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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese historian (born 1932)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ikuhiko Hata</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IkuhikoHata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IkuhikoHata.jpg/220px-IkuhikoHata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IkuhikoHata.jpg/330px-IkuhikoHata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IkuhikoHata.jpg/440px-IkuhikoHata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1932-12-12</span>) </span>12 December 1932<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 92)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dfu" title="Hōfu">Hōfu</a>, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Kazuko</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="9 September 1973">1973</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Kan_Prize" title="Kikuchi Kan Prize">Kikuchi Kan Prize</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Japanese history</li> <li>modern history</li> <li>military history</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Japanese Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takushoku_University" title="Takushoku University">Takushoku University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_University" title="Chiba University">Chiba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ikuhiko Hata</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">秦郁彦</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hata Ikuhiko</i></span>, born 12 December 1932)</span> is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>. He earned his PhD at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> and has taught history at several universities. He is the author of a number of influential and well-received scholarly works, particularly on topics related to Japan's role in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Hata is variously regarded as being a "conservative" historian or a "centrist". He has written extensively on such controversial subjects as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>. He does not believe that comfort women were coerced by the Japanese military to work. Fellow historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Drea" title="Edward J. Drea">Edward Drea</a> has called him "the <a href="/wiki/Doyen" title="Doyen">doyen</a> of Japanese military historians". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikuhiko Hata was born on 12 December 1932 in the city of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dfu" title="Hōfu">Hōfu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> in 1956 and received his PhD there in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked as chief historian of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Japanese Ministry of Finance</a> between 1956 and 1976 and during this period from 1963 to 1965 he was also a research assistant at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After resigning his post at the Finance Ministry Hata served as a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> from 1977 to 1978 and then was a history professor at <a href="/wiki/Takushoku_University" title="Takushoku University">Takushoku University</a> from 1980 to 1993, at <a href="/wiki/Chiba_University" title="Chiba University">Chiba University</a> from 1994 to 1997, and at <a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a> from 1997 to 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hata has been described by numerous historians as an important scholar on the history of modern Japan. Historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drea" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Drea">Edward Drea</a> has called him "the doyen of Japanese military historians",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has written that Hata's "published works are models of scholarship, research, accuracy, and judicious interpretation",<sup id="cite_ref-drea_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Fogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua A. Fogel">Joshua A. Fogel</a>, a historian of China at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, concurs that Hata "is an eminent scholar who has for over forty years been writing numerous excellent studies of Japan at war."<sup id="cite_ref-fogel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fogel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masahiro Yamamoto called him "a leading Japanese scholar in the field of Japan's modern history".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata's first published history book was <i>Nicchū Sensōshi</i> ("A History of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>"), released in 1961, which he began researching while completing his bachelor's degree at the University of Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was well-received, described by <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a> as "the most thorough study of Japanese policies in China during the 1930s"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/James_T.C._Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="James T.C. Liu">James T.C. Liu</a> as "a welcome and pioneering contribution".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty years after its publication Edward Drea and Tobe Ryoichi called it "a classic account" of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-tobe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata's second book, the 1962 work <i>Gun fashizumu undō shi</i> ("A History of the Military Fascist Movement"), was promoted by the historian Shuhei Domon as "a first-rate narrative interpretation based on extensive use of documentary evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Association_of_International_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Association of International Relations (page does not exist)">Japan Association of International Relations</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:日本国際政治学会">ja</a>]</span> selected Hata for a part of what historian James William Morley described as a team of "young, objective diplomatic and military historians" to be given unprecedented access to <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> records to write the history of the origins of World War II in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-pacific_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacific-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was <i>Taiheiyō sensō e no michi</i> ("The Road to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>"), published between 1962 and 1963 and then translated into English in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-pacific_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacific-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata contributed three essays to the series. