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Qa'qaa</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Al_Qa%27qaa" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector disabled"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p>The <b>Al Qa'qaa'</b> State Establishment (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القعقاع</span> <i>al-Qa’qā’</i>; also Romanized <i>al Qa Qaa</i>, <i>al Qa'qa</i>) was a massive weapons facility 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It is near to the towns of <a href="/wiki/Yusifiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusifiyah">Yusifiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iskandariya" title="Iskandariya">Iskandariya</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">geographic coordinates</a> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Qa%27qaa&params=33_0_54_N_44_13_12_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°0′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°13′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.01500°N 44.22000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.01500; 44.22000</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Covering an area of over 28 km<sup>2</sup> (11 sq mi), the site comprises 116 separate factories and over 1,100 structures of various kinds. It is now disused and many of the buildings have been destroyed by bombing, looting and accidental explosions. In October 2004, the facility became the centre of international attention after a UN agency reported hundreds of tonnes of stored explosives "missing" (see <a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy</a>). </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-D-0000M-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600"></a><figcaption>A U.S. government aerial photo of munitions bunkers at Al Qa'qaa, 17 March 2003</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins_of_Al_Qa'qaa"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins of Al Qa'qaa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Al_Qa'qaa_and_Iraq's_weapons_of_mass_destruction"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Al Qa'qaa and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#List_of_facilities_at_al-Qa'qaa"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">List of facilities at al-Qa'qaa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origins_of_Al_Qa'qaa"><span id="Origins_of_Al_Qa.27qaa"></span>Origins of Al Qa'qaa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of Al Qa'qaa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Al Qa'qaa was built in the 1970s with most of the equipment coming from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. It was completed in 1981, just in time to meet the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. Under the regime of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> the facility was a key agency of the Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization. It included plants for producing solid-propellant rockets and ammunition. The complex also included factories producing <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuges</a>. It was Iraq's principal production facility for specialist explosives, notably <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HDX_(explosive)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDX (explosive) (page does not exist)">HDX</a>. </p><p>The facility was named after a <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaqa_ibn_Amr_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaqa ibn Amr al-Tamimi">distinguished soldier</a> in the army of the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a>, of whom it was said "the voice of Al Qa'qaa in an army is better than one thousand fighters." By analogy, as <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> explained in a visit on May 23, 2001, the workers at Al Qa'qaa were equivalent to a far greater number of their enemies: </p> <dl><dd>"Every Iraqi works in the same way Caliph Umar Ibn-al-Khattab used to work with when the commander, who led the Muslims' army on Iraq's front, to back him with several thousands of fighters. So, he sent him four fighters only, including Al-Qa'qaa. He considered each one of these fighters equal to 1,000 fighters. Had the Iraqis not worked in this way and with spirit now, they would not have achieved, with this small number, what was not achieved by others who outnumber them."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Al_Qa'qaa_and_Iraq's_weapons_of_mass_destruction"><span id="Al_Qa.27qaa_and_Iraq.27s_weapons_of_mass_destruction"></span>Al Qa'qaa and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Al Qa'qaa and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The Al Qa'qaa plant was heavily involved in Iraq's clandestine program to produce <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, with its workers' expertise in explosives being used to develop <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Explosive_lenses" title="Nuclear weapon design">explosive lenses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. Iraq's program suffered serious setbacks due to the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> destruction of the experimental reactor at <a href="/wiki/Osirak" class="mw-redirect" title="Osirak">Osirak</a> in June 1981 and a massive accidental explosion at Al Qa'Qaa in August 1989, which severely damaged the plant and was heard hundreds of miles away. British-Iraqi journalist <a href="/wiki/Farzad_Bazoft" title="Farzad Bazoft">Farzad Bazoft</a> attempted to investigate the incident by disguising himself as a medical technician in order to infiltrate Al Qa'qaa. However, he was caught and executed on charges related to his visit. </p><p>In March 1990, customs officials at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> seized a case of military electrical <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> - key components of triggers for explosive lenses - which was bound for Al Qa'qaa. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> subsequently charged five people and two <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> companies with violations of export regulations. </p><p>During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> the facility was severely damaged by bombing. After the war, the UN weapons inspectors <a href="/wiki/UNSCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCOM">UNSCOM</a> further destroyed and sealed weapons and facilities at the base. However, part of the base was rebuilt and attracted concern from Western countries. In September 2002, the plant was named by the British Government in <i>Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction</i> (the "<a href="/wiki/September_Dossier" title="September Dossier">September Dossier</a>") as being the site of a rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> production facility. Although phosgene has industrial uses in small quantities, there are no legitimate nonmilitary uses for such large scale production, and it is capable of being used as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapon</a>, as was done by Germany in World War I. The British and Americans also alleged that a large consignment of 81 mm aluminium tubes delivered to the plant were to be used as rotors in <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuges</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> officials inspected the site at least ten times in 2002 and 2003 but discovered no weapons of mass destruction. The aluminium tubes did exist, but they were determined to be for short-range artillery rockets (which Iraq was allowed to possess). The inspectors left the country in mid-March 2003 shortly before the US-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>. They sealed the bunkers where explosives were stored, but were not permitted to return after the United States took control. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy</a> is over the question of when the IAEA-sealed explosives were removed from their bunkers; whether it happened before, during or after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="List_of_facilities_at_al-Qa'qaa"><span id="List_of_facilities_at_al-Qa.27qaa"></span>List of facilities at al-Qa'qaa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of facilities at al-Qa'qaa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li>Qa Qaa Stores (former location of HMX explosives)</li> <li>Aqql Mamoun (missile production)</li> <li>Sumood Explosives Plant</li> <li>AWADAAl Qaid Warhead-Filling Factory</li> <li>Static Test Stands</li> <li>Research and Development Centre</li> <li>Latifiyah Explosives and Ammunition Plant</li> <li>Latifiyah Phosgene and solid propellant production facility</li> <li>Latifiyah Missile and Rocket facility</li> <li>Sulfuric Acid plant</li> <li>Nitric Acid Factory</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republic of Iraq Radio, Baghdad, May 23, 2001</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Global Security pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iraq/al_qa_qaa.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1998/qaqaa.htm">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iraq/al_qa_qaa-imagery.htm">GlobalSecurity.org / Public Eye satellite imagery of Al Qa'qaa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/facility/al_qa_qaa.htm">Federation of American Scientists page</a> (includes coordinates)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041103092507/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Iraq/Missile/2967_3018.html">Nuclear Threat Initiative - Al Qa-Qa State Establishment</a></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&oldid=1255026433">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&oldid=1255026433</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qa%27qaa&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730576337"> 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