue">[a]</a></sup> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarkey201511_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarkey201511-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Core Hmongic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Hmongic_languages" title="West Hmongic languages">West Hmongic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Chuanqiandian cluster</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hmong</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hmong_writing" title="Hmong writing">Hmong writing</a>: incl. <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a>, multiple <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> standards</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #f2ceee;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #f2ceee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=190">hmn</a></span></code> Hmong, Mong (China, Laos)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmn">hmn</a></code> – inclusive code for the Hmong/Mong macrolanguage (China, Laos), including all Core Hmongic languages, except <code>hmf</code> and <code>hmv</code><br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cqd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cqd">cqd</a></code> – Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao (cover term for Hmong in China)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hea" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hea">hea</a></code> – Northern Qiandong Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hma" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hma">hma</a></code> – Southern Mashan Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmc">hmc</a></code> – Central Huishui Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmd">hmd</a></code> – Large Flowery Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hme" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hme">hme</a></code> – Eastern Huishui Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmf">hmf</a></code> – Hmong Don (Vietnam)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmg">hmg</a></code> – Southwestern Guiyang Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmh">hmh</a></code> – Southwestern Huishui Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmi">hmi</a></code> – Northern Huishui Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmj">hmj</a></code> – Ge<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hml" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hml">hml</a></code> – Luopohe Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmm">hmm</a></code> – Central Mashan Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmp">hmp</a></code> – Northern Mashan Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmq">hmq</a></code> – Eastern Qiandong Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hms" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hms">hms</a></code> – Southern Qiandong Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmv">hmv</a></code> – Hmong Dô (Vietnam)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmw">hmw</a></code> – Western Mashan Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmy">hmy</a></code> – Southern Guiyang Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hmz">hmz</a></code> – Hmong Shua (Sinicized Miao)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hnj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hnj">hnj</a></code> – Mong Njua/Mong Leng (China, Laos), Blue/Green Hmong (United States)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hrm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hrm">hrm</a></code> – A-Hmo, Horned Miao (China)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/huj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:huj">huj</a></code> – Northern Guiyang Hmong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mmr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mmr">mmr</a></code> – Western Xiangxi Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/muq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:muq">muq</a></code> – Eastern Xiangxi Miao<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mww" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mww">mww</a></code> – Hmong Daw (China, Laos), White Hmong (United States)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sfm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sfm">sfm</a></code> – Small Flowery Miao</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/firs1234">firs1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=48-AAA-a">48-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmong_Mien_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hmong_Mien_lang.png/320px-Hmong_Mien_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hmong_Mien_lang.png/480px-Hmong_Mien_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hmong_Mien_lang.png/640px-Hmong_Mien_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of Hmong-Mien languages, West Hmongic language in purple</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/27px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/40px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/53px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains Pahawh Hmong <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a> characters.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Hmong</b> or <b>Mong</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MUNG</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">RPA</a>: <span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">Hmoob</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄩𞄰</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Pahawh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahawh">Pahawh</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[m̥ɔ̃́]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Hmongic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Hmongic">West Hmongic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic languages</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are an estimated 4.5 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a> as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarkey_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarkey_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of all Hmong speakers speak the various dialects in China, where the <a href="/wiki/Nanshan_Mountains" title="Nanshan Mountains">Dananshan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大南山</span></span>) dialect forms the basis of the standard language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hmong Daw and Mong Leng are widely known only in Laos and the United States; Dananshan is more widely known in the native region of Hmong. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <p>Mong Leng (<span title="Hmong Njua-language text"><i lang="hnj">Moob Leeg</i></span>) and Hmong Daw (<span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">Hmoob Dawb</i></span>) are part of a dialect cluster known in China as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chuanqiandian Miao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">川黔滇苗</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao'), called the "Chuanqiandian <i>cluster</i>" in English (or "Miao cluster" in other languages) since West Hmongic is also called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chuanqiandian Miao</i></span>. The variety spoken from Sichuan in China to Thailand and Laos is referred to in China as the "First Local Variety" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">第一土语</span></span>) of the cluster. Mong Leng and Hmong Daw are just those varieties of the cluster that migrated to Laos. The names <i>Mong Leng</i>, <i>Hmong Dleu/Der</i>, and <i>Hmong Daw</i> are also used in China for various dialects of the cluster. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> once distinguished only the Laotian varieties (Hmong Daw, Mong Leng), Sinicized Miao (Hmong Shua), and the Vietnamese varieties (Hmong Dô, Hmong Don). The Vietnamese varieties are very poorly known; population estimates are not even available. In 2007, Horned Miao, <a href="/wiki/Small_Flowery_Miao" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Flowery Miao">Small Flowery Miao</a>, and the Chuanqiandian cluster of China were split off from Mong Leng [blu].<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These varieties are as follows, along with some alternative names. </p> <ul><li>Hmong/Mong/Chuanqiandian Miao macrolanguage (China, Laos, also spoken by minorities in Thailand and the United States), including: <ul><li>Hmong Daw (<i>Hmong Der</i>, <span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">Hmoob Dawb</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Dleu</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Dleub</i></span>, 'White Hmong'; Chinese: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白苗</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Bái Miáo</i></span>, 'White Miao'),</li> <li>Mong Leng (<span title="Hmong Njua-language text"><i lang="hnj">Moob Leeg</i></span>, <span title="Hmong Njua-language text"><i lang="hnj">Moob Ntsuab</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Mongb Nzhuab</i></span>, 'Blue/Green Hmong'; Chinese: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青苗</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Qīng Miáo</i></span>, 'Blue-Green Miao'),</li> <li>Hmong Shua (<span title="Hmong Shua-language text"><i lang="hmz">Hmongb Shuat</i></span>; 'Sinicized Miao'),</li> <li>Hmo or A-Hmo (Chinese: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">角苗</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jiǎo Miáo</i></span>, 'Horned Miao'),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Flowery_Miao" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Flowery Miao">Small Flowery Miao</a>,</li> <li>and the rest of the Chuanqiandian Miao cluster located in China.</li></ul></li> <li>Hmong languages of Vietnam, not considered part of the China/Laos macrolanguage and possibly forming their own distinct macrolanguage — they are still not very well classified even if they are described by <i>Ethnologue</i> as having vigorous use (in Vietnam) but without population estimates; they have most probably been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (in the former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina colonies</a>) and later <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, and they may be confused with varieties spoken by minorities living today in the United States, Europe or elsewhere in Asia (where their varieties may have been assimilated locally, but separately in each area, with other Hmong varieties imported from Laos and China): <ul><li>Hmong Dô (Vietnam),</li> <li>Hmong Don (Vietnam, assumed).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) stated that the White and Leng dialects "are said to be mutually intelligible to a well-trained ear, with pronunciation and vocabulary differences analogous to the differences between <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap2Overview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Chinese varieties may overlap with or be more distinct than the varieties listed above: </p> <ul><li>Dananshan Miao (<span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Drout Raol</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Hout Lab</i></span>; called <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Dou</i></span> in Northern Hmong), the basis of the Chinese standard of the Chuanqiandian cluster</li> <li>Black Miao (subgroups: <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Dlob</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Buak</i></span>/<span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">Hmoob Puas</i></span>; Chinese: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑苗</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hēi Miáo</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Southern Hmong (subgroups: <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Shib</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Lens</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Dlex Nchab</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Sad</i></span>; includes Mong Leng)</li> <li>Northern Hmong (subgroups: <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Soud</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmong Be</i></span>/<span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Bes</i></span>, <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">Hmongb Ndrous</i></span>)</li> <li>Western Sichuan Miao (Chinese: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">川苗</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chuān Miáo</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>In the 2007 request to establish an ISO code for the Chuanqiandian cluster, corresponding to the "first local dialect" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">第一土语</span></span>) of the Chuanqiandian cluster in Chinese, the proposer made the following statement on mutual intelligibility: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A colleague has talked with speakers of a number of these closely-related lects in the US, in Thailand and in China, and has had many discussions with Chinese linguists and foreign researchers or community development workers who have had extensive contact with speakers of these lects. As a result of these conversations this colleague believes that many of these lects are likely to have high inherent mutual intelligibility within the cluster. Culturally, while each sub-group prides itself on its own distinctives, they also recognize that other sub-groups within this category are culturally similar to themselves and accept the others as members of the same general ethnic group. However, this category of lects is internally varied and geographically scattered and mixed over a broad land area, and comprehensive intelligibility testing would be required to confirm reports of mutual intelligibility throughout the cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties_in_Laos">Varieties in Laos</h3></div> <p>According to the CDC, "although there is no official preference for one dialect over the other, White Hmong seems to be favored in many ways":<sup id="cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap2Overview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> (RPA) most closely reflects that of White Hmong (<i>Hmong Daw</i>); most educated Hmong speak White Hmong because White Hmong people lack the ability to understand Mong Leng; and most Hmong dictionaries only include the White Hmong dialect. Furthermore, younger generations of Hmong are more likely to speak White Hmong, and speakers of Mong Leng are more likely to understand White Hmong than speakers of White Hmong are.<sup id="cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap2Overview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties_in_the_United_States">Varieties in the United States</h3></div> <p>Most Hmong in the United States speak White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb) and Mong Leng (Moob Leeg), with around 60% speaking White Hmong and 40% Mong Leng. The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> states that "though some Hmong report difficulty understanding speakers of a dialect not their own, for the most part, Mong Leng seem to do better when understanding both dialects."<sup id="cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap2Overview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <p>The three dialects described here are Hmong Daw (also called White Miao or Hmong Der),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mong Leeg (also called Blue/Green Miao or Mong Leng),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are the two major dialects spoken by <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a>. Although mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Mong Leeg lacks the voiceless/aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̥/</span> of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their names) and has a third nasalized vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span>; Dananshan has a couple of extra diphthongs in native words, numerous Chinese loans, and an eighth tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <p>The vowel systems of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are as shown in the following charts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Phonemes particular to <span style="background:#EEE8AA">Hmong Daw</span>† and <span style="background:#CAFF70">Mong Leeg</span>‡ are color-coded and indicated by a dagger or double dagger respectively.) </p> <ol><li>1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA</li> <li>2nd Row: Nyiakeng Puachue</li> <li>3rd Row: Pahawh</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="113" style="width:113px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="I_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/I_-_Hmong_word.wav/I_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/I_-_Hmong_word.wav/I_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/I_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> ⟨i⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂, 𖬃</span></big> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="113" style="width:113px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="W_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/W_-_Hmong_word.wav/W_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/W_-_Hmong_word.wav/W_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/W_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> ⟨w⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘, 𖬙</span></big> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="113" style="width:113px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="U_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/U_-_Hmong_word.wav/U_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/U_-_Hmong_word.wav/U_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/U_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> ⟨u⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆, 𖬇</span></big> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="114" style="width:114px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="E_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/E_-_Hmong_word.wav/E_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/E_-_Hmong_word.wav/E_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/E_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> ⟨e⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈, 𖬉</span></big> </p> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="111" style="width:111px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ee_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eŋ</span> ⟨ee⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀, 𖬁</span></big> </p> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="112" style="width:112px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="O_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/O_-_Hmong_word.wav/O_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/O_-_Hmong_word.wav/O_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/O_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> ⟨o⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒, 𖬓</span></big> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="110" style="width:110px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav/Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav/Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Oo_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔŋ</span> ⟨oo⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌, 𖬍</span></big> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="114" style="width:114px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="A_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/A_-_Hmong_word.wav/A_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/A_-_Hmong_word.wav/A_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/A_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> ⟨a⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖, 𖬗</span></big> </p> </td> <td style="background:#caff70; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="110" style="width:110px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav/Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav/Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Aa_-_Green_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aŋ</span> ⟨aa⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚, 𖬛</span></big>‡ </p> </td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Closing </th> <th>Centering </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is front</b> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="109" style="width:109px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ai_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> ⟨ai⟩ <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄤𞄦, 𞄣</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊, 𖬋</span></big> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="114" style="width:114px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Ia_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iə</span> ⟨ia⟩ <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄤, 𞄞</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔, 𖬕</span></big>† </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is central</b> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="109" style="width:109px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav/Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav/Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Aw_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɨ</span> ⟨aw⟩ <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄤𞄬, 𞄢</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎, 𖬏</span></big> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is back</b> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="106" style="width:106px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Au_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Au_-_Hmong_word.wav/Au_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Au_-_Hmong_word.wav/Au_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Au_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> ⟨au⟩ <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄤𞄨, 𞄠</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄, 𖬅</span></big> </p> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="104" style="width:104px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav/Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ua_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uə</span> ⟨ua⟩ <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄧𞄤, 𞄜</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐, 𖬑</span></big> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Dananshan standard of China is similar. Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are <span style="background:#EECCE8">color-coded</span> and marked as absent or added. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Dananshan Miao vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eecce8;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>) (added)</td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">en</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aŋ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Closing </th> <th>Centering </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is front</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aj</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ai⟩</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eecce8;">(absent) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Close component is back</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aw</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wɒ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ua⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eecce8;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əw</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ou⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eβ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨eu⟩</span> <br />(added) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dananshan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> occurs only after non-palatal affricates, and is written <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, much like Mandarin Chinese. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> after palatal consonants. There is also a triphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jeβ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ieu⟩</span>, as well as other i- and u-initial sequences in Chinese borrowings, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/waj/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <p>Hmong makes a number of phonemic contrasts unfamiliar to English speakers. All non-glottal stops and affricates distinguish aspirated and unaspirated forms, and most also distinguish <a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalization</a> independently of this. The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to <span style="background:#EEE8AA">Hmong Daw</span>† and <span style="background:#CAFF70">Mong Leeg</span>‡ are color-coded and indicated by a dagger or double dagger respectively.) </p> <ol><li>1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA</li> <li>2nd Row: Nyiakeng Puachue</li> <li>3rd Row: Pahawh</li></ol> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hm⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬵</span></big>† </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">m̥ˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨hml⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄠𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠𖬰</span></big>† </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hn⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩</span></big>† </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hny⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬰</span></big>† </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">mˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨ml⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄠</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span><br />marginal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020216_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">⟨ɴ⟩</a></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄢</span>‎ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>tenuis</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">pˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨pl⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬵</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">tˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭</span></big>‡ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_k"><a href="#endnote_k">***</a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄗</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄠</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬰</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">pˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨plh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨txh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬰</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">tˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨dlh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬴</span></big>‡ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʂʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄗𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬰</span></big>† </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬵</span></big>† </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_nd"><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨np⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄜</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐbˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨npl⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄞</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nt⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿdz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntx⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄓</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬰</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿdˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨ndl⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬰</span></big>‡ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nr⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄑</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯdʐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nts⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄍</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶮɟ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nc⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nk⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄇</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶰɢ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nq⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄙</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nph⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄜𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬰</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨nplh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄞𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nth⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntxh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄓𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬵</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨ndlh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬵</span></big>‡ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nrh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄑𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯtʂʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntsh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄍𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶮcʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nch⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑkʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nkh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄇𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶰqʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nqh⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄙𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄕</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hl⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄉</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xy⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄛</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄒</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄋</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘</span>‎<br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">⟨ɻ⟩</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄣</span>‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Dananshan standard of China is similar. (Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are <span style="background:#EECCE8">color-coded</span> and marked as absent or added. Minor differences, such as the voicing of prenasalized stops, or whether <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span> is an affricate or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is velar, may be a matter of transcription.) Aspirates, voiceless fricatives, voiceless nasals, and glottal stop only occur with <i>yin</i> tones (1, 3, 5, 7). Standard orthography is added in <a href="/wiki/Brackets#Angled_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackets">angled brackets</a>. The glottal stop is not written; it is not distinct from a zero initial. There is also a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, which occurs only in foreign words. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Dananshan Miao consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>sibilant</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>sibilant</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hm⟩</span> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8">(absent) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hn⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hni⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8">(absent) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ni⟩</span> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ngg⟩</span> (added) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>tenuis</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">pˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨bl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">tˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">pˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨pl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">tˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨tl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʂʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8">(absent) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_nd"><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐp</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nb⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpˡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨nbl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nd⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nz⟩</span> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8">(absent) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ndr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯtʂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nzh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtɕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑk</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶰq</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ngh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨np⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpˡʰ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨npl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nt⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nc⟩</span> </td> <td style="background:#EECCE8">(absent) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯtʂʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtɕʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nq⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑkʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nk⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶰqʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nkh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_l"><b><a href="#ref_l">^*</a></b></span> The status of the consonants described here as single phonemes with <a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral release</a> is controversial. A number of scholars instead analyze them as biphonemic clusters with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> as the second element. The difference in analysis (e.g., between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pˡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pl/</span>) is not based on any disagreement in the sound or pronunciation of the consonants in question, but on differing theoretical grounds. Those in favor of a unit-phoneme analysis generally argue for this based on distributional evidence (i.e., if clusters, these would be the only clusters in the language, although see below) and dialect evidence (the laterally released dentals in Mong Leeg, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˡʰ/</span>, correspond to the voiced dentals of White Hmong), whereas those in favor of a cluster analysis tend to argue on the basis of general phonetic principles (other examples of labial phonemes with lateral release appear extremely rare or nonexistent<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_nd"><b><a href="#ref_nd">^**</a></b></span> Some linguists prefer to analyze the prenasalized consonants as clusters whose first element is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. However, this cluster analysis is not as common as the above one involving <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_k"><b><a href="#ref_k">^***</a></b></span> Only used in <a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a> and not in <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a>, since Hmong RPA uses <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and Pahawh Hmong does not. For example, in Hmong RPA, to write <span title="Hmong-language text"><i lang="hmn">keeb</i></span>, the order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT) must be followed, so it is <i>k</i> + <i>ee</i> + <i>b</i> = <span title="Hmong-language text"><i lang="hmn">keeb</i></span>, but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just <span title="Hmong-language text"><i lang="hmn">Keeb</i></span> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀</span>" (3rd-Stage Version). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3></div> <p>Hmong <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> have simple structure: all syllables have an <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> consonant (except in a few particles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020220_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020220-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nuclei</a> may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and the only <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> consonants that occur are nasals. In Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, nasal codas have become nasalized vowels, though they may be accompanied by weakly articulated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020214_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020214-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> may accompany the low-falling <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> tone. </p><p>Dananshan has a syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̩/</span> (written <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>) in Chinese loans, such as <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">lf</i></span> 'two' and <span title="Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao-language text"><i lang="cqd">lx</i></span> 'child'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3></div> <p>Hmong is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a> and makes use of seven (Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg) or eight (Dananshan) distinct <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone </th> <th>Hmong Daw example<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Hmong/Mong RPA spelling</a> </th> <th>Vietnamese Hmong spelling </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a> </th> <th>Hmong Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>High <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ́/</span> 'ball' </td> <td>po<b>b</b> </td> <td>po<b>z</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄰</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Pob_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ/</span> 'spleen' </td> <td>po </td> <td>po </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Po_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Po_-_Hmong_word.wav/Po_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Po_-_Hmong_word.wav/Po_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Po_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ̀/</span> 'thorn' </td> <td>po<b>s</b> </td> <td>po<b>s</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄴</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_16" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Pos_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>High-falling <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ̂/</span> 'female' </td> <td>po<b>j</b> </td> <td>po<b>x</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄲</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_17" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav/Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav/Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Poj_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mid-rising <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˦</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ̌/</span> 'to throw' </td> <td>po<b>v</b> </td> <td>po<b>r</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄳</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_18" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Pov_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low checked (<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a>) tone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩</span> <br />(phrase final: long low rising <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ̰̀/</span> 'to see' </td> <td>po<b>m</b> </td> <td>po<b>v</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄱</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_19" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Pom_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mid-falling <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a> tone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔ̤̂/</span> 'grandmother' </td> <td>po<b>g</b> </td> <td>po<b>l</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄨𞄵</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬪𖬵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_20" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="119" style="width:119px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav/Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Pog_-_Hmong_word.