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Dingman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Dingman (page does not exist)">Roger Dingman</a> described the first, "The Japanese-Soviet Confrontation, 1935–1939", as "a wealth of new data",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and praised the second, "The Army's Move into Northern Indochina", for demonstrating "brilliantly how peaceful passage through northern Indochina became forceful occupation".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Peattie wrote that Hata's third essay, "The Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937", was "the best overview we now have in English" of the event,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hata would later expand it into a full-length book which Edward Drea and Tobe Ryoichi called "the single best source on the incident".<sup id="cite_ref-tobe_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1968 Hata headed a team of scholars with a task from the Ministry of Education to analyze all available sources and documents on the workings of the wartime and prewar armed forces of Japan. The fruit of their research was <i>Nihon Rikukaigun no Seido, Soshiki, Jinji</i> ("Institutions, Organization, and Personnel of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a>"), released in 1971, which Mark Peattie called "the authoritative reference work in the field".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after Hata was tasked with coordinating another collaborative research project, this one for the Finance Ministry, on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> by the United States after World War II. <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a>, Sadao Asada, and Roger Dingman credited Hata for the key role he played in producing the multivolume project, which began to be published in 1975, and deemed it the best work of scholarship on the occupation produced until that point.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 Hata wrote a two-volume work on controversial incidents in modern Japanese history, entitled <i>Shōwashi no nazo wo ou</i> ("Chasing the Riddles of <a href="/wiki/Showa_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Showa Period">Showa</a> History"), which was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Kan_Prize" title="Kikuchi Kan Prize">Kikuchi Kan Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata co-wrote two books with Yasuho Izawa on Japanese fighter aces of World War II, both of which were described by historians as the definitive treatments of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A work Hata had written in 1984, <i>Hirohito Tennō Itsutsu no Ketsudan</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>'s Five Decisions"), attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Marius Jansen</a>, who arranged to have it translated into English as <i>Hirohito: The Showa Emperor in War and Peace</i>. According to Edward Drea, on the question of "whether the emperor was really Japan's ruler and power-holder or merely a puppet and robot ... [Hata] concludes that the answer to this complex question lies somewhere in between, although Hata credits Hirohito with considerable political savvy."<sup id="cite_ref-drea_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from Drea the book also garnered highly positive reviews from Stephen S. Large and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cortazzi" title="Hugh Cortazzi">Hugh Cortazzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drea_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nankin_Jiken_and_Nanjing_Massacre_death_toll_estimates"><i>Nankin Jiken</i> and Nanjing Massacre death toll estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nankin Jiken and Nanjing Massacre death toll estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hata's major contribution to Nanjing (Nanking) Massacre studies is his book <i>Nankin jiken</i> ("The Nanjing Incident"), published in 1986, which is a detailed study of the event based on Japanese, Chinese, and English sources that was later noted by historians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daqing_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daqing Yang (page does not exist)">Daqing Yang</a> to be one of the few impartial works of scholarship written on the massacre during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is known for its relatively low <a href="/wiki/Death_toll_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre">estimate of the death toll</a>, which Hata put at up to 40,000 because he based the number of civilian killing on the work of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_S._C._Smythe" title="Lewis S. C. Smythe">Lewis S. C. Smythe</a> who conducted a survey of the massacre in the immediate aftermath (War Damage in Nanking Area, Dec.1937 to March 1938, Urban and Rural Surveys) and also exclude Chinese soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata's book is acknowledged as the first to discuss what might have caused the massacre, whereas previous books had focused only on the event itself. Hata argued that the Japanese Army's lack of military police and facilities to detain POWs, its ignorance of international laws, and the Chinese General <a href="/wiki/Tang_Shengzhi" title="Tang Shengzhi">Tang Shengzhi</a>'s decision to flee the city without formally surrendering, which left large number of plain-clothes soldiers within the civilian population which was followed by excessive mopping-up operations by the Japanese, among the factors which led to the slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary researchers including the historian <a href="/wiki/Tomio_Hora" title="Tomio Hora">Tomio Hora</a> and the journalist <a href="/wiki/Katsuichi_Honda" title="Katsuichi Honda">Katsuichi Honda</a> expressed strong disagreement with Hata's death toll estimate, though both expressed admiration for Hata's scholarship and sincerity.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wakabayashi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata is today recognized as the major scholar of the so-called "centrist" school of thought on the Nanjing Massacre, which in terms of the death toll believes that tens of thousands were killed and thus stands between the "great massacre" school which believes that hundreds of thousands were killed, and the "illusion" school of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre deniers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Takuji Kimura has criticized Hata as a "minimizer" of the atrocity, while still acknowledging that his book on the massacre was "an excellent study"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Herbert Bix</a> has described him as "the most notorious" of the "partial deniers" of the Nanjing Massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians Haruo Tohmatsu and H. P. Willmott have stated that Hata's estimate for the death toll is regarded in Japan as being "the most academically reliable estimate".