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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. Air Force program. For aircraft powered by nuclear energy, see <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="Nuclear-powered aircraft">Nuclear-powered aircraft</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg/220px-Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg/330px-Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg/440px-Aircraft_Reactors_Arco_ID_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>HTRE-2, left, and HTRE-3, right, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a> facility</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion</b> (<b>ANP</b>) program and the preceding <b>Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft</b> (<b>NEPA</b>) project worked to develop a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="Nuclear-powered aircraft">nuclear propulsion system for aircraft</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> initiated Project NEPA on May 28, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEPA operated until May 1951, when the project was transferred to the joint <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC)/USAF ANP.<sup id="cite_ref-decay_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USAF pursued two different systems for nuclear-powered jet engines, the Direct Air Cycle concept, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, and Indirect Air Cycle, which was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>. The program was intended to develop and test the <a href="/wiki/Convair_X-6" title="Convair X-6">Convair X-6</a>, but was canceled in 1961 before that aircraft was built. The total cost of the program from 1946 to 1961 was about $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_Air_Cycle">Direct Air Cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct Air Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARE_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ARE_Building.JPG/220px-ARE_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ARE_Building.JPG/330px-ARE_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ARE_Building.JPG/440px-ARE_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft Reactor Experiment building at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Direct cycle nuclear engines resemble a conventional jet engine without <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chambers</a>. The air gained from the compressor section is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Plenum_chamber" title="Plenum chamber">plenum</a> that directs the air into the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Reactor_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor core">reactor core</a>. An exchange takes place where the reactor is cooled, but it then heats up the same air and sends it to another plenum. The second plenum directs the air through a turbine (powering the compressor), then out the exhaust, providing thrust. The end result is that instead of using jet fuel, an aircraft could rely on the heat from nuclear reactions for power. </p><p>The General Electric program, which was based at <a href="/wiki/Evendale,_Ohio" title="Evendale, Ohio">Evendale, Ohio</a>, was pursued because of its advantages in simplicity, reliability, suitability and quick start ability. Conventional <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> sections were used, with the compressed air run through the reactor to be heated by it before being exhausted through the turbine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_Air_Cycle">Indirect Air Cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indirect Air Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect cycling involves thermal exchange outside of the core with compressor air being sent to a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>. The nuclear reactor core would heat up pressurized water or liquid metal and send it to the heat exchanger as well. That hot liquid would be cooled by the air; the air would be heated by the liquid, sent through a turbine (powering the compressor), then out the exhaust, providing thrust. </p><p>The Indirect Air Cycle program was assigned to Pratt & Whitney, at a facility near <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown, Connecticut</a>. This concept would have produced far less radioactive pollution. One or two loops of liquid metal would carry the heat from the reactor to the engine. This program involved a great deal of research and development of many light-weight systems suitable for use in aircraft, such as heat exchangers, liquid-metal <a href="/wiki/Turbopump" title="Turbopump">turbopumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiators</a>. The Indirect Cycle program never came anywhere near producing flight-ready hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_Reactors_and_Projects">Experimental Reactors and Projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Experimental Reactors and Projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_Reactor_Experiment">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aircraft Reactor Experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Reactor_Experiment" title="Aircraft Reactor Experiment">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Reactor_Experiment" title="Aircraft Reactor Experiment">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a> (ARE) was a 2.5 MW<sub>th</sub> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal</a>-spectrum <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> experiment designed to attain a high <a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">power density</a> and high output temperature for use as an engine in a nuclear-powered bomber aircraft. The advantage of a nuclear-powered aircraft over a conventionally-powered aircraft is that it could remain airborne orders of magnitude longer and provide an effective nuclear <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">strategic deterrent</a> to a nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> adversary. The ARE was the first <a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">molten salt reactor</a> (MSR) to be built and operated. It used the molten fluoride salt <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrafluoride" title="Zirconium tetrafluoride">ZrF<sub>4</sub></a>-<a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">UF<sub>4</sub></a> (53-41-6 mol%) as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">fuel</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderated</a> by a hexagonal-configuration <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">beryllium oxide</a> (BeO), and had a peak temperature of 860 °C. A redundant liquid <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> coolant system was used to cool the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">reflector</a> materials. A secondary <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> gas coolant loop was circulated around the primary coolant to transfer heat to a water radiator where heat output was dumped to atmosphere. Reactivity <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> were installed and it was found that the control rods did not determine the output power of the ARE; rather, the