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Dananshan tones are transcribed as pure tone. However, given how similar several of them are, it is likely that there are also phonational differences as in Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg. Tones 4 and 6, for example, are said to make <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> plosives <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathy voiced">breathy voiced</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">浊送气</span></span>), suggesting they may be breathy/murmured like the Hmong <i>g</i>-tone. Tones 7 and 8 are used in early Chinese loans with <a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">entering tone</a>, suggesting they may once have marked checked syllables. </p><p>Because voiceless consonants apart from tenuis plosives are restricted to appearing before certain tones (1, 3, 5, 7), those are placed first in the table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Dananshan Miao tone </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Orthography </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 high falling </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˦˧</span> 43 </td> <td><b>b</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 top </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> 5 </td> <td><b>d</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 high </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˦</span> 4 </td> <td><b>t</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 mid </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> 3 </td> <td><b>k</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 mid falling </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˩</span> 31 </td> <td><b>x</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 low falling (breathy) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩̤</span> 21 </td> <td><b>l</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 low rising (breathy) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩˧̤</span> 13 </td> <td><b>s</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 mid rising </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span> 24 </td> <td><b>f</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>So much information is conveyed by the tones that it is possible to speak intelligibly using musical tunes only; there is a tradition of young lovers communicating covertly playing a <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Jew's harp</a> to convey vowel sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hmong_writing" title="Hmong writing">Hmong writing</a></div> <p>Robert Cooper, an anthropologist, collected a Hmong folktale saying that the Hmong used to have a written language, and important information was written down in a treasured book. The folktale explains that cows and rats ate the book, so, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fadiman" title="Anne Fadiman">Anne Fadiman</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_Catches_You_and_You_Fall_Down" title="The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down">The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</a></i>, "no text was equal to the task of representing a culture as rich as that of the Hmong." Therefore, the folktale states that the Hmong language was exclusively oral from that point onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> had caused a previous Hmong writing system to die out when it stated that the death penalty would be imposed on those who wrote it down.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithNJp44_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithNJp44-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the end of the 19th century, linguists created over two dozen Hmong writing systems, including systems using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao alphabet">Lao alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>. In addition, in 1959 <a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a>, a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos, created an 81 symbol writing system called <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh</a>. Yang was not previously literate in any language. Chao Fa, an anti-Laotian government Hmong group, uses this writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a> script was created by a Hmong Minister, Reverend Chervang Kong Vang, to be able to capture Hmong vocabulary clearly and also to remedy redundancies in the language as well as address semantic confusions that was lacking in other scripts. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was mainly used by <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Christians_Liberty_Evangelical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Christians Liberty Evangelical (page does not exist)">United Christians Liberty Evangelical</a> Church, a church also founded by Vang, although the script have been found to be in use in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The script bears strong resemblance to the Lao alphabet in structure and form and characters inspired from the Hebrew alphabets, although the characters themselves are different.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other experiments by Hmong and non-Hmong orthographers have been undertaken using invented letters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> (RPA), the most widely used script for Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, was developed in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by three Western missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States Hmong do not use RPA for spelling of proper nouns, because they want their names to be easily pronounced by people unfamiliar with RPA. For instance Hmong in the U.S. spell <i>Hmoob</i> as "Hmong," and <i>Liab Lis</i> is spelled as <a href="/wiki/Lia_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Lia Lee">Lia Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dananshan standard in China is written in a pinyin-based alphabet, with tone letters similar to those used in RPA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence_between_orthographies">Correspondence between orthographies</h3></div> <p>The following is a list of pairs of RPA and Dananshan segments having the same sound (or very similar sounds). Note however that RPA and the standard in China not only differ in orthographic rules, but are also used to write different languages. The list is ordered alphabetically by the RPA, apart from prenasalized stops and voiceless sonorants, which come after their oral and voiced homologues. There are three overriding patterns to the correspondences: RPA doubles a vowel for nasalization, whereas pinyin uses <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>; RPA uses <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> for aspiration, whereas pinyin uses the voicing distinction of the Latin script; pinyin uses <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> (and <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>) to derive the retroflex and uvular series from the dental and velar, whereas RPA uses sequences based on <span class="nowrap">⟨t, x, k⟩</span> vs. <span class="nowrap">⟨r, s, q⟩</span> for the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>RPA</th> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Vietnamese </th> <th>Pahawh </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">a </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖, 𖬗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td colspan="2">ang </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚, 𖬛</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ai </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊, 𖬋</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">au </td> <td>âu </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄, 𖬅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aw</td> <td>– </td> <td>ơư </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎, 𖬏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">e </td> <td>ê </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈, 𖬉</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee</td> <td>eng </td> <td>ênh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀, 𖬁</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td>eu </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">i </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂, 𖬃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ia</td> <td>– </td> <td>iê </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔, 𖬕</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">o </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒, 𖬓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo</td> <td>ong </td> <td>ông </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌, 𖬍</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td>ou </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">u </td> <td>u </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆, 𖬇</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">ua </td> <td>uô </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐, 𖬑</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>i </td> <td>ư </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘, 𖬙</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>RPA</th> <th>Dananshan </th> <th>Vietnamese </th> <th>Pahawh </th></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>j </td> <td>ch </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td colspan="2">q </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nc</td> <td>nj </td> <td>nd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nch</td> <td colspan="2">nq </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>– </td> <td>đ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dh</td> <td>– </td> <td>đh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">dl </td> <td>đr </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dlh</td> <td>tl </td> <td>đl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬴</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ndl</td> <td>– </td> <td>nđr </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ndlh</td> <td>– </td> <td>nđl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">f </td> <td>ph </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">h </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>g </td> <td>c </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>kh</td> <td>k </td> <td>kh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nk</td> <td>ng </td> <td>g </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nkh</td> <td>nk </td> <td>nkh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">l </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">hl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">m </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">hm </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ml</td> <td>– </td> <td>mn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hml</td> <td>– </td> <td>hmn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">n </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">hn </td> <td>hn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td>ngg </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>ny</td> <td>ni </td> <td>nh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hny</td> <td>hni </td> <td>hnh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ph</td> <td>p </td> <td>ph </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>np</td> <td>nb </td> <td>b </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nph</td> <td>np </td> <td>mf </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pl</td> <td>bl </td> <td>pl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plh</td> <td>pl </td> <td>fl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>npl</td> <td>nbl </td> <td>bl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nplh</td> <td>npl </td> <td>mfl </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td>gh </td> <td>k </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>qh</td> <td>kh </td> <td>qh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nq</td> <td>ngh </td> <td>ng </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nqh</td> <td>nkh </td> <td>nkr </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>dr </td> <td>tr </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rh</td> <td>tr </td> <td>rh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nr</td> <td>ndr </td> <td>r </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nrh</td> <td>ntr </td> <td>nr </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>sh </td> <td>s </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>th</td> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nt</td> <td>nd </td> <td>nt </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nth</td> <td>nt </td> <td>nth </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ts</td> <td>zh </td> <td>ts </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsh</td> <td>ch </td> <td>tsh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nts</td> <td>nzh </td> <td>nts </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ntsh</td> <td>nch </td> <td>ntsh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tx</td> <td>z </td> <td>tx </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>txh</td> <td>c </td> <td>cx </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ntx</td> <td>nz </td> <td>nz </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ntxh</td> <td>nc </td> <td>nx </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬵</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">v </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td>w </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td>s </td> <td>x </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>xy</td> <td>x </td> <td>sh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬰</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">y </td> <td>z </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>r </td> <td>j </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬰</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no simple correspondence between the tone letters. The historical connection between the tones is as follows. The Chinese names reflect the tones given to early Chinese loan words with those tones in Chinese. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tone<br />class </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone<br />number </th> <th rowspan="2">Dananshan<br />orthog. </th> <th colspan="2">RPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Vietnamese<br />Hmong </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hmoob </th> <th>Moob </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">平 or A </td> <td>1</td> <td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˦˧</span> </td> <td colspan="2">b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>x <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">上 or B </td> <td>3</td> <td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td colspan="2">v <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˦</span> </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩̤</span></td> <td>s</td> <td>g </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">去 or C </td> <td>5</td> <td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˦</span> </td> <td colspan="3">(unmarked) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩˧̤</span> </td> <td colspan="2">g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˩̤</span> </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">入 or D </td> <td>7</td> <td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td colspan="2">s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩</span> </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>f <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span> </td> <td colspan="2">m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩̰</span> ~ d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span> </td> <td>v ~ k </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tones 4 and 7 merged in Hmoob Dawb, whereas tones 4 and 6 merged in Mong Leeg.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example: <i>lus Hmoob</i> /̤ lṳ˧˩ m̥̥õ˦ / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄧𞄴𞄀𞄄𞄰𞄩</span>‎ / (White Hmong) / <i>lug Moob</i> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄧𞄵𞄀𞄩𞄰</span>‎ / (Mong Leng) / <i>lol Hmongb</i> (Dananshan) / <i>lus Hmôngz</i> (Vietnamese) "Hmong language". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <p>Hmong is an <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> language in which <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> follow the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3></div> <p>Noun phrases can contain the following elements (parentheses indicate optional elements):<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative) </p><p>The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a> and three numbers – singular, dual, and plural. They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is used to translate both "I" and "me", "she" and "her", and so forth. These are the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg: </p> <ol><li>1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA</li> <li>2nd Row: Vietnamese Hmong</li> <li>3rd Row: Pahawh Hmong</li> <li>4th Row: Nyiakeng Puachue</li></ol> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>White Hmong Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number:</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First </th> <td>kuv <p>cur<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>wb <p>ưz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬰𖬮𖬰</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄬𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>peb <p>pêz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄪𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second </th> <td>koj <p>cox<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄨𞄲</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>neb <p>nêz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬬</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>nej <p>nêx<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄲</span>‎ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third </th> <td>nws <p>nưs<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄴</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>nkawd <p>gơưk<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬱𖬢</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄇𞄤𞄶𞄬</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>lawv <p>lơưr<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬞</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄳𞄬</span>‎ </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Green Hmong Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number:</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First </th> <td>kuv <p>cur<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>ib <p>iz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>peb <p>pêz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄪𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second </th> <td>koj <p>cox<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄨𞄲</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>meb <p>mêz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬦</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄪𞄰</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>mej <p>mêx<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬦</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄪𞄲</span>‎ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third </th> <td>nwg <p>nưs<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬶𖬬</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄵</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>ob tug <p>oz tus<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰𞄃𞄧𞄵</span>‎ </p> </td> <td>puab <p>puôz<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄰𞄤</span>‎ </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classifiers">Classifiers</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifiers</a> are one of the features recurrently found in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_linguistic_area" title="Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area">languages of Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnfield201817_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnfield201817-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hmong, the noun does not directly follow a <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numeral</a>, and a classifier or an adjective is required to count objects. Here are examples from Mong Leeg (Green Hmong):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019624–625_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019624–625-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ob</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">CLF</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><p style="display: none;">ob tug dlev</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">two CLF dog</p><p style="clear: left;">'two dogs'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ob</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(tug)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">(𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵)</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">(𞄃𞄧𞄶)</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyuas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬲𖬮𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄧𞄤𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">little</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><p style="display: none;">ob (tug) nyuas dlev</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">(𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬲𖬮𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">(𞄃𞄧𞄶)</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄧𞄤𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">two CLF little dog</p><p style="clear: left;">'two little dogs'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Also, classifiers may occur with a noun without any numerals for <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">specific</a> reference in Hmong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199322–26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisang199322–26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonSohNomoto2011175_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonSohNomoto2011175-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following examples are again from Green Hmong:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019625–626_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019625–626-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1SG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><p style="display: none;">kuv pum dlev</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">1SG see dog</p><p style="clear: left;">'I saw dogs/a dog.' (indefinite and non-specific)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><p style="display: none;">kuv pum tug dlev</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">1SG see CLF dog</p><p style="clear: left;">'I saw the dog.' (definite and specific)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1SG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ib</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">CLF</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><p style="display: none;">kuv pum ib tug dlev</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">1SG see one CLF dog</p><p style="clear: left;">'I saw a (specific) dog.' (indefinite and specific)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1SG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ob</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">CLF</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlev</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hov</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬟</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄨𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">DEM:3</p></div><p style="display: none;">kuv pum ob tug dlev hov</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬭𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬟</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄨𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄝𞄪𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄨𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">1SG see two CLF dog DEM:3</p><p style="clear: left;">'I saw those two dogs.' (definite and specific)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Moreover, nominal possessive phrases are expressed with a classifier;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019622–624_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019622–624-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it may be omitted when the referent of the possessed noun is <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> from the possessor as shown in the following Hmong Daw (White Hmong) phrases:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199327_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisang199327-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nws</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">3SG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rab</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬡</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖𞄤𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">CLF</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ntaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬩𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂𞄤𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sword</p></div><p style="display: none;">nws rab ntaj</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬡</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬩𖬵</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖𞄤𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂𞄤𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">3SG CLF sword</p><p style="clear: left;">'his sword'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1SG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">txiv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬶𖬯𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄦𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father</p></div><p style="display: none;">kuv txiv</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬶𖬯𖬵</span></p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄦𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">1SG father</p><p style="clear: left;">'my father'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relativization</a> is also expressed with classifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199327_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisang199327-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019623_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019623-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although absent in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, definite reference by bare classifier constructions are found in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-dai</a>), which is the case for possessive classifier constructions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2007230–231_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2007230–231-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div> <p>Hmong is an <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a> in which most morphemes are monosyllables. As a result, verbs are not overtly <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> are indicated lexically.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serial_verb_construction">Serial verb construction</h4></div> <p>Hmong verbs can be <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial verb">serialized</a>, with two or more verbs combined in one clause. It is common for as many as five verbs to be strung together, sharing the same subject. </p><p>Here is an example from White Hmong: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬤</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄤𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Thing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zoo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jông</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬥𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄋𞄩</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">best</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tshax</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">very</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">plaws,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">plơưs,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬟𖬵</span>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄬𞄴</span>‎,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">full,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nêx</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">2PL</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yuav</p><p style="margin: 0px;">zuôr</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄤𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">IRR</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tsuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬝𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄧𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">must</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>mus</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>mus</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span></b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nrhiav</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>nriêz</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲𖬨𖬰</span></b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄑𞄄𞄦𞄤𞄳</span>‎</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>seek</b>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nug</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>nuv</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬬</span></b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄧𞄶</span>‎</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>ask</b>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xyuas</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>shuôs</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬲𖬧𖬰</span></b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄛𞄧𞄤𞄴</span>‎</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>examine</b>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>saib</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>saiz</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬤𖬵</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄤𞄦𞄰</span>‎</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>look</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">luag</p><p style="margin: 0px;">luôv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬶𖬞</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄧𞄤𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">others</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">muaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">muôj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬦</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄤𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">have</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kev</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cêr</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄪𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">services</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">paz</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄤𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">variations</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hov</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬟</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄨𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">type</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dab_tsi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">đaz_tsi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬞𖬰</span>_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬝𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄤𞄰</span>‎_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyob</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nhoz</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄨𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.at</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ncig</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ndil</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬲𖬤𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌𞄦𞄶</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">around</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ib</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ib</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cheeb_tsam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">qênhz_tsav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬶𖬧</span>_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬝𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄄𞄫𞄰</span>‎_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄤𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">area</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ntawm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ntơưv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬩𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂𞄤𞄬𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hmn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nej.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nêx.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄲</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">2PL</p></div><p style="display: none;">Yam zoo tshaj plaws, nej yuav tsum <b>mus</b>, <b>nrhiav</b>, <b>nug</b>, <b>xyuas</b>, <b>saib</b> luag muaj kev pab hom dab_tsi nyob ncig ib cheeb_tsam ntawm nej.</p><p style="display: none;">Zav jông tshax plơưs, nêx zuôr tsuv <b>mus</b>, <b>nriêz</b>, <b>nuv</b>, <b>shuôs</b>, <b>saiz</b> luôv muôj cêr paz hov đaz_tsi nhoz ndil ib qênhz_tsav ntơưv nêx.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬤</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬥𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬟𖬵</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬝𖬰</span> <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span></b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲𖬨𖬰</span></b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬬</span></b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬲𖬧𖬰</span></b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬤𖬵</span></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬶𖬞</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬦</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬟</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬞𖬰</span>_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬝𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬲𖬤𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬶𖬧</span>_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬝𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬩𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄤𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄋𞄩</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄬𞄴</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄤𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄧𞄱</span>‎ <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎</b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄑𞄄𞄦𞄤𞄳</span>‎</b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄧𞄶</span>‎</b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄛𞄧𞄤𞄴</span>‎</b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄤𞄦𞄰</span>‎</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄧𞄤𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄤𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄪𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄤𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄨𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄤𞄰</span>‎_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄨𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌𞄦𞄶</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄄𞄫𞄰</span>‎_<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄤𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄂𞄤𞄬𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄪𞄲</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">Thing best very full, 2PL IRR must <b>go</b>, <b>seek</b>, <b>ask</b>, <b>examine</b>, <b>look</b> others have services variations type what be.at around one area at 2PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'The best thing you can do is to explore your neighborhood and find out what services are available.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense">Tense</h4></div> <p>Because the verb form in Hmong does not change to indicate tense, the simplest way to indicate the time of an event is to use temporal adverb phrases like "last year," "today," or "next week." </p><p>Here is an example from White Hmong: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nag hmo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Nav hmo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬶𖬬 𖬓𖬰𖬣𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄤𞄵 𞄀𞄄𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cur</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tov</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄨𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khw.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">khư.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬰𖬩𖬰</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄄𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">market</p></div><p style="display: none;">{Nag hmo} kuv mus tom khw.</p><p style="display: none;">{Nav hmo} cur mus tov khư.