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata's <i>Nankin jiken</i> has continued to receive plaudits from some scholars. In 2000 <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Marius Jansen</a> endorsed it as "the most reasonable of many Japanese studies" on the massacre<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2001 prominent Nanjing Massacre scholar Yutaka Yoshida deemed it one of the top five books he recommends that people read on the Nanjing Massacre, despite disagreeing with its death toll estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 Joshua Fogel called the book "still an authority in the field",<sup id="cite_ref-fogel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fogel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University" title="Ritsumeikan University">Ritsumeikan University</a> professor David Askew designated it "the best introductory work on the Nanjing Incident in any language".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1999 the book was in its nineteenth printing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1997 at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> Hata was confronted by <a href="/wiki/Iris_Chang" title="Iris Chang">Iris Chang</a>, author of the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Nanking_(book)" title="The Rape of Nanking (book)">The Rape of Nanking</a></i>, who asked him why he doubted the testimony of Japanese POWs who had stated that hundreds of thousands of Chinese were killed in the atrocity. When Hata replied that torture and coercion of Japanese POWs made their testimony unreliable Chang walked out and the audience became unruly, shouting Hata down and yelling insults at him. The moderator Perry Link barely kept the situation under control.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of this incident, similar disruptions by Chinese students who disagreed with his death toll estimate prevented Hata from speaking at a number of universities that he visited.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakabayashi_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bob Wakabayashi of <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> argues that Hata became more strident in his tone following these attacks, once calling it the "Nanking industry" in comparison with <a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Holocaust_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust industry">Holocaust industry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wakabayashi_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s Hata had stated that the death toll was 38,000 to 42,000 while holding out the possibility that it might have been as high as 60,000,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when he wrote the second edition of <i>Nankin Jiken</i> in 2007 he indicated that 42,000 massacred was the maximum possible and that the true number might have been lower.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_comfort_women">Research on comfort women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research on comfort women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikuhiko Hata is a leading historian on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> who served alongside the Japanese Army in the 1930s and 1940s<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited with being the first to expose as fraudulent the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Yoshida" title="Seiji Yoshida">Seiji Yoshida</a>, who claimed to have kidnapped Korean women for the Japanese military.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata, who argues that the comfort women were not sex slaves but largely willing prostitutes with a minority of them being sold by their parents and more crucially, no direct involvement by Japanese military except a few incidents in South East Asia, summed up his views on the issue with, </p> <blockquote><p>There were at most 20,000 comfort women. None of them were forcibly recruited. Forty percent of them were from Japan, the most heavily represented nation. Many were sold to brokers by their parents. Some responded willingly to brokers' offers; others were deceived. I would add that, on the average, living conditions in the comfort stations were practically identical to those in brothels set up for American troops during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Chunghee_Sarah_Soh" title="Chunghee Sarah Soh">Chunghee Sarah Soh</a> notes that Hata had put the total number of comfort women at 90,000 in 1993 but he later revised the number downward because of "his political alignment with the conservative anti-redress camp in Japan that emerged in the latter half of the 1990s".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata would expand his research into the 1999 book <i>Ianfu to senjō no sei</i> ("Comfort women and sex on the battlefield"), described by Sarah Soh as "a 444-page treatise on the comfort women issue".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work by Hata was translated into English in 2018 under the title "Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone." </p><p><i>Ianfu to senjō no sei</i> was noted for its extensive compilation of information, being praised by historian Haruo Tohmatsu as "probably the most well documented study on the question"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a> reporter Takao Yamada as "an encyclopedia-like collection of facts on comfort women".<sup id="cite_ref-yamada_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The International History Review</i>, A. Hamish Ion stated that with this work Hata has succeeded in creating "a measured evaluation in the face of sensational and supposedly ill-researched studies by George Hicks and others".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was also favorably reviewed by political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itaru_Shimazu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itaru Shimazu (page does not exist)">Itaru Shimazu</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaaki_Ishii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takaaki Ishii (page does not exist)">Takaaki Ishii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, historian <a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Hayashi" title="Hirofumi Hayashi">Hirofumi Hayashi</a> criticized the work for faulty use of documents, such as where Hata cites a document listing 650 comfort women allocated in five prefectures, when in fact the document said 400 comfort women.