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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%ED%95%B4_(%EB%82%A8%EC%86%A1)" title="양해 (남송) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양해 (남송)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="ליאנג קאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאנג קאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%89" title="ليانج كاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليانج كاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7" title="梁楷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="梁楷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Лян Кай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лян Кай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liang Kai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Лян Кай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лян Кай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7" title="梁楷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梁楷" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Liang Kai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">梁楷</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Liáng Kǎi</span></i>; <i>c</i>. 1140 - <i>c</i>. 1210)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Chinese painter of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> Dynasty. He was also known as <b>Madman Liang</b> because of his very informal pictures. He was born in Shandong and worked in Lin An (later <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have studied with the master Jia Shigu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the rank of Painter-in-Attendance at the court of Jia Tai (1201-1204 CE, Southern <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a>) where he was known for mastery in painting figures, landscapes, and other minor subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Shen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded the Golden Belt, however he left it behind when he left his position at court to practise <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan</a> Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg/220px-Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="511" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg/330px-Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Huineng_Cut_Bamboo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Sixth Chan Patriarch Chopping Bamboo, early 13th century. Hanging scroll, Tokyo National Museum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_style">Painting style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Kai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Painting style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liang Kai is most famous for originating or developing the "Xie Yi" (sometimes translated as "sketch style") of painting, where the objective is to evoke the subject or atmosphere with minimal use of detail; it requires a profound mastery of painting technique and perfect concentration, but also allows for the beauty of accidental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Xie Yi style is closely associated with the "sudden enlightenment", "mindfulness", and "spontaneity" aspects of this school of Buddhism. Works generally attributed to Liáng Kǎi include: painting of the poet <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a>, the <i>Drunken Celestial</i> (<i>A Sage</i>), <i>The Sixth Patriarch Cutting Bamboo</i>, and in a more academic style, a series called the <i>Eight Eminent Monks</i> paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Shen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>The Sixth Chan Patriarch</i> in particular exemplifies Chan Buddhism. It depicts <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a>, a Chan master, crouching as he chops bamboo. This follows the idea of mundane tasks taking on spiritual value in accordance with the philosophy. The painted scene shows the patriarch's "Chan moment" in which he finally attains enlightenment through the resonating sound of the blade. The holy figure is drawn scruffy and almost caricature-like. This was meant to suggest that he is free from worldly concerns like appearance and social status/expectation. In this deceptively simple painting, Liang uses pale and wet brushstrokes. However, several dark lines are scattered throughout, as seen in the vine growing around the tree on the left side of the image, and accents on Huineng's clothing. Liang's style of abbreviated, expressive painting, along with his ability to casually create compelling images is what made him famous among Chan monks<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Li Bai Strolling"><img alt="Li Bai Strolling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg/67px-Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg/101px-Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg/134px-Liang_Kai_-_Li_Bai_Strolling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="1138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Li Bai Strolling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drunken Celestial"><img alt="Drunken Celestial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/110px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/165px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/220px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drunken Celestial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shakyamuni Emerging from the Mountains"><img alt="Shakyamuni Emerging from the Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg/81px-Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg/122px-Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg/162px-Liang_Kai-Shakyamuni_Emerging_from_the_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shakyamuni Emerging from the Mountains</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poet strolling by a marshy bank"><img alt="Poet strolling by a marshy bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg/120px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg/180px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg/240px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E6%A2%81%E6%A5%B7_%E6%BE%A4%E7%95%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%9F%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Poet_strolling_by_a_marshy_bank_MET_DP154133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="3527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poet strolling by a marshy bank</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Kai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shussan_Shaka" title="Shussan Shaka">Shussan Shaka</a>, a painting motif</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Kai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlum1985" class="citation journal cs1">Glum, Peter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43485392">"The Two-Faced Budai"</a>. <i>Arts Asiatiques</i>. <b>40</b>: 107–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1985.1185">10.3406/arasi.1985.1185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3958">0004-3958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43485392">43485392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=The+Two-Faced+Budai&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=107-116&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0004-3958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43485392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1985.1185&rft.aulast=Glum&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43485392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen1981" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Zhiyu (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shanghaimuseumof00shen/page/223"><i>The Shanghai Museum of Art</i></a></span>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shanghaimuseumof00shen/page/223">223–224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-1646-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-1646-0"><bdi>0-8109-1646-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shanghai+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8109-1646-0&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Zhiyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshanghaimuseumof00shen%2Fpage%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoehr1980" class="citation book cs1">Loehr, Max (1980). <i>The Great Painters of China</i>. Oxford: Phaidon Press. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2008-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-2008-3"><bdi>0-7148-2008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Painters+of+China&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7148-2008-3&rft.aulast=Loehr&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-liang-kai.php">"Liang Kai Paintings | Chinese Art Gallery | China Online Museum"</a>. <i>www.chinaonlinemuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinaonlinemuseum.com&rft.atitle=Liang+Kai+Paintings+%7C+Chinese+Art+Gallery+%7C+China+Online+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaonlinemuseum.com%2Fpainting-liang-kai.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwo1981" class="citation book cs1">Kwo, Da-Wei (1981). <i>Chinese Brushwork, Its History, Aesthetics, and Techniques</i>. London: George Prior. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8390-0267-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8390-0267-X"><bdi>0-8390-0267-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Brushwork%2C+Its+History%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=George+Prior&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8390-0267-X&rft.aulast=Kwo&rft.aufirst=Da-Wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner,_Helen,_1878-1946.2005" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Helen, 1878-1946. (2005). <i>Gardner's art through the ages</i>. Kleiner, Fred S., Mamiya, Christin J. (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-505090-7"><bdi>0-15-505090-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54830091">54830091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+art+through+the+ages&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54830091&rft.isbn=0-15-505090-7&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Helen%2C+1878-1946.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiang+Kai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple 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