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬶𖬬 𖬓𖬰𖬣𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬰𖬩𖬰</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄤𞄵 𞄀𞄄𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄨𞄱</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄄𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">yesterday I go LOC market</p><p style="clear: left;">'I went to the market yesterday.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspect">Aspect</h4></div> <p>Aspectual differences are indicated by a number of verbal modifiers. Here are the most common ones: </p><p><b>Progressive</b>: (Mong Leeg) <i>taab tom</i> + verb, (White Hmong) <i>tab tom</i> + verb = situation in progress </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Puab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Puôz</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄰𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taab tom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tangz tov</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄥𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄨𞄱</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hâus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬰𖬟</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄤𞄴𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">drink</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlej.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">đrêx</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬭</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄪𞄲</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(Mong Leeg)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Puab {taab tom} haus dlej.</p><p style="display: none;">Puôz {tangz tov} hâus đrêx</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵</span> {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬧𖬵</span>} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬰𖬟</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬭</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄧𞄰𞄤</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄥𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄨𞄱</span>‎} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄤𞄴𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄪𞄲</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">they PROG drink water</p><p style="clear: left;">'They are drinking water.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Taab/tab tom</i> + verb can also be used to indicate a situation that is about to start. That is clearest when <i>taab/tab</i> tom occurs in conjunction with the irrealis marker <i>yuav</i>. Note that the <i>taab tom</i> construction is not used if it is clear from the context that a situation is ongoing or about to begin. </p><p><b>Perfective</b>: sentence/clause + <i>lawm</i> = completed situation </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cur</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nox</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mov</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mor</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬦</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄨𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rice</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawm.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lơưv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(Leeg and White Hmong)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Kuv noj mov lawm.</p><p style="display: none;">Cur nox mor lơưv</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬦</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄨𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">I eat rice PERF</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am finished/I am done eating rice.' / 'I have already eaten "rice".'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Lawm</i> at the end of a sentence can also indicate that an action is underway: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tub</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rab</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬡</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖𞄤𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hneev,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬲𖬩</span>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄄𞄳𞄫</span>‎,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">crossbow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nws</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thiaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬶𖬟𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄲𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ua si</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬮𖬰 𖬃𖬤𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄧𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">play</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawm.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(White Hmong)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Tus tub tau rab hneev, nws thiaj mus {ua si} lawm.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬡</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬲𖬩</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬶𖬟𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬮𖬰 𖬃𖬤𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄖𞄤𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄄𞄳𞄫</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄬𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄲𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄧𞄴</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄧𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄦</span>‎} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">CLF boy get CLF crossbow he then go play PFV</p><p style="clear: left;">'The boy got the crossbow and went off to play.' / 'The boy went off to play because he got the bow.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Another common way to indicate the accomplishment of an action or attainment is by using <i>tau</i>, which, as a main verb, means 'to get/obtain.' It takes on different connotations when it is combined with other verbs. When it occurs before the main verb (i.e. <i>tau</i> + verb), it conveys the attainment or fulfillment of a situation. Whether the situation took place in the past, the present, or the future is indicated at the discourse level rather than the sentence level. If the event took place in the past, <i>tau</i> + verb translates to the past tense in English. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lawv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬞</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄳𞄬</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">attain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nqaij</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬶𖬬𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄙𞄤𞄲𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyug.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬮𖬵</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄧𞄵</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beef</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(White Hmong)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Lawv tau noj nqaij nyug.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬞</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬶𖬬𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲𖬮𖬵</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄳𞄬</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄙𞄤𞄲𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄐𞄧𞄵</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">they attain eat meat beef</p><p style="clear: left;">'They ate beef.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Tau</i> is optional if an explicit past time marker is present (e.g. <i>nag hmo</i>, last night). <i>Tau</i> can also mark the fulfillment of a situation in the future: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Thaum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬟𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄤𞄱𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">when</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">txog</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬯𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄨𞄵</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peb</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄪𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">New</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">caug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬲𖬯</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄤𞄵𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Year</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawm</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sawv daws</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬤𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬞𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄤𞄳𞄬</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄤𞄴𞄬</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">everybody</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thiaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬶𖬟𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄲𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">attain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hnav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬩</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄄𞄳𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wear</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khaub ncaws</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬩𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬤𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌𞄤𞄴𞄬</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clothes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshiab.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬪𖬰</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄦𞄰𞄤</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">new</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(White Hmong)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Thaum txog peb caug lawm {sawv daws} thiaj tau hnav {khaub ncaws} tshiab.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬟𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬯𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬲𖬯</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰𖬞</span> {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬤𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬞𖬰</span>} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬶𖬟𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬩</span> {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬩𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰𖬤𖬰</span>} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬪𖬰</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄤𞄱𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄨𞄵</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄪𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄤𞄵𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄤𞄱𞄬</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄊𞄤𞄳𞄬</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄏𞄤𞄴𞄬</span>‎} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄲𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄄𞄳𞄤</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄌𞄤𞄴𞄬</span>‎} <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄦𞄰𞄤</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">when arrive New Year PFV everybody then attain wear clothes new</p><p style="clear: left;">'So when the New Year arrives, everybody gets to wear new clothes.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>When <i>tau</i> follows the main verb (i.e. verb + <i>tau</i>), it indicates the accomplishment of the purpose of an action. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xaav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">think</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xaav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">think</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ib plag,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬶𖬟𖬵</span>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄵</span>‎,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">awhile,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xaav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">think</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tswv yim.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬝𖬰 𖬂𖬤</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄬𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄦𞄱</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">idea</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(Mong Leeg)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Kuv xaav xaav {ib plag}, kuv xaav tau {tswv yim}.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span> {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬶𖬟𖬵</span>}, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬮</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬝𖬰 𖬂𖬤</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄦𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄵</span>‎}, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄆𞄥𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄤𞄨</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄬𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄦𞄱</span>‎}.</p><p style="display: none;">I think think awhile, I think get idea</p><p style="clear: left;">'I thought it over and got an idea.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Tau</i> is also common in serial verb constructions that are made up of a verb, followed by an accomplishment: (White Hmong) <i>nrhiav tau</i>, to look for; <i>caum tau</i>, to chase; <i>yug tau</i>, to give birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood">Mood</h4></div> <p>The grammatical marker <span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">yuav</i></span> is analyzed by some scholars as a future tense marker<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMottin1978_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMottin1978-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaisser1984_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaisser1984-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it appears preceding a verb: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_21" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Kuv_yuav_moog.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kuv_yuav_moog.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Kuv_yuav_moog.wav/Kuv_yuav_moog.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Kuv_yuav_moog.wav/Kuv_yuav_moog.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Kuv_yuav_moog.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Kuv yuav moog.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yuav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moog.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬶𖬦</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄩𞄵</span>‎.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(Mong Leeg)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Kuv yuav moog.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬶𖬦</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄀𞄩𞄵</span>‎.</p><p style="clear: left;">'I will be going.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="White Hmong-language text"><i lang="mww">Yuav</i></span> can also be analyzed as a marker of <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis mood</a>, for situations that are unfulfilled or unrealized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201480–81_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201480–81-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That includes hypothetical or non-occurring situations with past, present, or future time references: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tsov</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬝𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄨𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tiger</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hais tias,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋𖬰𖬟</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕𖬰𖬧𖬵</span>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄤𞄴𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄦𞄴𞄤</span>‎,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">"Kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshaib</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬪𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hungry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshaib</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬪𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hungry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">plab</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬟𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄰</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stomach</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yuav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koj".</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span>."</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄨𞄲</span>‎".</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(from a White Hmong folk tale)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Tus Tsov {hais tias}, "Kuv tshaib tshaib plab li kuv yuav noj koj".</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬝𖬰</span> {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋𖬰𖬟</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕𖬰𖬧𖬵</span>}, "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬪𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰𖬪𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲𖬟𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span>."</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄨𞄳</span>‎ {<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄄𞄤𞄴𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄦𞄴𞄤</span>‎}, "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄡𞄤𞄰</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄧𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄅𞄨𞄲</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄎𞄨𞄲</span>‎".</p><p style="display: none;">CLF Tiger say, I hungry hungry stomach INT I IRR eat you</p><p style="clear: left;">'The Tiger said, "I'm very hungry and I'm going to eat you.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Qav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬦𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄗𞄤𞄳</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Frog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsis</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬰𖬝𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄦𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paub</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄤𞄰𞄨</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yuav</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ua</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬮𖬰</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄧𞄤</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬲𖬯</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄤𞄴</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tus Qav tsis paub yuav ua li cas li.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬦𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬰𖬝𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬪𖬵</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬤</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬮𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬲𖬯</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬞</span>.