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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basement membrane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="غشاء قاعدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غشاء قاعدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_basal" title="Membrana basal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Membrana basal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_basal" title="Membrana basal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Membrana basal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87" title="غشای پایه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غشای پایه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_basale" title="Membrane basale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Membrane basale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_basal" title="Membrana basal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Membrana basal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%89" title="기저막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기저막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_basal" title="Membran basal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Membran basal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_basale" title="Membrana basale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Membrana basale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Негіздік жарғақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Негіздік жарғақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%81l%C4%81_membr%C4%81na" title="Bazālā membrāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bazālā membrāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaal_membraan" title="Basaal membraan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basaal membraan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E8%86%9C" title="基底膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="基底膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazal_membrana" title="Bazal membrana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bazal membrana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82ona_podstawna" title="Błona podstawna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Błona podstawna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_basal" title="Membrana basal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Membrana basal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Базальная мембрана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базальная мембрана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C3%A1lna_membr%C3%A1na" title="Bazálna membrána – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazálna membrána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalna_membrana" title="Bazalna membrana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazalna membrana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalna_membrana" title="Bazalna membrana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazalna membrana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyvikalvo" title="Tyvikalvo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyvikalvo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalmembran" title="Basalmembran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basalmembran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazal_membran" title="Bazal membran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bazal membran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Базальна мембрана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базальна мембрана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:beige">Basement membrane</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Extracellular_Matrix.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Extracellular_Matrix.png/250px-Extracellular_Matrix.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Extracellular_Matrix.png/375px-Extracellular_Matrix.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Extracellular_Matrix.png/500px-Extracellular_Matrix.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The epithelium and endobasement membrane in relation to <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>. Also seen are other <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> components</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oral_mucosa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oral_mucosa.png/250px-Oral_mucosa.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oral_mucosa.png/375px-Oral_mucosa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oral_mucosa.png/500px-Oral_mucosa.png 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Image showing the basement membrane of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">lining of the mouth</a>, which separates the lining (<a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>) from a loose layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>membrana basalis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001485">D001485</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H2.00.pdf">H2.00.00.0.00005 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma63872">63872</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Anatomical terms of microanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32846" class="extiw" title="d:Q32846">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">Basilar membrane</a>.</div> <p>The <b>basement membrane</b>, also known as base membrane, is a thin, pliable sheet-like type of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling.<sup id="cite_ref-Pozzi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozzi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sekiguchi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekiguchi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basement membrane sits between <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial tissues</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>, and the underlying connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tortora12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_breast_histology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/220px-Normal_breast_histology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/330px-Normal_breast_histology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/440px-Normal_breast_histology.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>Normal <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, with basement membrane annotated near center-right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png/220px-Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png/330px-Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png/440px-Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a> gland microanatomy, with basement membrane annotated at bottom.</figcaption></figure> <p>As seen with the <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>, the basement membrane is composed of two layers, the <a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">basal lamina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_lamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular lamina">reticular lamina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tortora12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying connective tissue attaches to the basal lamina with <a href="/wiki/Collagen_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagen VII">collagen VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Anchoring_fibrils" title="Anchoring fibrils">anchoring fibrils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">fibrillin</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfibril" title="Microfibril">microfibrils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basal lamina layer can further be subdivided into two layers based on their visual appearance in electron microscopy. The lighter-colored layer closer to the epithelium is called the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_lucida" title="Lamina lucida">lamina lucida</a>, while the denser-colored layer closer to the connective tissue is called the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_densa" title="Lamina