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata, who supports the retraction of the <a href="/wiki/Kono_Statement" title="Kono Statement">Kono Statement</a> on comfort women, was the only historian appointed to the committee established by the government of <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> to re-examine the statement.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 Hata led of group of Japanese historians in requesting that the publisher <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> make corrections to what they believed were erroneous descriptions of the comfort women in a world history textbook published in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_leanings">Ideological leanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideological leanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hata's general ideological leanings have been described in a variety of manners. Some sources have referred to him as being a right-leaning scholar, such as Thomas U. Berger who has called him, "a highly respected conservative Japanese historian".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, find characterizing Hata in these terms to be inaccurate, such as military historian Masahiro Yamamoto who notes that in the historical debate on the Nanjing Massacre Hata was a centrist who actually leaned closer to the "traditionalist" scholars than the conservative "revisionists".<sup id="cite_ref-yamamoto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamamoto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takao Yamada likewise points out that Hata has criticized all sides in historical controversies and he argues that Hata can be better described as a "<a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-yamada_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata is known as a strong opponent of the attempts by some Japanese nationalists to revise Japan's wartime history in a way that he deems ideologically biased. Hata, whom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> described as an advocate of the "we-did-wrong view" of Japanese history, has expressed grave concern about the advent of new historical revisionists seeking to apologize for Japan's wartime aggressions and absolve former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 Hata stepped down from a government commission on the construction of a new war museum near <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> in fear that the project would be used to glorify Japan's wartime actions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He favors the de-enshrinement of war criminals from Yasukuni Shrine<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also a critic of <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsh%C5%ABkan" title="Yūshūkan">Yūshūkan</a>, a museum near the shrine, for its nationalist-inspired portrayal of Japanese history.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he has been strongly critical of efforts by Japanese nationalist groups to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">alter history textbooks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata also agreed to testify for the Ministry of Education against left-wing historian <a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Ienaga" title="Saburō Ienaga">Saburō Ienaga</a> who believed that his textbook was being censored by the Japanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata has supported the work of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite noting that the textbook which the Society had authored "was colored more strongly by nationalism than others".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 Hata was vocal in his denunciation of an essay written by <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Tamogami" title="Toshio Tamogami">Toshio Tamogami</a>, a former general in the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force, which sought to justify Japanese imperialism. Hata found Tamogami's essay to be "of extremely low quality" and full of "old conspiracy theories".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his scholarship on the Nanjing Massacre, Hata has been attacked by Nanjing Massacre deniers such as <a href="/wiki/Masaaki_Tanaka" title="Masaaki Tanaka">Masaaki Tanaka</a>, who said that Hata was infected with "<a href="/wiki/IMTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="IMTFE">IMTFE</a> syndrome",<sup id="cite_ref-yamamoto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamamoto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dichi_Watanabe" title="Shōichi Watanabe">Shōichi Watanabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 Hata argued that the recently released monologue of Emperor Hirohito, the former Emperor's recollection of wartime Japan which he recorded shortly after World War II, had likely been created to prove to the United States that he was not involved in war crimes and consequently Hata theorized that an English language translation must have also been drawn up at the same time, a theory which was mocked by right-wing scholars who felt the monologue was created as a simple historical record without ulterior motives.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 the English language draft was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hata has been married to Kazuko Matsumura since 9 September 1973 and has one daughter, Mineko.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lives in <a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a> in Tokyo, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Kan_Prize" title="Kikuchi Kan Prize">Kikuchi Kan Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainichi_Publishing_Cultural_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainichi Publishing Cultural Awards (page does not exist)">Mainichi Publishing Cultural Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_in_English">Works in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Reality and Illusion: The Hidden Crisis between Japan and the USSR 1932–1934</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.</li> <li>With Yasuho Izawa. <i>Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1989.</li> <li>With Yasuho Izawa and Christopher Shores. <i>Japanese Army Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces 1931-1945</i>. London: Grub Street, 2002.