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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_livre composition_livre ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Abuse of Platform Power - Leveraging Conduct in Digital Markets under EU Competition Law and Beyond - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="Online platforms play a crucial role in today's economy by serving as intermediaries between consumers and suppliers. 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The economics governing their business model pushes them to first pursue growth…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2023-06-19" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2023-06-19T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2023-06-19T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2024-08-26" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/abuse-of-platform-power-leveraging-conduct-in-digital-markets-under-eu" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Bostoen, Friso" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bostoen, Friso" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Tilburg"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="European Union" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Unilateral Practices" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Dominance (abuse)" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Refusal to deal" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Tying" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Margin squeeze" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Competition policy" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.4" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/9ef4d70b4b6709daec6af6b3147131c3.css?1732029910' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/54e8ce81bfe7b8537886d04b4fb6cdfc.js?1732029944'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-video-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concurrences.com%2Fen%2Fall-books%2Fabuse-of-platform-power-leveraging-conduct-in-digital-markets-under-eu" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. 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media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279629 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732269758 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732268852 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732271018 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954' alt='Why Competition? New Release' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href=""><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c259127115 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732271985 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732272247 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732268446 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732286216 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279629 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732269758 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732268852 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732271018 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954' alt='Why Competition? New Release' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href=""><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c259127115 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732271985 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732272247 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732268446 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732286216 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279629 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732269758 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732279607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732268852 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png@.webp?1732271018 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954' alt='Why Competition? New Release' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287800 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-2.png?1732269954 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1040744915 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732271985 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732265969 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732265660 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732272537 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287800 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287800 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732279629 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732267284 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287801 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732279607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732266245 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png@.webp?1732266937 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287800 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732271903 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-8.png?1732287801 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1040744915 png" 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local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new_release_1_.png?1729280464 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new_release_1_.png?1729520271 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new_release_1_.png?1729254015 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <div class="prev-next prev-next-article clearfix"> <a href="en/all-books/competition-how-to-speak-like-an-expert" rel="prev" class="prev pull-left"> <span>Previous</span> <span>book</span> <span class="article-title">Competition - How to Speak Like an Expert </span> </a> <a href="en/all-books/antitrust-and-the-digital-economy-legal-standards-presumptions-and-key" rel="next" class="next pull-right"> <span>Next</span> <span>book</span> <span class="article-title">Antitrust and the Digital Economy - Legal Standards, Presumptions, and Key Challenges</span> </a> 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<div class="content-inner"> <header class="cartouche"> <div class="logo-livre"> <img src="local/cache-vignettes/L90xH135/new_couv_app-e1e68.png?1712657016" class='spip_logo front-cover' width='90' height='135' alt="" /> </div> <h1><span class="crayon article-titre-112864 ">Abuse of Platform Power - Leveraging Conduct in Digital Markets under EU Competition Law and Beyond</span></h1> <p class="crayon livre-auteurs-1353 authors h3">Friso Bostoen</p> <div class="postmeta"> <div class="row postmeta__section postmeta__section_tags"> <div class="col-xs-2"> <span class="meta-title">KEYWORDS</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-10"> <span class="tags"> <ul class="inline list-inline"> <li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Union-Europeenne">European Union</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Pratiques-unilaterales">Unilateral Practices</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Abus-de-position-dominante">Dominance (abuse)</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Refus-de-vente">Refusal to deal</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Vente-liee-85">Tying</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/tags/Ciseau-tarifaire">Margin squeeze</a></li><li><a class="label label-default" href="en/mot/politique-de-concurrence">Competition policy</a></li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="main"> <div class="cta-inscription" id="cta-inscription"> <div class="cta-inscription-info"> <h2 class="h5 restricted">Access to this book is restricted to subscribers</h2> <p class="deja">Already Subscribed? <a href="en/page/login/?url=en/all-books/abuse-of-platform-power-leveraging-conduct-in-digital-markets-under-eu"><i class="picto picto-login"></i> Sign-in</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="crayon article-texte-112864 texte surlignable"><p>Online platforms play a crucial role in today’s economy by serving as intermediaries between consumers and suppliers. The economics governing their business model pushes them to first pursue growth over profits and later integrate vertically—a dynamic that has resulted in expansive digital ecosystems. The platforms orchestrating these ecosystems can have an incentive and ability to exclude suppliers (‘intra-platform exclusion’). Article 102 TFEU targets such conduct, in particular through the figure of ‘leveraging’, but the economic and technological complexity of platforms has befuddled traditional legal analysis.