densa">lamina densa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron-dense</a> lamina densa layer is about 30–70 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> thick and consists of an underlying network of reticular <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_collagen" title="Type IV collagen">collagen IV</a> fibrils which average 30 nanometers in diameter and 0.1–2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> in thickness and are coated with the heparan sulfate-rich proteoglycan <a href="/wiki/Perlecan" title="Perlecan">perlecan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to collagen, this supportive matrix contains intrinsic macromolecular components. The lamina lucida layer is made up of <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entactin" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactin">entactins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">dystroglycans</a>. Integrins are a key component of <a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">hemidesmosomes</a> which serve to anchor the epithelium to the underlying basement membrane. </p><p>To represent the above in a visually organised manner, the basement membrane is organized as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelial</a>/<a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> tissue (outer layer)</li> <li>Basement membrane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">Basal lamina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_lucida" title="Lamina lucida">Lamina lucida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">hemidesmosomes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidogen" title="Nidogen">nidogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">dystroglycans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_densa" title="Lamina densa">Lamina densa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_collagen" title="Type IV collagen">collagen IV</a> (coated with <a href="/wiki/Perlecan" title="Perlecan">perlecan</a>, rich in <a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">heparan sulfate</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Attaching proteins (between the basal and reticular laminae) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-VII_collagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-VII collagen">collagen VII</a> (anchoring fibrils)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">fibrillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microfibril" title="Microfibril">microfibrils</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_fiber" title="Reticular fiber">Lamina reticularis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collagen,_type_III,_alpha_1" title="Collagen, type III, alpha 1">collagen III</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Reticular_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular fibers">reticular fibers</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">Lamina propria</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> to its loose <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>) underneath. This is achieved by cell-<a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">matrix</a> adhesions through <a href="/wiki/Substrate_adhesion_molecules" title="Substrate adhesion molecules">substrate adhesion molecules</a> (SAMs). </p><p>The basement membrane acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> cells from invading the deeper tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early stages of malignancy that are thus limited to the epithelial layer by the basement membrane are called <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>. </p><p>The basement membrane is also essential for <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> (development of new blood vessels). Basement membrane proteins have been found to accelerate <a href="/wiki/Differentiation_(cellular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differentiation (cellular)">differentiation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> cells.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most notable examples of basement membranes is the <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_basement_membrane" title="Glomerular basement membrane">glomerular basement membrane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, by the fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">basal lamina</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> of glomerular capillaries and the <a href="/wiki/Podocyte" title="Podocyte">podocyte</a> basal lamina,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> and pulmonary <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>, by the fusion of the basal lamina of the lung alveoli and of the basal lamina of the lung capillaries, which is where oxygen and CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> diffusion occurs (<a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a>). </p><p>As of 2017, other roles for basement membrane include blood filtration and muscle homeostasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pozzi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozzi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fractone" title="Fractone">Fractones</a> may be a type of basement membrane, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_niche" title="Stem-cell niche">niche</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some diseases result from a poorly functioning basement membrane. The cause can be genetic defects, injuries by the body's own immune system, or other mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases involving basement membranes at multiple locations include: </p> <ul><li>Genetic defects in the collagen fibers of the basement membrane, including <a href="/wiki/Alport_syndrome" title="Alport syndrome">Alport syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knobloch_syndrome" title="Knobloch syndrome">Knobloch syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Autoimmune diseases</a> targeting basement membranes. Non-collagenous domain basement membrane collagen type IV is autoantigen (target antigen) of autoantibodies in the autoimmune disease <a href="/wiki/Goodpasture%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodpasture's syndrome">Goodpasture's syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A group of diseases stemming from improper function of basement membrane zone are united under the name <a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa" title="Epidermolysis bullosa">epidermolysis bullosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a>, thickened basement membranes are found in several inflammatory diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">lichen sclerosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a> in the skin, or collagenous colitis in the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-LeBoit2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeBoit2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_origin">Evolutionary origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolutionary origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are only found within <a href="/wiki/Diploblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblast">diploblastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homoscleromorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoscleromorph">homoscleromorphic</a> sponge animals. The homoscleromorph were found to be sister to diploblasts in some studies, making the membrane originate once in the history of life. But more recent studies have disregarded diploblast-homoscleromorph group, so other sponges may have lost it (most probable) or the origin in the two groups may be separate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_intima" title="Tunica intima">Tunica intima</a> – Inner layer of blood vessel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pozzi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pozzi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozzi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPozziYurchencoIozzo2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pozzi A, Yurchenco PD, Iozzo RV (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387862">"The nature and biology of basement membranes"</a>. <i>Matrix Biology</i>. 