</li> <li><i>Hirohito: The Showa Emperor in War and Peace</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHata2018" class="citation book cs1">Hata, Ikuhiko (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwfDtQEACAAJ&q=Comfort+Women+and+Sex+in+the+Battle+Zone"><i>Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone</i></a>. Hamilton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761870333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761870333"><bdi>978-0761870333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comfort+Women+and+Sex+in+the+Battle+Zone&rft.pub=Hamilton+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0761870333&rft.aulast=Hata&rft.aufirst=Ikuhiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwfDtQEACAAJ%26q%3DComfort%2BWomen%2Band%2BSex%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBattle%2BZone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Book review: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer2018" class="citation web cs1">Dreyer, June Teufel (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japan-forward.com/book-review-comfort-women-and-sex-in-the-battle-zone-by-ikuhiko-hata/">"[BOOK REVIEW] 'Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone' by Ikuhiko Hata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Forward">Japan Forward</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BBOOK+REVIEW%5D+%27Comfort+Women+and+Sex+in+the+Battle+Zone%27+by+Ikuhiko+Hata&rft.pub=Japan+Forward&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=June+Teufel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapan-forward.com%2Fbook-review-comfort-women-and-sex-in-the-battle-zone-by-ikuhiko-hata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters_of_books">Chapters of books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapters of books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Japanese Historical Writing on the Origins of the Pacific War" (in <i>Papers on Modern Japan</i>. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968.)</li> <li>"The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>" (in <i>Purnell's History of the 20th Century Volume Seven</i>. New York: Purnell, 1971.)</li> <li>"The Japanese-Soviet Confrontation, 1935-1939" (in <i>Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany, and the USSR 1935–1940</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.)</li> <li>"The Army's Move into Northern <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>" (in <i>The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.)</li> <li>"The Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952" (in <i>The American Military and the Far East: Proceedings of the Ninth Military History Symposium</i>. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1980.)</li> <li>"From Mukden to Pearl Harbor" (in <i>Japan Examined: Perspectives on Modern Japanese History</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.)</li> <li>"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937" (in <i>The China Quagmire</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.)</li> <li>"Continental Expansion 1905–1941" (in <i>The Cambridge History of Japan Volume Six</i>. London: Cambridge University Press, 1988.)</li> <li>"The Road to the Pacific War" (in <i>Pearl Harbor Reexamined</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.)</li> <li>"Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a>'s Surprise Attack and the Japanese Navy's War Strategy" (in <i>From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima</i>. London: Macmillan, 1994.)</li> <li>"From Consideration to Contempt: The Changing Nature of Japanese Military and Popular Perceptions of Prisoners of War Through the Ages" (in <i>Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II</i>. Oxford: Berg, 1996.)</li> <li>"The Flawed UN Report on Comfort Women" (in <i>Women and Women's Issues in Post World War II Japan</i>. New York: Garland, 1998.)</li> <li>"Nanjing, construction of a 'great massacre'" (in <i>An Overview of the Nanjing Debate</i>. Tokyo: Japan Echo, 2008.)</li> <li>"Nanking atrocities, fact and fable" (in <i>An Overview of the Nanjing Debate</i>. Tokyo: Japan Echo, 2008.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"A Japanese View of the Pacific War", <i>Orient/West</i>, July 1962.</li> <li>"Japan Under the Occupation", <i>The Japan Interpreter</i>, Winter 1976.</li> <li>"The Postwar Period in Retrospect", <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Echo" title="Japan Echo">Japan Echo</a></i>, 1984.</li> <li>"When Ideologues Rewrite History", <i>Japan Echo</i>, Winter 1986.</li> <li>"Going to War: Who Delayed the Final Note?", <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i>, Fall 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikuhiko_Hata&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marquis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=hata&first_name=ikuhiko">"Ikuhiko Hata"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who" title="Marquis Who's Who">Marquis Who's Who</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=Ikuhiko+Hata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgi.marquiswhoswho.com%2FOnDemand%2FDefault.aspx%3Flast_name%3Dhata%26first_name%3Dikuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Japan Examined: Perspectives on Modern Japanese History</i>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Wray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Wray (page does not exist)">Harry Wray</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Conroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilary Conroy (page does not exist)">Hilary Conroy</a> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkuhiko_Hata2013" class="citation web cs1">Ikuhiko Hata (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524023307/http://jfn.josuikai.net/circle/shinsanmokukai/20130815hatashiryou.pdf">"歴史認識をめぐる論争、慰安婦問題と南京事件"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Sanmoku Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfn.josuikai.net/circle/shinsanmokukai/20130815hatashiryou.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98+%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%90%E3%82%8B+%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89+%E3%80%81%E6%85%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%A9%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C+%E3%81%A8%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&rft.pub=New+Sanmoku+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ikuhiko+Hata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfn.josuikai.net%2Fcircle%2Fshinsanmokukai%2F20130815hatashiryou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Drea, <i>Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall 1853–1945</i> (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2009), ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drea-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drea_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drea_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drea_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Drea, "Book Review: Hirohito: The Showa Emperor in War and Peace," <i>Global War Studies</i> 8, no. 1 (2011), 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fogel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fogel_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fogel_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_A._Fogel2003" class="citation web cs1">Joshua A. Fogel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Joshua_A_-Fogel/1637">"Response to Herbert P. Bix"</a>. Japan Focus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+to+Herbert+P.