</p><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄃𞄧𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄗𞄤𞄳</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄁𞄦𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄚𞄤𞄰𞄨</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄧𞄤</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄈𞄤𞄴</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄉𞄦</span>‎.</p><p style="display: none;">CLF Frog NEG know IRR do {} what INT</p><p style="clear: left;">'The frog didn't know what to do.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <p>Hmong vocabulary comes from several sources: native Hmongic words, Chinese borrowings, and Tibeto-Burman borrowings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatliff2010242_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatliff2010242-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as additional borrowings from the national languages where Hmong communities live outside China, including borrowings from Thai/Lao and English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2021164_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2021164-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domains">Domains</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colors">Colors</h4></div> <p>Many Hmong and non-Hmong people who are learning the Hmong language tend to use the word "<i>Xim</i>" (Thai/Lao word) to indicate a specific color, while the true Hmong word for color is "<i>Kob</i>". For example, "<i>Liab yog xim ntawm kev phom sij</i>;" meaning "<i>Red is the color of danger / The red color is of danger</i>"<i>.</i> </p><p><b>List of colors:</b> </p> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (0° 100% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 0 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FF0000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,0,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬞</span> Liab [red]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (120° 100% 50%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 128 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #008000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,128,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬝</span> Ntsuab [green]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (288° 100% 77%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (159 0 197)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #9F00C5" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(159,0,197); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬝𖬰 𖬈𖬮</span> Tsam xem [purple]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (— 0% 0%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 0 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #000000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,0,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰𖬞𖬰</span> Dub [black]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (240° 100% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 0 255)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #0000FF" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,0,255); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲𖬮</span> Xiav [blue]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (— 0% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 255 255)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFFFFF" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,255,255); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬞𖬰</span> Dawb [white]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (30° 100% 59%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (150 75 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #964B00" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(150,75,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬮𖬰 / 𖬗𖬲 𖬉𖬲𖬜𖬵</span> Av / Kas fes [brown]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (53° 99% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 227 2)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFE302" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,227,2); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬞𖬰</span> Daj [yellow]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (0° 0% 75%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (190 190 190)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #BEBEBE" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(190,190,190); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬰𖬦𖬰</span> Txho [grey]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (38.8°° 100% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 165 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFA500" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,165,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲 𖬙𖬢𖬰</span> Kab ntxwv [orange]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (349.5°° 24.7% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 192 203)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFC0CB" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,192,203); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬀𖬶𖬤</span> Paj yeeb [pink]</p> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbers">Numbers</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numeral</th> <th>Hmong Numeral</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA</th> <th>Hmong Loanwords</th> <th>Pahawh Symbols </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬲𖬢𖬰</span></td> <td>Ntxaiv</td> <td>Xoom (Thai/Lao word)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2021166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2021166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭐</span> (Ones) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭒</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Ob</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭓</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Peb</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭔</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬟𖬵</span></td> <td>Plaub</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬝𖬰</span></td> <td>Tsib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>6</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭖</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span></td> <td>Rau</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>7</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭗</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰</span></td> <td>Xya</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭘</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬤</span></td> <td>Yim</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>9</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭙</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬯</span></td> <td>Cuaj</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄</span></td> <td>Kaum</td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭛</span> (Tens) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>11</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Kaum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>20</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭒𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁𖬰𖬬 𖬄𖬢</span></td> <td>Nees nkaum</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>21</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭒𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁𖬰𖬬 𖬄𖬢 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Nees nkaum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>30</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭓𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬅𖬲𖬯</span></td> <td>Peb caug</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>31</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭓𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬅𖬲𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Peb caug ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>40</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭔𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬟𖬵 𖬅𖬲𖬯</span></td> <td>Plaub caug</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>41</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭔𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬟𖬵 𖬅𖬲𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Plaub caug ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>50</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬝𖬰 𖬅𖬲𖬯</span></td> <td>Tsib caug</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>51</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬝𖬰 𖬅𖬲𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Tsib caug ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>60</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭖𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡 𖬄𖬯</span></td> <td>Rau caum</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>61</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭖𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡 𖬄𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Rau caum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>70</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭗𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 𖬄𖬯</span></td> <td>Xya caum</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>71</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭗𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 𖬄𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Xya caum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>80</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭘𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬤 𖬄𖬯</span></td> <td>Yim caum</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>81</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭘𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬤 𖬄𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Yim caum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>90</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭙𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬯 𖬄𖬯</span></td> <td>Cuaj caum</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>91</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭙𖭑</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬯 𖬄𖬯 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Cuaj caum ib</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬑𖬲𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Ib puas</td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭜</span> (Hundreds) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬔𖬦𖬰</span></td> <td>Ib txhiab</td> <td>Ib phav (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭜𖭐</span> (Thousands) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄 𖬔𖬦𖬰</span></td> <td>Kaum txhiab</td> <td>Kaum phav (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭝</span> (Ten thousand) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬑𖬲𖬪𖬵 𖬔𖬦𖬰</span></td> <td>Ib puas txhiab</td> <td>Ib puas phav (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭝𖭐</span> (Hundred Thousands) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬌𖬡</span></td> <td>Ib roob</td> <td>Ib lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭞</span> (Millions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄 𖬌𖬡</span></td> <td>Kaum roob</td> <td>Kaum lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭞𖭐</span> (Ten Millions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬑𖬲𖬪𖬵 𖬌𖬡</span></td> <td>Ib puas roob</td> <td>Ib puas lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭟</span> (Hundred Millions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬈</span></td> <td>Ib kem</td> <td>Ib phav lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭟𖭐</span> (Billions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10,000,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄 𖬈</span></td> <td>Kaum kem</td> <td>Kaum phav lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭠</span> (Ten Billions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100,000,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬑𖬲𖬪𖬵 𖬈</span></td> <td>Ib puas kem</td> <td>Ib puas phav lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭠𖭐</span> (Hundred Billions) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000,000,000,000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐,𖭐𖭐𖭐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬗𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Ib tas</td> <td>Ib lab lab (Thai/Lao word)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭡</span> (Trillions) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The number 57023 would be written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕𖭗𖭐𖭒𖭓</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Days_of_the_Week">Days of the Week</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Days</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA</th> <th>Hmong Loanwords </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Sunday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬆𖬰𖬩</span></td> <td>Zwj hnub</td> <td>Vas thiv (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Monday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬃𖬥</span></td> <td>Zwj hli</td> <td>Vas cas (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Tuesday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬑𖬶𖬦𖬵</span></td> <td>Zwj quag</td> <td>Vas as qhas (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Wednesday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬜𖬵</span></td> <td>Zwj feeb</td> <td>Vas phuv (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Thursday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Zwj teeb</td> <td>Vas phab hav (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Friday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬐𖬶</span></td> <td>Zwj kuab</td> <td>Vas xuv (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Saturday</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬗𖬶𖬯</span></td> <td>Zwj cag</td> <td>Vas xom ~ Vas xaum<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Thai/Lao word) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A sentence like, "<i>Today is Monday</i>" would be translated as "<i>Hnub no yog zwj hli</i>", and not "<i>Hnub no yog hnub ib/Monday</i>" in Hmong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Months_of_the_Year">Months of the Year</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Months</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong (Formal)</th> <th>Hmong RPA</th> <th>Informal </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>January</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬰𖬤 𖬀𖬶𖬯</span></td> <td>Yeej ceeb</td> <td>[Lub] Ib hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>February</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬮</span></td> <td>Kub xeeb</td> <td>[Lub] Ob hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>March</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬤 𖬔𖬲</span></td> <td>Yaj kiav</td> <td>[Lub] Peb hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>April</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀 𖬒𖬯</span></td> <td>Keem com</td> <td>[Lub] Plaub hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>May</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰 𖬆𖬶𖬬</span></td> <td>Kub nuj</td> <td>[Lub] Tsib hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>June</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶𖬧𖬵 𖬔𖬶𖬞</span></td> <td>Tov liaj</td> <td>[Lub] Rau hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>July</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬟 𖬀𖬶𖬮</span></td> <td>Huaj xeeb</td> <td>[Lub] Xya hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>August</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬶𖬯 𖬑𖬯</span></td> <td>Ceeb cua</td> <td>[Lub] Yim hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>September</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬝𖬰 𖬆𖬰 𖬀𖬰𖬞</span></td> <td>Tsiab kub leej</td> <td>[Lub] Cuaj hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>October</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬪𖬵 𖬋𖬰𖬪𖬰</span></td> <td>Peem tshais</td> <td>[Lub] Kaum hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>November</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬲𖬞 𖬀𖬲 𖬀𖬦𖬰</span></td> <td>Looj keev txheem</td> <td>[Lub] Kaum ib hlis </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>December</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬶𖬨𖬵 𖬎𖬯</span></td> <td>Npuag cawb</td> <td>[Lub] Kaum ob hlis </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_usage">Worldwide usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presence_in_Community_and_Education">Presence in Community and Education</h3></div> <p>The Hmong language has found a significant presence in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. The Hmong people first arrived in Minnesota in late 1975 following the communist seizure of power in Indochina. Many educated Hmong elites with leadership experience and English-language skills were among the first to be welcomed by Minnesotans. These elites worked to solidify the social services targeted to refugees, attracting others to migrate to the region. The first Hmong family arrived in Minnesota on 5 November 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-MNopedia_a771_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNopedia_a771-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hmong language program in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> is one of the first programs in the United States to teach language-accredited Hmong classes.<sup id="cite_ref-College_of_Liberal_Arts_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_of_Liberal_Arts-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3></div> <p>In February 2012, Microsoft released "Hmong Daw" as an option in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Bing Translator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> introduced support for Hmong Daw (referred to only as <i>Hmong</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in nursing shows that when translating from English to Hmong, the translator must take into account that Hmong comes from an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> and equivalent concepts may not exist. For example, the word and concept for "prostate" does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2></div><p> Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Hmong:</p><blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><p><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬦𖬰 𖬇𖬰𖬧𖬵 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬇𖬲𖬤 𖬓𖬲𖬞 𖬐𖬰𖬦 𖬉 𖬘𖬲𖬤 𖬀𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬂𖬲𖬤𖬵 𖬅𖬲𖬨𖬵 𖬓𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬄𖬲𖬟 𖬒𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬋𖬯. 𖬎𖬶𖬞 𖬖𖬰𖬮 𖬓𖬜𖬰 𖬆𖬰𖬞 𖬖𖬞𖬰 𖬎𖬲𖬟𖬰 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬆𖬰𖬞 𖬔𖬤𖬵 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬂𖬮𖬰 𖬁𖬲𖬞 𖬐𖬲𖬤 𖬆𖬝𖬰 𖬒𖬲𖬯 𖬅𖬮𖬰 𖬉𖬰 𖬎𖬰𖬩𖬵 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬁𖬲𖬞 𖬎𖬰𖬩𖬵 𖬒𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬉 𖬅𖬮𖬰 𖬙 𖬂𖬰𖬧𖬵.</span></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234443428"><p><span class="script-Hmnp" style="font-size: 100%;">𞄔𞄄𞄧𞄤𞄃𞄧𞄴𞄅𞄫𞄵𞄘𞄧𞄵𞄉𞄨𞄴 𞄀𞄧𞄲𞄤𞄎𞄪𞄳𞄘𞄬𞄲𞄚𞄄𞄲𞄫𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄰𞄤 𞄊𞄦𞄰𞄜𞄤𞄵𞄨𞄋𞄨𞄴 𞄄𞄤𞄳𞄨𞄔𞄨𞄲𞄈𞄤𞄦. 𞄉𞄤𞄳𞄬𞄆𞄤𞄲 𞄑𞄨𞄵𞄉𞄧𞄰𞄉𞄤𞄲𞄃𞄄𞄤𞄲𞄬 𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄰𞄤𞄉𞄧𞄰𞄊𞄦𞄰𞄤𞄃𞄄𞄦𞄰𞄤 𞄦𞄰𞄉𞄫𞄵𞄘𞄧𞄳𞄤𞄁𞄧𞄱𞄈𞄨𞄲 𞄧𞄤 𞄎𞄪𞄂𞄤𞄱𞄬𞄦𞄰𞄉𞄫𞄵𞄂𞄤𞄱𞄬𞄔𞄨𞄲𞄎𞄪𞄧𞄳 𞄧𞄤𞄎𞄬𞄳𞄃𞄦𞄲.</span>‎</p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Hmong RPA</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Txhua tus neeg yug los muaj kev ywj pheej thiab sib npaug zos hauv txoj cai. Lawv xaj nrog lub laj thawj thiab lub siab thiab ib leeg yuav tsum coj ua ke ntawm ib leeg ntawm txoj kev ua kwv tij.</p></blockquote><p>Vietnamese Hmong:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Cxuô tus nênhl zul los muôx cêr zưx fênhx thiêz siz npâul jôs hâur txox chai. Lơưr xax ndol luz lax thơưx thiêz luz siêz thiêz iz lênhl zuôr tsuv chox uô cê ntơưv iz lênhl ntơưv txôx cêr uô cưr tiz.