57–58: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matbio.2016.12.009">10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387862">5387862</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28040522">28040522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matrix+Biology&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+biology+of+basement+membranes&rft.volume=57-58&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5387862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28040522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.matbio.2016.12.009&rft.aulast=Pozzi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Yurchenco%2C+PD&rft.au=Iozzo%2C+RV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5387862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+membrane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sekiguchi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sekiguchi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekiguchiYamada2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sekiguchi R, Yamada KM (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3642-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3642-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-3642-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunobiology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3642-6&rft.aulast=Janeway&rft.aufirst=CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJatpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+membrane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanBruckner-TudermanChappleFine2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bardhan A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Chapple IL, Fine JD, Harper N, Has C, et al. (September 2020). "Epidermolysis bullosa". <i>Nature Reviews. Disease Primers</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41572-020-0210-0">10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32973163">32973163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221861310">221861310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Disease+Primers&rft.atitle=Epidermolysis+bullosa&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221861310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32973163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41572-020-0210-0&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bruckner-Tuderman%2C+L&rft.au=Chapple%2C+IL&rft.au=Fine%2C+JD&rft.au=Harper%2C+N&rft.au=Has%2C+C&rft.au=Magin%2C+TM&rft.au=Marinkovich%2C+MP&rft.au=Marshall%2C+JF&rft.au=McGrath%2C+JA&rft.au=Mellerio%2C+JE&rft.au=Polson%2C+R&rft.au=Heagerty%2C+AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+membrane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeBoit2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeBoit2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBoit2000" class="citation journal cs1">LeBoit PE (October 2000). "A thickened basement membrane is a clue to...lichen sclerosus!". <i>The American Journal of Dermatopathology</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 457–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000372-200010000-00014">10.1097/00000372-200010000-00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11048985">11048985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Dermatopathology&rft.atitle=A+thickened+basement+membrane+is+a+clue+to...lichen+sclerosus%21&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=457-458&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000372-200010000-00014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11048985&rft.aulast=LeBoit&rft.aufirst=PE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+membrane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basement_membrane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKefalidesBorel2005" class="citation book cs1">Kefalides NA, Borel JP, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM-FVY47NEgC"><i>Basement membranes: cell and molecular biology</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-153356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-153356-4"><bdi>978-0-12-153356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basement+membranes%3A+cell+and+molecular+biology&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-153356-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM-FVY47NEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasement+membrane" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">Basal keratinocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_lucida" title="Lamina lucida">Lamina lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_densa" title="Lamina densa">Lamina densa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_dermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary dermis">Papillary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal papillae">Dermal papillae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_dermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular dermis">Reticular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panniculus" title="Panniculus">Panniculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pannus" title="Pannus">Pannus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panniculus_adiposus" title="Panniculus adiposus">Panniculus adiposus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panniculus_carnosus" title="Panniculus carnosus">Panniculus carnosus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_layer" title="Membranous layer">Membranous layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose connective tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial fascia">Superficial fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_appendage" title="Skin appendage">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin gland">Skin glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">Sweat glands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apocrine_sweat_gland" title="Apocrine sweat gland">Apocrine sweat gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">Eccrine sweat gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">Sebaceous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root_sheath_(hair)" title="Root sheath (hair)">Root sheath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_root_sheath" title="Outer root sheath">Outer root sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_root_sheath" title="Inner root sheath">Inner root sheath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henle%27s_layer" title="Henle's layer">Henle's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley%27s_layer" title="Huxley's layer">Huxley's layer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair shaft">Hair shaft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuticle_(hair)" title="Cuticle (hair)">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortex_(hair)" title="Cortex (hair)">Cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_(hair)" title="Medulla (hair)">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(hair)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix (hair)">Bulb with matrix cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">Hair follicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">Arrector pili muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pilosebaceous_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilosebaceous unit">Pilosebaceous unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hair <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nail_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail matrix">Nail matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunula_(anatomy)" title="Lunula (anatomy)">Lunula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponychium" title="Eponychium">Eponychium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paronychium">Paronychium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponychium" title="Hyponychium">Hyponychium</a></li></ul> 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