power demand did, which affected the outlet and inlet temperatures because of the negative <a href="/wiki/Fuel_temperature_coefficient_of_reactivity" title="Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity">temperature coefficient of reactivity</a>. The ARE was operated at power for 221 hours up to a peak of 2.5 MW<sub>th</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MX-1589_project">MX-1589 project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MX-1589 project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NB-36H_with_B-50,_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg/220px-NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg/330px-NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg/440px-NB-36H_with_B-50%2C_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The NB-36H in a test flight, shadowed by a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-50">Boeing B-50</a> <i>Superfortress</i></figcaption></figure> <p>On September 5, 1951, the USAF awarded <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> a contract to fly a nuclear reactor on board a modified <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the MX-1589 project of the ANP program. The <a href="/wiki/Convair_NB-36H" title="Convair NB-36H">NB-36H</a> Nuclear Test Aircraft (NTA) was to study shielding requirements for an airborne reactor, to determine whether a nuclear aircraft was feasible. This was the only known airborne reactor experiment by the U.S. with an operational nuclear reactor on board. The NTA flew a total of 47 times testing the reactor over West Texas and Southern New Mexico. The reactor, named the <b>Aircraft Shield Test Reactor</b> (ASTR), was operational but did not power the aircraft; the primary purpose of the flight program was testing the effectiveness of the shielding. Based on the results of the NTA, the X-6 and the entire nuclear aircraft program was abandoned in 1961. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_Transfer_Reactor_Experiments">Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTRE-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/220px-HTRE-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/330px-HTRE-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/440px-HTRE-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>HTRE-3.</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the AEC/USAF ANP program, in 1956 modified <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J47" title="General Electric J47">General Electric J47s</a> were first operated on nuclear power using a reactor test assembly known as Heat Transfer Reactor Experiment 1 (HTRE-1). HTRE-1, which used vertically-oriented control rods, was reconfigured with a removable core to become HTRE-2 for additional testing. HTRE-3 was built separately to test horizontally-oriented control rods as appropriate for use in an airframe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decommissioned HTRE-2 and HTRE-3 reactors and test assemblies can be viewed by the public in the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a> parking lot at <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pratt_and_Whitney_Aircraft_Reactor-1">Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Reactor-1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Reactor-1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 5, 1957, another reactor was made critical at the Critical Experiments Facility of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as part of the circulating-fuel reactor program of the Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Company (PWAC). This was called the PWAR-1, the Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Reactor-1. The purpose of the experiment was to experimentally verify the theoretically predicted nuclear properties of a PWAC reactor. The experiment was only run briefly; by the end of February 1957 all data had been taken and disassembly had begun. The experiment was run at essentially zero nuclear power. The operating temperature was held constant at approximately 675 °C (1,247 °F), which corresponds closely to the design operating temperature of the PWAR-l moderator; this temperature was maintained by external heaters. Like the 2.5 MWt ARE, the PWAR-1 used NaF-ZrF4-UF4 as the primary fuel and coolant.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancellation">Cancellation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cancellation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technological competition with the Soviet Union (as represented by the launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>), and continued strong support from the Air Force allowed the program to continue, despite divided leadership between the DOD and the AEC. Numerous test facilities were funded and constructed through the 1950s and 1960–61 in order to produce a flight-worthy nuclear power unit, including one at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL). While the ARE successfully demonstrated operation of a MSR concept, the program was canceled by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> on March 26, 1961<sup id="cite_ref-decay_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing the high cost with no flight-worthy reactor having been produced up to that point<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – "15 years and about $1 billion have been devoted to the attempted development of a nuclear-powered aircraft; but the possibility of achieving a militarily useful aircraft in the foreseeable future is still very remote". Also contributing to the cancellation was that the first <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> entered into active service in September 1959 which all but eliminated the need for a nuclear-powered aircraft as a strategic deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the results of the ARE program prompted scientists and engineers at ORNL to submit a preliminary design proposal to the Atomic Energy Commission for a 30 MW<sub>th</sub> experimental MSR to explore MSR as a civilian power station concept.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the proposal was direction from the Atomic Energy Commission for ORNL to design, construct, and operate the <a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment</a> (MSRE).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="List of nuclear-powered aircraft">List of nuclear-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Nuclear_Aircraft_Laboratory" title="Georgia Nuclear Aircraft Laboratory">Georgia Nuclear Aircraft Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-125" title="WS-125">WS-125</a>, 1955 USAF requirement for nuclear powered bomber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Pluto" title="Project Pluto">Project Pluto</a> to develop nuclear powered ramjet engines for use in cruise missiles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rover" title="Project Rover">Project Rover</a> to develop a nuclear thermal rocket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95LAL" title="Tupolev Tu-95LAL">Tupolev Tu-95LAL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmme1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Emme" title="Eugene M. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aircraft_nuclear_propulsion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aircraft nuclear propulsion">Aircraft nuclear propulsion</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGantz1960" class="citation cs2">Gantz, Kenneth (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015001555146"><i>Nuclear flight; the United States Air Force programs for atomic jets, missiles, and rockets.</i></a>, New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+flight%3B+the+United+States+Air+Force+programs+for+atomic+jets%2C+missiles%2C+and+rockets.&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Duell%2C+Sloan+and+Pearce&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gantz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015001555146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+Nuclear+Propulsion" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorton1962" class="citation cs2">Thorton, G (1962-06-28), <i>Comprehensive Technical Report, General Electric Direct-Air-Cycle Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program, Program Summary and References</i>, US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Special:BookSources/9780230341913"><bdi>9780230341913</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ANP&rft.btitle=SuperFuel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.isbn=9780230341913&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQm_BMnHNd0C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+Nuclear+Propulsion" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akademiportal.com/soviet-top-secret-nuclear-airplane-m-60/">SOVİET TOP SECRET NUCLEAR AIRPLANE M-60 Akademi Portal</a> by Akademi Portal web site (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/1048135.pdf">COMPREHENSHIVE TECHNICAL REPORT GE DIRECT AIR CYCLE AIRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROPULSION PROGRAM</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holosgen.com/about-us-1-2/">“Flyable” Reactors & Neutron Coupling</a> (in English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1">Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Research and Development of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Report). July 23, 1959. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112065524198">2027/uiug.30112065524198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Nuclear+Propulsion+Program%3A+Hearing+before+the+Subcommittee+on+Research+and+Development+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+Atomic+Energy&rft.date=1959-07-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiug.30112065524198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+Nuclear+Propulsion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-8q8INxQEY">Declassified Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program: Manned Aircraft Progress Report 1956-1958</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_propulsion" title="Template:Nuclear propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_propulsion" title="Template talk:Nuclear propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_propulsion178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Nuclear propulsion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion">Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussard_ramjet" title="Bussard ramjet">Bussard ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fission-fragment_rocket" title="Fission-fragment rocket">Fission-fragment rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fission_sail" title="Fission sail">Fission sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_rocket" title="Fusion rocket">Fusion rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_core_reactor_rocket" title="Gas core reactor rocket">Gas core reactor rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electric_rocket" title="Nuclear electric rocket">Nuclear electric rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_photonic_rocket" title="Nuclear photonic rocket">Nuclear photonic rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_salt-water_rocket" title="Nuclear salt-water rocket">Nuclear salt-water rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">Nuclear thermal rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_rocket" title="Radioisotope rocket">Radioisotope rocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Longshot" title="Project Longshot">Project Longshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rover" title="Project Rover">Project Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Daedalus" title="Project Daedalus">Project Daedalus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">USSR/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-0410" title="RD-0410">RD-0410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor" title="TOPAZ nuclear reactor">TOPAZ nuclear reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEM_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="TEM (nuclear propulsion)">TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_navy" title="Nuclear navy">Nuclear navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status-6_Oceanic_Multipurpose_System" title="Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System">Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="Nuclear-powered aircraft">Nuclear-powered aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_NB-36H" title="Convair NB-36H">Convair NB-36H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_X-6" title="Convair X-6">Convair X-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Pluto" title="Project Pluto">Project Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-125" title="WS-125">WS-125</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">USSR/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95LAL" title="Tupolev Tu-95LAL">Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-60" title="Myasishchev M-60">Myasishchev M-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik" title="9M730 Burevestnik">9M730 Burevestnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_TV-8" title="Chrysler TV-8">Chrysler TV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_FX-Atmos" title="Ford FX-Atmos">Ford FX-Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Nucleon" title="Ford Nucleon">Ford Nucleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Seattle-ite_XXI" title="Ford Seattle-ite XXI">Ford Seattle-ite XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simca_Fulgur" class="mw-redirect" title="Simca Fulgur">Simca Fulgur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_propulsion" title="Category:Nuclear propulsion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_nuclear_fission_reactor1378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Template:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Template talk:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_nuclear_fission_reactor1378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear fission reactor</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor"><i>Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz</i> (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None<br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Moderated_Reactor_Experiment" title="Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment">OMRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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