</p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong IPA</a>:</p><blockquote><p>tsʰuə˧ tu˩ neŋ˧˩̤ ʝu˧˩̤ lɒ˩ muə˥˧ ke˧˧˦ ʝɨ˥˧ pʰeŋ˥˧ tʰiə˦ ʂi˦ ᵐbau˧˩̤ ʐɒ˩ hau˧˦ tsɒ˥˧ cai˧. Laɨ˧˦ sa˥˧ ᶯɖɒ˧˩̤ lu˦ la˥˧ tʰaɨ˥˧ tʰiə˦ lu˦ ʂiə˦ tʰiə˦ i˦ leŋ˧˩̤ ʝuə˧˦ tʂu˩̰ cɒ˥˧ uə˧ ke˧ ⁿdaɨ˩̰ i˦ leŋ˧˩̤ ⁿdaɨ˩̰ tsɒ˥˧ ke˧˧˦ uə˧ kɨ˧˦ ti˥˧.</p></blockquote><p>English:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p></blockquote></blockquote><p> Sample text in Hmong RPA, Pahawh Hmong, and Hmong IPA:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Hmong RPA:</p><blockquote><p>Hmoob yog ib nywj keeb neeg uas yeej nrog ntiaj teb neeg tib txhij tshwm sim los. Niaj hnoob tam sim no tseem muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv ntiaj teb, xws: es xias, yus lauv, auv tas lias, thiab as mes lis kas. Hom neeg Hmoob no yog thooj li cov neeg nyob sab es xias. Tab sis nws muaj nws puav pheej teej tug, moj kuab, txuj ci, mooj kav moj coj, thiab txheeb meem mooj meej kheej ib yam nkaus li lwm haiv neeg. Hmoob yog ib hom neeg uas nyiam txoj kev ncaj ncees, nyiam kev ywj pheej, nyiam phooj ywg, muaj kev cam hwm, muaj txoj kev sib hlub, sib pab thiab sib tshua heev.</p></blockquote><p>Pahawh Hmong:</p><blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><p><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬣𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬘𖬲𖬮𖬵 𖬀𖬶 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬑𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬀𖬰𖬤 𖬓𖬜𖬰 𖬔𖬶𖬩𖬵 𖬈𖬰𖬧𖬵 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬂𖬲𖬧𖬵 𖬂𖬰𖬦𖬰 𖬘𖬪𖬰 𖬂𖬤𖬵 𖬓𖬲𖬞. 𖬔𖬶𖬬 𖬌𖬩 𖬖𖬧𖬵 𖬂𖬤𖬵 𖬓𖬰𖬬 𖬓𖬲𖬞 𖬀𖬝𖬰 𖬐𖬰𖬦 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬵 𖬌𖬟𖬰 𖬏𖬰𖬟𖬵 𖬄𖬲𖬟 𖬔𖬶𖬩𖬵 𖬈𖬰𖬧𖬵, 𖬙𖬲𖬮 𖬃𖬞: 𖬉𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬕𖬰𖬮, 𖬇𖬰𖬤 𖬄𖬲𖬞, 𖬄𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬗𖬲𖬧𖬵 𖬕𖬰𖬞, 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬗𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬉𖬲𖬦 𖬃𖬰𖬞 𖬗𖬲. 𖬒𖬟 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬌𖬣𖬵 𖬓𖬰𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬲𖬟𖬰 𖬃𖬞 𖬒𖬶𖬯 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬵 𖬖𖬲𖬤𖬵 𖬉𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬕𖬰𖬮. 𖬖𖬲𖬧𖬵 𖬃𖬰𖬤𖬵 𖬙𖬲𖬬 𖬐𖬰𖬦 𖬙𖬲𖬬 𖬐𖬲𖬪𖬵 𖬀𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬀𖬰𖬧𖬵 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵, 𖬒𖬲𖬦 𖬐𖬶, 𖬆𖬶𖬯𖬵 𖬃𖬯, 𖬌𖬲𖬦 𖬗 𖬒𖬲𖬦 𖬒𖬲𖬯, 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬦𖬰 𖬀𖬦 𖬌𖬲𖬦 𖬀𖬰𖬦 𖬀𖬰𖬩𖬰 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬖𖬤 𖬅𖬰𖬢 𖬃𖬞 𖬘𖬞 𖬊𖬲𖬟 𖬁𖬲𖬬. 𖬌𖬣𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬒𖬟 𖬁𖬲𖬬 𖬑𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬔𖬰𖬮𖬵 𖬒𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬉 𖬖𖬰𖬤𖬰 𖬁𖬰𖬤𖬰, 𖬔𖬰𖬮𖬵 𖬉 𖬘𖬲𖬤 𖬀𖬰𖬝𖬵, 𖬔𖬰𖬮𖬵 𖬌𖬲𖬝𖬵 𖬙𖬶𖬤, 𖬐𖬰𖬦 𖬉 𖬖𖬯 𖬘𖬟, 𖬐𖬰𖬦 𖬒𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬉 𖬂𖬲𖬤𖬵 𖬆𖬰𖬥, 𖬂𖬲𖬤𖬵 𖬖𖬲𖬪𖬵 𖬔𖬟𖬰 𖬂𖬲𖬤𖬵 𖬑𖬪𖬰 𖬀𖬲𖬟.</span></p></blockquote><p> Hmong IPA:</p><blockquote><p>mɒŋ˦ ʝɒ˧˩̤ i˦ ɲɨ˥˧ keŋ˦ neŋ˧˩̤ uə˩ ʝeŋ˥˧ ᶯɖɒ˧˩̤ ⁿdiə˥˧ te˦ neŋ˧˩̤ ti˦ tsʰi˥˧ tʂʰɨ˩̰ ʂi˩̰ lɒ˩. Niə˥˧ n̥ɒŋ˦ ta˩̰ ʂi˩̰ nɒ˧ tʂeŋ˩̰ muə˥˧ ɲɒ˦ tʰɒŋ˦ pˡaɨ˩ hau˧˦ ⁿdiə˥˧ te˦, sɨ˩: e˩ siə˩, ʝu˩ lau˧˦, au˧˦ ta˩ li˧ə˩, tʰiə˦ a˩ me˩ li˧˩ ka˩. Hɒ˩̰ neŋ˧˩̤ M̥ɒŋ˦ nɒ˧ ʝɒ˧˩̤ tʰɒŋ˥˧ li˧ cɒ˧˦ neŋ˧˩̤ ɲɒ˦ ʂa˦ e˩ siə˩. Ta˦ ʂi˩ nɨ˩ muə˥˧ nɨ˩ puə˧˦ pʰeŋ˥˧ teŋ˥˧ tu˧˩̤, mɒ˥˧ kuə˦, tsu˥˧ ci˧, mɒŋ˥˧ ka˧˦ mɒ˥˧ cɒ˥˧, tʰiə˦ tsʰeŋ˦ meŋ˩̰ mɒŋ˥˧ meŋ˥˧ kʰeŋ˥˧ i˦ ʝa˩̰ ᵑɡau˩ li˧ lɨ˩̰ hai˧˦ neŋ˧˩̤. M̥ɒŋ˦ ʝɒ˧˩̤ i˦ Hɒ˩̰ neŋ˧˩̤ uə˩ ɲiə˩̰ tsɒ˥˧ ke˧˦ ᶮɟa˥˧ ᶮɟeŋ˩, ɲiə˩̰ ke˧˦ ʝɨ˥˧ pʰeŋ˥˧, ɲiə˩̰ pʰɒŋ˥˧ ʝɨ˧˩̤, muə˥˧ ke˧˦ ca˩̰ hɨ˩̰, muə˥˧ tsɒ˥˧ ke˧˦ ʂi˦ l̥u˦, ʂi˦ pa˦ tʰiə˦ ʂi˦ tʂʰuə˧ heŋ˧˦.</p></blockquote></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino" title="Gran Torino">Gran Torino</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> features a large <a href="/wiki/Hmong_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong American">American Hmong</a> speaking cast.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The screenplay was written in English and the actors improvised the Hmong parts of the script. The decision to cast Hmong actors received a positive reception in Hmong communities.<sup id="cite_ref-OBrienSchein_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrienSchein-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film also gained recognition and collected awards such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute_Awards_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="American Film Institute Awards 2008">Ten Best Films of 2008</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> and a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards" title="César Awards">César Award</a> in France for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film" title="César Award for Best Foreign Film">Best Foreign Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div> <p>The following films feature the Hmong language: </p> <ul><li>2008 – "<a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino" title="Gran Torino">Gran Torino</a>". Directed by Clint Eastwood; produced by Clint Eastwood, Bill Gerber, Robert Lorenz. The story follows Walt Kowalski, a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, Thao Vang Lor, is pressured by his cousin into trying to steal Walt's prized 1972 Ford Torino for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.</li> <li>2011 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1986783/?ref_=kw_li_tt">"Bittersweet Tears (Kua Muag Iab)"</a>. Directors by Kelly Vang & Mandy Xiong; Writer: Kelly Vang. Bittersweet Tears is a romantic comedy about a vengeful and bittersweet love between Gaomao (Jenny Lor) and Vong (Beng Hang). Vong is the only son of Chong Yee (Billy Yang). Having lost everything Gaomao swears vengeance on Chong Yee, the man whom she claims to be responsible for her loss. Will Gaomao be able to overcome her own heart and take her revenge?</li> <li>2016 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5932546/?ref_=kw_li_tt">"1985"</a>. Director and writer by Kang Vang. When an adventurous Hmong teen discovers a secret map to a mythical dragon, he and his three best friends decide to go on a quest that leads them on a journey filled with danger, excitement, and self-discovery.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_PopulationEthnologue"><sup>a</sup></span> Ethnologue uses the term "Hmong" as a "macrolanguage", i.e., along the lines of the Chinese 苗语 <i>Miáoyǔ</i> "Miao language", to handle the fact that some mainland Chinese academic sources lump many individual languages together into single "language" categories, while international sources almost universally keep these languages distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the current article is focused on the Hmong language proper as found in international published sources, the population figure here reflects this. Ethnologue (17th edition) lists the population of the larger macrolanguage at 8.1 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarkey201511-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarkey201511_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarkey2015">Jarkey 2015</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRatliff1992" class="citation book cs1">Ratliff, Martha (1992). <i>Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive Phrases in White Hmong</i>. Dekalb, Illinois: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaningful+Tone%3A+A+Study+of+Tonal+Morphology+in+Compounds%2C+Form+Classes%2C+and+Expressive+Phrases+in+White+Hmong&rft.place=Dekalb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Center+for+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Northern+Illinois+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ratliff&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarkey_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jarkey_2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarkey2015" class="citation book cs1">Jarkey, Nerida (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glTFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Serial Verbs in White Hmong</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29239-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29239-0"><bdi>978-90-04-29239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serial+Verbs+in+White+Hmong&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29239-0&rft.aulast=Jarkey&rft.aufirst=Nerida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglTFCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_M._HoeffelSonya_RastogiMyoung_Ouk_KimHasan_Shahid2012" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Sonya Rastogi; Myoung Ouk Kim; Hasan Shahid (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf">"The Asian Population: 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2010 Census Briefs</i>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+Census+Briefs&rft.atitle=The+Asian+Population%3A+2010&rft.date=2012-03&rft.au=Elizabeth+M.+Hoeffel&rft.au=Sonya+Rastogi&rft.au=Myoung+Ouk+Kim&rft.au=Hasan+Shahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not of Chinese Miao as a whole for which the standard language is based on <a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2007-188">"2007-188 - ISO 639-3"</a>. <i>www.sil.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sil.org&rft.atitle=2007-188+-+ISO+639-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fchg_detail.asp%3Fid%3D2007-188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chap2Overview-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chap2Overview_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/ethnographicguides/hmong/chapters/chapter2.pdf">Chapter 2. Overview of Lao Hmong Culture</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418014450/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/ethnographicguides/hmong/chapters/chapter2.pdf">Archive</a>) <i>Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: Hmong Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. p. 14. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note however that "Black Miao" is more commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2007-188_cqd.pdf">"ISO 639-3 New Code Request"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+639-3+New+Code+Request&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fcr_files%2F2007-188_cqd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolstonPhong_Yang2001" class="citation book cs1">Golston, Chris; Phong Yang (2001). "Hmong loanword phonology". In C. Féry; A. D. Green; R. van de Vijver (eds.). <i>Proceedings of HILP 5</i> (Linguistics in Potsdam 12 ed.). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. pp. 40–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935024-27-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-935024-27-4"><bdi>3-935024-27-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hmong+loanword+phonology&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+HILP+5&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.pages=40-57&rft.edition=Linguistics+in+Potsdam+12&rft.pub=University+of+Potsdam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-935024-27-4&rft.aulast=Golston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phong+Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~chrisg/index_files/Golston%26Yang.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smalley, William et al. Mother of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. p. 48-51. See also: Mortensen, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~drm31/mong_leng_phonology.pdf">“Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Mong Njua) Phonology”</a> Unpublished, UC Berkeley. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029161008/http://www.pitt.edu/~drm31/mong_leng_phonology.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王辅世主编，《苗语简志》，民族出版社，1985年。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmongdictionary.com/vowel.php">"Hmong Dictionary - Dictionary Hmong"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hmong+Dictionary+-+Dictionary+Hmong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmongdictionary.com%2Fvowel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020216-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020216_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2020">White 2020</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even the landmark book <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages">The Sounds of the World's Languages</a> specifically describes lateral release as involving a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> consonant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020220-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020220_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2020">White 2020</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020214-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020214_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2020">White 2020</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong–English Dictionary [White Meo-English Dictionary]. 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson" class="citation web cs1">Robson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170525-the-people-who-speak-in-whistles">"The beautiful languages of the people who talk like birds"</a>. <i>BBC Future</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Future&rft.atitle=The+beautiful+languages+of+the+people+who+talk+like+birds&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20170525-the-people-who-speak-in-whistles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman291-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fadiman" title="Anne Fadiman">Fadiman, Anne</a> (1998). <i>The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52564-4"><bdi>978-0-374-52564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spirit+catches+you+and+you+fall+down%3A+a+Hmong+child%2C+her+American+doctors%2C+and+the+collision+of+two+cultures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52564-4&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithNJp44-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithNJp44_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, 2001. p. 225. UMI Number: 3024065. Cites: Hamilton-Merritt, 1993 and Faderman [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17002r3-n4780r3-nyiakeng-puachue-hmong.pdf">"L2/17-002R3: Proposal to encode the Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F17-002R3%3A+Proposal+to+encode+the+Nyiakeng+Puachue+Hmong+script+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17002r3-n4780r3-nyiakeng-puachue-hmong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hmonglanguage.net">http://www.hmonglanguage.net</a> Hmong Language online encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortensen (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatliff1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ratliff, Martha (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218232210/http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/27:317-328.pdf">"Hmong–Mien demonstratives and pattern persistence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>27</b>: 317–328. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/27%3A317-328.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Hmong%E2%80%93Mien+demonstratives+and+pattern+persistence&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=317-328&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ratliff&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sealang.net%2Farchives%2Fmks%2Fpdf%2F27%253A317-328.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span> ()</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnfield201817-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnfield201817_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnfield2018">Enfield 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019624–625-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019624–625_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortensen2019">Mortensen 2019</a>, pp. 624–625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisang199322–26-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199322–26_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBisang1993">Bisang 1993</a>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonSohNomoto2011175-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonSohNomoto2011175_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpsonSohNomoto2011">Simpson, Soh & Nomoto 2011</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019625–626-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019625–626_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortensen2019">Mortensen 2019</a>, pp. 625–626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019622–624-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019622–624_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortensen2019">Mortensen 2019</a>, pp. 622–624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisang199327-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199327_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisang199327_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBisang1993">Bisang 1993</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019623-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2019623_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortensen2019">Mortensen 2019</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2007230–231-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2007230–231_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2007">Matthews 2007</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strecker, David and Lopao Vang. White Hmong Grammar. 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMottin1978-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMottin1978_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMottin1978">Mottin 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaisser1984-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaisser1984_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaisser1984">Jaisser 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201480–81-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201480–81_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatliff2010242-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatliff2010242_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatliff2010">Ratliff 2010</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2021164-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2021164_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2021">White 2021</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2021166-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2021166_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2021">White 2021</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wold.clld.org/word/76151732559039432">"World Loanword Database (WOLD): hnub vas xaum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Loanword+Database+%28WOLD%29%3A+hnub+vas+xaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwold.clld.org%2Fword%2F76151732559039432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNopedia_a771-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNopedia_a771_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota">"Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota"</a>. <i>MNopedia</i>. 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afi.com&rft.atitle=AFI+Awards+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Ftvevents%2Fafiawards08%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hmn/">"Hmong"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hmong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fhmn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrecker1987" class="citation journal cs1">Strecker, David (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/178915/2/01%20strecker1987hmong.pdf">"The Hmong-Mien Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Area" title="Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area">Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</a></i>. <b>10:2</b>: 1–11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=The+Hmong-Mien+Languages&rft.volume=10%3A2&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdr.ntu.edu.sg%2Fbitstream%2F10356%2F178915%2F2%2F01%2520strecker1987hmong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisang1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bisang, Walter (1993). "Classifiers, Quantifiers and Class Nouns in Hmong". <i>Studies in Language</i>. <b>17</b> (1). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 1–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsl.17.1.02bis">10.1075/sl.17.1.02bis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4177">0378-4177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Classifiers%2C+Quantifiers+and+Class+Nouns+in+Hmong&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-51&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsl.17.1.02bis&rft.issn=0378-4177&rft.aulast=Bisang&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1998" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert, ed. 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San Diego State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Complementation+in+Hmong&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=San+Diego+State+University&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Jaisser&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2007" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Stephen (2007). "Cantonese Grammar in Areal Perspective". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R. M. W. (eds.). <i>Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199207831.003.0009">10.1093/oso/9780199207831.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920783-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920783-1"><bdi>978-0-19-920783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cantonese+Grammar+in+Areal+Perspective&rft.btitle=Grammars+in+Contact%3A+A+Cross-Linguistic+Typology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=220-236&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199207831.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920783-1&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen2019" class="citation book cs1">Mortensen, David (2019). 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Berlin and New York: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 609–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110401981-014">10.1515/9783110401981-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-040198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-040198-1"><bdi>978-3-11-040198-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195399573">195399573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hmong+%28Mong+Leng%29&rft.btitle=The+Mainland+Southeast+Asia+Linguistic+Area&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pages=609-652&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195399573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110401981-014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-040198-1&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottin1978" class="citation book cs1">Mottin, Jean (1978). <i>Éléments de grammaire Hmong Blanc</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mong+Education+at+the+Crossroads&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Thao&rft.aufirst=Paoze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation thesis cs1">White, Nathan (2014). <i>Non-spatial Setting in White Hmong</i> (MA thesis). Trinity Western University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Non-spatial+Setting+in+White+Hmong&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=Trinity+Western+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2020" class="citation book cs1">White, Nathan (2020). "Word in Hmong". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R. M. W.; White, Nathan (eds.). <i>Phonological Word and Grammatical Word: A Cross-linguistic Typology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 213–259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Word+in+Hmong&rft.btitle=Phonological+Word+and+Grammatical+Word%3A+A+Cross-linguistic+Typology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=213-259&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation journal cs1">White, Nathan (2021). "Language and variety mixing in diasporic Hmong". <i>Italian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 157–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26346%2F1120-2726-172">10.26346/1120-2726-172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Language+and+variety+mixing+in+diasporic+Hmong&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-180&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26346%2F1120-2726-172&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiongCohen2005" class="citation book cs1">Xiong, Yuyou; Cohen, Diana (2005). <i>Student's Practical Miao–Chinese–English Handbook / Npout Ndeud Xof Geuf Lol Hmongb Lol Shuad Lol Yenb</i>. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5367-3287-2" title="Special:BookSources/7-5367-3287-2"><bdi>7-5367-3287-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Student%27s+Practical+Miao%E2%80%93Chinese%E2%80%93English+Handbook+%2F+Npout+Ndeud+Xof+Geuf+Lol+Hmongb+Lol+Shuad+Lol+Yenb&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Yunnan+Nationalities+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=7-5367-3287-2&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Yuyou&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHmong+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Enwall, Joakim. <i>Hmong Writing Systems in Vietnam: A Case Study of Vietnam's Minority Language Policy</i>. Stockholm, Sweden: Center for Pacific Asian Studies, 1995.</li> <li>Lyman, Thomas Amis (<a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a>). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_078_1f_Lyman_MongGreenMiaoAndLanguage.pdf">The Mong (Leeg Miao) and their Language: A Brief Compendium</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145653/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_078_1f_Lyman_MongGreenMiaoAndLanguage.pdf">Archive</a>). p. 63–66.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake, Marc</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amritas.com/110618.htm#06152359">Unicode 6.1: the Old Miao script</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake, Marc</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amritas.com/120721.htm">Anglo-Hmong tonology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mww" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/mww">Hmong Daw test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/25">White Hmong Vocabulary List</a> (from the World Loanword Database)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:White_Hmong_Swadesh_list">White Hmong Swadesh List on Wiktionary</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hmong.lomation.com/reader/">Lomation's Hmong Text Reader</a> – free online program that can read Hmong words/text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmongdictionary.com">Online Hmong dictionary</a> (including audio clips)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214070244/http://www.moob.org/">Mong Literacy</a>: consonants, vowels, tones of Mong Njua and Hmong Daw</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferazelhosting.net/~bryce/hmong.html">Hmong Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hmo\hmo&first=0">Hmong basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmongdictionary.us/Hmong_spell_chk_mb.php/">Hmong text reader</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rpa.oneoffcoder.com/cvt.html">https://rpa.oneoffcoder.com/cvt.html</a> Romanized Popular Alphabet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED203687">English-Hmong Phrasebook with Useful Wordlist (for Hmong Speakers)</a>, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sheic_languages" title="Sheic languages">Sheic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiong Nai">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Hmongic_languages" title="West Hmongic languages">West Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a> (Gha-Mu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">Big Flowery</a> (A-Hmao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Piu_language" title="Mo Piu language">Mo Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongjia_language" title="Dongjia language">Dongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bu–Nao" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bu%E2%80%93Nao_languages" title="Bu–Nao languages">Bu–Nao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunu_language" title="Bunu language">Bunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nao_Klao_language" title="Nao Klao language">Nao Klao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numao_language" title="Numao language">Numao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Xong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Xong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Hmuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1-Meo_language" title="Ná-Meo language">Ná-Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Mon_language" title="Biao Mon language">Biao Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangchun_Pai_Yao_language" title="Yangchun Pai Yao language">Yangchun Pai Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingling_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling dialect">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">She Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<i><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_language" title="Proto-Hmong–Mien language">Proto-Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hmongic_language" title="Proto-Hmongic language">Proto-Hmongic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mienic_language" title="Proto-Mienic language">Proto-Mienic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" 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Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Laos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Laos" title="Template:Languages of Laos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Laos" title="Template talk:Languages of Laos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Laos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Laos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Laos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laos#Languages" title="Laos">Languages of Laos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Austroasiatic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chut language">Chut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuoi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuoi language">Cuoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cham language">Western Cham</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantang_language" title="Bantang language">Bantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantan_language" title="Cantan language">Cantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauho_language" title="Cauho language">Cauho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_language" title="Luma language">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_language" title="Phunoi language">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsali language">Sinsali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/32px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/48px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/64px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Laos portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">state or region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State">Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Northern Kuki-Chin languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyin language">Siyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_language" title="Tedim language">Tedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_language" title="Zou language">Zo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Central Kuki-Chin languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawn_language" title="Ngawn language">Ngawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawr language">Tawr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maraic_languages" title="Maraic languages">Maraic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lautu_language" title="Lautu language">Lautu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_language" title="Mara language">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senthang_language" title="Senthang language">Senthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotung_language" title="Zotung language">Zotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zyphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Southern Kuki-Chin languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daai_language" title="Daai language">Daai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaang_language" title="Kaang language">Kaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumi_language" title="Khumi language">Khumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCch%C3%B2_language" title="Kʼchò language">Kʼchò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_La_language" title="Nga La language">Nga La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Shö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlai_language" title="Songlai language">Songlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumtu_language" title="Sumtu language">Sumtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaiphum_language" title="Thaiphum language">Thaiphum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaung_language" title="Welaung language">Welaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Anu-Hkongso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Drung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawang_language" title="Rawang language">Rawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayaw_language" title="Kayaw language">Kayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_language" title="Karenni language">Karenni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bwe_Karen_language" title="Bwe Karen language">Bwe Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_Karen_language" title="Geba Karen language">Geba Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_Karen_languages" title="Pwo Karen languages">Pwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pwo_language" title="Western Pwo language">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw Karen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rungtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungtu">Rungtu</a> (Taungtha)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laitu_language" title="Laitu language">Laitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mro-Khimi_language" title="Mro-Khimi language">Mro-Khimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khiamniungan_language" title="Khiamniungan language">Khiamniungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinong_language" title="Leinong language">Leinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makyam_language" title="Makyam language">Makyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponyo_language" title="Ponyo language">Ponyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akyaung_Ari_language" title="Akyaung Ari language">Akyaung Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal language">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koki_language" title="Koki language">Koki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makury_language" title="Makury language">Makury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Phuri_language" title="Long Phuri language">Long Phuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_language" title="Para language">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danu language">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geko_Karen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geko Karen">Geko Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Intha dialect">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahta_language" title="Lahta language">Lahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_language" title="Pa'O language">Pa’o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padaung_language" title="Padaung language">Padaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Taungyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong Njua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese sign language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Other Thais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sukhothai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Minority</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by languages groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satun_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Malay">Satun Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ language">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" title="Northern Pwo language">Northern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" title="Phrae Pwo language">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Vietnam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Languages of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Languages of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Languages of Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1_people#Language" title="Mạ people">Maa (Mạ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_language" class="mw-redirect" title="May language">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Piu_language" title="Mo Piu language">Mo Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1-Meo_language" title="Ná-Meo language">Ná-Meo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghuu_language" title="Laghuu language">Xapho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mantsi Lolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caolan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caolan language">Caolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelao language">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Tày Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Thu Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Lao Bóc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Haiphong Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-cv7xm","wgBackendResponseTime":3652,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.023","walltime":"3.410","ppvisitednodes":{"value":75768,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1139194,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":177633,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":396792,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2610.447 1 -total"," 22.04% 575.287 663 Template:Script"," 18.64% 486.555 19 Template:Interlinear"," 15.33% 400.279 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 14.31% 373.600 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.31% 269.083 29 Template:Navbox"," 10.28% 268.469 1 Template:Reflist"," 6.88% 179.722 663 Template:Ifsubst"," 6.50% 169.571 431 Template:Script/Pahawh_Hmong"," 6.34% 165.623 44 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[\"CITEREFThao1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiongCohen2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 125,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Colort/ColorShort\"] = 11,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hmong Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Dagger\"] = 9,\n [\"Double-dagger\"] = 7,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Hmong-Mien languages\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 78,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 137,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlinear\"] = 19,\n [\"Lang\"] = 44,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Laos\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Myanmar\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages 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