+Bix&rft.pub=Japan+Focus&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Joshua+A.+Fogel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Joshua_A_-Fogel%2F1637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masahiro Yamamoto, <i>Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity</i> (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noriko_Kamachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noriko Kamachi (page does not exist)">Noriko Kamachi</a> et al., <i>Japanese Studies of Modern China Since 1953</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975), 171, 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiwa1962" class="citation journal cs1">Miwa, Kimitada (1962). "Book Review: Nitchu-Senso-Shi". <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Nipponica" title="Monumenta Nipponica">Monumenta Nipponica</a></i>. <b>17</b> (1): 351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2383272">10.2307/2383272</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383272">2383272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Nitchu-Senso-Shi&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=351&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2383272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2383272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miwa&rft.aufirst=Kimitada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalmers Johnson, <i>Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power</i> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962), p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_T.C._Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="James T.C. Liu">James T.C. Liu</a>, "Book Review: A History of Japan's War in China," <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, February 1963, 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tobe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tobe_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tobe_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Drea and Tobe Ryoichi, "A Selected Bibliography of Japanese-Language Sources," in <i>The Battle for China</i>, ed. Mark Peattie et al. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011), 584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shuhei Domon, <i>Japanese Military History: A Guide to the Literature</i> (New York: Garland, 1984), 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pacific-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pacific_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacific_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James William Morley, "Editor's Foreword," in <i>The China Quagmire</i>, ed. James William Morley (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Dingman, "Book Review: Deterrent Diplomacy," <i>The Historian</i>, February 1978, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Dingman, "Book Review: The Fateful Choice," <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, November 1981, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Peattie, "Book Review: <i>The China Quagmire</i>," Pacific Affairs, Summer 1984, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Peattie, "Book Review: Nihon Riku-Kaigun no Seido, Soshiki, Jinji," <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, 1 May 1972, p. 688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Dingman, "Book Review: Showa Zaisei Shi," <i>The American Historical Review</i>, April 1978, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dower, "Occupied Japan as History and Occupation History as Politics," <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, February 1975, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadao Asada, "Recent Works on the American Occupation of Japan: The State of the Art," <i>Japanese Journal of American Studies</i> 1, 1981, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark D. 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Tsuyoshi Hasegawa and Kazuhiko Togo (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International, 2008), 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"徹底検証昭和天皇「靖国メモ」未公開部分の核心", <i>Bungei Shunjū</i>, September 2006, 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikuhiko Hata, "When Ideologues Rewrite History," <i>Japan Echo</i>, Winter 1986, 73–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshiko Nozaki, <i>War Memory, Nationalism and Education in Post-War Japan, 1945–2007</i> (New York: Routledge, 2008), 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"「新しい歴史教科書をつくる会」賛同者名簿", <i>Sankei Shimbun</i>, February 1997, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikuhiko Hata, "The Screening Panel's Sound Judgment", <i>Japan Echo</i>, August 2001, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sheridan and Shota Ushio, "China outraged as Japan's sabre rattler calls for nuclear arms", <i>The Sunday Times</i>, 23 August 2009, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiji_Yoshida_and_Jun_Hongo2008" class="citation news cs1">Reiji Yoshida and Jun Hongo (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/11/11/national/tamogami-history-again-retold">"Tamogami — History Again Retold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Tamogami+%E2%80%94+History+Again+Retold&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.au=Reiji+Yoshida+and+Jun+Hongo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Fnational%2Ftamogami-history-again-retold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkuhiko+Hata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoichi Watanabe, "秦郁彦氏へ南京問題の考え方", <i>Shokun!</i>, May 1998, pp. 96–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"「独白録」を徹底研究する," <i>Bungei Shunju</i>, January 1991, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China", <i>Sino-Japanese Studies</i>, October 1991, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Bix, <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i> (New York: Harper Collins, 2000), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankei.com/life/news/141103/lif1411030009-n1.html">"第６８回毎日出版文化賞に重松清さんら"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a>. 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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