</p> <p>This book presents an in-depth study of the abuse of dominance in the platform economy. It starts by studying platform business strategy and then systematically analyzes how different forms of leveraging abuse (tying, refusal to supply, margin squeeze, discrimination) should be reinterpreted in the platform economy. The book also recognizes the procompetitive role of platforms and suggests safeguarding it by duly considering justifications. Finally, the book surveys ex ante measures targeted at platforms such as non-discrimination rules, portability and interoperability measures, forced access, and break-up.</p> <p><strong>Read the Introduction by <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/auteur/Catherine-Prieto">Catherine Prieto</a>, the Foreword by <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/auteur/Wouter-Devroe">Wouter Devroe</a>, Browse the Table of Contents and Read the First Chapter <a href="IMG/pdf/demo_abuse_of_platform_power.pdf?111376/bb6c606b9bf242c2415f40b3f6d2516a9bf36766d34e63671539259888371d3f" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>here</a>.</strong></p> <p>The book was awarded the 2022 <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/concurrences-ph-d-thesis-awards">Concurrences Ph.D. Award in Law</a>.</p> <p>Composition of the Law Jury 2022 :</p> <ul class="spip" role="list"><li> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/auteur/Catherine-Prieto">Catherine Prieto</a>, University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (President)</li><li> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/auteur/Wouter-Wils">Wouter Wils</a>, European Commission</li><li> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/auteur/sylvaine-poillot-peruzzetto-11446">Sylvaine Poillot-Peruzzetto</a>, University Toulouse I Capitole</li><li> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/auteur/Jacques-Steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a>, Belgian Competition Authority</li></ul><iframe title="Abuse of Platform Power - Friso Bostoen" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=fhx8n-16a87ad-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=1&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=episode_page&btn-skin=9&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div> </div> <aside> <div class="temoignages-wrapper"> <h2>Testimonials</h2> <div class="temoignages carousel slide has-indicators" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="10000" id="temoignages_112864" > <ol class="carousel-indicators"> <li data-target="#temoignages_112864" data-slide-to="0" class="active"></li> <li data-target="#temoignages_112864" data-slide-to="1"></li> <li data-target="#temoignages_112864" data-slide-to="2"></li> </ol> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well carousel-inner"> <li class="item active"> <div class="entry temoignage hentry" itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review"> <div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/rupprecht-podszun" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/auton21820-86221.png?1711359615) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Rupprecht Podszun</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Heinrich Heine University (Düsseldorf)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Germany</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>6858</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <blockquote class="crayon temoignage-texte-1154 entry-content" itemprop="reviewBody"><p>The debate on how digital platforms (ab)use their market power is complex and increasingly polarized. Friso Bostoen’s deeply researched book offers lucid, nuanced views on how EU competition law should tackle “abuse of platform power”. It draws on a great analysis of the case law, weaves in insights from economics and technology and comes up with sensible suggestions on substantive tests and enforcement. The book is also elegantly written and fun to read! Here is a researcher who is on top of his subject and manages to inspire the debate. I highly recommend this to anyone with an interest in the problems of competition in the digital economy.</p></blockquote> </div> </li> <li class="item"> <div class="entry temoignage hentry" itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review"> <div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/nicolas-petit" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/auton681-f54b4.png?1711367920) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Nicolas Petit</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European University Institute (Florence)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>50</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>106712</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <blockquote class="crayon temoignage-texte-1153 entry-content" itemprop="reviewBody"><p>Competition law now has a reference book on platforms’ market power. The book outcompetes other works on the digital economy by matching an impressive treatment of legal doctrine with a thorough understanding of platform economics. The style is catchy, yet sharp. Friso Bostoen has written a masterpiece.</p></blockquote> </div> </li> <li class="item"> <div class="entry temoignage hentry" itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review"> <div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/pablo-ibanez-colomo" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/auton11-01006.jpg?1711368711) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Pablo Ibáñez Colomo</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">London School of Economics</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>57</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>303531</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <blockquote class="crayon temoignage-texte-1155 entry-content" itemprop="reviewBody"><p>Cases addressing the legal status of some practices implemented by Big Tech raise a number of novel issues. In many respects, they force courts and authorities to reflect by reference to first principles and to revisit existing legal doctrines. This exercise is complex: it requires perspective and a sophisticated understanding of the law and what is seeks to achieve. Friso Bostoen’s book is an outstanding example of what systematic thinking about legal issues can achieve. His analysis is simultaneously encyclopaedic and subtle. It will become a reference for academics and practitioners alike and will be widely seen as the first great book on the application of EU competition law to digital platforms.</p></blockquote> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <footer> </footer> </article> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/friso-bostoen" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/friso_bostoen-60d89.jpg?1711359838) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Friso Bostoen</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Tilburg</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Netherlands</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>18721</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well stats livre"> <p><i class="picto picto-editeur"></i> <b>Publisher</b> <em class="texte">Concurrences</em></p> <p><i class="picto picto-date"></i> <b>Date</b> <em class="texte">7 July 2023</em></p> <p><i class="picto picto-pages"></i> <b>Number of pages</b> <em class="number">364</em></p> <p> <i class="picto picto-isbn"></i> <b>ISBN</b> <em class="number" title="Paperback">978-1-954750-11-1</em> </p> </div> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> <div class="ajax"> <h2>Buy</h2> <div class="well acheter"> <div class='formulaire_spip formulaire_acheter_livre'> <form 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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(min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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